{"pageNumber":"123","pageRowStart":"3050","pageSize":"25","recordCount":6233,"records":[{"id":57160,"text":"sir20045053 - 2004 - Vertical gradients in water chemistry and age in the southern High Plains Aquifer, Texas, 2002","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-02-10T06:29:28","indexId":"sir20045053","displayToPublicDate":"2004-09-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2004-5053","displayTitle":"Vertical Gradients in Water Chemistry and Age in the Southern High Plains Aquifer, Texas, 2002","title":"Vertical gradients in water chemistry and age in the southern High Plains Aquifer, Texas, 2002","docAbstract":"The southern High Plains aquifer is the primary source of water used for domestic, industrial, and irrigation purposes in parts of New Mexico and Texas. Despite the aquifer's importance to the overall economy of the southern High Plains, fundamental ground-water characteristics, such as vertical gradients in water chemistry and age, remain poorly defined. As part of the U.S. Geological Survey's National Water-Quality Assessment Program, water samples from nested, short-screen monitoring wells installed in the southern High Plains aquifer at two locations (Castro and Hale Counties, Texas) were analyzed for field parameters, major ions, nutrients, trace elements, dissolved organic carbon, pesticides, stable and radioactive isotopes, and dissolved gases to evaluate vertical gradients in water chemistry and age in the aquifer. Tritium measurements indicate that recent (post-1953) recharge was present near the water table and that deeper water was recharged before 1953. Concentrations of dissolved oxygen were largest (2.6 to 5.6 milligrams per liter) at the water table and decreased with depth below the water table. The smallest concentrations were less than 0.5 milligram per liter. The largest major-ion concentrations generally were detected at the water table because of the effects of overlying agricultural activities, as indicated by postbomb tritium concentrations and elevated nitrate and pesticide concentrations at the water table. Below the zone of agricultural influence, major-ion concentrations exhibited small increases with depth and distance along flow paths because of rock/water interactions and mixing with water from the underlying aquifer in rocks of Cretaceous age. The concentration increases primarily were accounted for by dissolved sodium, bicarbonate, chloride, and sulfate. \r\n\r\nNitrite plus nitrate concentrations at the water table were 2.0 to 6.1 milligrams per liter as nitrogen, and concentrations substantially decreased with depth in the aquifer to a maximum concentration of 0.55 milligram per liter as nitrogen. Dissolved-gas and nitrogen-isotope data from the deep wells in Castro County indicate that denitrification occurred in the aquifer, removing 74 to more than 97 percent of the nitrate originally present in recharge. There was no evidence of denitrification in the deep part of the aquifer in Hale County. After correcting for denitrification effects, the background concentration of nitrate in water recharged before 1953 ranged from 0.4 to 3.2 milligrams per liter as nitrogen, with an average of 1.6 milligrams per liter as nitrogen. The d15N composition of background nitrate at the time of recharge was estimated to range from 9.6 to 12.3 per mil. \r\n\r\nMass-balance models indicate that the decreases in dissolved oxygen and nitrate concentrations and small increases in major-ion concentrations along flow paths can be accounted for by small amounts of silicate-mineral and calcite dissolution; SiO2, goethite, and clay-mineral precipitation; organic-carbon and pyrite oxidation; denitrification; and cation exchange. Mass-balance models for some wells also required mixing with water from the underlying aquifer in rocks of Cretaceous age to achieve mole and isotope balances. Carbon mass transfers identified in the models were used to adjust radiocarbon ages of water samples recharged before 1953. Adjusted radiocarbon ages ranged from less than 1,000 to 9,000 carbon-14 years before present. Radiocarbon ages were more sensitive to uncertainties in the carbon-14 content of recharge than uncertainties in carbon mass transfers, leading to 1-sigma uncertainties of about ?2,000 years in the adjusted ages. Despite these relatively large uncertainties in adjusted radiocarbon ages, it appears that deep water in the aquifer was considerably older (at least 1,000 years) than water near the water table.\r\n\r\nThere was essentially no change in ground-water age with depth in deeper parts of the aquifer, indicating that water in that ","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/sir20045053","usgsCitation":"McMahon, P., Böhlke, J., and Lehman, T., 2004, Vertical gradients in water chemistry and age in the southern High Plains Aquifer, Texas, 2002: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2004-5053, 53 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20045053.","productDescription":"53 p.","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":180688,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":5638,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/sir2004-5053/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Texas","otherGeospatial":"Southern High Plains Aquifer","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -103.040771484375,\n              36.18665862660454\n            ],\n            [\n              -103.0517578125,\n              31.970803930433096\n            ],\n            [\n              -102.974853515625,\n              31.541089879585808\n            ],\n            [\n              -102.65625,\n              31.44741029142872\n            ],\n            [\n              -100.8984375,\n              31.531726144517158\n            ],\n            [\n              -100.78857421875,\n              31.886886525780806\n            ],\n            [\n              -100.75561523437499,\n              32.61161640317033\n            ],\n            [\n              -100.81054687499999,\n              33.128351191631566\n            ],\n            [\n              -100.777587890625,\n              33.715201644740844\n            ],\n            [\n              -100.6787109375,\n              34.1890858311724\n            ],\n            [\n              -100.557861328125,\n              34.69646117272349\n            ],\n            [\n              -100.601806640625,\n              35.03899204678081\n            ],\n            [\n              -100.75561523437499,\n              35.460669951495305\n            ],\n            [\n              -100.8544921875,\n              35.567980458012094\n            ],\n            [\n              -101.00830078125,\n              35.85343961959182\n            ],\n            [\n              -101.173095703125,\n              36.12900165569652\n            ],\n            [\n              -101.370849609375,\n              36.36822190085111\n            ],\n            [\n              -101.72241210937499,\n              36.4566360115962\n            ],\n            [\n              -102.3046875,\n              36.47872381162464\n            ],\n            [\n              -102.469482421875,\n              36.48314061639213\n            ],\n            [\n              -102.6397705078125,\n              36.47872381162464\n            ],\n            [\n              -102.74414062499999,\n              36.43454191900892\n            ],\n            [\n              -102.9364013671875,\n              36.29741818650811\n            ],\n            [\n              -103.040771484375,\n              36.18665862660454\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a13e4b07f02db6021d7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"McMahon, P.B. 0000-0001-7452-2379","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7452-2379","contributorId":10762,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McMahon","given":"P.B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":256296,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Böhlke, J.K. 0000-0001-5693-6455","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5693-6455","contributorId":96696,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Böhlke","given":"J.K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":256298,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Lehman, T.M.","contributorId":87621,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lehman","given":"T.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":256297,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":57817,"text":"sir20045073 - 2004 - Ground-water and surface-water flow and estimated water budget for Lake Seminole, southwestern Georgia and northwestern Florida","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-01-13T10:07:49","indexId":"sir20045073","displayToPublicDate":"2004-09-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2004-5073","title":"Ground-water and surface-water flow and estimated water budget for Lake Seminole, southwestern Georgia and northwestern Florida","docAbstract":"Lake Seminole is a 37,600-acre impoundment formed at the confluence of the Flint and Chattahoochee Rivers along the Georgia?Florida State line. Outflow from Lake Seminole through Jim Woodruff Lock and Dam provides headwater to the Apalachicola River, which is a major supply of freshwater, nutrients, and detritus to ecosystems downstream. These rivers,together with their tributaries, are hydraulically connected to karst limestone units that constitute most of the Upper Floridan aquifer and to a chemically weathered residuum of undifferentiated overburden. \r\n\r\nThe ground-water flow system near Lake Seminole consists of the Upper Floridan aquifer and undifferentiated overburden. The aquifer is confined below by low-permeability sediments of the Lisbon Formation and, generally, is semiconfined above by undifferentiated overburden. Ground-water flow within the Upper Floridan aquifer is unconfined or semiconfined and discharges at discrete points by springflow or diffuse leakage into streams and other surface-water bodies. The high degree of connectivity between the Upper Floridan aquifer and surface-water bodies is limited to the upper Eocene Ocala Limestone and younger units that are in contact with streams in the Lake Seminole area. The impoundment of Lake Seminole inundated natural stream channels and other low-lying areas near streams and raised the water-level altitude of the Upper Floridan aquifer near the lake to nearly that of the lake, about 77 feet.\r\n\r\nSurface-water inflow from the Chattahoochee and Flint Rivers and Spring Creek and outflow to the Apalachicola River through Jim Woodruff Lock and Dam dominate the water budget for Lake Seminole. About 81 percent of the total water-budget inflow consists of surface water; about 18 percent is ground water, and the remaining 1 percent is lake precipitation. Similarly, lake outflow consists of about 89 percent surface water, as flow to the Apalachicola River through Jim Woodruff Lock and Dam, about 4 percent ground water, and about 2 percent lake evaporation. Measurement error and uncertainty in flux calculations cause a flow imbalance of about 4 percent between inflow and outflow water-budget components. Most of this error can be attributed to errors in estimating ground-water discharge from the lake, which was calculated using a ground-water model calibrated to October 1986 conditions for the entire Apalachicola?Chattahoochee?Flint River Basin and not just the area around Lake Seminole. \r\n\r\nEvaporation rates were determined using the preferred, but mathematically complex, energy budget and five empirical equations: Priestley-Taylor, Penman, DeBruin-Keijman, Papadakis, and the Priestley-Taylor used by the Georgia Automated Environmental Monitoring Network. Empirical equations require a significant amount of data but are relatively easy to calculate and compare well to long-term average annual (April 2000?March 2001) pan evaporation, which is 65 inches. Calculated annual lake evaporation, for the study period, using the energy-budget method was 67.2 inches, which overestimated long-term average annual pan evaporation by 2.2 inches. The empirical equations did not compare well with the energy-budget method during the 18-month study period, with average differences in computed evaporation using each equation ranging from 8 to 26 percent. The empirical equations also compared poorly with long-term average annual pan evaporation, with average differences in evaporation ranging from 3 to 23 percent. Energy budget and long-term average annual pan evaporation estimates did compare well, with only a 3-percent difference between estimates. Monthly evaporation estimates using all methods ranged from 0.7 to 9.5 inches and were lowest during December 2000 and highest during May 2000. Although the energy budget is generally the preferred method, the dominance of surface water in the Lake Seminole water budget makes the method inaccurate and difficult to use, because surface water makes up m","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/sir20045073","usgsCitation":"Dalton, M.S., Aulenbach, B.T., and Torak, L.J., 2004, Ground-water and surface-water flow and estimated water budget for Lake Seminole, southwestern Georgia and northwestern Florida (Online Only): U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2004-5073, 49 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20045073.","productDescription":"49 p.","onlineOnly":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":184914,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":5795,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/sir2004-5073/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Florida, Georgia","otherGeospatial":"Lake Seminole","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -86.484375,\n              28.998531814051795\n            ],\n            [\n              -86.484375,\n              32.731840896865684\n            ],\n            [\n              -83.43017578125,\n              32.731840896865684\n            ],\n            [\n              -83.43017578125,\n              28.998531814051795\n            ],\n            [\n              -86.484375,\n              28.998531814051795\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","edition":"Online Only","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ab0e4b07f02db66d423","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Dalton, Melinda S. 0000-0002-2929-5573 msdalton@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2929-5573","contributorId":267,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dalton","given":"Melinda","email":"msdalton@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":509,"text":"Office of the Associate Director for Water","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":316,"text":"Georgia Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":257882,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Aulenbach, Brent T. 0000-0003-2863-1288 btaulenb@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2863-1288","contributorId":3057,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Aulenbach","given":"Brent","email":"btaulenb@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[{"id":316,"text":"Georgia Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":257884,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Torak, Lynn J. ljtorak@usgs.gov","contributorId":401,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Torak","given":"Lynn","email":"ljtorak@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":257883,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":53380,"text":"sir20045030 - 2004 - Estimating the Magnitude and Frequency of Floods in Small Urban Streams in South Carolina, 2001","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-01-13T10:02:56","indexId":"sir20045030","displayToPublicDate":"2004-09-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2004-5030","title":"Estimating the Magnitude and Frequency of Floods in Small Urban Streams in South Carolina, 2001","docAbstract":"The magnitude and frequency of floods at 20 streamflowgaging stations on small, unregulated urban streams in or near South Carolina were estimated by fitting the measured wateryear peak flows to a log-Pearson Type-III distribution. The period of record (through September 30, 2001) for the measured water-year peak flows ranged from 11 to 25 years with a mean and median length of 16 years. The drainage areas of the streamflow-gaging stations ranged from 0.18 to 41 square miles.\n\nBased on the flood-frequency estimates from the 20 streamflow-gaging stations (13 in South Carolina; 4 in North Carolina; and 3 in Georgia), generalized least-squares regression was used to develop regional regression equations. These equations can be used to estimate the 2-, 5-, 10-, 25-, 50-, 100-, 200-, and 500-year recurrence-interval flows for small urban streams in the Piedmont, upper Coastal Plain, and lower Coastal Plain physiographic provinces of South Carolina. The most significant explanatory variables from this analysis were mainchannel length, percent impervious area, and basin development factor. Mean standard errors of prediction for the regression equations ranged from -25 to 33 percent for the 10-year recurrence-interval flows and from -35 to 54 percent for the 100-year recurrence-interval flows.\n\nThe U.S. Geological Survey has developed a Geographic Information System application called StreamStats that makes the process of computing streamflow statistics at ungaged sites faster and more consistent than manual methods. This application was developed in the Massachusetts District and ongoing work is being done in other districts to develop a similar application using streamflow statistics relative to those respective States. Considering the future possibility of implementing StreamStats in South Carolina, an alternative set of regional regression equations was developed using only main channel length and impervious area. This was done because no digital coverages are currently available for basin development factor and, therefore, it could not be included in the StreamStats application. The average mean standard error of prediction for the alternative equations was 2 to 5 percent larger than the standard errors for the equations that contained basin development factor.\n\nFor the urban streamflow-gaging stations in South Carolina, measured water-year peak flows were compared with those from an earlier urban flood-frequency investigation. The peak flows from the earlier investigation were computed using a rainfall-runoff model. At many of the sites, graphical comparisons indicated that the variance of the measured data was much less than the variance of the simulated data. Several statistical tests were applied to compare the variances and the means of the measured and simulated data for each site. The results indicated that the variances were significantly different for 11 of the 13 South Carolina streamflow-gaging stations. For one streamflow-gaging station, the test for normality, which is one of the assumptions of the data when comparing variances, indicated that neither the measured data nor the simulated data were distributed normally; therefore, the test for differences in the variances was not used for that streamflow-gaging station. Another statistical test was used to test for statistically significant differences in the means of the measured and simulated data. The results indicated that for 5 of the 13 urban streamflowgaging stations in South Carolina there was a statistically significant difference in the means of the two data sets.\n\nFor comparison purposes and to test the hypothesis that there may have been climatic differences between the period in which the measured peak-flow data were measured and the period for which historic rainfall data were used to compute the simulated peak flows, 16 rural streamflow-gaging stations with long-term records were reviewed using similar techniques as those used for the measured an","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/sir20045030","usgsCitation":"Feaster, T., and Guimaraes, W.B., 2004, Estimating the Magnitude and Frequency of Floods in Small Urban Streams in South Carolina, 2001: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2004-5030, 68 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20045030.","productDescription":"68 p.","costCenters":[{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":179692,"rank":2,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":5137,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/sir20045030"}],"country":"United States","state":"South 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Carolina\",\"nation\":\"USA  \"}}]}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a0ce4b07f02db5fc7f0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Feaster, Toby D. 0000-0002-5626-5011 tfeaster@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5626-5011","contributorId":1109,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Feaster","given":"Toby D.","email":"tfeaster@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":559,"text":"South Carolina Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":511518,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Guimaraes, Wladimir B.","contributorId":74069,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Guimaraes","given":"Wladimir","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":511519,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":54146,"text":"sir20045046 - 2004 - Hydrologic and geochemical evaluation of aquifer storage recovery in the Santee Limestone/Black Mingo Aquifer, Charleston, South Carolina, 1998-2002","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-02-09T15:42:11","indexId":"sir20045046","displayToPublicDate":"2004-09-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2004-5046","displayTitle":"Hydrologic and Geochemical Evaluation of Aquifer Storage Recovery in the Santee Limestone/Black Mingo Aquifer, Charleston, South Carolina, 1998-2002","title":"Hydrologic and geochemical evaluation of aquifer storage recovery in the Santee Limestone/Black Mingo Aquifer, Charleston, South Carolina, 1998-2002","docAbstract":"<p>The hydrologic and geochemical effects of aquifer storage recovery were evaluated to determine the potential for supplying the city of Charleston, South Carolina, with large quantities of potable water during emergencies, such as earthquakes, hurricanes, or hard freezes. An aquifer storage recovery system, including a production well and three observation wells, was installed at a site located on the Charleston peninsula. The focus of this study was the 23.2-meter thick Tertiary-age carbonate and sand aquifer of the Santee Limestone and the Black Mingo Group, the northernmost equivalent of the Floridan aquifer system. Four cycles of injection, storage, and recovery were conducted between October 1999 and February 2002. Each cycle consisted of injecting between 6.90 and 7.19 million liters of water for storage periods of 1, 3, or 6 months. The volume of recovered water that did not exceed the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency secondary standard for chloride (250 milligrams per liter) varied from 1.48 to 2.46 million liters, which is equivalent to 21 and 34 percent of the total volume injected for the individual tests. Aquifer storage recovery testing occurred within two productive zones of the brackish Santee Limestone/Black Mingo aquifer. The individual productive zones were determined to be approximately 2 to 4 meters thick, based on borehole geophysical logs, electromagnetic flow-meter testing, and specific-conductance profiles collected within the observation wells. A transmissivity and storage coefficient of 37 meters squared per day and 3 x 10-5, respectively, were determined for the Santee Limestone/Black Mingo aquifer. Water-quality and sediment samples collected during this investigation documented baseline aquifer and injected water quality, aquifer matrix composition, and changes in injected/aquifer water quality during injection, storage, and recovery. A total of 193 water-quality samples were collected and analyzed for physical properties, major and minor ions, and nutrients. The aquifer and treated surface water were sodiumchloride and calcium/sodium-bicarbonate water types, respectively. Forty-five samples were collected and analyzed for total trihalomethane. Total trihalomethane data collected during aquifer storage recovery cycle 4 indicated that this constituent would not restrict the use of recovered water for drinking-water purposes. Analysis of six sediment samples collected from a cored well located near the aquifer storage recovery site showed that quartz and calcite were the dominant minerals in the Santee Limestone/Black Mingo aquifer. Estimated cation exchange capacity ranged from 12 to 36 milliequivalents per 100 grams in the lower section of the aquifer. A reactive transport model was developed that included two 2-meter thick layers to describe each of the production zones. The four layers composing the production zones were assigned porosities ranging from 0.1 to 0.3 and hydraulic conductivities ranging from 1 to 8.4 meters per day. Specific storage of the aquifer and confining units was estimated to be 1.5 x 10-5 meter-1. Longitudinal dispersivity of all layers was specified to be 0.5 meter. Leakage through the confining unit was estimated to be minimal and, therefore, not used in the reactive transport modeling. Inverse geochemical modeling indicates that mixing, cation exchange, and calcite dissolution are the dominant reactions that occur during aquifer storage recovery testing in the Santee Limestone/Black Mingo aquifer. Potable water injected into the Santee Limestone/Black Mingo aquifer evolved chemically by mixing with brackish background water and reaction with calcite and cation exchangers in the sediment. Reactive-transport model simulations indicated that the calcite and exchange reactions could be treated as equilibrium processes.&nbsp;</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/sir20045046","usgsCitation":"Petkewich, M.D., Parkhurst, D.L., Conlon, K.J., Campbell, B.G., and Mirecki, J.E., 2004, Hydrologic and geochemical evaluation of aquifer storage recovery in the Santee Limestone/Black Mingo Aquifer, Charleston, South Carolina, 1998-2002: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2004-5046, 92 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20045046.","productDescription":"92 p.","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":184845,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":5592,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/sir20045046/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"South Carolina","city":"Charleston","otherGeospatial":"Santee Limestone/Black Mingo Aquifer","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -80.6451416015625,\n              32.41706632846282\n            ],\n            [\n              -80.6451416015625,\n              33.211116472416855\n            ],\n            [\n              -79.31579589843749,\n              33.211116472416855\n            ],\n            [\n              -79.31579589843749,\n              32.41706632846282\n            ],\n            [\n              -80.6451416015625,\n              32.41706632846282\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a29e4b07f02db6118d7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Petkewich, Matthew D. 0000-0002-5749-6356 mdpetkew@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5749-6356","contributorId":982,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Petkewich","given":"Matthew","email":"mdpetkew@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":559,"text":"South Carolina Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":249325,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Parkhurst, David L. 0000-0003-3348-1544 dlpark@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3348-1544","contributorId":1088,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Parkhurst","given":"David","email":"dlpark@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":249327,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Conlon, Kevin J. 0000-0003-0798-368X kjconlon@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0798-368X","contributorId":2561,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Conlon","given":"Kevin","email":"kjconlon@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":249328,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Campbell, Bruce G. 0000-0003-4800-6674 bcampbel@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4800-6674","contributorId":995,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Campbell","given":"Bruce","email":"bcampbel@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":559,"text":"South Carolina Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":249326,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Mirecki, June E.","contributorId":93577,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mirecki","given":"June","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":249329,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":53854,"text":"sir20045036 - 2004 - Chemical Data for Detailed Studies of Irrigation Drainage in the Salton Sea Area, California, 1995?2001","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:11:43","indexId":"sir20045036","displayToPublicDate":"2004-09-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2004-5036","title":"Chemical Data for Detailed Studies of Irrigation Drainage in the Salton Sea Area, California, 1995?2001","docAbstract":"The primary purpose of this report is to present all chemical data from the Salton Sea area collected by the U.S. Geological Survey between 1995 and 2001. The data were collected primarily for the Department of the Interior's National Irrigation Water Quality Program (NIWQP). The report also contains a brief summary and citation to investigations done for the NIWQP between 1992 and 1995. The NIWQP began studies in the Salton Sea area in 1986 to evaluate effects on the environment from potential toxins, especially selenium, in irrigation-induced drainage. This data report is a companion to several reports published from the earlier studies and to interpretive publications that make use of historical and recent data from this area.\r\n\r\n    Data reported herein are from five collection studies. Water, bottom material, and suspended sediment collected in 1995-96 from the New River, the lower Colorado River, and the All-American Canal were analyzed for elements, semi-volatile (extractable) organic compounds, and organochlorine compounds. Sufficient suspended sediment for chemical analyses was obtained by tangential-flow filtration.\r\n    A grab sample of surficial bottom sediment collected from near the deepest part of the Salton Sea in 1996 was analyzed for 44 elements and organic and inorganic carbon. High selenium concentration confirmed the effective transfer (sequestration) of selenium into the bottom sediment. Similar grab samples were collected 2 years later (1998) from 11 locations in the Salton Sea and analyzed for elements, as before, and also for nutrients, organochlorine compounds, and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Nutrients were measured in bottom water, and water-column profiles were obtained for pH, conductance, temperature, and dissolved oxygen. Element and nutrient concentrations were obtained in 1999 from cores at 2 of the above 11 sites, in the north subbasin of the Salton Sea. The most-recent study reported herein was done in 2001 and contains element data on suspended material isolated by continuous-flow centrifugation on samples collected in transects extending out from the Whitewater, the Alamo, and the New Rivers into the Salton Sea. \r\n\r\n    Chemical data on suspended sediment and bottom material from tributory rivers and the Salton Sea itself show that many insoluble constituents, including selenium and DDE, are concentrated in the fine-grained, organic- and carbonate-rich bottom sediment from deep areas near the center of the Salton Sea. Data also show that selenium and arsenic are markedly enriched in seston (plankton, partially-degraded algal detritus, and mineral matter that compose suspended particulates in the lake) collected just below the water surface in the Salton Sea. This result indicates that bio-concentration in primary producers in the water column provides an important pathway whereby high selenium residues accumulate in fish and fish-eating birds at the Salton Sea.","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/sir20045036","usgsCitation":"Schroeder, R.A., 2004, Chemical Data for Detailed Studies of Irrigation Drainage in the Salton Sea Area, California, 1995?2001: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2004-5036, 54 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20045036.","productDescription":"54 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":4688,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/sir2004-5036/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":177760,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49e2e4b07f02db5e4bdd","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Schroeder, Roy A. raschroe@usgs.gov","contributorId":1523,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schroeder","given":"Roy","email":"raschroe@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":248500,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":54268,"text":"sir20045081 - 2004 - Regional water table (2002) and water-level changes in the Mojave River and Morongo ground-water basins, southwestern Mojave Desert, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-05-14T15:11:22.240797","indexId":"sir20045081","displayToPublicDate":"2004-09-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2004-5081","displayTitle":"Regional Water Table (2002) and Water-Level Changes in the Mojave River and Morongo Ground-Water Basins, Southwestern Mojave Desert, California","title":"Regional water table (2002) and water-level changes in the Mojave River and Morongo ground-water basins, southwestern Mojave Desert, California","docAbstract":"The Mojave River and Morongo ground-water basins are in the southwestern part of the Mojave Desert in southern California. Ground water from these basins supplies a major part of the water requirements for the region. The continuous population growth in this area has resulted in ever-increasing demands on local ground-water resources. The collection and interpretation of ground-water data helps local water districts, military bases, and private citizens gain a better understanding of the ground-water flow systems, and consequently, water availability. \r\n\r\n    During 2002, the U.S. Geological Survey and other agencies made approximately 2,500 water-level measurements in the Mojave River and Morongo ground-water basins. These data document recent conditions and, when compared with previous data, changes in ground-water levels. A water-level contour map was drawn using data from about 600 wells, providing coverage for most of the basins. Twenty-eight hydrographs show long-term (up to 70 years) water-level conditions throughout the basins, and 9 short-term (1997 to 2002) hydrographs show the effects of recharge and discharge along the Mojave River. In addition, a water-level-change map was compiled to compare 2000 and 2002 water levels throughout the basins.\r\n\r\n    In the Mojave River ground-water basin, about 66 percent of the wells had water-level declines of 0.5 ft or more since 2000 and about 27 percent of the wells had water-level declines greater than 5 ft. The only area that had water-level increases greater than 5 ft that were not attributed to fluctuations in nearby pumpage was in the Harper Lake (dry) area where there has been a significant reduction in pumpage during the last decade. In the Morongo ground-water basin, about 36 percent of the wells had water-level declines of 0.5 ft or more and about 10 percent of the wells had water-level declines greater than 5 ft. Water-level increases greater than 5 ft were measured only in the Warren subbasin, where artificial-recharge operations have caused water levels to rise almost 60 ft since 2000.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/sir20045081","usgsCitation":"Smith, G.A., Stamos, C., and Predmore, S.K., 2004, Regional water table (2002) and water-level changes in the Mojave River and Morongo ground-water basins, southwestern Mojave Desert, California: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2004-5081, 16 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20045081.","productDescription":"16 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":178035,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":5380,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/sir2004-5081/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a60e4b07f02db6350ba","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Smith, Gregory A. 0000-0001-8170-9924 gasmith@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8170-9924","contributorId":1520,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"Gregory","email":"gasmith@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":249705,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Stamos, Christina L. 0000-0002-1007-9352","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1007-9352","contributorId":19593,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stamos","given":"Christina L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":249706,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Predmore, Steven K. spredmor@usgs.gov","contributorId":1512,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Predmore","given":"Steven","email":"spredmor@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":249704,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":57865,"text":"sir20045172 - 2004 - Investigation of hydroacoustic flow-monitoring alternatives at the Sacramento River at Freeport, California: results of the 2002-2004 pilot study","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:12:02","indexId":"sir20045172","displayToPublicDate":"2004-09-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2004-5172","title":"Investigation of hydroacoustic flow-monitoring alternatives at the Sacramento River at Freeport, California: results of the 2002-2004 pilot study","docAbstract":"The Sacramento River at Freeport is a tidally affected channel approximately 620 feet wide located at the northern boundary of the Sacramento?San Joaquin River Delta, California. In 1978, an acoustic velocity meter was installed at Freeport to monitor the flow. The acoustic velocity meter was calibrated successfully and has been used continuously since that time. Although the calibration has been extremely stable, an increasing number of maintenance problems prompted a search for alternatives to monitor discharge at this location. Two sideward-looking acoustic Doppler velocity meters were tested in a pilot study from 2002-2004: a short-range system and a long-range system. The pilot study was conducted over a wide range of hydrologic conditions and both sideward-l-ooking acoustic Doppler velocity meters have performed well at this location and have been calibrated successfully. As of February 2004, the short-range system had a robust calibration and a higher data-recovery rate, therefore, it was selected as the primary replacement of the acoustic velocity meter, with the long-range system providing real-time data redundancy to minimize data loss.","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/sir20045172","usgsCitation":"Ruhl, C., and DeRose, J.B., 2004, Investigation of hydroacoustic flow-monitoring alternatives at the Sacramento River at Freeport, California: results of the 2002-2004 pilot study: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2004-5172, 25 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20045172.","productDescription":"25 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":182143,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":5803,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/sir2004-5172/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e47dae4b07f02db4b64c2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ruhl, Catherine A. 0000-0002-7989-8815","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7989-8815","contributorId":53414,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ruhl","given":"Catherine A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":257903,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"DeRose, James B.","contributorId":45780,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"DeRose","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":257902,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":57820,"text":"sir20045087 - 2004 - Regional ground-water-flow models of surficial sand and gravel aquifers along the Mississippi River between Brainerd and St. Cloud, central Minnesota","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-04-08T10:43:08","indexId":"sir20045087","displayToPublicDate":"2004-09-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2004-5087","title":"Regional ground-water-flow models of surficial sand and gravel aquifers along the Mississippi River between Brainerd and St. Cloud, central Minnesota","docAbstract":"<p>This report documents regional ground-waterflow models constructed by the U.S. Geological Survey in cooperation with the Minnesota Department of Health (MDH) to satisfy the requirements of their Source Water Protection Plan (SWPP). Steady-state single-layer ground-water-flow models were constructed with the computer program MODFLOW to simulate flow in surficial sand and gravel aquifers along the Mississippi River between Brainerd and St. Cloud in central Minnesota. The hydrogeologic data that were used to construct the models were compiled from available sources.</p>\n<p>Calibrated values of horizontal hydraulic conductivity and areal recharge for the aquifer in a northern model area were 70 m/d and 3.0x10-4 m/d, respectively. This model was sensitive to net areal recharge, vertical hydraulic conductivity of perennial streambed sediments, and horizontal hydraulic conductivity. The major source of net inflow to the model was from edge boundary cells. The major source of net outflow was ground-water discharge to perennial and ephemeral streams.</p>\n<p>Calibrated values of horizontal hydraulic conductivity and areal recharge for the aquifer in a southern model area were 70 m/d and 6.0x10-4 m/d, respectively. This model was sensitive mostly to horizontal hydraulic conductivity. Net areal recharge and ground-water discharge to perennial streams were the major sources of net inflow and outflow, respectively.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20045087","usgsCitation":"Ruhl, J.F., and Cowdery, T., 2004, Regional ground-water-flow models of surficial sand and gravel aquifers along the Mississippi River between Brainerd and St. Cloud, central Minnesota: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2004-5087, iv, 21 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20045087.","productDescription":"iv, 21 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":392,"text":"Minnesota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":319904,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sir20045087.JPG"},{"id":5798,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/sir20045087/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Minnesota","city":"Brainerd, St. Cloud","otherGeospatial":"Mississippi","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -94.53460693359374,\n              46.300457387911614\n            ],\n            [\n              -94.06356811523438,\n              46.30330363797423\n            ],\n            [\n              -94.06494140625,\n              45.916765867649005\n            ],\n            [\n              -94.11712646484375,\n              45.917721261594224\n            ],\n            [\n              -94.11849975585938,\n              45.50345949537662\n            ],\n            [\n              -94.46731567382812,\n              45.50345949537662\n            ],\n            [\n              -94.46731567382812,\n              45.920587344733654\n            ],\n            [\n              -94.53048706054688,\n              45.917721261594224\n            ],\n            [\n              -94.53460693359374,\n              46.300457387911614\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a69e4b07f02db63baae","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ruhl, J. F.","contributorId":81866,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ruhl","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":257889,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Cowdery, T.K.","contributorId":92658,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cowdery","given":"T.K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":257890,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":57802,"text":"sir20045116 - 2004 - Microbial and Dissolved Organic Carbon Characterization of Stormflow in the Santa Ana River at Imperial Highway, Southern California, 1999-2002","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:12:21","indexId":"sir20045116","displayToPublicDate":"2004-09-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2004-5116","title":"Microbial and Dissolved Organic Carbon Characterization of Stormflow in the Santa Ana River at Imperial Highway, Southern California, 1999-2002","docAbstract":"The Santa Ana River drains about 2,670 square miles of densely populated coastal southern California, near Los Angeles. Almost all the flow in the river, more than 200,000 acre-feet annually, is diverted to ponds where it infiltrates and recharges underlying aquifers pumped to supply water for more than 2 million people. Base flow in the river is almost entirely treated municipal wastewater discharged from upstream treatment plants and, in the past, stormflow was considered a source of high-quality water suitable for use as a source of ground-water recharge that would dilute poorer quality water recharged during base flow. \r\n\r\n     Stormflow in the Santa Ana River at the Imperial Highway diversion contains total coliform bacteria concentrations as high as 3,400,000 colonies per 100 mL (milliliters). Fecal indicator bacteria concentrations, including fecal coliforms, Escherichia coli, and enterococci, were as high as 310,000, 84,000, and 102,000 colonies per 100 mL, respectively. Although concentrations were high owing to urban runoff during the first stormflow of the rainy season, the highest concentrations occurred during the recessional flows of the first stormflow of the rainy season after streamflow returned to pre-storm conditions. Molecular indicators of microbiological organisms in stormflow, including phospholipid fatty acid (PLFA) and genetic data, show that the diversity of the total microbial population decreases during stormflow while fecal indicator bacteria concentrations increase. This suggests that the source of the bacteria must be poorly diverse and dominated by only a few types of bacteria. Although direct runoff of fecal indicator bacteria from urban areas occurs, this process cannot explain the very high concentrations of fecal indicator bacteria in runoff from upstream parts of the basin characterized by urban, agricultural (including more than 300,000 head of dairy cattle), and other land uses. Although other explanations are possible, fecal indicator bacteria concentrations and molecular microbiological data indicate accumulation and extended survival of bacteria in streambed sediments, and subsequent mobilization of those sediments and associated bacteria during stormflow. Both PLFA and genetic data indicate that water from dairy-waste storage ponds was not present during sampled stormflows. This is consistent with the relatively dry conditions and the absence of large stormflows during the study. \r\n\r\n     Dissolved organic carbon (DOC) concentrations in stormflow ranged from 3 to 15.3 mg/L. In general, concentrations increased during stormflow and were distributed across the stormflow hydrograph in a manner similar to that of fecal indicator bacteria. DOC concentrations typically remained high for several days after flow returned to pre-storm conditions. Ultraviolet absorbance, excitation emission spectroscopy, and sequential fractionation of DOC using XAD-8 and XAD-4 resins showed that the composition of DOC changed rapidly during stormflow. Hydrophobic and hydrophilic acids were the largest fraction of DOC composing between 27 and 45 percent and between 24 and 37 percent of the DOC, respectively. \r\n\r\n     The fraction of DOC composed of hydrophobic acids decreased due to urban runoff and increased during the recession of the first stormflow of the rainy season; the hydrophilic-acid fraction generally decreased throughout the stormflow hydrograph; the transhydrophilic-acid fraction did not vary greatly during stormflow; and the hydrophobic-neutral fraction increased from low values in base flow to almost 30 percent of the DOC after more soluble and more mobile hydrophobic and hydrophilic acids were washed from urban areas. Comparison of ultraviolet absorbance data with data collected during previous studies shows that the optical properties and, presumably, the composition of the DOC were different in this study than DOC collected during wetter periods. \r\n\r\n     Samples of shallow ground water collec","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/sir20045116","usgsCitation":"Izbicki, J., Pimentel, M.I., Leddy, M., and Bergamaschi, B., 2004, Microbial and Dissolved Organic Carbon Characterization of Stormflow in the Santa Ana River at Imperial Highway, Southern California, 1999-2002 (Online Only): U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2004-5116, 80 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20045116.","productDescription":"80 p.","onlineOnly":"Y","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":184035,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":5762,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/sir2004-5116/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"edition":"Online Only","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a57e4b07f02db62dec4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Izbicki, John A. 0000-0003-0816-4408 jaizbick@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0816-4408","contributorId":1375,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Izbicki","given":"John A.","email":"jaizbick@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":257828,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Pimentel, M. Isabel","contributorId":54257,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pimentel","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"Isabel","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":257831,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Leddy, Menu","contributorId":11697,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Leddy","given":"Menu","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":257830,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Bergamaschi, Brian A. 0000-0002-9610-5581 bbergama@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9610-5581","contributorId":1448,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bergamaschi","given":"Brian A.","email":"bbergama@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":257829,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":56947,"text":"sir20045023 - 2004 - Water Quality and Streamflow of the Indian River, Sitka, Alaska, 2001-02","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:12:21","indexId":"sir20045023","displayToPublicDate":"2004-09-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2004-5023","title":"Water Quality and Streamflow of the Indian River, Sitka, Alaska, 2001-02","docAbstract":"The Indian River Basin, located near Sitka Alaska, drains an area of 12.3 square miles. This watershed is an important natural resource of Sitka National Historic Park. At the present time, the watershed faces possible development on large tracts of private land upstream of the park that could affect the water quality of Indian River. Due to this concern, a study was conducted cooperatively with the National Park Service. The approach was to examine the water quality of the Indian River in the upper part of the watershed where no development has occurred and in the lower part of the basin where development has taken place.\r\n\r\nMeasurements of pH, water temperature, and dissolved oxygen concentrations of the Indian River were within acceptable ranges for fish survival. The Indian River is calcium bicarbonate type water with a low buffering capacity. Concentrations of dissolved ions and nutrients generally were low and exhibited little variation between the two study sites. Analysis of bed sediment trace element concentrations at both sampling sites indicates the threshold effect concentration was exceeded for arsenic, chromium, copper, nickel, and zinc; while the probable effect concentration was exceeded by arsenic, chromium and nickel. However, due to relatively large amounts of organic carbon present in the bed sediments, the potential toxicity from trace elements is low.\r\n\r\nDischarge in the Indian River is typical of coastal southeast Alaska streams where low flows generally are in late winter and early spring and greater flows are during the wetter fall months. Alaska Department of Fish and Game has established instream flow reservations on the lower 2.5 miles of the Indian River. Discharge data indicate minimum flow requirements were not achieved during 236 days of the study period. Natural low flows are frequently below the flow reservations, but diversions resulted in flow reservations not being met a total of 140 days.\r\n\r\nThirty-five algae species were identified from the sample collected at Indian River near Sitka while 24 species were identified from the sample collected at Indian River at Sitka. Most species of algae identified in the Indian River samples were diatoms and the majority were pinnate diatoms; however, green algae and (or) blue-green algae accounted for much of the algal biomass at the two sites. The trophic condition of the Indian River is oligotrophic, and algal productivity likely is limited by low concentrations of dissolved nitrogen.\r\n\r\nFew invertebrate taxa were collected relative to many high-quality streams in the contiguous United States, but the number of taxa in Indian River appears to be typical of Alaska streams. Ephemeroptera was the most abundant order sampled followed by Diptera.","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/sir20045023","usgsCitation":"Neal, E.J., Brabets, T.P., and Frenzel, S.A., 2004, Water Quality and Streamflow of the Indian River, Sitka, Alaska, 2001-02: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2004-5023, 34 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20045023.","productDescription":"34 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":5707,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/sir20045023/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":184305,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4affe4b07f02db697c08","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Neal, Edward J.","contributorId":45575,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Neal","given":"Edward","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":255961,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Brabets, Timothy P. tbrabets@usgs.gov","contributorId":2087,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brabets","given":"Timothy","email":"tbrabets@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":255960,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Frenzel, Steven A. sfrenzel@usgs.gov","contributorId":688,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Frenzel","given":"Steven","email":"sfrenzel@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":255959,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":54270,"text":"sir20045001 - 2004 - Modeling Streamflow and Water Temperature in the North Santiam and Santiam Rivers, Oregon, 2001-02","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-02-07T09:20:08","indexId":"sir20045001","displayToPublicDate":"2004-09-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2004-5001","title":"Modeling Streamflow and Water Temperature in the North Santiam and Santiam Rivers, Oregon, 2001-02","docAbstract":"To support the development of a total maximum daily load (TMDL) for water temperature in the Willamette Basin, the laterally averaged, two-dimensional model CE-QUAL-W2 was used to construct a water temperature and streamflow model of the Santiam and North Santiam Rivers. The rivers were simulated from downstream of Detroit and Big Cliff dams to the confluence with the Willamette River. Inputs to the model included bathymetric data, flow and temperature from dam releases, tributary flow and temperature, and meteorologic data. The model was calibrated for the period July 1 through November 21, 2001, and confirmed with data from April 1 through October 31, 2002. Flow calibration made use of data from two streamflow gages and travel-time and river-width data. Temperature calibration used data from 16 temperature monitoring locations in 2001 and 5 locations in 2002. A sensitivity analysis was completed by independently varying input parameters, including point-source flow, air temperature, flow and water temperature from dam releases, and riparian shading. Scenario analyses considered hypothetical river conditions without anthropogenic heat inputs, with restored riparian vegetation, with minimum streamflow from the dams, and with a more-natural seasonal water temperature regime from dam releases.","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/sir20045001","usgsCitation":"Sullivan, A.B., and Roundsk, S.A., 2004, Modeling Streamflow and Water Temperature in the North Santiam and Santiam Rivers, Oregon, 2001-02: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2004-5001, 44 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20045001.","productDescription":"44 p.","costCenters":[{"id":518,"text":"Oregon Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":5382,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/sir20045001","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":178104,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a29e4b07f02db611b1f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Sullivan, Annett B. 0000-0001-7783-3906 annett@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7783-3906","contributorId":56317,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sullivan","given":"Annett","email":"annett@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":249709,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Roundsk, Stewart A.","contributorId":55272,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Roundsk","given":"Stewart","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":249708,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":54262,"text":"sir20045024 - 2004 - Methods to Identify Changes in Background Water-Quality Conditions Using Dissolved-Solids Concentrations and Loads as Indicators, Arkansas River and Fountain Creek, in the Vicinity of Pueblo, Colorado","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:11:53","indexId":"sir20045024","displayToPublicDate":"2004-09-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2004-5024","title":"Methods to Identify Changes in Background Water-Quality Conditions Using Dissolved-Solids Concentrations and Loads as Indicators, Arkansas River and Fountain Creek, in the Vicinity of Pueblo, Colorado","docAbstract":"Effective management of existing water-storage capacity in the Arkansas River Basin is anticipated to help satisfy the need for water in southeastern Colorado. A strategy to meet these needs has been developed, but implementation could affect the water quality of the Arkansas River and Fountain Creek in the vicinity of Pueblo, Colorado. Because no known methods are available to determine what effects future changes in operations will have on water quality, the U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with the Southeastern Colorado Water Activity Enterprise, began a study in 2002 to develop methods that could identify if future water-quality conditions have changed significantly from background (preexisting) water-quality conditions. A method was developed to identify when significant departures from background (preexisting) water-quality conditions occur in the lower Arkansas River and Fountain Creek in the vicinity of Pueblo, Colorado. Additionally, the methods described in this report provide information that can be used by various water-resource agencies for an internet-based decision-support tool. \r\n\r\nEstimated dissolved-solids concentrations at five sites in the study area were evaluated to designate historical background conditions and to calculate tolerance limits used to identify statistical departures from background conditions. This method provided a tool that could be applied with defined statistical probabilities associated with specific tolerance limits. Drought data from 2002 were used to test the method. Dissolved-solids concentrations exceeded the tolerance limits at all four sites on the Arkansas River at some point during 2002. The number of exceedances was particularly evident when streamflow from Pueblo Reservoir was reduced, and return flows and ground-water influences to the river were more prevalent. No exceedances were observed at the site on Fountain Creek. These comparisons illustrated the need to adjust the concentration data to account for varying streamflow. As such, similar comparisons between flow-adjusted data were done. At the site Arkansas River near Avondale, nearly all the 2002 flow-adjusted concentration data were less than the flow-adjusted tolerance limit which illustrated the effects of using flow-adjusted concentrations. Numerous exceedances of the flow-adjusted tolerance limits, however, were observed at the sites Arkansas River above Pueblo and Arkansas River at Pueblo. These results indicated that the method was able to identify a change in the ratio of source waters under drought conditions. Additionally, tolerance limits were calculated for daily dissolved-solids load and evaluated in a similar manner. \r\n\r\nSeveral other mass-load approaches were presented to help identify long-term changes in water quality. These included comparisons of cumulative mass load at selected sites and comparisons of mass load contributed at the Arkansas River near Avondale site by measured and unmeasured sources.","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/sir20045024","usgsCitation":"Ortiz, R.F., 2004, Methods to Identify Changes in Background Water-Quality Conditions Using Dissolved-Solids Concentrations and Loads as Indicators, Arkansas River and Fountain Creek, in the Vicinity of Pueblo, Colorado: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2004-5024, iv, 20 p. : col. ill., col. map ; 28 cm.; 11 figs., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20045024.","productDescription":"iv, 20 p. : col. ill., col. map ; 28 cm.; 11 figs.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":5375,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/sir20045024","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":175234,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a55e4b07f02db62cdef","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ortiz, Roderick F. rfortiz@usgs.gov","contributorId":1126,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ortiz","given":"Roderick","email":"rfortiz@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[{"id":191,"text":"Colorado Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":249691,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":57790,"text":"sir20045027 - 2004 - Ground-water flow direction, water quality, recharge sources, and age, Great Sand Dunes National Monument, south-central Colorado","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-02-09T15:54:23","indexId":"sir20045027","displayToPublicDate":"2004-09-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2004-5027","displayTitle":"Ground-Water Flow Direction, Water Quality, Recharge Sources, and Age, Great Sand Dunes National Monument, South-Central Colorado, 2000-2001","title":"Ground-water flow direction, water quality, recharge sources, and age, Great Sand Dunes National Monument, south-central Colorado","docAbstract":"Great Sand Dunes National Monument is located in south-central Colorado along the eastern edge of the San Luis Valley. The Great Sand Dunes National Monument contains the tallest sand dunes in North America; some rise up to750 feet. Important ecological features of the Great Sand Dunes National Monument are palustrine wetlands associated with interdunal ponds and depressions along the western edge of the dune field. The existence and natural maintenance of the dune field and the interdunal ponds are dependent on maintaining ground-water levels at historic elevations. To address these concerns, the U.S. Geological Survey conducted a study, in collaboration with the National Park Service, of ground-water flow direction, water quality, recharge sources, and age at the Great Sand Dunes National Monument. \r\n\r\nA shallow unconfined aquifer and a deeper confined aquifer are the two principal aquifers at the Great Sand Dunes National Monument. Ground water in the unconfined aquifer is recharged from Medano and Sand Creeks near the Sangre de Cristo Mountain front, flows underneath the main dune field, and discharges to Big and Little Spring Creeks. The percentage of calcium in ground water in the unconfined aquifer decreases and the percentage of sodium increases because of ionic exchange with clay minerals as the ground water flows underneath the dune field. It takes more than 60 years for the ground water to flow from Medano and Sand Creeks to Big and Little Spring Creeks. During this time, ground water in the upper part of the unconfined aquifer is recharged by numerous precipitation events. Evaporation of precipitation during recharge prior to reaching the water table causes enrichment in deuterium (2H) and oxygen-18 (18O) relative to waters that are not evaporated. This recharge from precipitation events causes the apparent ages determined using chlorofluorocarbons and tritium to become younger, because relatively young precipitation water is mixing with older waters derived from Medano and Sand Creeks. \r\n\r\nMajor ion chemistry of water from sites completed in the confined aquifer is different than water from sites completed in the unconfined aquifer, but insufficient data exist to quantify if the two aquifers are hydrologically disconnected. Radiocarbon dating of ground water in the confined aquifer indicates it is about 30,000 years old (plus or minus 3,000 years). The peak of the last major ice advance (Wisconsin) during the ice age occurred about 20,000 years before present; ground water from the confined aquifer is much older than that. Water quality and water levels of the interdunal ponds are not affected by waters from the confined aquifer. Instead, the interdunal ponds are affected directly by fluctuations in the water table of the unconfined aquifer. Any lowering of the water table of the unconfined aquifer would result in an immediate decrease in water levels of the interdunal ponds. The water quality of the interdunal ponds probably results from several factors, including the water quality of the unconfined aquifer, evaporation of the pond water, and biologic activity within the ponds.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/sir20045027","usgsCitation":"Rupert, M.G., and Plummer, N., 2004, Ground-water flow direction, water quality, recharge sources, and age, Great Sand Dunes National Monument, south-central Colorado: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2004-5027, 28 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20045027.","productDescription":"28 p.","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":5751,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/sir2004-5027/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":184825,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Colorado","otherGeospatial":"Great Sand Dunes National Monument","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -105.84228515625,\n              37.622933594900864\n            ],\n            [\n              -105.44128417968749,\n              37.622933594900864\n            ],\n            [\n              -105.44128417968749,\n              37.93986540897977\n            ],\n            [\n              -105.84228515625,\n              37.93986540897977\n            ],\n            [\n              -105.84228515625,\n              37.622933594900864\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b05e4b07f02db699765","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Rupert, Michael G. mgrupert@usgs.gov","contributorId":1194,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rupert","given":"Michael","email":"mgrupert@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":191,"text":"Colorado Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":257792,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Plummer, Niel 0000-0002-4020-1013 nplummer@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4020-1013","contributorId":190100,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Plummer","given":"Niel","email":"nplummer@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":436,"text":"National Research Program - Eastern Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":257793,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":54144,"text":"wri034300 - 2004 - Water use, ground-water recharge and availability, and quality of water in the Greenwich area, Fairfield County, Connecticut and Westchester County, New York, 2000-2002","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-08-15T11:32:04","indexId":"wri034300","displayToPublicDate":"2004-09-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2003-4300","title":"Water use, ground-water recharge and availability, and quality of water in the Greenwich area, Fairfield County, Connecticut and Westchester County, New York, 2000-2002","docAbstract":"<p>Ground-water budgets were developed for 32 small basin-based zones in the Greenwich area of southwestern Connecticut, where crystalline-bedrock aquifers supply private wells, to determine the status of residential ground-water consumption relative to rates of ground-water recharge and discharge. Estimated residential ground-water withdrawals for small basins (averaging 1.7 square miles (mi<sup>2</sup>)) ranged from 0 to 0.16 million gallons per day per square mile (Mgal/d/mi<sup>2</sup>). To develop these budgets, residential ground-water withdrawals were estimated using multiple-linear regression models that relate water use from public water supply to data on residential property characteristics. Average daily water use of households with public water supply ranged from 219 to 1,082 gallons per day (gal/d). </p><p>A steady-state finite-difference ground-water- flow model was developed to track water budgets, and to estimate optimal values for hydraulic conductivity of the bedrock (0.05 feet per day) and recharge to the overlying till deposits (6.9 inches) using nonlinear regression. Estimated recharge rates to the small basins ranged from 3.6 to 7.5 inches per year (in/yr) and relate to the percentage of the basin underlain by coarse- grained glacial stratified deposits. Recharge was not applied to impervious areas to account for the effects of urbanization. Net residential ground-water consumption was estimated as ground-water withdrawals increased during the growing season, and ranged from 0 to 0.9 in/yr. </p><p>Long-term average stream base flows simulated by the ground-water-flow model were compared to calculated values of average base flow and low flow to determine if base flow was substantially reduced in any of the basins studied. Three of the 32 basins studied had simulated base flows less than 3 in/yr, as a result of either ground-water withdrawals or reduced recharge due to urbanization. A water-availability criteria of the difference between the 30-day 2-year low flow and the recharge rate for each basin was explored as a method to rate the status of water consumption in each basin. Water consumption ranged from 0 to 14.3 percent of available water based on this criteria for the 32 basins studied. </p><p>Base-flow water quality was related to the amount of urbanized area in each basin sampled. Concentrations of total nitrogen and phosphorus, chloride, indicator bacteria, and the number of pesticide detections increased with basin urbanization, which ranged from 18 to 63 percent of basin area.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri034300","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the town of Greenwich, Connecticut","usgsCitation":"Mullaney, J.R., 2004, Water use, ground-water recharge and availability, and quality of water in the Greenwich area, Fairfield County, Connecticut and Westchester County, New York, 2000-2002: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 2003-4300, vi, 64 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri034300.","productDescription":"vi, 64 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":181453,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":344857,"rank":3,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/wri034300/GreenwichCT03-4300.pdf","text":"Report","size":"2.68 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Report"},{"id":5590,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/wri034300/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Connecticut, New York","county":"Fairfield County, Westchester County","otherGeospatial":"Greenwich area","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -73.75,\n              40.9\n            ],\n            [\n              -73.5,\n              40.9\n            ],\n            [\n              -73.5,\n              41.2\n            ],\n            [\n              -73.75,\n              41.2\n            ],\n            [\n              -73.75,\n              40.9\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49a1e4b07f02db5be166","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Mullaney, John R. 0000-0003-4936-5046 jmullane@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4936-5046","contributorId":1957,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mullaney","given":"John","email":"jmullane@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":466,"text":"New England Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":196,"text":"Connecticut Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":249321,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":69797,"text":"sim2847 - 2004 - Geologic map of the Hasty Quadrangle, Boone and Newton Counties, Arkansas","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-10T00:11:25","indexId":"sim2847","displayToPublicDate":"2004-09-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":333,"text":"Scientific Investigations Map","code":"SIM","onlineIssn":"2329-132X","printIssn":"2329-1311","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2847","title":"Geologic map of the Hasty Quadrangle, Boone and Newton Counties, Arkansas","docAbstract":"This digital geologic map compilation presents new polygon (for example, geologic map unit contacts), line (for example, fault, fold axis, and structure contour), and point (for example, structural attitude, contact elevations) vector data for the Hasty 7.5-minute quadrangle in northern Arkansas.  The map database, which is at 1:24,000-scale resolution, provides geologic coverage of an area of current hydrogeologic, tectonic, and stratigraphic interest.  The Hasty quadrangle is located in northern Newton and southern Boone Counties about 20 km south of the town of Harrison.  The map area is underlain by sedimentary rocks of Ordovician, Mississippian, and Pennsylvanian age that were mildly deformed by a series of normal and strike-slip faults and folds.  The area is representative of the stratigraphic and structural setting of the southern Ozark Dome.  The Hasty quadrangle map provides new geologic information for better understanding groundwater flow paths in and adjacent to the Buffalo River watershed.","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/sim2847","usgsCitation":"Hudson, M., and Murray, K., 2004, Geologic map of the Hasty Quadrangle, Boone and Newton Counties, Arkansas (Version 1.0): U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Map 2847, 1 sheet, 44 by 34 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/sim2847.","productDescription":"1 sheet, 44 by 34 inches","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":110508,"rank":700,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_68727.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"68727"},{"id":187632,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":6421,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sim/2004/2847/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"scale":"24000","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -93.11749999999999,36 ], [ -93.11749999999999,36.1175 ], [ -93,36.1175 ], [ -93,36 ], [ -93.11749999999999,36 ] ] ] } } ] }","edition":"Version 1.0","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4afee4b07f02db69786a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hudson, Mark R. 0000-0003-0338-6079 mhudson@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0338-6079","contributorId":1236,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hudson","given":"Mark R.","email":"mhudson@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":318,"text":"Geosciences and Environmental Change Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":281273,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Murray, Kyle E.","contributorId":31825,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Murray","given":"Kyle E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":281274,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":53618,"text":"sir20045016 - 2004 - Trends in streamflow and comparisons with instream flows in the lower Puyallup River basin, Washington","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-03-29T12:37:12","indexId":"sir20045016","displayToPublicDate":"2004-09-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2004-5016","title":"Trends in streamflow and comparisons with instream flows in the lower Puyallup River basin, Washington","docAbstract":"<p>The Puyallup Tribe of Indians is interested in better understanding the water resources of the lower Puyallup River Basin in order to ensure sufficient water to meet Tribal and hatchery needs and make future water-resource decisions. The U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with the Puyallup Tribe, conducted a study to identify trends in streamflow in the lower Puyallup River Basin and to compare streamflows in the Puyallup River with regulatory minimum instream flows. Daily mean streamflow, monthly mean streamflow for October, and annual mean streamflow records from 1980 through 2001 for two gaging stations on the lower Puyallup River and one each on Clarks Creek and Swan Creek in the lower Puyallup River Basin were analyzed for temporal trends. Daily mean streamflow records were divided into data sets for the wet period (November through June) and the dry period (July through October) for analysis. Annual precipitation records from three National Weather Service stations and ground-water-level records from five wells in the lower Puyallup River Basin were analyzed to determine possible relations with streamflow. Daily mean streamflow, daily minimum streamflow, and unit-streamflow records for the Puyallup River for 1991 and 1992 were evaluated for the instream-flow analysis. </p><p>Significant temporal trends were not identified in daily mean streamflow records from the Puyallup River, Clarks Creek, or Swan Creek for the period of analysis. Trend analysis of monthly mean streamflow records for October at two gaging stations on the Puyallup River also indicated no significant trends for the period of analysis. Temporal trends were not evident in precipitation data from weather stations in the basin. A trend of decreasing depth to ground water with time (1995 through 1997) was identified in one well (20N/04E-34G01). This well is drilled to about 550 feet below land surface, and variations in water levels at this depth likely do not affect streamflow in the Puyallup River. Data limitations prevented the evaluation of possible correlations between streamflow in the Puyallup River and water use and land use in the study basin. </p><p>Daily mean, daily minimum, and unit-streamflow values were evaluated to determine how each measure of streamflow compared with instream-flow values. The occurrence of excursions (streamflow below the instream-flow value) was greatest when unit-streamflow values were compared with instream-flow values. The use of daily mean streamflow records may underestimate the occurrence of excursions under certain streamflow conditions. </p><p>The unit-streamflow hydrograph for the Puyallup River at Puyallup exhibits a distinct, regular pattern. The hydrograph closely mimics the hydrograph at Lake Tapps Diversion, on the White River, a tributary of the Puyallup River, which is the outflow from a power plant, suggesting that the power-plant outflow affects streamflow in the Puyallup River. Streamflow entering Lake Tapps through the White River Canal does not exhibit the same pattern as the Puyallup River or diversion. The influence of the White River Canal on streamflow in the Puyallup River appears to be obscured by operation of the Lake Tapps Diversion.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/sir20045016","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Puyallup Tribe of Indians","usgsCitation":"Sumioka, S.S., 2004, Trends in streamflow and comparisons with instream flows in the lower Puyallup River basin, Washington: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2004-5016, vi, 46 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20045016.","productDescription":"vi, 46 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":176977,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":4901,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/sir2004-5016/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":338605,"rank":3,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2004/5016/pdf/SIR20045016.pdf","text":"Report","size":"4.34 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Report"}],"country":"United States","state":"Washington","otherGeospatial":"Lower Puyallup River basin","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -122.5,\n              47\n            ],\n            [\n              -121.9,\n              47\n            ],\n            [\n              -121.9,\n              47.3\n            ],\n            [\n              -122.5,\n              47.3\n            ],\n            [\n              -122.5,\n              47\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4affe4b07f02db697d3c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Sumioka, Steve S.","contributorId":71615,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sumioka","given":"Steve","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":247926,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":57797,"text":"ofr20041230 - 2004 - Data from channel-change monitoring at selected sites in Maricopa County, Arizona, 1997-2002","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:12:20","indexId":"ofr20041230","displayToPublicDate":"2004-09-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2004-1230","title":"Data from channel-change monitoring at selected sites in Maricopa County, Arizona, 1997-2002","docAbstract":"Stream channels in arid regions are subject to a wide range of hydrologic, hydraulic, and sedimentary conditions. These channels often are dry or have little streamflow most of the time, and the few flows that do occur can cause substantial changes to the channel and flood plain. Because floods in arid regions are often flashy, and many gaging stations are in remote areas, hydrographers must rely on indirect measurements of streamflow. Channel change is important because one major assumption necessary for indirect measurements of discharge is that the channel conditions after the flood represent the conditions during the peak discharge.\r\n\r\nThe U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with the Flood Control District of Maricopa County, is monitoring selected perennial and ephemeral streams within Maricopa County, Arizona, to track the amount and variability of channel change. This report contains basic data from surveys of monumented cross sections conducted from 1997 through 2002. The amount of change varied widely from channel to channel, and the largest geomorphic change occurred in conjunction with peak flows above the 10-year recurrence interval.","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/ofr20041230","usgsCitation":"O’Day, C.M., 2004, Data from channel-change monitoring at selected sites in Maricopa County, Arizona, 1997-2002 (Online Only): U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2004-1230, 61 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20041230.","productDescription":"61 p.","onlineOnly":"Y","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":183945,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":5757,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/ofr20041230/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"edition":"Online Only","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ac9e4b07f02db67c895","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"O’Day, Christine M.","contributorId":87625,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"O’Day","given":"Christine","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":257812,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":57930,"text":"sir20045130 - 2004 - Simulation of ground-water flow in the Cedar River alluvial aquifer flow system, Cedar Rapids, Iowa","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-02-03T12:20:13","indexId":"sir20045130","displayToPublicDate":"2004-09-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2004-5130","title":"Simulation of ground-water flow in the Cedar River alluvial aquifer flow system, Cedar Rapids, Iowa","docAbstract":"<p>The Cedar River alluvial aquifer is the primary source of municipal water in the Cedar Rapids, Iowa, area. Since 1992, the U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with the City of Cedar Rapids, has investigated the hydrogeology and water quality of the Cedar River alluvial aquifer. This report describes a detailed analysis of the ground-water flow system in the alluvial aquifer, particularly near well field areas.</p>\n<p>The ground-water flow system in the Cedar Rapids area consists of two main components, the unconsolidated Quaternary deposits and the underlying carbonate bedrock that has a variable fracture density. Quaternary deposits consist of eolian sand, loess, alluvium, and glacial till. Devonian and Silurian bedrock aquifers overlie the Maquoketa Shale (Formation) of Ordovician age, a regional confining unit.</p>\n<p>Ground-water and surface-water data were collected during the study to better define the hydrogeology of the Cedar River alluvial aquifer and Devonian and Silurian aquifers. Stream stage and discharge, ground-water levels, and estimates of aquifer hydraulic properties were used to develop a conceptual ground-water flow model and to construct and calibrate a model of the flow system. This model was used to quantify the movement of water between the various components of the aluvial aquifer flow system and provide an improved understanding of the hydrology of the alluvial aquifer.</p>\n<p>Ground-water flow was simulated for the Cedar River alluvial aquifer and the Devonian and Silurian aquifers using the three-dimensional finite-difference ground-water flow model MODFLOW. The model was discretized into 223 rows and 354 columns of cells. Areal cell sizes range from about 50 feet on a side near the Cedar River and the Cedar Rapids municipal wells to 1,500 feet on a side near the model boundaries and farthest away from the Cedar Rapids municipal well fields. The model is separated into five layers to account for the various hydrogeologic units in the model area.</p>\n<p>Model results indicate that the primary sources of inflow to the modeled area are infiltration from the Cedar River (53.0 percent) and regional flow in the glacial and bedrock materials (34.1 percent). The primary sources of outflow from the modeled area are discharge to the Cedar River (45.4 percent) and pumpage (44.8 percent). Current steady-state pumping rates have increased the flow of water from the Cedar River to the alluvial aquifer by 43.8 cubic feet per second. Steady-state and transient hypothetical pumpage scenarios were used to show the relation between changes in pumpage and changes in infiltration of water from the Cedar River. Results indicate that more than 99 percent of the water discharging from municipal wells infiltrates from the Cedar River, that the time required for induced river recharge to equilibrate with municipal pumpage may be 150 days or more, and that ground-water availability in the Cedar Rapids area will not be significantly affected by doubling current pumpage as long as there is sufficient flow in the Cedar River to provide recharge.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20045130","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the City of Cedar Rapids","usgsCitation":"Turco, M.J., and Buchmiller, R.C., 2004, Simulation of ground-water flow in the Cedar River alluvial aquifer flow system, Cedar Rapids, Iowa: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2004-5130, 39 p.; 15 figs.; 9 tables, https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20045130.","productDescription":"39 p.; 15 figs.; 9 tables","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":351,"text":"Iowa Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":182151,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":5872,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/sir20045130/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Iowa","city":"Cedar Rapids","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -91.71833038330078,\n              42.05031239367958\n            ],\n            [\n              -91.80416107177734,\n              41.99241540282406\n            ],\n            [\n              -91.70459747314452,\n              41.92501515881273\n            ],\n            [\n              -91.6208267211914,\n              41.98297345197973\n            ],\n            [\n              -91.71833038330078,\n              42.05031239367958\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","tableOfContents":"<p>Abstract<br />Introduction<br />&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;Purpose and Scope<br />&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;Description of Study Area<br />&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;Acknowledgments<br />Methods of Investigation<br />&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;Surface-Water Measurements<br />&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;Well Construction and Nomenclature<br />&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;Ground-Water Measurements<br />&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;Aquifer Properties<br />Hydrogeology<br />&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;Geology and Water-Bearing Characteristics<br />&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;Surface Water<br />&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;Ground Water<br />Simulation of Ground-Water Flow<br />&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;Model Description and Boundary Conditions<br />&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;Model Parameters<br />&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;Model Calibration<br />&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; Steady-State Calibration<br />&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; Transient Calibration<br />&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;Sensitivity Analysis<br />&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;Model Limitations<br />&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;Steady-State Results and Hypothetical Pumping Scenarios<br />&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;Transient Results and Hypothetical Pumping Scenarios<br />Summary<br />References</p>","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a0ae4b07f02db5fb51a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Turco, Michael J. mjturco@usgs.gov","contributorId":1011,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Turco","given":"Michael","email":"mjturco@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":257921,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Buchmiller, Robert C.","contributorId":72372,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Buchmiller","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":257922,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":56833,"text":"ofr20041235 - 2004 - Distribution of Holocene Sediment in Chesapeake Bay as Interpreted from Submarine Geomorphology of the Submerged Landforms, Selected Core Holes, Bridge Borings and Seismic Profiles","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:12:02","indexId":"ofr20041235","displayToPublicDate":"2004-08-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2004-1235","title":"Distribution of Holocene Sediment in Chesapeake Bay as Interpreted from Submarine Geomorphology of the Submerged Landforms, Selected Core Holes, Bridge Borings and Seismic Profiles","docAbstract":"Overview --  We have interpreted the geomorphology of the submerged landforms to show thick Holocene sediment that accumulated from three different sources during on-going sea level rise that began 10,000 - 12,000 years ago at the end of Pleistocene. We used a variety of subsurface data from the literature and unpublished information to document thicknesses, materials, dates and duration of processes. Although the details of the true extent and thicknesses are unknown, the deposits of different sources have affinity for particular geographic and submerged geomorphic regions of the Chesapeake Bay and its tidal tributaries.\r\n\r\nDuring the last Pleistocene glacial event (Wisconsian), the area now occupied by the Chesapeake Bay was exposed, sea level being about 100 m lower than present. The Susquehanna River valley extended beyond the Bay well out on the exposed Atlantic Shelf. The Susquehanna transported glacial outwash from northern Pennsylvania and New York; the glacio-fluvial deposits were graded to the edge of the continental shelf (Colman et al., 1990; Hack, 1957). Other Piedmont and Appalachian Rivers including the Potomac and James Rivers transported large volumes of sediment to confluence with the Susquehanna channel. Locally, across the encompasing coastal plain landscape, intensive headward erosion, gullies, and slope failure, generated extensive debris flows, sheet wash, and terraces of braided alluvial channel deposits. Large volumes of sediment were moved through the river system to the continental shelf. This was accomplished by a cold, wet climate that included much freezing and thawing; steep eroding slopes resulted from the lowering of sea level from the previous high stand (Stage 5e) between glacial events. Across the Delmarva peninsula extensive wind-blown deposits of sand and loess were recycled onto low terraces and uplands from the unvegetated glacio-fluvial sediments moving through the system (Denny et al., 1979). The volume and distribution of sediment eroded and transported from the watershed surrounding the area of the Bay was several orders of magnitude greater than generally observed in transport and storage on the present day landscape.","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/ofr20041235","usgsCitation":"Newell, W., Clark, I.E., and Bricker, O., 2004, Distribution of Holocene Sediment in Chesapeake Bay as Interpreted from Submarine Geomorphology of the Submerged Landforms, Selected Core Holes, Bridge Borings and Seismic Profiles (Version 1.0, Online Only): U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2004-1235, 13 by 19 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20041235.","productDescription":"13 by 19 inches","onlineOnly":"Y","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":5681,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2004/1235/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":180737,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"edition":"Version 1.0, Online Only","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a7fe4b07f02db6487f0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Newell, Wayne L.","contributorId":48538,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Newell","given":"Wayne L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":255828,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Clark, Inga E. 0000-0003-0084-0256 iclark@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0084-0256","contributorId":3256,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Clark","given":"Inga","email":"iclark@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":243,"text":"Eastern Geology and Paleoclimate Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":255827,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Bricker, Owen","contributorId":54464,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bricker","given":"Owen","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":255829,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":54214,"text":"sir20045068 - 2004 - Evaluation of Methods Used for Estimating Selected Streamflow Statistics, and Flood Frequency and Magnitude, for Small Basins in North Coastal California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:11:58","indexId":"sir20045068","displayToPublicDate":"2004-08-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2004-5068","title":"Evaluation of Methods Used for Estimating Selected Streamflow Statistics, and Flood Frequency and Magnitude, for Small Basins in North Coastal California","docAbstract":"Accurate streamflow statistics are essential to water resource agencies involved in both science and decision-making. When long-term streamflow data are lacking at a site, estimation techniques are often employed to generate streamflow statistics. However, procedures for accurately estimating streamflow statistics often are lacking. When estimation procedures are developed, they often are not evaluated properly before being applied. Use of unevaluated or underevaluated flow-statistic estimation techniques can result in improper water-resources decision-making. The California State Water Resources Control Board (SWRCB) uses two key techniques, a modified rational equation and drainage basin area-ratio transfer, to estimate streamflow statistics at ungaged locations. These techniques have been implemented to varying degrees, but have not been formally evaluated. For estimating peak flows at the 2-, 5-, 10-, 25-, 50-, and 100-year recurrence intervals, the SWRCB uses the U.S. Geological Survey\u0019s (USGS) regional peak-flow equations. In this study, done cooperatively by the USGS and SWRCB, the SWRCB estimated several flow statistics at 40 USGS streamflow gaging stations in the north coast region of California. The SWRCB estimates were made without reference to USGS flow data. The USGS used the streamflow data provided by the 40 stations to generate flow statistics that could be compared with SWRCB estimates for accuracy. While some SWRCB estimates compared favorably with USGS statistics, results were subject to varying degrees of error over the region. Flow-based estimation techniques generally performed better than rain-based methods, especially for estimation of December 15 to March 31 mean daily flows. The USGS peak-flow equations also performed well, but tended to underestimate peak flows. The USGS equations performed within reported error bounds, but will require updating in the future as peak-flow data sets grow larger. Little correlation was discovered between estimation errors and geographic locations or various basin characteristics. However, for 25-percentile year mean-daily-flow estimates for December 15 to March 31, the greatest estimation errors were at east San Francisco Bay area stations with mean annual precipitation less than or equal to 30 inches, and estimated 2-year/24-hour rainfall intensity less than 3 inches.","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/sir20045068","usgsCitation":"Mann, M.P., Rizzardo, J., and Satkowski, R., 2004, Evaluation of Methods Used for Estimating Selected Streamflow Statistics, and Flood Frequency and Magnitude, for Small Basins in North Coastal California: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2004-5068, 100 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20045068.","productDescription":"100 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":181612,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":5327,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2004/5068/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4784e4b07f02db483ddb","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Mann, Michael P.","contributorId":72866,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mann","given":"Michael","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":249550,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Rizzardo, Jule","contributorId":67161,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rizzardo","given":"Jule","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":249549,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Satkowski, Richard","contributorId":19230,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Satkowski","given":"Richard","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":249548,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":56767,"text":"ofr20041236 - 2004 - Questa baseline and pre-mining ground-water quality investigation. 1. Depth to bedrock determinations using shallow seismic data acquired in the Straight Creek drainage near Red River, New Mexico","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-06-06T19:23:26.411193","indexId":"ofr20041236","displayToPublicDate":"2004-08-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2004-1236","displayTitle":"Questa Baseline and Pre-Mining Ground-Water Quality Investigation. 1. Depth to Bedrock Determinations Using Shallow Seismic Data Acquired in the Straight Creek Drainage Near Red River, New Mexico","title":"Questa baseline and pre-mining ground-water quality investigation. 1. Depth to bedrock determinations using shallow seismic data acquired in the Straight Creek drainage near Red River, New Mexico","docAbstract":"In late May and early June of 2002, the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) acquired four P-wave seismic profiles across the Straight Creek drainage near Red River, New Mexico. The data were acquired to support a larger effort to investigate baseline and pre-mining ground-water quality in the Red River basin (Nordstrom and others, 2002). For ground-water flow modeling, knowledge of the thickness of the valley fill material above the bedrock is required. When curved-ray refraction tomography was used with the seismic first arrival times, the resulting images of interval velocity versus depth clearly show a sharp velocity contrast where the bedrock interface is expected. The images show that the interpreted buried bedrock surface is neither smooth nor sharp, but it is clearly defined across the valley along the seismic line profiles. The bedrock models defined by the seismic refraction images are consistent with the well data.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr20041236","usgsCitation":"Powers, M.H., and Burton, B., 2004, Questa baseline and pre-mining ground-water quality investigation. 1. Depth to bedrock determinations using shallow seismic data acquired in the Straight Creek drainage near Red River, New Mexico (Version 1.0): U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2004-1236, 18 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20041236.","productDescription":"18 p.","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":173879,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":401799,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_68292.htm"},{"id":5649,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2004/1236/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"New Mexico","otherGeospatial":"Red River","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -105.58333333333333,36.63333333333333 ], [ -105.58333333333333,36.75 ], [ -105.33333333333333,36.75 ], [ -105.33333333333333,36.63333333333333 ], [ -105.58333333333333,36.63333333333333 ] ] ] } } ] }","edition":"Version 1.0","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a81e4b07f02db64a126","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Powers, Michael H. 0000-0002-4480-7856 mhpowers@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4480-7856","contributorId":851,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Powers","given":"Michael","email":"mhpowers@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[{"id":211,"text":"Crustal Geophysics and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":255734,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Burton, Bethany L. 0000-0001-5011-7862 blburton@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5011-7862","contributorId":1341,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Burton","given":"Bethany L.","email":"blburton@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":35995,"text":"Geology, Geophysics, and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":255735,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":57785,"text":"sir20045040 - 2004 - Hydrogeology and ground-water-flow simulation in the former airfield area of Naval Support Activity Mid-South, Millington, Tennessee","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-01-04T22:45:03.01925","indexId":"sir20045040","displayToPublicDate":"2004-08-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2004-5040","title":"Hydrogeology and ground-water-flow simulation in the former airfield area of Naval Support Activity Mid-South, Millington, Tennessee","docAbstract":"Naval Support Activity Mid-South is a Department of the Navy base located in Millington, Tennessee. The facility was home to the Naval Aviation Technical Training Center from 1943 until 1996. As part of the Base Closure and Realignment Act of 1990, the primary training mission of the facility was realigned and most of the northern part of the base, referred to as the Northside and consisting primarily of an airfield, was transferred to the city of Millington in January 2000. During environmental investigations at the base, plumes of dissolved chlorinated solvents resulting from past aircraft maintenance and training operations were identified in shallow ground water beneath the airfield area. The airfield area containing the plumes has been designated as Area of Concern (AOC) A. Chlorinated solvents, primarily trichloroethene (TCE), are the principal contaminants in ground water at AOC A, with TCE identified in concentrations as high as 4,400 micrograms per liter. The nature and extent of these plumes at AOC A were addressed during a Resource Conservation and Recovery Act Facility Investigation, and selected options for remediation currently are being implemented under a corrective action program. As part of these efforts, the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) is working with the Navy and its consultants to study the hydrogeologic framework of the base and surrounding area, with a focus on AOC A. \r\n\r\n\r\nSince 1997, investigations at and near the facility have produced data prompting revisions and additions to information published that year in two USGS reports. The updates are presented in this report and consist primarily of (1) refinements to selected hydrogeologic maps presented in the 1997 reports, on the basis of data collected from new wells at on- and off-base locations, (2) additional hydraulic-conductivity data collected for the alluvial-fluvial deposits aquifer at AOC A, and (3) construction of a potentiometric-surface map of the shallow aquifer for the former part of the Naval Support Activity Mid-South Northside and adjacent off-base locations for February and March 2000 water-level conditions. Additionally, a numerical ground-water-flow model of AOC A was developed and calibrated to the February and March 2000 potentiometric-surface data, the results of which also are presented in this report. Particle-tracking simulations were used with the model to simulate ground-water-flow paths from two sites suspected of being contaminant source areas at AOC A. The flow paths indicated by the particle tracking simulations agree reasonably well with maps of the interpreted extents of TCE plumes. The time-of-travel plots show that advective travel times from the two suspected source areas to the model boundary are controlled by relative proximities of the source areas to a part of AOC A identified from investigations and simulated with the model as having the highest horizontal hydraulic conductivity.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20045040","usgsCitation":"Haugh, C.J., Carmichael, J.K., and Ladd, D.E., 2004, Hydrogeology and ground-water-flow simulation in the former airfield area of Naval Support Activity Mid-South, Millington, Tennessee: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2004-5040, 31 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20045040.","productDescription":"31 p.","costCenters":[{"id":581,"text":"Tennessee Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":24708,"text":"Lower Mississippi-Gulf Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":184508,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":393892,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_69143.htm"},{"id":5743,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/sir2004-5040/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"scale":"48","country":"United States","state":"Tennessee","city":"Millington","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -89.8846435546875,\n              35.31736632923788\n            ],\n            [\n              -89.8546028137207,\n              35.31736632923788\n            ],\n            [\n              -89.8546028137207,\n              35.3445351939828\n            ],\n            [\n              -89.8846435546875,\n              35.3445351939828\n            ],\n            [\n              -89.8846435546875,\n              35.31736632923788\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a50e4b07f02db628e09","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Haugh, Connor J. 0000-0002-5204-8271 cjhaugh@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5204-8271","contributorId":3932,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Haugh","given":"Connor","email":"cjhaugh@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":581,"text":"Tennessee Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":257782,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Carmichael, John K. 0000-0003-1099-841X jkcarmic@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1099-841X","contributorId":4554,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Carmichael","given":"John","email":"jkcarmic@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[{"id":24708,"text":"Lower Mississippi-Gulf Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":257783,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Ladd, David E. 0000-0002-9247-7839 deladd@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9247-7839","contributorId":1646,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ladd","given":"David","email":"deladd@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":581,"text":"Tennessee Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":257781,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":55668,"text":"wri034324 - 2004 - Characterization of channel substrate, and changes in suspended-sediment transport and channel geometry in white sturgeon spawning habitat in the Kootenai River near Bonners Ferry, Idaho, following the closure of Libby Dam","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-12-09T14:09:11","indexId":"wri034324","displayToPublicDate":"2004-08-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2003-4324","title":"Characterization of channel substrate, and changes in suspended-sediment transport and channel geometry in white sturgeon spawning habitat in the Kootenai River near Bonners Ferry, Idaho, following the closure of Libby Dam","docAbstract":"Many local, State, and Federal agencies have concerns over the declining population of white sturgeon (Acipenser transmontanus) in the Kootenai River and the possible effects of the closure and subsequent operation of Libby Dam in 1972. In 1994, the Kootenai River white sturgeon was listed as an Endangered Species. A year-long field study was conducted in cooperation with the Kootenai Tribe of Idaho along a 21.7-kilometer reach of the Kootenai River including the white sturgeon spawning reach near Bonners Ferry, Idaho, approximately 111 to 129 kilometers below Libby Dam. During the field study, data were collected in order to map the channel substrate in the white sturgeon spawning reach. These data include seismic subbottom profiles at 18 cross sections of the river and sediment cores taken at or near the seismic cross sections. The effect that Libby Dam has on the Kootenai River white sturgeon spawning substrate was analyzed in terms of changes in suspended-sediment transport, aggradation and degradation of channel bed, and changes in the particle size of bed material with depth below the riverbed.\n\nThe annual suspended-sediment load leaving the Kootenai River white sturgeon spawning reach decreased dramatically after the closure of Libby Dam in 1972: mean annual pre-Libby Dam load during 1966&ndash;71 was 1,743,900 metric tons, and the dam-era load during 1973&ndash;83 was 287,500 metric tons. The amount of sand-size particles in three suspended-sediment samples collected at Copeland, Idaho, 159 kilometers below Libby Dam, during spring and early summer high flows after the closure of Libby Dam is less than in four samples collected during the pre-Libby Dam era. The supply of sand to the spawning reach is currently less due to the reduction of high flows and a loss of 70 percent of the basin after the closure of Libby Dam. The river's reduced capacity to transport sand out of the spawning reach is compensated to an unknown extent by a reduced load of sand entering the spawning reach.\n\nSince the closure of Libby Dam, the most notable change in channel geometry at the Copeland streamflow gaging station was the initiation of cyclical aggradation and degradation of the riverbed in the center of the channel. The aggradation and degradation of the riverbed are reflected in a twofold increase, from 1.3 to 2.5 meters, in the fluctuation of the minimum riverbed elevation, which suggests that during the Libby Dam era, parts of the riverbed in the spawning reach may have aggraded or degraded by as much as 2.5 meters. \n\nBefore the closure of Libby Dam, there was a greater propensity for aggradation and degradation of sand over the discontinuous gravel and cobble layers in the buried gravelcobble reach at Bonners Ferry. The gravel and cobble in this reach, 111.3 to 115.9 kilometers below Libby Dam, are buried by sand. Unregulated spring snowmelt-runoff flows flushed part of the sand layer and exposed some of the buried gravel-cobble layer because streamflow velocities were higher at that time. Unregulated autumn-winter base flows gradually deposited silt and sand and reestablished a sand layer, burying the gravel-cobble layer. This cyclical process of aggradation and degradation of the riverbed sediment is reflected in the alternating gravel-cobble layers and sand layers found in sediment core K18-TH taken as part of this project.\n\nWhite sturgeon spawning substrate in the Kootenai River meander reach is currently composed of alluvial sand that forms sand dunes and of minor amounts of lacustrine clay and silt that generally are found in the river's thalweg. The present substrate composition in the meander reach is considered similar to that which existed prior to closure of Libby Dam, with one possible exception. Prior to closure of Libby Dam, minor amounts of gravel and cobble may have been exposed on the riverbed in the spawning reach just below the mouth of Myrtle Creek 230 kilometers below Libby Dam. The substrate composition near Shorty Island, 234 kilometers below Libby Dam, a notable white sturgeon spawning reach, is predominantly sand and is similar to that which existed prior to closure of Libby Dam.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/wri034324","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Kootenai Tribe of Idaho","usgsCitation":"Barton, G., 2004, Characterization of channel substrate, and changes in suspended-sediment transport and channel geometry in white sturgeon spawning habitat in the Kootenai River near Bonners Ferry, Idaho, following the closure of Libby Dam: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 2003-4324, vi, 24 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri034324.","productDescription":"vi, 24 p.","numberOfPages":"33","temporalStart":"2000-01-01","temporalEnd":"2001-12-31","costCenters":[{"id":343,"text":"Idaho Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":262390,"rank":800,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/2003/4324/report.pdf"},{"id":262391,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/2003/4324/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States;Canada","state":"Idaho;Montana","city":"Bonners Ferry","otherGeospatial":"British Columbia","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -117.9864,46.9746 ], [ -117.9864,50.0 ], [ -113.9871,50.0 ], [ -113.9871,46.9746 ], [ -117.9864,46.9746 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49e2e4b07f02db5e4e8a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Barton, Gary J. gbarton@usgs.gov","contributorId":1147,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Barton","given":"Gary J.","email":"gbarton@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":343,"text":"Idaho Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":253948,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":56773,"text":"sir20045028 - 2004 - Application of Acoustic and Optic Methods for Estimating Suspended-Solids Concentrations in the St. Lucie River Estuary, Florida","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:11:48","indexId":"sir20045028","displayToPublicDate":"2004-08-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2004-5028","title":"Application of Acoustic and Optic Methods for Estimating Suspended-Solids Concentrations in the St. Lucie River Estuary, Florida","docAbstract":"Acoustic and optic methods were applied to estimate suspended-solids concentrations in the St. Lucie River Estuary, southeastern Florida. Acoustic Doppler velocity meters were installed at the North Fork, Speedy Point, and Steele Point sites within the estuary. These sites provide varying flow, salinity, water-quality, and channel cross-sectional characteristics. The monitoring site at Steele Point was not used in the analyses because repeated instrument relocations (due to bridge construction) prevented a sufficient number of samples from being collected at the various locations. Acoustic and optic instruments were installed to collect water velocity, acoustic backscatter strength (ABS), and turbidity data that were used to assess the feasibility of estimating suspended-solids concentrations in the estuary. Other data collected at the monitoring sites include tidal stage, salinity, temperature, and periodic discharge measurements. \r\n\r\n  \r\n\r\nRegression analyses were used to determine the relations of suspended-solids concentration to ABS and suspended-solids concentration to turbidity at the North Fork and Speedy Point sites. For samples used in regression analyses, measured suspended-solids concentrations at the North Fork and Speedy Point sites ranged from 3 to 37 milligrams per liter, and organic content ranged from 50 to 83 percent. Corresponding salinity for these samples ranged from 0.12 to 22.7 parts per thousand, and corresponding temperature ranged from 19.4 to 31.8 ?C. Relations determined using this technique are site specific and only describe suspended-solids concentrations at locations where data were collected. The suspended-solids concentration to ABS relation resulted in correlation coefficients of 0.78 and 0.63 at the North Fork and Speedy Point sites, respectively. The suspended-solids concentration to turbidity relation resulted in correlation coefficients of 0.73 and 0.89 at the North Fork and Speedy Point sites, respectively. The adequacy of the empirical equations seems to be limited by the number and distribution of suspended-solids samples collected throughout the expected concentration range at the North Fork and Speedy Point sites. Additionally, the ABS relations for both sites seem to overestimate at the low end and underestimate at the high end of the concentration range. \r\n\r\n  \r\n\r\nBased on the sensitivity analysis, temperature had a greater effect than salinity on estimated suspended-solids concentrations. Temperature also appeared to affect ABS data, perhaps by changing the absorptive and reflective characteristics of the suspended material. Salinity and temperature had no observed effects on the turbidity relation at the North Fork and Speedy Point sites. \r\n\r\n  \r\n\r\nEstimates of suspended-solids concentrations using ABS data were less 'erratic' than estimates using turbidity data. Combining ABS and turbidity data into one equation did not improve the accuracy of results, and therefore, was not considered.","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/sir20045028","usgsCitation":"Patino, E., and Byrne, M., 2004, Application of Acoustic and Optic Methods for Estimating Suspended-Solids Concentrations in the St. Lucie River Estuary, Florida: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2004-5028, 23 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20045028.","productDescription":"23 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":174834,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":5659,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/sir2004-5028/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ac6e4b07f02db67aba0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Patino, Eduardo 0000-0003-1016-3658 epatino@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1016-3658","contributorId":1743,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Patino","given":"Eduardo","email":"epatino@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":269,"text":"FLWSC-Ft. Lauderdale","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":270,"text":"FLWSC-Tampa","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":255754,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Byrne, Michael J.","contributorId":8550,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Byrne","given":"Michael J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":255755,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":56772,"text":"ofr20041195 - 2004 - Assigning boundary conditions to the Southern Inland and Coastal Systems (SICS) model using results from the South Florida Water Management Model (SFWMM)","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-04-18T15:23:11.877988","indexId":"ofr20041195","displayToPublicDate":"2004-08-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2004-1195","displayTitle":"Assigning Boundary Conditions to the Southern Inland and Coastal Systems (SICS) Model Using Results from the South Florida Water Management Model (SFWMM)","title":"Assigning boundary conditions to the Southern Inland and Coastal Systems (SICS) model using results from the South Florida Water Management Model (SFWMM)","docAbstract":"<p>The Comprehensive Everglades Restoration Plan (CERP) requires the testing and evaluation of different water-management scenarios for southern Florida. As part of CERP, the South Florida Water Management District is using its regional hydrologic model, the South Florida Water Management Model (SFWMM), to evaluate different hydrologic scenarios. The SFWMM was designed specifically for the inland freshwater areas in southern Florida, and extends only slightly into Florida Bay. Thus, the U.S. Geological Survey developed the Southern Inland and Coastal Systems (SICS) model, which is an integrated surface-water and ground-water model designed to simulate flows, stages, and salinities in the southern Everglades and Florida Bay. Modifications to the SICS boundary conditions allow the local-scale SICS model to be linked to the regional-scale SFWMM. The linked model will be used to quantify the effects of restoration alternatives on flows, stages, and salinities in the SICS area. This report describes the procedure for linking the SICS model with the SFWMM. The linkage is shown to work by comparing the results of a linked 5-year simulation with the results from a simulation in which the model boundaries are assigned using field data.</p><p>The surface-water module of the SICS model is driven by areal influences and lateral boundaries. The areal influences (wind, rainfall, and evapotranspiration) remain the same when the SICS model is modified to link to the SFWMM. Four types of lateral boundaries (discharge, water level, no flow, and salinity) are used in the SICS model. Two of three discharge boundaries (at Taylor Slough Bridge and C-111 Canal) in the current SICS model domain are converted to water-level boundaries to increase accuracy. The only change to the third discharge boundary (at Levee 31W) is that the flow data are derived from SFWMM model output instead of using measured field data flows. Three water-level boundaries are modified only by receiving their data from SFWMM model output data. Additionally, two marine water-level boundaries remain the same because the SFWMM does not include Florida Bay and, therefore, this model cannot provide input data for these boundaries. The SICS no-flow boundaries remain intact because no additional data, provided by the SFWMM, suggest that any significant flow occurs along these boundaries. The Florida Bay salinity boundary is not modified because the SFWMM does not contain any salinity data that can be used to modify the model.</p><p>The ground-water module of the SICS model contains a general-head boundary and a no-flow boundary. The general-head boundary, which extends along the edges of the wetland part of the SICS model domain, is modified by acquiring stage values from SFWMM cells that correspond in location to the SICS model cells. Values from the SFWMM cells are bilinearly interpolated and assigned to the appropriate SICS general-head boundary cells in all layers of the ground-water model. The ground-water no-flow boundary in Florida Bay is unaltered because the SFWMM does not include this area.</p><p>A 5-year simulation was developed to test the linkage of the SICS model with the SFWMM. Results from the linked model are similar to those obtained from the original SICS model in which boundaries are assigned using field data. The simulated discharges at the coastal creeks along Florida Bay are about 5 percent lower than the field data simulation; water levels in the wetlands are about 4 percent lower, and salinities at the various coastal creeks are slightly higher.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20041195","collaboration":"Prepared as part of the U.S. Geological Survey Priority Ecosystem Science Program and the National Park Service Critical Ecosystem Studies Initiative","usgsCitation":"Wolfert, M.A., Langevin, C.D., and Swain, E.D., 2004, Assigning Boundary Conditions to the Southern Inland and Coastal Systems (SICS) Model Using Results from the South Florida Water Management Model (SFWMM): U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2004–1195, 30 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20041195.","productDescription":"30 p.","costCenters":[{"id":27821,"text":"Caribbean-Florida Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":5658,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2004/1195/ofr20041195.pdf","text":"Report","size":"5.88 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"OFR 2004-1195"},{"id":174732,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2004/1195/coverthb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Florida","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -82.9892816941955,\n              28.487641299054857\n            ],\n            [\n              -82.9892816941955,\n              24.445600274225853\n            ],\n            [\n              -79.75370447011599,\n              24.445600274225853\n            ],\n            [\n              -79.75370447011599,\n              28.487641299054857\n            ],\n            [\n              -82.9892816941955,\n              28.487641299054857\n            ]\n          ]\n        ],\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","contact":"<p><a href=\"https://www.usgs.gov/centers/car-fl-water\" data-mce-href=\"https://www.usgs.gov/centers/car-fl-water\">Caribbean-Florida Water Science Center</a><br>U.S. Geological Survey<br>3321 College Avenue<br>Davie, FL 33314</p><p><a href=\"../contact\" data-mce-href=\"../contact\">Contact Pubs Warehouse</a></p>","tableOfContents":"<ul><li>Abstract</li><li>Introduction</li><li>Overview of Models</li><li>Boundary Conditions Assigned Using Field Data</li><li>Linked Model Boundary Conditions</li><li>Model Comparison</li><li>Summary</li><li>References Cited</li><li>Appendix 1. Temporal Data-Collection Stations Used in the Southern Inland and Coastal Systems Model</li><li>Appendix 2. Sources Used to Develop Model Spatial Information</li></ul>","publishedDate":"2004-08-01","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2004-08-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4aa7e4b07f02db667215","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wolfert, Melinda A.","contributorId":86033,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wolfert","given":"Melinda","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":255753,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Langevin, Christian D. 0000-0001-5610-9759 langevin@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5610-9759","contributorId":1030,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Langevin","given":"Christian","email":"langevin@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":37778,"text":"WMA - Integrated Modeling and Prediction Division","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":255751,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Swain, Eric D. 0000-0001-7168-708X edswain@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7168-708X","contributorId":1538,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Swain","given":"Eric","email":"edswain@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":27821,"text":"Caribbean-Florida Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":255752,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
]}