Tritium concentrations have been determined yearly since April 1994 from water-vapor samples collected at test hole UZB-2. The hole was drilled about 100 m (meters) south of the southwest corner of a commercial burial site for low-level radioactive wastes in September 1993. UZB-2 is equipped with ten 2.5-cm (centimeters) diameter air ports permanently installed in the unsaturated zone between the depths of 5.5 and 108.8 m below land surface. Depth to ground water is about 110 m. Additional sampling ports were driven by hand to depths of 0.5, 1.0 and 1.5 m in May 1997. Initial samples of water vapor collected in April 1994 showed elevated tritium concentrations of more than 100 TU (tritium units) from all 10 air ports, with a maximum concentration of 762±10 TU from an air port at a depth of 24.1 m. Subsequent tritium concentrations increased in all air ports, although tritium concentrations at depths of less than 34.1 m have remained relatively constant since July 1995. The largest observed increase in tritium has been at a depth of 47.9 m. There, tritium concentration has increased from 198±5 TU in April 1994 to 2,570±30 TU in June 1998. Large increases also have been measured in samples collected from air ports at depths of 106.4 and 108.8 m, just above the water table.
During September and October 1998, carbon dioxide samples were collected from all ten air ports in UZB-2 and at a depth of 1.5 m, and analyzed for radioactive carbon-14 (14C). 14C concentrations are highest in air ports at depths less than 6 m where they exceed 2,000 pmc (percent modern carbon). Concentrations decrease rapidly in air ports at depth and are about 20 pmc below 94.2 m. However, at 47.9 meters, the 14C concentration is 205±1 pmc, which is 2 to 4 times higher than concentrations in air ports immediately above and below. This depth corresponds to the largest tritium increase in UZB-2. Concentrations of both tritium and 14C are greater than what could be expected from atmospheric fallout. The distribution of tritium and 14C likely represent a complex pattern of lateral and vertical transport through the unsaturated zone from buried wastes to UZB-2.
A bioenergetics model was developed and corroborated for northern pikeminnow Ptychocheilus oregonensis, an important predator on juvenile salmonids in the Pacific Northwest. Predictions of modeled predation rate on salmonids were compared with field data from three areas of John Day Reservoir (Columbia River). To make bioenergetics model estimates of predation rate, three methods were used to approximate the change in mass of average predators during 30-d growth periods: observed change in mass between the first and the second month, predicted change in mass calculated with seasonal growth rates, and predicted change in mass based on an annual growth model. For all reservoir areas combined, bioenergetics model predictions of predation on salmon were 19% lower than field estimates based on observed masses, 45% lower than estimates based on seasonal growth rates, and 15% lower than estimates based on the annual growth model. For each growth approach, the largest differences in field-versus-model predation occurred at the midreservoir area (-84% to -67% difference). Model predictions of the rate of predation on salmonids were examined for sensitivity to parameter variation, swimming speed, sampling bias caused by gear selectivity, and asymmetric size distributions of predators. The specific daily growth rate of northern pikeminnow predicted by the model was highest in July and October and decreased during August. The bioenergetics model for northern pikeminnow performed well compared with models for other fish species that have been tested with field data. This model should be a useful tool for evaluating management actions such as predator removal, examining the influence of temperature on predation rates, and exploring interactions between predators in the Columbia River basin.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Fisheries Society","doi":"10.1577/1548-8659(1999)128<0784:DACOAB>2.0.CO;2","issn":"00028487","usgsCitation":"Petersen, J., and Ward, D., 1999, Development and corroboration of a bioenergetics model for northern pikeminnow (Ptychocheilus oregonensis) feeding on juvenile salmonids in the Columbia River: Transactions of the American Fisheries Society, v. 128, no. 5, p. 784-801, https://doi.org/10.1577/1548-8659(1999)128<0784:DACOAB>2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"18 p.","startPage":"784","endPage":"801","numberOfPages":"18","costCenters":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":229780,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Oregon","otherGeospatial":"Columbia River, John Day Reservoir","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -122.14599609375001,\n 45.56021795715051\n ],\n [\n -122.14599609375001,\n 45.94351068030587\n ],\n [\n -119.564208984375,\n 45.94351068030587\n ],\n [\n -119.564208984375,\n 45.56021795715051\n ],\n [\n -122.14599609375001,\n 45.56021795715051\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"128","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a001ee4b0c8380cd4f5cd","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Petersen, J.H.","contributorId":72154,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Petersen","given":"J.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":389179,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ward, D.L.","contributorId":49135,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ward","given":"D.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":389178,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70187673,"text":"70187673 - 1999 - Surface phenology and satellite sensor-derived onset of greenness: An initial comparison","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-05-12T13:32:45","indexId":"70187673","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2068,"text":"International Journal of Remote Sensing","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Surface phenology and satellite sensor-derived onset of greenness: An initial comparison","docAbstract":"The objective of this work was to document the utility of phenological data derived from satellite sensors by comparing them with modelled phenology. Surface phenological model outputs (first leaf and first bloom dates) were correlated positively with satellite sensor-derived start of season (SOS) dates for 1991-1995 across the eastern United States. The correlation was highest for forest (r 0.62 for deciduous trees and 0.64 for mixed woodland) and tall grass (r 0.46) and lowest for short grass (r 0.37). The average correlation over all land cover types was 0.61. Average SOS dates were consistently earlier than Spring Index dates across all land cover types. This finding and limited native tree phenology data suggest that the SOS technique detects understorey green-up in the forest rather than overstorey species. The biweekly temporal resolution of the satellite sensor data placed an upper limit on prediction accuracy; thus, year-to-year variations at individual sites were typically small. Nevertheless, the correct biweek SOS could be identified from the surface models 61% of the time, and 1 biweek 96% of the time. Further temporal refinement of the satellite sensor measurements is necessary in order to connect them with surface phenology adequately and to develop links among 'green wave' components in selected biomes.
","language":"English","publisher":"Taylor & Francis","doi":"10.1080/014311699211499","usgsCitation":"Schwartz, M.D., and Reed, B.C., 1999, Surface phenology and satellite sensor-derived onset of greenness: An initial comparison: International Journal of Remote Sensing, v. 20, no. 17, p. 3451-3457, https://doi.org/10.1080/014311699211499.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"3451","endPage":"3457","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":341225,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"20","issue":"17","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2010-11-25","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5916c9b7e4b044b359e486aa","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Schwartz, Mark D.","contributorId":175228,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Schwartz","given":"Mark","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":18038,"text":"University of Wisconsin, Milwaukee","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":695030,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Reed, Bradley C. 0000-0002-1132-7178 reed@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1132-7178","contributorId":2901,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reed","given":"Bradley","email":"reed@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":223,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center (Geography)","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":695031,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70021861,"text":"70021861 - 1999 - Stable lead isotopic analyses of historic and contemporary lead contamination of San Francisco Bay estuary","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-01-05T17:55:51","indexId":"70021861","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2662,"text":"Marine Chemistry","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Stable lead isotopic analyses of historic and contemporary lead contamination of San Francisco Bay estuary","docAbstract":"Variations in stable lead isotopic composition (240Pb, 206Pb, 207Pb, 208Pb) in three sediment cores from the San Francisco Bay estuary document temporal changes in sources of lead during the past two centuries. Sediment, with lead from natural geologic sources, and relatively homogeneous lead isotopic compositions are overlain by sediments whose isotopic compositions indicate change in the sources of lead associated with anthropogenic modification of the estuary. The first perturbations of lead isotopic composition in the cores occur in the late 1800s concordant with the beginning of industrialization around the estuary. Large isotopic shifts, toward lower 206Pb/207Pb, occur after the turn of the century in both Richardson and San Pablo Bays. A similar relationship among lead isotopic compositions and lead concentrations in both Bays suggest contamination from the same source (a lead smelter). The uppermost sediments (post 1980) of all cores also have a relatively homogenous lead isotopic composition distinct from pre-anthropogenic and recent aerosol signatures. Lead isotopic compositions of leachates from fourteen surface sediments and five marsh samples from the estuary were also analyzed. These analyses suggest that the lead isotopic signature identified in the upper horizons of the cores is spatially homogeneous among recently deposited sediments throughout the estuary. Current aerosol lead isotopic compositions [Smith, D.R., Niemeyer, S., Flegal, A.R., 1992. Lead sources to California sea otters: industrial inputs circumvent natural lead biodepletion mechanisms. Environmental Research 57, 163-175] are distinct from the isotopic compositions of the surface sediments, suggesting that the major source of lead is cycling of historically contaminated sediments back through the water column. Both the upper core sediments and surface sediments apparently derive their lead predominantly from sources internal to the estuary. These results support the idea that geochemical cycling of lead between sediments and water accounts for persistently elevated lead concentrations in the water column despite 10-fold reduction of external source inputs to San Francisco Bay [Flegal, A.R., Rivera-Duarte, I., Ritson, P.I., Scelfo, G., Smith, G.J., Gordon, M., Sanudo-Wilhelmy, S.A., 1996. Metal contamination in San Francisco Waters: historic perturbations, contemporary concentrations, and future considerations in San Francisco Bay. In: Hollobaugh, J.T. (Ed.), The Ecosystem. AAAS, pp. 173-188].
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/S0304-4203(98)00085-1","issn":"03044203","usgsCitation":"Ritson, P., Bouse, R.M., Flegal, A., and Luoma, S.N., 1999, Stable lead isotopic analyses of historic and contemporary lead contamination of San Francisco Bay estuary: Marine Chemistry, v. 64, no. 1-2, p. 71-83, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0304-4203(98)00085-1.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"71","endPage":"83","numberOfPages":"13","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":552,"text":"San Francisco Bay-Delta","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":5079,"text":"Pacific Regional Director's Office","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":229303,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":206285,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0304-4203(98)00085-1"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"San Francisco Bay","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -123.0908203125,\n 37.29153547292737\n ],\n [\n -121.78344726562499,\n 37.29153547292737\n ],\n [\n -121.78344726562499,\n 38.30718056188316\n ],\n [\n -123.0908203125,\n 38.30718056188316\n ],\n [\n -123.0908203125,\n 37.29153547292737\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"64","issue":"1-2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b9688e4b08c986b31b57b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ritson, P.I.","contributorId":12224,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ritson","given":"P.I.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":391464,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bouse, R. M.","contributorId":33709,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bouse","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":391465,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Flegal, A.R.","contributorId":64607,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Flegal","given":"A.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":391466,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Luoma, Samuel N. 0000-0001-5443-5091 snluoma@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5443-5091","contributorId":2287,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Luoma","given":"Samuel","email":"snluoma@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":778893,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70021860,"text":"70021860 - 1999 - A new technique for surface and shallow subsurface paleobarometry using fluid inclusions: An example from the Upper Ordovician Viola Formation, Kansas, USA","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:38","indexId":"70021860","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1213,"text":"Chemical Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A new technique for surface and shallow subsurface paleobarometry using fluid inclusions: An example from the Upper Ordovician Viola Formation, Kansas, USA","docAbstract":"This research illustrates a new approach for paleobarometry employing heterogeneously entrapped fluid inclusions to determine timing and depth of diagenesis. Heterogeneously entrapped fluid inclusions (gas + water) in vug-filling quartz from the Upper Ordovician Viola Formation in the Midcontinent of the United States were analyzed for their internal pressure with a fluid-inclusion crushing stage. The free gas in fluid inclusions was entrapped at near-surface temperature, as indicated by the presence of all-liquid fluid inclusions and fluid inclusions with low homogenization temperatures ( <40??C). Crushing the crystal and measuring the change in bubble size determines the pressure of entrapment directly. Heterogeneous trapping is indicated by widely varying L:V ratios, from all-liquid to vapor-rich. Gas bubbles in most fluid inclusions analyzed expanded upon release to atmospheric pressure, but some collapsed. A mode of 1.5 to 2.0 atm internal pressure was indicated by the crushing runs, but pressures up to 42.9 atm were recorded. Quartz precipitation and associated fluid-inclusion entrapment therefore occurred over a wide depth-range, but principally at depths of approximately 10 m. Crushing runs done in kerosene confirmed the presence of hydrocarbon gases in most of these inclusions, and bulk analyses of gases in the quartz by quadrupole mass spectrometer revealed methane, ethane, and atmospheric gases. The hydrocarbon gases may have originated in deeper thermogenically mature sedimentary strata, and then leaked to the near-surface where they were entrapped in the precipitating quartz cement. Freezing data indicate an event of quartz precipitation from fluids of marine-fresh water intermediate salinity and other events of precipitation from more saline fluids. Considering the determined pressures, the precipitating fluids probably originated at surfaces of subaerial exposure (unconformities) and surfaces of evaporite precipitation in the overlying Silurian strata. Thus, saline inclusions most likely originated from sinking of saline surface waters during Silurian time. Lower-salinity fluids record fluxes of meteoric water during development of unconformities in the Silurian. This type of paleobarometric study may have application in many other sedimentary systems, provided low-temperature and heterogeneous entrapment of an immiscible gas phase can be demonstrated for the fluid-inclusion assemblages studied.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Chemical Geology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/S0009-2541(98)00126-0","issn":"00092541","usgsCitation":"Newell, K., and Goldstein, R., 1999, A new technique for surface and shallow subsurface paleobarometry using fluid inclusions: An example from the Upper Ordovician Viola Formation, Kansas, USA: Chemical Geology, v. 154, no. 1-4, p. 97-111, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0009-2541(98)00126-0.","startPage":"97","endPage":"111","numberOfPages":"15","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":206270,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0009-2541(98)00126-0"},{"id":229270,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"154","issue":"1-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e4b8e4b0c8380cd46893","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Newell, K.D.","contributorId":76473,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Newell","given":"K.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":391463,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Goldstein, R.H.","contributorId":18908,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Goldstein","given":"R.H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":391462,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70187660,"text":"70187660 - 1999 - International river basins of the world","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-05-12T11:20:15","indexId":"70187660","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2081,"text":"International Journal of Water Resources Development","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"International river basins of the world","docAbstract":"It is becoming acknowledged that water is likely to be the most pressing environmental concern of the next century. Difficulties in river basin management are only exacerbated when the resource crosses international boundaries. One critical aid in the assessment of international waters has been the Register of International Rivers a compendium which listed 214 international waterways that cover 47% of the earth's continental land surface. The Register, though, was last updated in 1978 by the now defunct United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs. The purpose of this paper is to update the Register in order to reflect the quantum changes that have taken place over the last 22 years, both in global geopolitics and in map coverage and technology. By accessing digital elevation models at spatial resolutions of 30 arc seconds, corroborating at a unified global map coverage of at least 1:1 000 000, and superimposing the results over complete coverage of current political boundaries, we are able to provide a new register which lists 261 international rivers, covering 45.3% of the land surface of the earth (excluding Antarctica). This paper lists all international rivers with their watershed areas, the nations which share each watershed,their respective territorial percentages, and notes on changes in or disputes over international boundaries since 1978.
","language":"English","publisher":"Taylor & Francis","doi":"10.1080/07900629948682","usgsCitation":"Wolf, A.T., Natharius, J.A., Danielson, J.J., Ward, B.S., and Pender, J.K., 1999, International river basins of the world: International Journal of Water Resources Development, v. 15, no. 4, p. 387-427, https://doi.org/10.1080/07900629948682.","productDescription":"41 p.","startPage":"387","endPage":"427","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":341201,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"15","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5916c9b8e4b044b359e486b2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wolf, Aaron T.","contributorId":191989,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Wolf","given":"Aaron","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":694974,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Natharius, Jeffrey A.","contributorId":149642,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Natharius","given":"Jeffrey","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":694975,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Danielson, Jeffrey J. 0000-0003-0907-034X daniels@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0907-034X","contributorId":3996,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Danielson","given":"Jeffrey","email":"daniels@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":223,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center (Geography)","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":694976,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Ward, Brian S.","contributorId":191990,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Ward","given":"Brian","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":694977,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Pender, Jan K.","contributorId":191991,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Pender","given":"Jan","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":694978,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70021759,"text":"70021759 - 1999 - Assessing groundwater vulnerability to agrichemical contamination in the Midwest US","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-12-19T10:13:09","indexId":"70021759","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3724,"text":"Water Science and Technology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Assessing groundwater vulnerability to agrichemical contamination in the Midwest US","docAbstract":"Agrichemicals (herbicides and nitrate) are significant sources of diffuse pollution to groundwater. Indirect methods are needed to assess the potential for groundwater contamination by diffuse sources because groundwater monitoring is too costly to adequately define the geographic extent of contamination at a regional or national scale. This paper presents examples of the application of statistical, overlay and index, and process-based modeling methods for groundwater vulnerability assessments to a variety of data from the Midwest U.S. The principles for vulnerability assessment include both intrinsic (pedologic, climatologic, and hydrogeologic factors) and specific (contaminant and other anthropogenic factors) vulnerability of a location. Statistical methods use the frequency of contaminant occurrence, contaminant concentration, or contamination probability as a response variable. Statistical assessments are useful for defining the relations among explanatory and response variables whether they define intrinsic or specific vulnerability. Multivariate statistical analyses are useful for ranking variables critical to estimating water quality responses of interest. Overlay and index methods involve intersecting maps of intrinsic and specific vulnerability properties and indexing the variables by applying appropriate weights. Deterministic models use process-based equations to simulate contaminant transport and are distinguished from the other methods in their potential to predict contaminant transport in both space and time. An example of a one-dimensional leaching model linked to a geographic information system (GIS) to define a regional metamodel for contamination in the Midwest is included.
","language":"English","publisher":"IWA","doi":"10.1016/S0273-1223(99)00042-6","issn":"02731223","usgsCitation":"Burkart, M.R., Kolpin, D., and James, D., 1999, Assessing groundwater vulnerability to agrichemical contamination in the Midwest US: Water Science and Technology, v. 39, no. 3, p. 103-112, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0273-1223(99)00042-6.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"103","endPage":"112","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":351,"text":"Iowa Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":229403,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":206315,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0273-1223(99)00042-6"}],"country":"United States","volume":"39","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059edd6e4b0c8380cd49a39","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Burkart, M. R.","contributorId":42190,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Burkart","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":391046,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kolpin, D.W.","contributorId":87565,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kolpin","given":"D.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":391047,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"James, D.E.","contributorId":22927,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"James","given":"D.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":391045,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70021301,"text":"70021301 - 1999 - Premonitory slip and tidal triggering of earthquakes","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-07-17T15:02:38.332599","indexId":"70021301","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2314,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Premonitory slip and tidal triggering of earthquakes","docAbstract":"We have conducted a series of laboratory simulations of earthquakes using granite cylinders containing precut bare fault surfaces at 50 MPa confining pressure. Axial shortening rates between 10−4and 10−6 mm/s were imposed to simulate tectonic loading. Average loading rate was then modulated by the addition of a small-amplitude sine wave to simulate periodic loading due to Earth tides or other sources. The period of the modulating signal ranged from 10 to 10,000 s. For each combination of amplitude and period of the modulating signal, multiple stick-slip events were recorded to determine the degree of correlation between the timing of simulated earthquakes and the imposed periodic loading function. Over the range of parameters studied, the degree of correlation of earthquakes was most sensitive to the amplitude of the periodic loading, with weaker dependence on the period of oscillations and the average loading rate. Accelerating premonitory slip was observed in these experiments and is a controlling factor in determining the conditions under which correlated events occur. In fact, some form of delayed failure is necessary to produce the observed correlations between simulated earthquake timing and characteristics of the periodic loading function. The transition from strongly correlated to weakly correlated model earthquake populations occurred when the amplitude of the periodic loading was approximately 0.05 to 0.1 MPa shear stress (0.03 to 0.06 MPa Coulomb failure function). Lower-amplitude oscillations produced progressively lower correlation levels. Correlations between static stress increases and earthquake aftershocks are found to degrade at similar stress levels. Typical stress variations due to Earth tides are only 0.001 to 0.004 MPa, so that the lack of correlation between Earth tides and earthquakes is also consistent with our findings. A simple extrapolation of our results suggests that approximately 1% of midcrustal earthquakes should be correlated with Earth tides. Triggered seismicity has been reported resulting from the passage of surface waves excited by the Landers earthquake. These transient waves had measured amplitudes in excess of 0.1 MPa at frequencies of 0.05 to 0.2 Hz in regions of notable seismicity increase. Similar stress oscillations in our laboratory experiments produced strongly correlated stick-slip events. We suggest that seemingly inconsistent natural observations of triggered seismicity and absence of tidal triggering indicate that failure is amplitude and frequency dependent. This is the expected result if, as in our laboratory experiments, the rheology of the Earth's crust permits delayed failure.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/1999JB900205","issn":"01480227","usgsCitation":"Lockner, D., and Beeler, N., 1999, Premonitory slip and tidal triggering of earthquakes: Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth, v. 104, no. B9, p. 20133-20151, https://doi.org/10.1029/1999JB900205.","productDescription":"19 p.","startPage":"20133","endPage":"20151","numberOfPages":"19","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":230225,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"104","issue":"B9","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1999-09-10","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a8b15e4b0c8380cd7e169","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lockner, D.A. 0000-0001-8630-6833","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8630-6833","contributorId":85603,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lockner","given":"D.A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":389403,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Beeler, N.M. 0000-0002-3397-8481","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3397-8481","contributorId":68894,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Beeler","given":"N.M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":389402,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70171412,"text":"70171412 - 1999 - Modelling removal mechanisms of Pb, Cu, Zn and Cd in acidic groundwater during the neutralization by ambient surface and ground waters","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-05-01T09:47:46","indexId":"70171412","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1565,"text":"Environmental Science & Technology","onlineIssn":"1520-5851","printIssn":"0013-936X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Modelling removal mechanisms of Pb, Cu, Zn and Cd in acidic groundwater during the neutralization by ambient surface and ground waters","docAbstract":"Removal of Pb, Cu, Zn, and Cd during neutralization of acid rock drainage is examined using model simulations of field conditions and laboratory experiments involving mixing of natural drainage and surface waters or groundwaters. The simulations consider sorption onto hydrous Fe and Al oxides and particulate organic carbon, mineral precipitation, and organic and inorganic solution complexation of metals for two physical systems where newly formed oxides and particulate organic matter are either transported or retained along the chemical pathway. The calculations indicate that metal removal is a strong function of the physical system. Relative to direct discharge of ARD into streams, lower metal removals are observed where ARD enters streamwaters during the latter stages of neutralization by ambient groundwater after most of the Fe has precipitated and been retained in the soils. The mixing experiments, which represent the field simulations, also demonstrated the importance of dissolved metal to particle Fe ratios in controlling dissolved metal removal along the chemical pathway. Finally, model calculations indicate that hydrous Fe oxides and particulate organic carbon are more important than hydrous Al oxides in removing metals and that both inorganic and organic complexation must be considered when modeling metal removal from aquatic systems that are impacted by sulfide oxidation.
","language":"English","publisher":"ACS Publications","doi":"10.1021/es9900454","usgsCitation":"Paulson, A.J., and Balistrieri, L.S., 1999, Modelling removal mechanisms of Pb, Cu, Zn and Cd in acidic groundwater during the neutralization by ambient surface and ground waters: Environmental Science & Technology, v. 33, no. 21, p. 3850-3856, https://doi.org/10.1021/es9900454.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"3850","endPage":"3856","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":191,"text":"Colorado Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":622,"text":"Washington Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":321899,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"33","issue":"21","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1999-09-16","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"574eb5d7e4b0ee97d51a83d7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Paulson, Anthony J. 0000-0002-2358-8834 apaulson@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2358-8834","contributorId":5236,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Paulson","given":"Anthony","email":"apaulson@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":630915,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Balistrieri, Laurie S. 0000-0002-6359-3849 balistri@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6359-3849","contributorId":1406,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Balistrieri","given":"Laurie","email":"balistri@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":200,"text":"Coop Res Unit Seattle","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":662,"text":"Western Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":191,"text":"Colorado Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":630916,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70196070,"text":"70196070 - 1999 - Calculation and error analysis of a digital elevation model of Hofsjokull, Iceland, from SAR interferometry","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-03-15T14:47:49","indexId":"70196070","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"displayTitle":"Calculation and error analysis of a digital elevation model of Hofsjökull, Iceland, from SAR interferometry","title":"Calculation and error analysis of a digital elevation model of Hofsjokull, Iceland, from SAR interferometry","docAbstract":"Two ascending European Space Agency (ESA) Earth Resources Satellites (ERS)-1/-2 tandem-mode, synthetic aperture radar (SAR) pairs are used to calculate the surface elevation of Hofsjokull, an ice cap in central Iceland. The motion component of the interferometric phase is calculated using the 30 arc-second resolution USGS GTOPO30 global digital elevation product and one of the ERS tandem pairs. The topography is then derived by subtracting the motion component from the other tandem pair. In order to assess the accuracy of the resultant digital elevation model (DEM), a geodetic airborne laser-altimetry swath is compared with the elevations derived from the interferometry. The DEM is also compared with elevations derived from a digitized topographic map of the ice cap from the University of Iceland Science Institute. Results show that low temporal correlation is a significant problem for the application of interferometry to small, low-elevation ice caps, even over a one-day repeat interval, and especially at the higher elevations. Results also show that an uncompensated error in the phase, ramping from northwest to southeast, present after tying the DEM to ground-control points, has resulted in a systematic error across the DEM.
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Proceedings of the fifty-sixth annual Eastern snow conference","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"conferenceTitle":"Fifty-sixth annual Eastern snow conference","conferenceDate":"June 2-4, 1999","conferenceLocation":"Fredericton, NB","language":"English","publisher":"Eastern Snow Conference","isbn":"0-920081-21-5","usgsCitation":"Barton, J.S., Hall, D.K., Sigurdsson, O., Williams, R., Smith, L., and Garvin, J.B., 1999, Calculation and error analysis of a digital elevation model of Hofsjokull, Iceland, from SAR interferometry, in Proceedings of the fifty-sixth annual Eastern snow conference, Fredericton, NB, June 2-4, 1999, p. 5-12.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"5","endPage":"12","costCenters":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":352577,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":352576,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=20000031720"}],"country":"Iceland","otherGeospatial":"Hofsjökull Ice Cap","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5aff12ece4b0da30c1bfd335","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Taylor, Susan","contributorId":118167,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Taylor","given":"Susan","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":731199,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hardy, Janet","contributorId":124522,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Hardy","given":"Janet","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":731200,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2}],"authors":[{"text":"Barton, Jonathan S.","contributorId":62151,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Barton","given":"Jonathan","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":731201,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hall, Dorothy K.","contributorId":24697,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Hall","given":"Dorothy","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[{"id":7049,"text":"NASA Goddard Space Flight Center","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":731202,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Sigurdsson, Oddur","contributorId":38666,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Sigurdsson","given":"Oddur","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":731203,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Williams, Richard S. Jr.","contributorId":83859,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Williams","given":"Richard S.","suffix":"Jr.","affiliations":[{"id":680,"text":"Woods Hole Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":731204,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Smith, Laurence C.","contributorId":169004,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Smith","given":"Laurence C.","affiliations":[{"id":13022,"text":"Department of Geography, University of California, Los Angeles","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":731205,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Garvin, James B.","contributorId":22112,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Garvin","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[{"id":7049,"text":"NASA Goddard Space Flight Center","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":731206,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":2000999,"text":"2000999 - 1999 - Tracheal worms","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":2000999,"text":"2000999 - 1999 - Tracheal worms","indexId":"2000999","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"title":"Tracheal worms"},"predicate":"IS_PART_OF","object":{"id":53926,"text":"itr19990001 - 1999 - Field manual of wildlife diseases: General field procedures and diseases of birds","indexId":"itr19990001","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"title":"Field manual of wildlife diseases: General field procedures and diseases of birds"},"id":1}],"isPartOf":{"id":53926,"text":"itr19990001 - 1999 - Field manual of wildlife diseases: General field procedures and diseases of birds","indexId":"itr19990001","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"title":"Field manual of wildlife diseases: General field procedures and diseases of birds"},"lastModifiedDate":"2018-04-16T12:47:42","indexId":"2000999","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":1,"text":"Federal Government Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":37,"text":"Information and Technology Report","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":1}},"seriesNumber":"1999-0001","title":"Tracheal worms","docAbstract":"Infection by tracheal worms often results in respiratory distress due to their location in the trachea or bronchi and their obstruction of the air passage. Infections by these parasitic nematodes or roundworms in waterbirds, primarily ducks, geese, and swans, are usually due to Cyathostoma bronchialis and infection of land birds are usually due to Syngamus trachea. However, both genera infect a variety of species, including both land and waterbirds. Infections with S. trachea have been more extensively studied than infections with Cyathostoma sp. because of its previous importance as a disease-causing parasite of poultry in many parts of the world. Changes in husbandry practices to modern intensive methods for poultry production have essentially eliminated S. trachea as an agent of disease in chickens, but it is an occasional cause of disease in turkeys raised on range.
","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"Field manual of wildlife diseases: General field procedures and diseases of birds","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","usgsCitation":"Cole, R.A., 1999, Tracheal worms: Information and Technology Report 1999-0001, 3 p.","productDescription":"3 p.","startPage":"229","endPage":"231","costCenters":[{"id":456,"text":"National Wildlife Health Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":198728,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":15536,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/itr/1999/field_manual_of_wildlife_diseases.pdf#page=241","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a4de4b07f02db6271ac","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cole, Rebecca A. 0000-0003-2923-1622","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2923-1622","contributorId":39719,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cole","given":"Rebecca","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":325272,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70021947,"text":"70021947 - 1999 - Characterizing crustal earthquake slip models for the prediction of strong ground motion","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-07-25T17:04:47.490201","indexId":"70021947","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3372,"text":"Seismological Research Letters","onlineIssn":"1938-2057","printIssn":"0895-0695","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Characterizing crustal earthquake slip models for the prediction of strong ground motion","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
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\"}}]}","volume":"70","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f4fce4b0c8380cd4c006","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Somerville, P.","contributorId":41158,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Somerville","given":"P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":391808,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Irikura, K.","contributorId":27217,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Irikura","given":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":391805,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Graves, R.","contributorId":86910,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Graves","given":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":391811,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Sawada, S.","contributorId":91265,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sawada","given":"S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":391813,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Wald, David J. 0000-0002-1454-4514 wald@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1454-4514","contributorId":795,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wald","given":"David","email":"wald@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":300,"text":"Geologic Hazards Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":391806,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Abrahamson, N.","contributorId":60358,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Abrahamson","given":"N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":391809,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Iwasaki, Y.","contributorId":78900,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Iwasaki","given":"Y.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":391810,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Kagawa, T.","contributorId":88089,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kagawa","given":"T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":391812,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Smith, N.","contributorId":24795,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":391804,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Kowada, A.","contributorId":39150,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kowada","given":"A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":391807,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10}]}} ,{"id":70020975,"text":"70020975 - 1999 - General-circulation-model simulations of future snowpack in the western United States","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:48","indexId":"70020975","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"General-circulation-model simulations of future snowpack in the western United States","docAbstract":"April 1 snowpack accumulations measured at 311 snow courses in the western United States (U.S.) are grouped using a correlation-based cluster analysis. A conceptual snow accumulation and melt model and monthly temperature and precipitation for each cluster are used to estimate cluster-average April 1 snowpack. The conceptual snow model is subsequently used to estimate future snowpack by using changes in monthly temperature and precipitation simulated by the Canadian Centre for Climate Modeling and Analysis (CCC) and the Hadley Centre for Climate Prediction and Research (HADLEY) general circulation models (GCMs). Results for the CCC model indicate that although winter precipitation is estimated to increase in the future, increases in temperatures will result in large decreases in April 1 snowpack for the entire western US. Results for the HADLEY model also indicate large decreases in April 1 snowpack for most of the western US, but the decreases are not as severe as those estimated using the CCC simulations. Although snowpack conditions are estimated to decrease for most areas of the western US, both GCMs estimate a general increase in winter precipitation toward the latter half of the next century. Thus, water quantity may be increased in the western US; however, the timing of runoff will be altered because precipitation will more frequently occur as rain rather than as snow.","largerWorkTitle":"Journal of the American Water Resources Association","language":"English","publisher":"American Water Resources Assoc","publisherLocation":"Herndon, VA, United States","issn":"1093474X","usgsCitation":"McCabe, G., and Wolock, D., 1999, General-circulation-model simulations of future snowpack in the western United States, in Journal of the American Water Resources Association, v. 35, no. 6, p. 1473-1484.","startPage":"1473","endPage":"1484","numberOfPages":"12","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":229926,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"35","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a1513e4b0c8380cd54ca4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"McCabe, G.J. 0000-0002-9258-2997","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9258-2997","contributorId":12961,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McCabe","given":"G.J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":388165,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wolock, D.M. 0000-0002-6209-938X","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6209-938X","contributorId":36601,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wolock","given":"D.M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":388166,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70020940,"text":"70020940 - 1999 - Nearshore versus offshore copper loading in Lake Superior sediments: Implications for transport and cycling","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-05-07T11:20:19.729633","indexId":"70020940","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2330,"text":"Journal of Great Lakes Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Nearshore versus offshore copper loading in Lake Superior sediments: Implications for transport and cycling","docAbstract":"A thorough understanding of the fate and transport of metals in Lake Superior is necessary in order to predict the ability of Lake Superior to recover from anthropogenic perturbations (copper mining). Sediment cores were collected from nearshore and offshore sites in Lake Superior and used to evaluate spatial and temporal variations in copper loading associated with mining-related activities. Although both settings have been strongly affected by anthropogenic releases of copper, copper concentrations in nearshore cores are significantly greater than those found in offshore cores, implying that nearshore copper loading is dominated by simple deposition and burial of sediment generated from mining activities. Temporal variations in copper profiles in sediments from nearshore environments closelymimic copper production rates. Conversely, copper loading histories derived from offshore sediments are not well correlated to production rates. The offshore sediment cores, when compared with analogous cores from Lakes Ontario and Michigan, show that the average, lake-wide intensity of copper loading in Lake Superior is comparable to the other two lakes, despite the fact that Lake Superior has received the largest total burden of anthropogenic copper. Cu/Zn ratios, used to evaluate the amount of copper loading derived from mining discharges, vary strongly in nearshore environments in response to loading. Cu/Zn ratios in offshore sediments are much less variable, implying that copper loading may be regulated by additional mechanisms (solution chemistry and/or biologic uptake). Study of trace metal partitioning within Lake Superior sediments indicates that the organic fraction of the sediment contains the majority of the copper. Copper concentrations in offshore sediments are significantly correlated to organic carbon content of the sediment whereas copper concentrations in nearshore sediments are not. These findings support the model that transport and deposition of particles released from mining discharges dominate copper loading in nearshore sediments, whereas biologic uptake and settling of particulate organic matter may regulate copper loading in offshore sediments.
The Kodiak-Katmai geodetic array, nine monuments distributed along a profile trending north-northwestward across Kodiak Island and the Alaska Peninsula, was surveyed in 1993, 1995 and 1997 to determine the deformation at the Alaska-Aleutian subduction zone. Velocities on Kodiak island measured relative to the stable North American plate decrease with distance from the Alaska-Aleutian trench (distance range 106 to 250 km), whereas no appreciable deformation was measured on the Alaska Peninsula (distances 250 to 370 km from the trench). The measured deformation is reasonably well predicted by the conventional dislocation representation of subduction with the model parameters determined independently (i.e., not simply by fitting the observations). The deformation of Kodiak Island is in striking contrast to the very minor deformation measured in the similarly situated Shumagin Islands, 450 km southwest of Kodiak along the Alaska-Aleutian trench.
Aeromagnetic and high-resolution seismic reflection data were integrated to place constraints on the history of seismic activity and to determine the continuity of the possibly active, yet largely concealed Mount Angel fault in the Willamette Valley, Oregon. Recent seismic activity possibly related to the 20-km-long fault includes a swarm of small earthquakes near Woodburn in 1990 and the magnitude 5.6 Scotts Mills earthquake in 1993. Newly acquired aeromagnetic data show several large northwest-trending anomalies, including one associated with the Mount Angel fault. The magnetic signature indicates that the fault may actually extend 70 km across the Willamette Valley to join the Newberg and Gales Creek faults in the Oregon Coast Range. We collected 24-fold high-resolution seismic reflection data along two transects near Woodburn, Oregon, to image the offset of the Miocene-age Columbia River Basalts (CRB) and overlying sediments at and northwest of the known mapped extent of the Mount Angel fault. The seismic data show a 100-200-m offset in the CRB reflector at depths from 300 to 700 m. Folded or offset sediments appear above the CRB with decreasing amplitude to depths as shallow as were imaged (approximately 40 m). Modeling experiments based on the magnetic data indicate, however, that the anomaly associated with the Mount Angel fault is not caused solely by an offset of the CRB and overlying sediments. Underlying magnetic sources, which we presume to be volcanic rocks of the Siletz terrane, must have vertical offsets of at least 500 m to fit the observed data. We conclude that the Mount Angel fault appears to have been active since Eocene age and that the Gales Creek, Newberg, and Mount Angel faults should be considered a single potentially active fault system. This fault, as well as other parallel northwest-trending faults in the Willamette Valley, should be considered as risks for future potentially damaging earthquakes.
Recent drilling of continuous cores in southernmost Florida has documented a thick unit of upper Neogene siliciclastics subjacent to surficial shallow-water Quaternary carbonates exposed on islands of the Florida Keys. The siliciclastics comprise the Long Key Formation and were identified in two cores collected from the middle and upper Florida Keys. A chronologic model based on new planktic foraminiferal biochronology and strontium-isotope chronology suggests the timing of siliciclastic deposition and provides a basis for regional correlation. The chronologic model, supplemented by vertical trends in quartz grain size, pattern of planktic menardiiform coiling direction, and paleoenvironmental interpretations of benthic foraminiferal assemblages, shows that the Long Key Formation contains three intervals (I-III) of varying thickness, grain-size composition, and paleowater depth. Interval I is uppermost Miocene. The quartz grains in Interval I fine upward from basal very coarse sand to fine and very fine sand. Benthic foraminifera indicate an upward shift from an outer-shelf to inner-shelf depositional environment. Interval II, deposited during the late early to early late Pliocene, contains reworked upper Miocene siliciclastics and faunas. In the upper Keys, quartz grains in Interval II range from very coarse sand that fines upward to very fine sand and then coarsens to very coarse and medium sand. In situ benthic faunas indicate an upward shift from outer-shelf to inner-shelf deposition. In the middle Keys, Interval II is different, with the quartz grains ranging primarily from medium to very fine sand. In situ benthic taxa indicate deposition on an inner shelf. In both the middle and upper Keys, the upper Pliocene siliciclastics of Interval III contain quartz grains ranging from very coarse to very fine sands that were deposited on an inner shelf. A sequence boundary between Interval I and Interval II is suggested by; an abrupt shift in the strontium-isotope chemostratigraphy; coarsening in quartz grain size above the boundary; an abrupt landward shift in depositional facies in the upper Keys core; and a distinct variation in the predominant coiling direction of the menardiiform planktic foraminifera, from fluctuating dextral-sinistral to dextral in the upper Keys core. Successive siliciclastic infilling, likely associated with eustatic sea-level change and current redeposition, formed a foundation for subsequent carbonate deposition. Deep-sea biostratigraphic techniques, integrated with ages derived from strontium-isotope chemostratigraphy, can be successfully applied to coastal-margin sequences, even though a depauperate suite of faunal markers is common.
A general model was developed to examine the effects of multiple predators on survival of eggs and fry of lake trout, Salvelinus namaycush, associated with spawning reefs. Three kinds of predation were simulated: epibenthic egg predators consuming eggs on the substrate surface during spawning, interstitial egg predators that can move in rocky substrate and consume incubating eggs, and fry predators. Also simulated was the effect of water temperature on predation rates. The model predicted that interstitial predation on eggs accounted for most (76 to 81%) of the predation on early life history stages of lake trout; epibenthic egg predation (12 to 19%) and fry predation (0 to 12%) had less effect on lake trout survival. Initial predation conditions chosen for the model were: epibenthic egg predation peaked at 2 eggs/m2/d over 30 d, interstitial egg predation at 2 eggs/m2/d over 180 d, and fry predation at 1 fry/m2/d over 60 d. With a starting egg density of 100 eggs/m2 and initial predation conditions, no lake trout were estimated to survive to swim-up. At egg densities of 250 eggs/m2, 36% of the lake trout survived. At the highest egg densities examined, 500 to 1,000 eggs/m2, estimated survival increased to about 70 to 80%. Simulated survival rates of lake trout decreased dramatically as predation rate increased but were not as sensitive to increases in the duration of predation.
Lake trout Salvelinus namaycush, aged 3 and 6 years and with average weights of 700 and 2,000 g, were grown in laboratory tanks for up to 407 d under a thermal regime similar to that experienced by lake trout in nearshore Lake Michigan. Lake trout were fed alewifeAlosa pseudoharengus and rainbow smelt Osmerus mordax, prey typical of lake trout in Lake Michigan. Of the 120 lake trout used in the experiment, 40 were fed a low ration (0.25% of their body weight per day), 40 were fed a medium ration (0.5% of their body weight per day), and 40 were fed a high ration (ad libitum). We measured consumption and growth, and we compared observed consumption with that predicted by the Wisconsin bioenergetics model. For lake trout fed the medium ration, model predictions for monthly consumption were unbiased. Moreover, predicted cumulative consumption by medium-ration lake trout for the entire experiment (320 d for smaller lake trout and 407 d for larger lake trout) agreed quite well with observed cumulative consumption; predictions were as close as within 0.1 to 5.2% of observed cumulative consumption. Even so, the model consistently overestimated consumption by low-ration fish and underestimated consumption by high-ration fish. The bias was significant in both cases, but was more severe for the low-ration trout. Because the low-ration and high-ration regimes were probably unrealistic for lake trout residing in Lake Michigan and because the model fit our laboratory data rather well for medium-ration trout, we conclude that applying the Wisconsin bioenergetics model to the Lake Michigan lake trout population in order to estimate the amount of prey fish consumed by lake trout each year is appropriate.
","language":"English","publisher":"Taylor & Francis","doi":"10.1577/1548-8659(1999)128<0802:LEOALT>2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Madenjian, C.P., and O’Connor, D.V., 1999, Laboratory evaluation of a lake trout bioenergetics model: Transactions of the American Fisheries Society, v. 128, no. 5, p. 802-814, https://doi.org/10.1577/1548-8659(1999)128<0802:LEOALT>2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"802","endPage":"814","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":479613,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1577/1548-8659(1999)128<0802:leoalt>2.0.co;2","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":133608,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"128","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b05e4b07f02db6998e8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Madenjian, Charles P. 0000-0002-0326-164X cmadenjian@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0326-164X","contributorId":2200,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Madenjian","given":"Charles","email":"cmadenjian@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":310208,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"O’Connor, Daniel V.","contributorId":73950,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"O’Connor","given":"Daniel","email":"","middleInitial":"V.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":310209,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70021184,"text":"70021184 - 1999 - Hydroxyatrazine in soils and sediments","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-12-19T10:47:26","indexId":"70021184","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1571,"text":"Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Hydroxyatrazine in soils and sediments","docAbstract":"Hydroxyatrazine (HA) is the major metabolite of atrazine in most surface soils. Knowledge of HA sorption to soils, and its pattern of stream water contamination suggest that it is persistent in the environment. Soils with different atrazine use histories were collected from four sites, and sediments were collected from an agricultural watershed. Samples were exhaustively extracted with a mixed—mode extractant, and HA was quantitated using high performance liquid chromatography with UV detection. Atrazine, deethylatrazine (DEA), and deisopropylatrazine (DIA) were also measured in all samples. Concentrations of HA were considerably greater than concentrations of atrazine, DEA, and DIA in all soils and sediments studied. Soil concentrations of HA ranged from 14 to 640 μg/kg with a median concentration of 84 μg/kg. Sediment concentrations of HA ranged from 11 to 96 μg/kg, with a median concentration of 14 μg/kg. Correlations of HA and atrazine concentrations to soil properties indicated that HA levels in soils were controlled by sorption of atrazine. Because atrazine hydrolysis is known to be enhanced by sorption and pH extremes, soils with high organic matter (OM) and clay content and low pH will result in greater atrazine sorption and subsequent hydrolysis. Significant correlation of HA concentrations to OM, pH, and cation exchange capacity of sediments indicated that mixed—mode sorption (i.e., binding by cation exchange and hydrophobic interactions) was the mechanism controlling HA levels in sediment. The presence of HA in soils and stream sediments at the levels observed support existing hypotheses regarding its transport in surface runoff. These results also indicated that persistence of HA in terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems is an additional risk factor associated with atrazine usage.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1002/etc.5620181007","issn":"07307268","usgsCitation":"Lerch, R., Thurman, E., and Blanchard, P., 1999, Hydroxyatrazine in soils and sediments: Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, v. 18, no. 10, p. 2161-2168, https://doi.org/10.1002/etc.5620181007.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"2161","endPage":"2168","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":230139,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"18","issue":"10","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1999-10-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a37b3e4b0c8380cd610aa","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lerch, R.N.","contributorId":88504,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lerch","given":"R.N.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":388986,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Thurman, E.M.","contributorId":102864,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thurman","given":"E.M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":388987,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Blanchard, P.E.","contributorId":76900,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Blanchard","given":"P.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":388985,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70021186,"text":"70021186 - 1999 - Diagenesis of lower Cretaceous pelagic carbonates, North Atlantic: Paleoceanographic signals obscured","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-03-24T11:56:20","indexId":"70021186","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2294,"text":"Journal of Foraminiferal Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Diagenesis of lower Cretaceous pelagic carbonates, North Atlantic: Paleoceanographic signals obscured","docAbstract":"The stable isotope and minor element geochemistry of Neocomian (Lower Cretaceous) pelagic carbonates of the North Atlantic Basin (Deep Sea Drilling Project Sites 105, 367, 387, 391, and 603) was examined to develop a diagenetic model for pelagic limestones. In particular, we hoped to test the fidelity of whole-rock geochemical records as paleoceanographic indicators for pelagic deposits of pre-Aptian age, in which individual microfossils are not available for analysis. Data indicate that in addition to depth of burial, rhythmic variations in primary carbonate content have strongly controlled diagenetic patterns and associated geochemical signatures in these Neocomian sequences. Samples become increasingly depleted in Sr and 18O with increasing CaCO3 content. Within individual sedimentary sections, substantial decreases in Sr/Ca ratios and ??18O values are evident over a range of 4 to 98% CaCO3. However, even over a relatively narrow range of 50 to 98% CaCO3 a 2.5%c variation in ??18O values and a change of a factor of 1.7 in Sr/Ca ratios are observed. Carbon isotope compositions do not vary as extensively with CaCO3 content, but carbonate-rich intervals tend to be relatively depleted in 13C. Petrographic analysis reveals that these geochemical patterns are related to the transfer of CaCO3 from carbonate-poor intervals (calcareous shales and marlstones) to adjacent carbonate-rich intervals (limestones) during burial compaction and pressure solution. This process results in the addition of diagenetic cement to carbonate-rich intervals to produce a bulk composition that is relatively depleted in Sr and 18O and, at the same time, enables the retention of more-or-less primary carbonate that is relatively enriched in Sr and 18O in adjacent carbonate-poor intervals. Thus, although cyclic variations in CaCO3 content are primary in the Neocomian sequences examined, measured variations in Sr/Ca ratios and ??18O values are not and, as such, do not provide reliable proxies for past variations in climate, oceanographic conditions, or global ice volume.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Foraminiferal Research","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"00961191","usgsCitation":"Frank, T., Arthur, M., and Dean, W., 1999, Diagenesis of lower Cretaceous pelagic carbonates, North Atlantic: Paleoceanographic signals obscured: Journal of Foraminiferal Research, v. 29, no. 4, p. 340-351.","startPage":"340","endPage":"351","numberOfPages":"12","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":230175,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":269884,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://jfr.geoscienceworld.org/content/29/4/340.abstract"}],"volume":"29","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0097e4b0c8380cd4f7e5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Frank, T.D.","contributorId":50315,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Frank","given":"T.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":388993,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Arthur, M.A.","contributorId":24791,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Arthur","given":"M.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":388992,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Dean, W.E.","contributorId":97099,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dean","given":"W.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":388994,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70021224,"text":"70021224 - 1999 - Assessing the effects of fire disturbances on ecosystems: A scientific agenda for research and management","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-11-14T17:42:19.69304","indexId":"70021224","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":1,"text":"Federal Government Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":32,"text":"General Technical Report","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":1}},"seriesNumber":"PNW-GTR-455","title":"Assessing the effects of fire disturbances on ecosystems: A scientific agenda for research and management","docAbstract":"A team of fire scientists and resource managers convened 17-19 April 1996 in Seattle, Washington, to assess the effects of fire disturbance on ecosystems. Objectives of this workshop were to develop scientific recommendations for future fire research and management activities. These recommendations included a series of numerically ranked scientific and managerial questions and responses focusing on (1) links among fire effects, fuels, and climate; (2) fire as a large-scale disturbance; (3) fire-effects modeling structures; and (4) managerial concerns, applications, and decision support. At the present time, understanding of fire effects and the ability to extrapolate fire effects knowledge to large spatial scales are limited, because most data have been collected at small spatial scales for specific applications. Although we clearly need more large-scale fire-effects data, it will be more expedient to concentrate efforts on improving and linking existing models that simulate fire effects in a georeferenced format while integrating empirical data as they become available. A significant component of this effort should be improved communication between modelers and managers to develop modeling tools to use in a planning context. Another component of this modeling effort should improve our ability to predict the interactions of fire and potential climatic change at very large spatial scales. The priority issues and approaches described here provide a template for fire science and fire management programs in the next decade and beyond.
","language":"English","publisher":"U. S. Forest Service","doi":"10.2737/PNW-GTR-455","usgsCitation":"Schmoldt, D.L., Peterson, D.L., Keane, R.E., Lenihan, J.M., McKenzie, D., Weise, D.R., and Sandberg, D.V., 1999, Assessing the effects of fire disturbances on ecosystems: A scientific agenda for research and management: General Technical Report PNW-GTR-455, 104 p., https://doi.org/10.2737/PNW-GTR-455.","productDescription":"104 p.","costCenters":[{"id":290,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":230099,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059ede8e4b0c8380cd49ac6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Schmoldt, D. L.","contributorId":79077,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Schmoldt","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":389134,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Peterson, David L. davep@usgs.gov","contributorId":292421,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Peterson","given":"David","email":"davep@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":289,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosys Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":389132,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Keane, Robert E.","contributorId":73930,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Keane","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":389128,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Lenihan, J. M.","contributorId":44043,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Lenihan","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":389133,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"McKenzie, D.","contributorId":34093,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McKenzie","given":"D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":389130,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Weise, David R.","contributorId":15138,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Weise","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":389129,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Sandberg, D. V.","contributorId":36339,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Sandberg","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"V.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":389131,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}} ]}