{"pageNumber":"1232","pageRowStart":"30775","pageSize":"25","recordCount":40904,"records":[{"id":70021875,"text":"70021875 - 1999 - The evolutionary history of steelhead (<i>Oncorhynchus mykiss</i>) along the US Pacific Coast: Developing a conservation strategy using genetic diversity","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-02-27T14:59:15","indexId":"70021875","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1936,"text":"ICES Journal of Marine Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The evolutionary history of steelhead (<i>Oncorhynchus mykiss</i>) along the US Pacific Coast: Developing a conservation strategy using genetic diversity","docAbstract":"<p>Changes in genetic variation across a species range may indicate patterns of population structure resulting from past ecological and demographic events that are otherwise difficult to infer and thus provide insight into evolutionary development. Genetic data is used, drawn from 11 microsatellite loci amplified from anadromous steelhead (<i>Oncorhynchus mykiss</i>) sampled throughout its range in the eastern Pacific Ocean, to explore population structure at the southern edge in California. Steelhead populations in this region represent less than 10% of their reported historic abundance and survive in very small populations found in fragmented habitats. Genetic data derived from three independent molecular systems (allozymes, mtDNA, and microsatellites) have shown that the southernmost populations are characterized by a relatively high genetic diversity. Two hypothetical models supporting genetic population substructure such as observed were considered: (1) range expansion with founder-flush effects and subsequent population decline; (2) a second Pleistocene radiation from the Gulf of California. Using genetic and climatic data, a second Pleistocene refugium contributing to a southern ecotone seems more feasible. These data support strong conservation measures based on genetic diversity be developed to ensure the survival of this uniquely diverse gene pool.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Oxford Academic","doi":"10.1006/jmsc.1999.0452","issn":"10543139","usgsCitation":"Nielsen, J., 1999, The evolutionary history of steelhead (<i>Oncorhynchus mykiss</i>) along the US Pacific Coast: Developing a conservation strategy using genetic diversity: ICES Journal of Marine Science, v. 56, no. 4, p. 449-458, https://doi.org/10.1006/jmsc.1999.0452.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"449","endPage":"458","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":479649,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1006/jmsc.1999.0452","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":229530,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","volume":"56","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505babebe4b08c986b323174","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Nielsen, J.L.","contributorId":105665,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nielsen","given":"J.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":391517,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70021868,"text":"70021868 - 1999 - Evaluation of bursal depth as an indicator of age class of harlequin ducks","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-05-13T12:03:32","indexId":"70021868","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2284,"text":"Journal of Field Ornithology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Evaluation of bursal depth as an indicator of age class of harlequin ducks","docAbstract":"We contrasted the estimated age class of recaptured Harlequin Ducks (Histrionicus histrionicus) (n = 255) based on bursal depth with expected age class based on bursal depth at first capture and time since first capture. Although neither estimated nor expected ages can be assumed to be correct, rates of discrepancies between the two for within-year recaptures indicate sampling error, while between-year recaptures test assumptions about rates of bursal involution. Within-year, between-year, and overall discrepancy rates were 10%, 24%, and 18%, respectively. Most (86%) between-year discrepancies occurred for birds expected to be after-third-year (ATY) but estimated to be third-year (TY). Of these ATY-TY discrepancies, 22 of 25 (88%) birds had bursal depths of 2 or 3 mm. Further, five of six between-year recaptures that were known to be ATY but estimated to be TY had 2 mm bursas. Reclassifying birds with 2 or 3 mm bursas as ATY resulted in reduction in between-year (24% to 10%) and overall (18% to 11%) discrepancy rates. We conclude that age determination of Harlequin Ducks based on bursal depth, particularly using our modified criteria, is a relatively consistent and reliable technique.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Field Ornithology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"02738570","usgsCitation":"Mather, D., and Esler, D., 1999, Evaluation of bursal depth as an indicator of age class of harlequin ducks: Journal of Field Ornithology, v. 70, no. 2, p. 200-205.","startPage":"200","endPage":"205","numberOfPages":"6","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":229412,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"70","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0c61e4b0c8380cd52b0c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Mather, D.D.","contributorId":67680,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mather","given":"D.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":391494,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Esler, Daniel 0000-0001-5501-4555 desler@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5501-4555","contributorId":5465,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Esler","given":"Daniel","email":"desler@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":116,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology MFEB","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":12437,"text":"Simon Fraser University, Centre for Wildlife Ecology","active":true,"usgs":false},{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":391493,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70021867,"text":"70021867 - 1999 - Velocity reversals and sediment sorting in pools and riffles controlled by channel constrictions","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:37","indexId":"70021867","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1801,"text":"Geomorphology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Velocity reversals and sediment sorting in pools and riffles controlled by channel constrictions","docAbstract":"Keller [Keller, E.A., 1971. Areal sorting of bed-load material; the hypothesis of velocity reversal. Geological Society of America Bulletin 82, 753-756] hypothesized that at high flow, near-bed velocities in pools exceed velocities in riffles and create pool scour. Pools, however, typically have larger cross-sectional areas of flow at bankfull discharge. This condition raises an inconsistency with Keller's velocity reversal hypothesis and the one-dimensional continuity of mass equation. To address this problem, a model of pool maintenance and sediment sorting is proposed that relies on constriction of flow by recirculating eddies and flow divergence over the exit-slopes of pools. According to the model, a narrow zone of high velocity occurs in the center of pools, creating scour. Along the downstream end of pools, an uphill climb of particles up the pool exit-slope promotes sediment deposition. The model is tested with field and flume measurements of velocity, water-surface elevation, and size of bed sediments in recirculating-eddy influenced pools. Local reversals of the water-surface gradient were measured in the field and a velocity reversal was created in the flume. The reversals that were measured indicate higher gradients of the water surface over the upstream portions of pools and higher velocities in pools at high flow. The distribution of bed sediments collected in the field also support the proposed model of pool maintenance.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Geomorphology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/S0169-555X(98)00082-8","issn":"0169555X","usgsCitation":"Thompson, D., Wohl, E., and Jarrett, R., 1999, Velocity reversals and sediment sorting in pools and riffles controlled by channel constrictions: Geomorphology, v. 27, no. 3-4, p. 229-241, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0169-555X(98)00082-8.","startPage":"229","endPage":"241","numberOfPages":"13","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":206311,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0169-555X(98)00082-8"},{"id":229374,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"27","issue":"3-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bc1fae4b08c986b32a875","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Thompson, D.M.","contributorId":16570,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thompson","given":"D.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":391490,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wohl, E.E. 0000-0001-7435-5013","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7435-5013","contributorId":28753,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wohl","given":"E.E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":391491,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Jarrett, R.D.","contributorId":36551,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jarrett","given":"R.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":391492,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70021855,"text":"70021855 - 1999 - Paleofluid-flow circulation within a Triassic rift basin: Evidence from oil inclusions and thermal histories","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-12-19T13:20:30.346558","indexId":"70021855","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1786,"text":"Geological Society of America Bulletin","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Paleofluid-flow circulation within a Triassic rift basin: Evidence from oil inclusions and thermal histories","docAbstract":"The migration of subsurface fluid flow within continental rift basins has been increasingly recognized to significantly affect the thermal history of sediments and petroleum formation. To gain insight into these paleofluid flow effects, the thermal history of the Taylorsville basin in Virginia was reconstructed from fluid-inclusion studies, apatite fission-track data, and vitrinite reflectance data. Models of thermal history indicate that the basin was buried to the thermal maximum at 200 Ma; a cooling event followed during which the eastern side of the basin cooled earlier and faster than the western side, suggesting that there was a differential uplift and topographically driven fluid flow. This hypothesis is supported by analyses of secondary oil and aqueous inclusions trapped in calcite and quartz veins during the uplift stage. Gas chromatograms of inclusion oils exhibit variable but extensive depletion of light molecular-weight hydrocarbons. The relative abundance of n-alkanes, petrographic observations, and the geological data indicate that the alteration process on these inclusion oils was probably neither phase separation nor biodegradation, but water washing. Water:oil ratios necessary to produce the observed alteration are much greater than 10000:1. These exceedingly high ratios are consistent with the migration of inclusion oils along with fluid flow during the early stages of basin evolution. The results provide significant evidence about the role of a subsurface flow system in modifying the temperature structure of the basin and the composition of petroleum generated within the basin.","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/0016-7606(1999)111<0275:PFCWAT>2.3.CO;2","issn":"00167606","usgsCitation":"Tseng, H., Burruss, R., Onstott, T., and Omar, G., 1999, Paleofluid-flow circulation within a Triassic rift basin: Evidence from oil inclusions and thermal histories: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 111, no. 2, p. 275-290, https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1999)111<0275:PFCWAT>2.3.CO;2.","productDescription":"16 p.","startPage":"275","endPage":"290","numberOfPages":"16","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":229189,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"111","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a73e4e4b0c8380cd772f0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Tseng, H.-Y.","contributorId":77672,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tseng","given":"H.-Y.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":391440,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Burruss, R.C. 0000-0001-6827-804X","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6827-804X","contributorId":99574,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Burruss","given":"R.C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":391441,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Onstott, T.C.","contributorId":47006,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Onstott","given":"T.C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":391439,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Omar, G.","contributorId":38306,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Omar","given":"G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":391438,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70021854,"text":"70021854 - 1999 - Professional conduct of scientists during volcanic crises","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-09-04T13:52:40.191647","indexId":"70021854","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1109,"text":"Bulletin of Volcanology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Professional conduct of scientists during volcanic crises","docAbstract":"Stress during volcanic crises is high, and any friction between scientists can distract seriously from both humanitarian and scientific effort. Friction can arise, for example, if team members do not share all of their data, if differences in scientific interpretation erupt into public controversy, or if one scientist begins work on a prime research topic while a colleague with longer-standing investment is still busy with public safety work. Some problems arise within existing scientific teams; others are brought on by visiting scientists. Friction can also arise between volcanologists and public officials. Two general measures may avert or reduce friction: (a) National volcanologic surveys and other scientific groups that advise civil authorities in times of volcanic crisis should prepare, in advance of crises, a written plan that details crisis team policies, procedures, leadership and other roles of team members, and other matters pertinent to crisis conduct. A copy of this plan should be given to all current and prospective team members. (b) Each participant in a crisis team should examine his or her own actions and contribution to the crisis effort. A personal checklist is provided to aid this examination. Questions fall generally in two categories: Are my presence and actions for the public good? Are my words and actions collegial, i.e., courteous, respectful, and fair? Numerous specific solutions to common crisis problems are also offered. Among these suggestions are: (a) choose scientific team leaders primarily for their leadership skills; (b) speak publicly with a single scientific voice, especially when forecasts, warnings, or scientific disagreements are involved; (c) if you are a would-be visitor, inquire from the primary scientific team whether your help would be welcomed, and, in general, proceed only if the reply is genuinely positive; (d) in publications, personnel evaluations, and funding, reward rather than discourage teamwork. Models are available from the fields of particle physics and human genetics, among others.","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/PL00008908","issn":"02588900","usgsCitation":"IAVCEI Subcommittee for Crisis Protocols, Newhall, C., Aramaki, S., Barberi, F., Blong, R., Calvache, M., Cheminee, J., Punongbayan, R., Siebe, C., Simkin, T., Sparks, S., and Tjetjep, W., 1999, Professional conduct of scientists during volcanic crises: Bulletin of Volcanology, v. 60, no. 5, p. 323-334, https://doi.org/10.1007/PL00008908.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"323","endPage":"334","numberOfPages":"12","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":229156,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"60","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a8dfbe4b0c8380cd7ef47","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"IAVCEI Subcommittee for Crisis Protocols","contributorId":128007,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"IAVCEI Subcommittee for Crisis Protocols","id":535142,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Newhall, Chris","contributorId":9417,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Newhall","given":"Chris","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":391426,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Aramaki, Shigeo","contributorId":105071,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Aramaki","given":"Shigeo","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":391436,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Barberi, Franco","contributorId":28762,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Barberi","given":"Franco","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":391428,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Blong, Russell","contributorId":71336,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Blong","given":"Russell","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":391433,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Calvache, Marta","contributorId":103431,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Calvache","given":"Marta","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":391435,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Cheminee, Jean-Louis","contributorId":41611,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cheminee","given":"Jean-Louis","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":391431,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Punongbayan, Raymundo","contributorId":51935,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Punongbayan","given":"Raymundo","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":391432,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Siebe, Claus","contributorId":24121,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Siebe","given":"Claus","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":391427,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Simkin, Tom","contributorId":106981,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Simkin","given":"Tom","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":391437,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10},{"text":"Sparks, Stephen","contributorId":37490,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sparks","given":"Stephen","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":391429,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":11},{"text":"Tjetjep, Wimpy","contributorId":98899,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tjetjep","given":"Wimpy","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":391434,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":12}]}}
,{"id":70021853,"text":"70021853 - 1999 - Biochemical analysis of plant protection afforded by a nonpathogenic endophytic mutant of Colletotrichum magna","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-03-22T16:50:42","indexId":"70021853","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3088,"text":"Plant Physiology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"displayTitle":"Biochemical analysis of plant protection afforded by a nonpathogenic endophytic mutant of <i>Colletotrichum magna</i>","title":"Biochemical analysis of plant protection afforded by a nonpathogenic endophytic mutant of Colletotrichum magna","docAbstract":"<p>A nonpathogenic mutant of <i>Colletotrichum magna</i> (path-1) was previously shown to protect watermelon (Citrullus lanatus) and cucumber (Cucumis sativus) seedlings from anthracnose disease elicited by wild-type C. magna. Disease protection was observed in stems of path-1-colonized cucurbits but not in cotyledons, indicating that path-1 conferred tissue-specific and/or localized protection. Plant biochemical indicators of a localized and systemic (peroxidase, phenylalanine ammonia-lyase, lignin, and salicylic acid) 'plant-defense' response were investigated in anthracnose-resistant and -susceptible cultivars of cucurbit seedlings exposed to four treatments: (1) water (control), (2) path-1 conidia, (3) wild-type conidia, and (4) challenge conditions (inoculation into path-1 conidia for 48 h and then exposure to wild-type conidia). Collectively, these analyses indicated that disease protection in path-1 colonized plants was correlated with the ability of these plants to mount a defense response more rapidly and to equal or greater levels than plants exposed to wild-type C. magna alone. Watermelon plants colonized with path-1 were also protected against disease caused by Colletotrichum orbiculare and Fusarium oxysporum. A model based on the kinetics of plant-defense activation is presented to explain the mechanism of path-1-conferred disease protection.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"American Society of Plant Physiologists","doi":"10.1104/pp.119.2.795","issn":"00320889","usgsCitation":"Redman, R.S., Freeman, S., Clifton, D., Morrel, J., Brown, G., and Rodriguez, R.J., 1999, Biochemical analysis of plant protection afforded by a nonpathogenic endophytic mutant of Colletotrichum magna: Plant Physiology, v. 119, no. 2, p. 795-804, https://doi.org/10.1104/pp.119.2.795.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"795","endPage":"804","numberOfPages":"10","costCenters":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":479524,"rank":1,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/32157","text":"External Repository"},{"id":229155,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"119","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1999-02-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f13fe4b0c8380cd4ab18","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Redman, R. S.","contributorId":26094,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Redman","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":391420,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Freeman, S.","contributorId":78492,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Freeman","given":"S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":391423,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Clifton, D.R.","contributorId":104654,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Clifton","given":"D.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":391425,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Morrel, J.","contributorId":51040,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Morrel","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":391421,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Brown, G.","contributorId":83293,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brown","given":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":391424,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Rodriguez, R. J.","contributorId":53107,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Rodriguez","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":391422,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}}
,{"id":70021515,"text":"70021515 - 1999 - Seismic activity of the San Francisco Bay region","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-10-18T00:49:39.116562","indexId":"70021515","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1135,"text":"Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America","onlineIssn":"1943-3573","printIssn":"0037-1106","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Seismic activity of the San Francisco Bay region","docAbstract":"<div id=\"135076994\" class=\"article-section-wrapper js-article-section js-content-section  \" data-section-parent-id=\"0\"><p>Moment magnitude<span>&nbsp;</span><strong>M</strong><span>&nbsp;</span>with objective confidence-level uncertainties are estimated for felt San Francisco Bay region earthquakes using Bakun and Went-worth's (1997) analysis strategy for seismic intensity observations. The frequency-magnitude distribution is well described for<span>&nbsp;</span><strong>M</strong><span>&nbsp;</span>≧ 5.5 events since 1850 by a Gutenberg-Richter relation with a<span>&nbsp;</span><i>b</i>-value of 0.90. The seismic moment rate Σ<i>M</i><sub>0</sub>/yr since 1836 is 2.68 × 10<sup>18</sup><span>&nbsp;</span>N-m/yr (95% confidence range = 1.29 × 10<sup>18</sup><span>&nbsp;</span>N-m/yr to 4.07 × 10<sup>18</sup><span>&nbsp;</span>N-m/yr); the seismic moment rate since 1850 is nearly the same. Σ<i>M</i><sub>0</sub>/yr in the 56 years before 1906 is about 10 times that in the 70 years after 1906. In contrast, Σ<i>M</i><sub>0</sub>/yr since 1977 is about equal that in the 56 years before 1906. 80% (1σ = 14%) of the plate-motion moment accumulation rate is available for release in earthquakes. The historical Σ<i>M</i><sub>0</sub>/yr and the portion of the plate-motion moment accumulation rate available for release in earthquakes are used in a seismic cycle model to estimate the rate of seismic activity in the twenty-first century. High and low rates of future seismic activity are both permissible given the range of possible seismic-cycle recurrence times<span>&nbsp;</span><i>T</i><span>&nbsp;</span>and the uncertainties in the historical Σ<i>M</i><sub>0</sub><span>&nbsp;</span>and in the percentage of plate motion available for release in earthquakes. If the historical seismic moment rate is not greater than the estimated 2.68 × 10<sup>18</sup><span>&nbsp;</span>N-m/yr and the percentage of the plate-motion moment accumulation available for release in earthquakes is not less than the estimated 80%, then for all<span>&nbsp;</span><i>T</i>, the rate of seismic moment release from now until the next 1906-sized shock will be comparable to the rate from 1836 to 1905 when<span>&nbsp;</span><strong>M</strong><span>&nbsp;</span>6 1/2 shocks occurred every 15 to 20 years.</p></div>","language":"English","publisher":"Seismological Society of America","doi":"10.1785/BSSA0890030764","issn":"00371106","usgsCitation":"Bakun, W.H., 1999, Seismic activity of the San Francisco Bay region: Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, v. 89, no. 3, p. 764-784, https://doi.org/10.1785/BSSA0890030764.","productDescription":"21 p.","startPage":"764","endPage":"784","numberOfPages":"21","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":229543,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"San Francisco Bay region","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -123.46967985950582,\n              38.61368573647616\n            ],\n            [\n              -123.46967985950582,\n              37.06612126487765\n            ],\n            [\n              -121.30089136854097,\n              37.06612126487765\n            ],\n            [\n              -121.30089136854097,\n              38.61368573647616\n            ],\n            [\n              -123.46967985950582,\n              38.61368573647616\n            ]\n          ]\n        ],\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"89","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1999-06-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b8aeae4b08c986b31746c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bakun, W. H.","contributorId":67055,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bakun","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390159,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70021762,"text":"70021762 - 1999 - Post audit of a numerical prediction of wellfield drawdown in a semiconfined aquifer system","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-03-07T00:57:58.622153","indexId":"70021762","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3825,"text":"Groundwater","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Post audit of a numerical prediction of wellfield drawdown in a semiconfined aquifer system","docAbstract":"<div class=\"abstract-group  metis-abstract\"><div class=\"article-section__content en main\"><p>A numerical ground water flow model was created in 1978 and revised in 1981 to predict the drawdown effects of a proposed municipal wellfield permitted to withdraw 30 million gallons per day (mgd; 1.1 × 10<sup>5</sup><span>&nbsp;</span>m<sup>3</sup>/day) of water from the semiconfined Floridan Aquifer system. The predictions are based on the assumption that water levels in the semiconfined Floridan Aquifer reach a long-term, steady-state condition within a few days of initiation of pumping. Using this assumption, a 75 day simulation without water table recharge, pumping at the maximum permitted rates, was considered to represent a worst-case condition and the greatest drawdowns that could be experienced during wellfield operation. This method of predicting wellfield effects was accepted by the permitting agency.</p><p>For this post audit, observed drawdowns were derived by taking the difference between pre-pumping and post-pumping potentiometric surface levels. Comparison of predicted and observed drawdowns suggests that actual drawdown over a 12 year period exceeds predicted drawdown by a factor of two or more. Analysis of the source of error in the 1981 predictions suggests that the values used for transmissivity, storativity. specific yield, and leakance are reasonable at the wellfield scale. Simulation using actual 1980–1992 pumping rates improves the agreement between predicted and observed drawdowns. The principal source of error is the assumption that water levels in a semiconfined aquifer achieve a steady-state condition after a few days or weeks of pumping. Simulations using a version of the 1981 model modified to include recharge and evapotranspiration suggest that it can take hundreds of days or several years for water levels in the linked Surficial and Floridan Aquifers to reach an apparent steady-state condition, and that slow declines in levels continue for years after the initiation of pumping. While the 1981 “impact” model can be used for reasonably predicting short-term, wellfield-scale effects of pumping, using a 75 day long simulation without recharge to predict the long-term behavior of the wellfield was an inappropriate application, resulting in significant underprediction of wellfield effects.</p></div></div>","language":"English","publisher":"National Groundwater Associatin","doi":"10.1111/j.1745-6584.1999.tb00980.x","issn":"0017467X","usgsCitation":"Stewart, M., and Langevin, C., 1999, Post audit of a numerical prediction of wellfield drawdown in a semiconfined aquifer system: Groundwater, v. 37, no. 2, p. 245-252, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6584.1999.tb00980.x.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"245","endPage":"252","numberOfPages":"8","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":479628,"rank":2,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6584.1999.tb00980.x","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":229442,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"37","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2005-08-04","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a7e46e4b0c8380cd7a435","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Stewart, M.","contributorId":68347,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stewart","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":391057,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Langevin, C.","contributorId":27216,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Langevin","given":"C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":391056,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70180394,"text":"70180394 - 1999 - Geology of Unga Island and the northwestern part of Popof Island: Chapter 2 in <i>A geological and geophysical study of the gold-silver vein system of Unga Island, Southwestern Alaska</i>","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":70180394,"text":"70180394 - 1999 - Geology of Unga Island and the northwestern part of Popof Island: Chapter 2 in <i>A geological and geophysical study of the gold-silver vein system of Unga Island, Southwestern Alaska</i>","indexId":"70180394","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"chapter":"2","title":"Geology of Unga Island and the northwestern part of Popof Island: Chapter 2 in <i>A geological and geophysical study of the gold-silver vein system of Unga Island, Southwestern Alaska</i>"},"predicate":"IS_PART_OF","object":{"id":21825,"text":"ofr99136 - 1999 - Geological and geophysical setting of the gold-silver vein systems of Unga Island, southwestern Alaska","indexId":"ofr99136","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"title":"Geological and geophysical setting of the gold-silver vein systems of Unga Island, southwestern Alaska"},"id":1}],"isPartOf":{"id":21825,"text":"ofr99136 - 1999 - Geological and geophysical setting of the gold-silver vein systems of Unga Island, southwestern Alaska","indexId":"ofr99136","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"title":"Geological and geophysical setting of the gold-silver vein systems of Unga Island, southwestern Alaska"},"lastModifiedDate":"2018-08-19T21:31:11","indexId":"70180394","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"99-136","chapter":"2","title":"Geology of Unga Island and the northwestern part of Popof Island: Chapter 2 in <i>A geological and geophysical study of the gold-silver vein system of Unga Island, Southwestern Alaska</i>","docAbstract":"<p>The first geologic map of Unga Island was published by Atwood (1911; scale 1:250,000), who correctly inferred the middle Tertiary age of the volcanic rocks and made the important distinction between the lava flows and the intrusive domes. Although Burk's (1964) reconnaissance map of the Alaska Peninsula (scale 1:250,000) has been modified in some respects, it does correct Atwood's map by replacing the Kenai Formation on northwestern Unga Island with the Unga Conglomerate and by recognizing the older Stepovak Formation elsewhere on Unga and Popof Islands.</p><p>U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) field studies that were focused on the mineral-resource potential of the Alaska Peninsula began in the late 1970's. These studies led to a geologic map of the Port Moller quadrangle--including Unga Island--at 1:250,000 scale (Wilson and others, 1995), as well as summaries of mineral occurrences and geochronological studies (Wilson and others, 1988, 1994) and a formal revision of the stratigraphic units of the Alaska Peninsula (Detterman and others, 1996). As follow-up to the regional studies, a detailed study of the vein systems on Unga Island was undertaken as a collaborative effort between USGS and private industry (White and Queen, 1989). The fieldwork leading to the present report and geologic map was started in 1978 (Riehle and others, 1982) and was completed as part of the vein study. The objective was a better understanding of the geologic setting of the vein systems: the geologic history of the host rocks, the structural controls on the veins, and the types of processes that likely caused the mineralization.</p>","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"A geological and geophysical study of the gold-silver vein system of Unga Island, Southwestern Alaska (Open-File Report 99-136)","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Anchorage, AK","doi":"10.3133/70180394","usgsCitation":"Riehle, J.R., Wilson, F.H., Shew, N.B., and White, W., 1999, Geology of Unga Island and the northwestern part of Popof Island: Chapter 2 in <i>A geological and geophysical study of the gold-silver vein system of Unga Island, Southwestern Alaska</i> (Version 1.3): U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 99-136, 19 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/70180394.","productDescription":"19 p.","numberOfPages":"19","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":334272,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":334271,"rank":1,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1999/of99-136/chapters/c2_geology/2_geol_map.pdf"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Alaska Peninsula, Popof Island, Unga Island","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -160.77392578125,\n              55.407188641599014\n            ],\n            [\n              -160.576171875,\n              55.43057190604551\n            ],\n            [\n              -160.40863037109372,\n              55.380670870827416\n            ],\n            [\n              -160.26855468749997,\n              55.36818576460152\n            ],\n            [\n              -160.29876708984375,\n              55.246249384919125\n            ],\n            [\n              -160.52947998046875,\n              55.11294279005422\n            ],\n            [\n              -160.8673095703125,\n              55.09723033442451\n            ],\n            [\n              -160.927734375,\n              55.229023057406344\n            ],\n            [\n              -160.9002685546875,\n              55.374428810207625\n            ],\n            [\n              -160.77392578125,\n              55.407188641599014\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","edition":"Version 1.3","publicComments":"Originally published in a CD-ROM; the file is now available online.","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"588f0d76e4b072a7ac08c129","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Riehle, James R.","contributorId":70048,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Riehle","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":661518,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wilson, Frederic H. 0000-0003-1761-6437 fwilson@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1761-6437","contributorId":67174,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wilson","given":"Frederic","email":"fwilson@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":119,"text":"Alaska Science Center Geology Minerals","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":661519,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Shew, Nora B. 0000-0003-0025-7220 nshew@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0025-7220","contributorId":3382,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shew","given":"Nora","email":"nshew@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[{"id":119,"text":"Alaska Science Center Geology Minerals","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":661520,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"White, Willis H.","contributorId":7761,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"White","given":"Willis H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":661521,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":29201,"text":"wri994054 - 1999 - Application of spatially referenced regression modeling for the evaluation of total nitrogen loading in the Chesapeake Bay watershed","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-07-07T18:59:26.156109","indexId":"wri994054","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"99-4054","title":"Application of spatially referenced regression modeling for the evaluation of total nitrogen loading in the Chesapeake Bay watershed","docAbstract":"The reduction of stream nutrient loads is an important part of current efforts to improve water quality in the Chesapeake Bay. To design programs that will effectively reduce stream nutrient loading, resource managers need spatially detailed information that describes the location of nutrient sources and the watershed factors that affect delivery of nutrients to the Bay. To address this need, the U.S. Geological Survey has developed a set of spatially referenced regression models for the evaluation of nutrient loading in the watershed. The technique applied for this purpose is referred to as ?SPARROW? (SPAtially Referenced Regressions On Watershed attributes), which is a statistical modeling approach that retains spatial referencing for illustrating predictions, and for relating upstream nutrient sources to downstream nutrient loads. SPARROW is based on a digital stream-network data set that is composed of stream segments (reaches) that are attributed with traveltime and connectivity information. Drainage-basin boundaries are defined for each stream reach in the network data set through the use of a digital elevation model. For the Chesapeake Bay watershed, the spatial network was developed using the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency?s River Reach File 1 digital stream network, and is composed of 1,408 stream reaches and watershed segments.    To develop a SPARROW model for total nitrogen in the Chesapeake Bay watershed, data sets for sources and basin characteristics were incorporated into the spatial network and related to stream-loading information by using a nonlinear regression model approach. Total nitrogen source variables that were statistically significant in the model include point sources, urban area, fertilizer application, manure generation and atmospheric deposition. Total nitrogen loss variables that were significant in the model include soil permeability and instream-loss rates for four stream-reach classes. Applications of SPARROW for evaluating total nitrogen loading in the Chesapeake Bay watershed include the illustration of the spatial distributions of total nitrogen yields and of the potential for delivery of those yields to the Bay. This information is being used by the Chesapeake Bay Program to target nutrient-reduction areas (Priority Nutrient Reduction Areas) and to design nutrient-load reduction plans that are specific to each tributary (Tributary Strategies).","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri994054","usgsCitation":"Preston, S.D., and Brakebill, J.W., 1999, Application of spatially referenced regression modeling for the evaluation of total nitrogen loading in the Chesapeake Bay watershed: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 99-4054, 12 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri994054.","productDescription":"12 p.","costCenters":[{"id":374,"text":"Maryland Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":451,"text":"National Water Quality Assessment Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":400772,"rank":2,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index 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,{"id":70187673,"text":"70187673 - 1999 - Surface phenology and satellite sensor-derived onset of greenness: An initial comparison","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-05-12T13:32:45","indexId":"70187673","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2068,"text":"International Journal of Remote Sensing","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Surface phenology and satellite sensor-derived onset of greenness: An initial comparison","docAbstract":"<p><span>The objective of this work was to document the utility of phenological data derived from satellite sensors by comparing them with modelled phenology. Surface phenological model outputs (first leaf and first bloom dates) were correlated positively with satellite sensor-derived start of season (SOS) dates for 1991-1995 across the eastern United States. The correlation was highest for forest (r 0.62 for deciduous trees and 0.64 for mixed woodland) and tall grass (r 0.46) and lowest for short grass (r 0.37). The average correlation over all land cover types was 0.61. Average SOS dates were consistently earlier than Spring Index dates across all land cover types. This finding and limited native tree phenology data suggest that the SOS technique detects understorey green-up in the forest rather than overstorey species. The biweekly temporal resolution of the satellite sensor data placed an upper limit on prediction accuracy; thus, year-to-year variations at individual sites were typically small. Nevertheless, the correct biweek SOS could be identified from the surface models 61% of the time, and 1 biweek 96% of the time. Further temporal refinement of the satellite sensor measurements is necessary in order to connect them with surface phenology adequately and to develop links among 'green wave' components in selected biomes.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Taylor & Francis","doi":"10.1080/014311699211499","usgsCitation":"Schwartz, M.D., and Reed, B.C., 1999, Surface phenology and satellite sensor-derived onset of greenness: An initial comparison: International Journal of Remote Sensing, v. 20, no. 17, p. 3451-3457, https://doi.org/10.1080/014311699211499.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"3451","endPage":"3457","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":341225,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"20","issue":"17","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2010-11-25","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5916c9b7e4b044b359e486aa","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Schwartz, Mark D.","contributorId":175228,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Schwartz","given":"Mark","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":18038,"text":"University of Wisconsin, Milwaukee","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":695030,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Reed, Bradley C. 0000-0002-1132-7178 reed@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1132-7178","contributorId":2901,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reed","given":"Bradley","email":"reed@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":223,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center (Geography)","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":695031,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70021883,"text":"70021883 - 1999 - Three-dimensional velocity structure of Siletzia and other accreted terranes in the Cascadia forearc of Washington","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-11-18T10:08:13","indexId":"70021883","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2314,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Three-dimensional velocity structure of Siletzia and other accreted terranes in the Cascadia forearc of Washington","docAbstract":"Eocene mafic crust with high seismic velocities underlies much of the Oregon and Washington forearc and acts as a backstop for accretion of marine sedimentary rocks from the obliquely subducting Juan de Fuca slab. Arc-parallel migration of relatively strong blocks of this terrane, known as Siletzia, focuses upper crustal deformation along block boundaries, which are potential sources of earthquakes. In a three-dimensional velocity model of coastal Washington, we have combined surface geology, well data, and travel times from earthquakes and controlled source seismic experiments to resolve the major boundaries of the Siletz terrane with the adjacent accreted sedimentary prism and volcanic arc. In southern Washington and northern Oregon the Siletz terrane appears to be a thick block (???20 km) that extends west of the coastline and makes a high-angle contact with the offshore accreted sedimentary prism. On its east flank the high-velocity Siletz terrane boundary coincides with an en echelon zone of seismicity in the arc. In northern Washington the western edge of Siletzia makes a lower-angled, fault-bound contact with the accretionary prism. In addition, alternating, east-west trending uplifts and downwarps of the Siletz terrane centered on the antiformal Olympic Mountains may reflect focusing of north-south compression in the northern part of the Siletz terrane. This compressional strain may result from northward transport and clockwise rotation of the Siletz terrane into the relatively fixed Canadian Coast Mountains restraining bend along the coast.","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1029/1999JB900106","issn":"01480227","usgsCitation":"Parsons, T., Wells, R., Fisher, M.A., Flueh, E., and ten Brink, U., 1999, Three-dimensional velocity structure of Siletzia and other accreted terranes in the Cascadia forearc of Washington: Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth, v. 104, no. B8, p. 18015-18039, https://doi.org/10.1029/1999JB900106.","productDescription":"25 p.","startPage":"18015","endPage":"18039","costCenters":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":479511,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/1999jb900106","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":229636,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Oregon, Washington","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {\n        \"stroke\": \"#555555\",\n        \"stroke-width\": 2,\n        \"stroke-opacity\": 1,\n        \"fill\": \"#555555\",\n        \"fill-opacity\": 0.5\n      },\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -129.5947265625,\n              42.4234565179383\n            ],\n            [\n              -117.1142578125,\n              42.4234565179383\n            ],\n            [\n              -117.1142578125,\n              50.56928286558243\n            ],\n            [\n              -129.5947265625,\n              50.56928286558243\n            ],\n            [\n              -129.5947265625,\n              42.4234565179383\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"104","issue":"B8","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1999-08-10","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bb34de4b08c986b325ce8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Parsons, T.","contributorId":48288,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Parsons","given":"T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":391550,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wells, R.E. 0000-0002-7796-0160","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7796-0160","contributorId":67537,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wells","given":"R.E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":391552,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Fisher, M. A.","contributorId":69972,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fisher","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":391553,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Flueh, E.","contributorId":55591,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Flueh","given":"E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":391551,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"ten Brink, Uri S. 0000-0001-6858-3001 utenbrink@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6858-3001","contributorId":127560,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"ten Brink","given":"Uri S.","email":"utenbrink@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":186,"text":"Coastal and Marine Geology Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":391554,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":70021301,"text":"70021301 - 1999 - Premonitory slip and tidal triggering of earthquakes","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-07-17T15:02:38.332599","indexId":"70021301","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2314,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Premonitory slip and tidal triggering of earthquakes","docAbstract":"<p><span>We have conducted a series of laboratory simulations of earthquakes using granite cylinders containing precut bare fault surfaces at 50 MPa confining pressure. Axial shortening rates between 10</span><sup>−4</sup><span>and 10</span><sup>−6</sup><span>&nbsp;mm/s were imposed to simulate tectonic loading. Average loading rate was then modulated by the addition of a small-amplitude sine wave to simulate periodic loading due to Earth tides or other sources. The period of the modulating signal ranged from 10 to 10,000 s. For each combination of amplitude and period of the modulating signal, multiple stick-slip events were recorded to determine the degree of correlation between the timing of simulated earthquakes and the imposed periodic loading function. Over the range of parameters studied, the degree of correlation of earthquakes was most sensitive to the amplitude of the periodic loading, with weaker dependence on the period of oscillations and the average loading rate. Accelerating premonitory slip was observed in these experiments and is a controlling factor in determining the conditions under which correlated events occur. In fact, some form of delayed failure is necessary to produce the observed correlations between simulated earthquake timing and characteristics of the periodic loading function. The transition from strongly correlated to weakly correlated model earthquake populations occurred when the amplitude of the periodic loading was approximately 0.05 to 0.1 MPa shear stress (0.03 to 0.06 MPa Coulomb failure function). Lower-amplitude oscillations produced progressively lower correlation levels. Correlations between static stress increases and earthquake aftershocks are found to degrade at similar stress levels. Typical stress variations due to Earth tides are only 0.001 to 0.004 MPa, so that the lack of correlation between Earth tides and earthquakes is also consistent with our findings. A simple extrapolation of our results suggests that approximately 1% of midcrustal earthquakes should be correlated with Earth tides. Triggered seismicity has been reported resulting from the passage of surface waves excited by the Landers earthquake. These transient waves had measured amplitudes in excess of 0.1 MPa at frequencies of 0.05 to 0.2 Hz in regions of notable seismicity increase. Similar stress oscillations in our laboratory experiments produced strongly correlated stick-slip events. We suggest that seemingly inconsistent natural observations of triggered seismicity and absence of tidal triggering indicate that failure is amplitude and frequency dependent. This is the expected result if, as in our laboratory experiments, the rheology of the Earth's crust permits delayed failure.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/1999JB900205","issn":"01480227","usgsCitation":"Lockner, D., and Beeler, N., 1999, Premonitory slip and tidal triggering of earthquakes: Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth, v. 104, no. B9, p. 20133-20151, https://doi.org/10.1029/1999JB900205.","productDescription":"19 p.","startPage":"20133","endPage":"20151","numberOfPages":"19","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":230225,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"104","issue":"B9","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1999-09-10","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a8b15e4b0c8380cd7e169","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lockner, D.A. 0000-0001-8630-6833","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8630-6833","contributorId":85603,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lockner","given":"D.A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":389403,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Beeler, N.M. 0000-0002-3397-8481","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3397-8481","contributorId":68894,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Beeler","given":"N.M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":389402,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70185246,"text":"70185246 - 1999 - Geochemical heterogeneity of a gasoline-contaminated aquifer","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-12-19T08:39:13","indexId":"70185246","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2233,"text":"Journal of Contaminant Hydrology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Geochemical heterogeneity of a gasoline-contaminated aquifer","docAbstract":"<p><span>The scale of biogeochemical reactions was studied in a physically and chemically heterogeneous surficial Coastal Plain aquifer contaminated by a gasoline spill. The physical heterogeneity of the aquifer is manifested in two hydrologic units, a shallow local aquifer of perched water and a regional sandy aquifer. Over the studied vertical interval of 21.3 ft (6.5 m), concentrations of reactive species varied by orders of magnitude, and the impact of biodegradation was expressed to widely varying degrees. A thin (3 ft thick) section of the perched-water zone was the most contaminated; total aromatic hydrocarbons were as high as 19.4 mg/l. Hydrocarbons were degraded by microbially mediated reactions that varied over short vertical distances and time. Anaerobic processes dominated within the low-permeability clay unit, whereas in the more permeable sandy layers nitrate reduction and aerobic degradation occurred. Hydrocarbons were more persistent over time in the low-permeability layer due to the limited availability of electron acceptors for degradation. The microbial degradation of hydrocarbons was linked to sulfate and iron reduction in the clay unit and led to alterations in the aquifer solids; electron microscopy revealed the presence of FeS minerals encrusting primary aquifer grains. High concentrations of Fe</span><sup>2+</sup><span> in groundwater, up to 34.5 mg/l, persist in kinetic disequilibrium in the presence of elevated H</span><sub>2</sub><span>S levels of 1.0 mg/l. Assessment of aquifer heterogeneities and groundwater contamination was possible due to sample discrimination at a scale of approximately 2 ft (∼0.6 m), a much finer resolution than is attempted in many remedial investigations of polluted aquifers. The information obtained in this type of study is essential to the development of models capable of estimating the fate of hydrocarbons at a site scale.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier ","doi":"10.1016/S0169-7722(99)00050-9","usgsCitation":"Cozzarelli, I.M., Herman, J.S., Baedecker, M.J., and Fischer, J., 1999, Geochemical heterogeneity of a gasoline-contaminated aquifer: Journal of Contaminant Hydrology, v. 40, no. 13, p. 261-284, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0169-7722(99)00050-9.","productDescription":"24 p. ","startPage":"261","endPage":"284","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":337778,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"40","issue":"13","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58cba425e4b0849ce97dc7b2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cozzarelli, Isabelle M. 0000-0002-5123-1007 icozzare@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5123-1007","contributorId":1693,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cozzarelli","given":"Isabelle","email":"icozzare@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":436,"text":"National Research Program - Eastern Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":49175,"text":"Geology, Energy & Minerals Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":684856,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Herman, Janet S.","contributorId":62138,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Herman","given":"Janet","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":684857,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Baedecker, Mary Jo mjbaedec@usgs.gov","contributorId":3346,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Baedecker","given":"Mary","email":"mjbaedec@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"Jo","affiliations":[{"id":436,"text":"National Research Program - Eastern Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":684858,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Fischer, Jeffrey M. 0000-0003-2996-9272 fischer@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2996-9272","contributorId":573,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fischer","given":"Jeffrey M.","email":"fischer@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":451,"text":"National Water Quality Assessment Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":684859,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70187660,"text":"70187660 - 1999 - International river basins of the world","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-05-12T11:20:15","indexId":"70187660","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2081,"text":"International Journal of Water Resources Development","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"International river basins of the world","docAbstract":"<p><span>It is becoming acknowledged that water is likely to be the most pressing environmental concern of the next century. Difficulties in river basin management are only exacerbated when the resource crosses international boundaries. One critical aid in the assessment of international waters has been the Register of International Rivers a compendium which listed 214 international waterways that cover 47% of the earth's continental land surface. The Register, though, was last updated in 1978 by the now defunct United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs. The purpose of this paper is to update the Register in order to reflect the quantum changes that have taken place over the last 22 years, both in global geopolitics and in map coverage and technology. By accessing digital elevation models at spatial resolutions of 30 arc seconds, corroborating at a unified global map coverage of at least 1:1 000 000, and superimposing the results over complete coverage of current political boundaries, we are able to provide a new register which lists 261 international rivers, covering 45.3% of the land surface of the earth (excluding Antarctica). This paper lists all international rivers with their watershed areas, the nations which share each watershed,their respective territorial percentages, and notes on changes in or disputes over international boundaries since 1978.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Taylor & Francis","doi":"10.1080/07900629948682","usgsCitation":"Wolf, A.T., Natharius, J.A., Danielson, J.J., Ward, B.S., and Pender, J.K., 1999, International river basins of the world: International Journal of Water Resources Development, v. 15, no. 4, p. 387-427, https://doi.org/10.1080/07900629948682.","productDescription":"41 p.","startPage":"387","endPage":"427","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":341201,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"15","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5916c9b8e4b044b359e486b2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wolf, Aaron T.","contributorId":191989,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Wolf","given":"Aaron","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":694974,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Natharius, Jeffrey A.","contributorId":149642,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Natharius","given":"Jeffrey","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":694975,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Danielson, Jeffrey J. 0000-0003-0907-034X daniels@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0907-034X","contributorId":3996,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Danielson","given":"Jeffrey","email":"daniels@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":223,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center (Geography)","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":694976,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Ward, Brian S.","contributorId":191990,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Ward","given":"Brian","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":694977,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Pender, Jan K.","contributorId":191991,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Pender","given":"Jan","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":694978,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":70021812,"text":"70021812 - 1999 - Degassing and microlite crystallization during pre-climactic events of the 1991 eruption of Mt. Pinatubo, Philippines","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:41","indexId":"70021812","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1109,"text":"Bulletin of Volcanology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Degassing and microlite crystallization during pre-climactic events of the 1991 eruption of Mt. Pinatubo, Philippines","docAbstract":"Dacite tephras produced by the 1991 pre-climactic eruptive sequence at Mt. Pinatubo display extreme heterogeneity in vesicularity, ranging in clast density from 700 to 2580 kg m-3. Observations of the 13 surge-producing blasts that preceded the climactic plinian event include radar-defined estimates of column heights and seismically defined eruptive and intra-eruptive durations. A comparison of the characteristics of erupted material, including microlite textures, chemical compositions, and H2O contents, with eruptive parameters suggests that devolatilization-induced crystallization of the magma occurred to a varying extent prior to at least nine of the explosive events. Although volatile loss progressed to the same approximate level in all of the clasts analyzed (weight percent H2O=1.26-1.73), microlite crystallization was extremely variable (0-22%). We infer that syn-eruptive volatile exsolution from magma in the conduit and intra-eruptive separation of the gas phase was facilitated by the development of permeability within magma residing in the conduit. Correlation of maximum microlite crystallinity with repose interval duration (28-262 min) suggests that crystallization occurred primarily intra-eruptively, in response to the reduction in dissolved H2O content that occurred during the preceding event. Detailed textural characterization, including determination of three-dimensional shapes and crystal size distributions (CSD), was conducted on a subset of clasts in order to determine rates of crystal nucleation and growth using repose interval as the time available for crystallization. Shape and size analysis suggests that crystallization proceeded in response to lessening degrees of feldspar supersaturation as repose interval durations increased. We thus propose that during repose intervals, a plug of highly viscous magma formed due to the collapse of vesicular magma that had exsolved volatiles during the previous explosive event. If plug thickness grew proportionally to the square root of time, and if magma pressurization increased during the eruptive sequence, the frequency of eruptive pulses may have been modulated by degassing of magma within the conduit. Dense clasts in surge deposits probably represent plug material entrained by each subsequent explosive event.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Bulletin of Volcanology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1007/s004450050238","issn":"02588900","usgsCitation":"Hammer, J., Cashman, K.V., Hoblitt, R., and Newman, S., 1999, Degassing and microlite crystallization during pre-climactic events of the 1991 eruption of Mt. Pinatubo, Philippines: Bulletin of Volcanology, v. 60, no. 5, p. 355-380, https://doi.org/10.1007/s004450050238.","startPage":"355","endPage":"380","numberOfPages":"26","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":206400,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004450050238"},{"id":229631,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"60","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059fe4fe4b0c8380cd4ec72","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hammer, J.E.","contributorId":8246,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hammer","given":"J.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":391275,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Cashman, K. V.","contributorId":16831,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cashman","given":"K.","email":"","middleInitial":"V.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":391276,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hoblitt, R.","contributorId":89536,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hoblitt","given":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":391277,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Newman, S.","contributorId":7678,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Newman","given":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":391274,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70187663,"text":"70187663 - 1999 - The Global Land-Cover Characteristics Database: The users' perspective","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-04-01T23:21:20.707054","indexId":"70187663","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3052,"text":"Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The Global Land-Cover Characteristics Database: The users' perspective","docAbstract":"<p>A unique global land-cover characteristics database developed by the U.S. Geological Survey has been available to users since mid-1997. Access to the data is through the internet under the EROS (Earth Resources Observation Systems) Data Center's home page (http://edcwww.cr.usgs.gov/landdaac/glcc/glcc.html). Since the release of the database, the data have been incorporated into various environmental research and modeling applications, including mapping global biodiversity, mesoscale climate simulations, carbon cycle modeling, and estimating habitat destruction. Since the early stages of the project, user feedback has provided a means to understand data utility in applications, garner suggestions for data improvements, and gain insights into the technical challenges faced by users. Synthesis of user feedback provided a means to generate a user profile and derive a list of applications-critical criteria for land-cover data. User suggestions have lead to revisions in the database, including label changes, alternative classification schemes, and additional projections for the data. </p>","language":"English","publisher":"ASPRS","usgsCitation":"Brown, J.F., Loveland, T.R., Ohlen, D.O., and Zhu, Z., 1999, The Global Land-Cover Characteristics Database: The users' perspective: Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing, v. 65, no. 9, p. 1069-1074.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"1069","endPage":"1074","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":341205,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":397991,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.asprs.org/asprs-publications/pers"}],"volume":"65","issue":"9","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5916c9b8e4b044b359e486b0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Brown, Jesslyn F. 0000-0002-9976-1998 jfbrown@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9976-1998","contributorId":3241,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brown","given":"Jesslyn","email":"jfbrown@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[{"id":223,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center (Geography)","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":694991,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Loveland, Thomas R. 0000-0003-3114-6646 loveland@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3114-6646","contributorId":140256,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Loveland","given":"Thomas","email":"loveland@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":223,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center (Geography)","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":694992,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Ohlen, Donald O. ohlen@usgs.gov","contributorId":3779,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ohlen","given":"Donald","email":"ohlen@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"O.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":694993,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Zhu, Zhi-Liang zzhu@usgs.gov","contributorId":3636,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zhu","given":"Zhi-Liang","email":"zzhu@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":223,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center (Geography)","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":694994,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":1015949,"text":"1015949 - 1999 - Response of high-elevation forests in the Olympic Mountains to climatic change","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-11-21T11:49:31","indexId":"1015949","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1170,"text":"Canadian Journal of Forest Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Response of high-elevation forests in the Olympic Mountains to climatic change","docAbstract":"<p>The gap model ZELIG was used to examine the effects of increased temperature (2°C) and altered precipitation on high-elevation ecosystems of the Olympic Mountains, Washington, U.S.A. Changes in tree species distribution and abundance, as well as stand biomass, were examined on north and south aspects in the dry northeast (NE) and wet southwest (SW) regions of the Olympics for (<i>i</i>) warmer, (<i>ii</i>) warmer and 20% wetter, and (<i>iii</i>) warmer and 20% drier climatic-change scenarios. Dominant tree species shift upwards 300-600 m in elevation in the SW, with subalpine meadows and <i>Tsuga mertensiana</i> (Bong.) Carr. forests being replaced by <i>Abies amabilis</i> (Dougl.) Forbes forests at higher elevations and <i>A. amabilis</i> forests being replaced by <i>Tsuga heterophylla</i> (Raf.) Sarg. forests at lower elevations. In the NE, drought-tolerant species become dominant approximately 200 m lower than present, with <i>A. lasiocarpa</i> dominating the north aspect and <i>Pinus contorta</i> Dougl. ex Loud. the south aspect. Biomass increases in the SW and generally decreases in the NE, depending on aspect and precipitation regime. This study suggests that species and site-specific responses at mesoscale (e.g., wet vs. dry climatic regime) and microscale (e.g., north vs. south aspect) resolutions must be characterized to quantify the variation in potential effects of climatic change on forest vegetation in mountainous regions.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"NRC Research Press","doi":"10.1139/x99-177","usgsCitation":"Zolbrod, A., and Peterson, D.L., 1999, Response of high-elevation forests in the Olympic Mountains to climatic change: Canadian Journal of Forest Research, v. 29, no. 12, p. 1966-1978, https://doi.org/10.1139/x99-177.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"1966","endPage":"1978","costCenters":[{"id":290,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":134365,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"29","issue":"12","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a4ee4b07f02db6283bb","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Zolbrod, A.N.","contributorId":50123,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zolbrod","given":"A.N.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":323350,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Peterson, D. L.","contributorId":36484,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Peterson","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":323349,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70194919,"text":"70194919 - 1999 - Isotopic composition of water in a deep unsaturated zone beside a radioactive-waste disposal area near Beatty, Nevada","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":70194919,"text":"70194919 - 1999 - Isotopic composition of water in a deep unsaturated zone beside a radioactive-waste disposal area near Beatty, Nevada","indexId":"70194919","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"title":"Isotopic composition of water in a deep unsaturated zone beside a radioactive-waste disposal area near Beatty, Nevada"},"predicate":"IS_PART_OF","object":{"id":31024,"text":"wri994018C - 1999 - U.S. Geological Survey Toxic Substances Hydrology Program: Proceedings of the technical meeting, Charleston, South Carolina, March 8-12, 1999: Volume 3 (Part C)","indexId":"wri994018C","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"chapter":"C","title":"U.S. Geological Survey Toxic Substances Hydrology Program: Proceedings of the technical meeting, Charleston, South Carolina, March 8-12, 1999: Volume 3 (Part C)"},"id":1}],"isPartOf":{"id":31024,"text":"wri994018C - 1999 - U.S. Geological Survey Toxic Substances Hydrology Program: Proceedings of the technical meeting, Charleston, South Carolina, March 8-12, 1999: Volume 3 (Part C)","indexId":"wri994018C","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"title":"U.S. Geological Survey Toxic Substances Hydrology Program: Proceedings of the technical meeting, Charleston, South Carolina, March 8-12, 1999: Volume 3 (Part C)"},"lastModifiedDate":"2018-01-29T18:23:00","indexId":"70194919","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":9,"text":"Other Report"},"title":"Isotopic composition of water in a deep unsaturated zone beside a radioactive-waste disposal area near Beatty, Nevada","docAbstract":"<p>The isotopic composition of water in deep unsaturated zones is of interest because it provides information relevant to hydrologic processes and contaminant migration. Profiles of oxygen-18 (<span size=\"-2\"><sup>18</sup></span>O), deuterium (D), and tritium (<sup><span size=\"-2\">3</span></sup>H) from a 110-meter deep unsaturated zone, together with data on the isotopic composition of ground water and modern-day precipitation, are interpreted in the context of water-content, water-potential, and pore-gas profiles. At depths greater than about three meters, water vapor and liquid water are in approximate equilibrium with respect to D and <span size=\"-2\"><sup>18</sup></span>O. The vapor-phase concentrations of D and <span size=\"-2\"><sup>18</sup></span>O have remained stable through repeated samplings. Vapor-phase <sup><span size=\"-2\">3</span></sup>H concentrations have generally increased with time, requiring synchronous sampling of liquid and vapor to assess equilibrium. Below 30 meters, concentrations of D and <span size=\"-2\"><sup>18</sup></span>O in pore water become approximately equal to the composition of ground water, which is isotopically lighter than modern precipitation and has a carbon-14 (<span size=\"-2\"><sup>14</sup></span>C) concentration of about 26 percent modern carbon. These data indicate that net gradients driving fluxes of water, gas, and heat are directed upwards for undisturbed conditions at the Amargosa Desert Research Site (ADRS). Superimposed on the upward-directed flow field, tritium is migrating away from waste in response to gradients in tritium concentrations. </p>","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":" U.S. Geological Survey Toxic Substances Hydrology Program: Proceedings of the technical meeting, Charleston, South Carolina, March 8-12, 1999: Volume 3 (Part C) (WRI 99-4018C)","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"conferenceTitle":"Seventh Technical Meeting of the U.S. Geological Survey Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","conferenceDate":"March 8-12, 1999","conferenceLocation":"Charleston, SC","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"West Trenton, NJ","usgsCitation":"Stonestrom, D.A., Prudic, D.E., and Striegl, R.G., 1999, Isotopic composition of water in a deep unsaturated zone beside a radioactive-waste disposal area near Beatty, Nevada, 8 P.","productDescription":"8 P.","startPage":"467","endPage":"474","costCenters":[{"id":465,"text":"Nevada Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":350765,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":350764,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://toxics.usgs.gov/pubs/wri99-4018/Volume3/SectionD/3502_Stonestrom/index.html"}],"country":"United States","state":"Nevada","county":"Nye County","city":"Beatty","otherGeospatial":"Amargosa Desert Research Site","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5a7040d8e4b06e28e9cae505","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Morganwalp, David W. dwmorgan@usgs.gov","contributorId":5592,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Morganwalp","given":"David","email":"dwmorgan@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":726111,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Buxton, Herbert T. hbuxton@usgs.gov","contributorId":1911,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Buxton","given":"Herbert","email":"hbuxton@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[{"id":5056,"text":"Office of the AD Energy and Minerals, and Environmental Health","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":726112,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2}],"authors":[{"text":"Stonestrom, David A. 0000-0001-7883-3385 dastones@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7883-3385","contributorId":2280,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stonestrom","given":"David","email":"dastones@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":726108,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Prudic, David E. deprudic@usgs.gov","contributorId":3430,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Prudic","given":"David","email":"deprudic@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":465,"text":"Nevada Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":726109,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Striegl, Robert G. 0000-0002-8251-4659 rstriegl@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8251-4659","contributorId":1630,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Striegl","given":"Robert","email":"rstriegl@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":200,"text":"Coop Res Unit Seattle","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":36183,"text":"Hydro-Ecological Interactions Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":726110,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70021720,"text":"70021720 - 1999 - Nitrogen mineralization in a mature boreal forest, Isle Royale, Michigan","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:37","indexId":"70021720","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Nitrogen mineralization in a mature boreal forest, Isle Royale, Michigan","docAbstract":"The 115-ha boreal Wallace Lake watershed, located on Isle Royale in the Lake Superior Basin, receives moderate anthropogenic atmospheric N inputs (3 kg ha-1 yr-1). Ecosystem response to atmospheric N inputs is, in part, determined by internal production and consumption of this limiting nutrient. The objectives of this 2-yr study on plots dominated by birch, spruce, or alder were to quantify forest floor and surface soil net and gross N mineralization rates, and examine potential effects of changes in temperature and moisture on these processes. Gross N mineralization rates were 23 times net mineralization rates, and increased with forest floor/soil temperature and moisture. Substrate quality was a likely factor in higher gross mineralization rates beneath birch and spruce. Ammonium immobilization increased with forest floor/soil temperature and moisture. Higher net N mineralization rates beneath alder resulted from lower microbial immobilization rather than greater gross N mineralization. The greatest differences between gross N mineralization and immobilization occurred in early summer. Ammonium immobilization averaged 62% of gross N mineralization. Net and gross nitrification rates differed by vegetation type, were highest in spring and fall, and increased with moisture. Gross nitrification was 19 times net nitrification rates. Nitrate immobilization increased with soil moisture, and equalled or exceeded gross nitrification. Net and gross N mineralization or nitrification rates were not correlated. Seasonal variation in forest floor and surface soil N cycling coupled with high ecosystem retention of precipitation N inputs suggest streamwater N concentrations and output reflect trends in soil processes.","largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Environmental Quality","language":"English","publisher":"American Soc of Agronomy Inc","publisherLocation":"Madison, WI, United States","issn":"00472425","usgsCitation":"Stottlemyer, R., and Toczydlowski, D., 1999, Nitrogen mineralization in a mature boreal forest, Isle Royale, Michigan, <i>in</i> Journal of Environmental Quality, v. 28, no. 2, p. 709-720.","startPage":"709","endPage":"720","numberOfPages":"12","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":229261,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"28","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a66ece4b0c8380cd7308f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Stottlemyer, R.","contributorId":44493,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stottlemyer","given":"R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390902,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Toczydlowski, D.","contributorId":9790,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Toczydlowski","given":"D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390901,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70021929,"text":"70021929 - 1999 - Sedimentary record of anthropogenic and biogenic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in San Francisco Bay, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-01-05T18:01:45","indexId":"70021929","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2662,"text":"Marine Chemistry","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Sedimentary record of anthropogenic and biogenic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in San Francisco Bay, California","docAbstract":"<p>Dated sediment cores collected from Richardson and San Pablo Bays in San Francisco Bay were used to reconstruct a history of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) contamination. The sedimentary record of PAHs in Richardson Bay shows that anthropogenic inputs have increased since the turn of the century, presumably as a result of increasing urbanization and industrialization around the Bay Area. Concentrations range from about 0.04-6.3 ??g g-1. The dominant origin of the PAHs contributing to this modern contamination is from combustion processes. Depth profiles in San Pablo Bay indicate higher concentrations of PAHs since the 1950s than during the late 1800s, also presumably resulting from an increase in urbanization and industrialization. Total PAHs in San Pablo Bay range from about 0.04-1.3 ??g g-1. The ratios of methylphenanthrenes/phenanthrene and (methylfluoranthenes + methylpyrenes)/fluoranthene were sensitive indicators of anthropogenic influences in the estuary. Variations in the ratio of 1,7-dimethylphenanthrene/2,6-dimethylphenanthrene indicate a gradual replacement of wood by fossil-fuel as the main combustion source of PAHs in. San Francisco Bay sediments. The profile of perylene may be an indicator of eroding peat from marshlands.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/S0304-4203(98)00087-5","issn":"03044203","usgsCitation":"Pereira, W.E., Hostettler, F.D., Luoma, S.N., VanGeen, A., Fuller, C.C., and Anima, R.J., 1999, Sedimentary record of anthropogenic and biogenic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in San Francisco Bay, California: Marine Chemistry, v. 64, no. 1-2, p. 99-113, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0304-4203(98)00087-5.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"99","endPage":"113","numberOfPages":"15","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":552,"text":"San Francisco Bay-Delta","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":5079,"text":"Pacific Regional Director's Office","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":229453,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"San Francisco Bay","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -123.0908203125,\n              37.29153547292737\n            ],\n            [\n              -121.78344726562499,\n              37.29153547292737\n            ],\n            [\n              -121.78344726562499,\n              38.30718056188316\n            ],\n            [\n              -123.0908203125,\n              38.30718056188316\n            ],\n            [\n              -123.0908203125,\n              37.29153547292737\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"64","issue":"1-2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b8a35e4b08c986b3170b5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Pereira, W. E.","contributorId":46981,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pereira","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":391743,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hostettler, Frances D. fdhostet@usgs.gov","contributorId":3383,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hostettler","given":"Frances","email":"fdhostet@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":778896,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Luoma, Samuel N. 0000-0001-5443-5091 snluoma@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5443-5091","contributorId":2287,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Luoma","given":"Samuel","email":"snluoma@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":778897,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"VanGeen, A.","contributorId":84086,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"VanGeen","given":"A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":391744,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Fuller, Christopher C. 0000-0002-2354-8074 ccfuller@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2354-8074","contributorId":1831,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fuller","given":"Christopher","email":"ccfuller@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":374,"text":"Maryland Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":36183,"text":"Hydro-Ecological Interactions Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":778898,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Anima, R. J.","contributorId":106115,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Anima","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":391747,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}}
,{"id":70174852,"text":"70174852 - 1999 - Including long-term biological index performance in a multi-criteria Decision Support System","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-07-18T16:46:35","indexId":"70174852","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Including long-term biological index performance in a multi-criteria Decision Support System","docAbstract":"<p><span>A Decision Support System (DSS) was developed for the reservoirs operated by the U.S. Bureau of Reclamation that incorporates biological resources in a palette of decision variables. A scoring technique was developed for the DSS to help to evaluate the long-term effects of proposed reservoir system operations on those variables. The biological component of the DSS was developed to help Bureau of Reclamation reservoir operators evaluate the effects of different scenarios of reservoir operations on a variety of water-related biological resources. In this DSS, Reclamation's Reservoir Operations Modeling System (ROMS) is linked to modules evaluating power production, flood control benefits, irrigation water deliveries, municipal and industrial water supplies, habitat for endemic fish communities, tailwater fisheries, nesting habitat for shorebirds, reservoir recreation, reservoir fisheries, and regeneration of riparian cottonwood forests. Operation scenarios generated in ROMS are scored for each decision variable by comparison to a target range of a decision variable for a reference location and time period. The score for a variable is calculated based on the ratio between the percent of time that target conditions are met under alternative operating conditions and under the reference condition, respectively. A scoring technique was developed that recognizes that under either natural or highly managed conditions the reference target is not met at all times. Higher scores are achieved for environmental decision variables by operations scenarios that approach natural seasonal and annual variability in habitat availability.</span></p>","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Preparing for the 21st century: proceedings of the 26th annual Water Resources Planning and Management Conference","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"conferenceTitle":"26th Annual Water Resources Planning and Management Conference","conferenceDate":"June 6-9, 1999","conferenceLocation":"Tempe, AZ","language":"English","publisher":"American Society of Civil Engineers","doi":"10.1061/40430(1999)211","usgsCitation":"Waddle, T., Bowen, Z., and Bovee, K., 1999, Including long-term biological index performance in a multi-criteria Decision Support System, <i>in</i> Preparing for the 21st century: proceedings of the 26th annual Water Resources Planning and Management Conference, Tempe, AZ, June 6-9, 1999, p. 1-10, https://doi.org/10.1061/40430(1999)211.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"1","endPage":"10","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":325407,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-04-26","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"578dfdb2e4b0f1bea0e0f86d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Waddle, T.","contributorId":101584,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Waddle","given":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":642812,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bowen, Z.","contributorId":51867,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bowen","given":"Z.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":642813,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Bovee, K.D.","contributorId":15954,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bovee","given":"K.D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":642814,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":1014601,"text":"1014601 - 1999 - Transitions in forest fragmentation: implications for restoration opportunities at regional scales","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-07-31T12:44:58","indexId":"1014601","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2602,"text":"Landscape Ecology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Transitions in forest fragmentation: implications for restoration opportunities at regional scales","docAbstract":"<p><span>Where the potential natural vegetation is continuous forest (e.g., eastern US), a region can be divided into smaller units (e.g., counties, watersheds), and a graph of the proportion of forest in the largest patch versus the proportion in anthropogenic cover can be used as an index of forest fragmentation. If forests are not fragmented beyond that converted to anthropogenic cover, there would be only one patch in the unit and its proportional size would equal 1 minus the percentage of anthropogenic cover. For a set of 130 watersheds in the mid-Atlantic region, there was a transition in forest fragmentation between 15 and 20% anthropogenic cover. The potential for mitigating fragmentation by connecting two or more disjunct forest patches was low when percent anthropogenic cover was low, highest at moderate proportions of anthropogenic cover, and again low as the proportion of anthropogenic cover increased toward 100%. This fragmentation index could be used to prioritize locations for restoration by targeting watersheds where there would be the greatest increase in the size of the largest forest patch.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1023/A:1008026129712","collaboration":"99-046/SAL","usgsCitation":"Wickham, J.D., Jones, K.B., Riitters, K.H., Wade, T., and O’Neill, R.V., 1999, Transitions in forest fragmentation: implications for restoration opportunities at regional scales: Landscape Ecology, v. 14, no. 2, p. 137-145, https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1008026129712.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"137","endPage":"145","numberOfPages":"9","costCenters":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":132217,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"14","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a4de4b07f02db626d7b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wickham, James D.","contributorId":72278,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Wickham","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":6914,"text":"U.S. Environmental Protection Agency","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":320701,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Jones, K. Bruce","contributorId":66105,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jones","given":"K.","email":"","middleInitial":"Bruce","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":320703,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Riitters, Kurt H. 0000-0003-3901-4453","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3901-4453","contributorId":139788,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Riitters","given":"Kurt","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[{"id":36400,"text":"US Forest Service","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":320702,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Wade, Timothy G.","contributorId":48845,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wade","given":"Timothy G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":320704,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"O’Neill, Robert V.","contributorId":138509,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"O’Neill","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"V.","affiliations":[{"id":37070,"text":"Oak Ridge National Laboratory","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":320705,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":70021742,"text":"70021742 - 1999 - Ventifacts at the Pathfinder landing site","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-12-04T10:46:02","indexId":"70021742","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2317,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research E: Planets","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Ventifacts at the Pathfinder landing site","docAbstract":"<p><span>About half of the rocks at the Mars Pathfinder Ares Vallis landing site appear to be ventifacts, rocks abraded by windborne particles. Comparable resolution images taken by the Imager for Mars Pathfinder (IMP) camera and the Viking landers show that ventifacts are more abundant at the Pathfinder site. The ventifacts occur in several forms, including rocks with faceted edges, finger‐like projections, elongated pits, flutes, grooves, and possible rills. The trends of elongated pits, flutes, grooves, and rills cluster at ∼280–330° clockwise from north and generally dip 10–30° away from their trend direction. These orientations are indicative of southeast to northwest winds and differ from the trend of wind tails at the landing site, the direction of local wind streaks, and predictions of the Global Circulation Model, all of which indicate northeast to southwest winds. The disparity between these data sets strongly suggests that local circulation patterns have changed since the abrasion of the ventifacted rocks. The greater number of ventifacts at the Pathfinder site compared to either of the Viking sites is most easily explained as being due to a larger supply of abrading particles, composed of either sand‐sized grains or indurated dust aggregates, and higher surface roughness, which should increase the momentum of saltating grains. The Pathfinder ventifacts may have formed shortly after the deposition of outflow channel sediments nearly 2 Gry ago, when a large local supply of abrading particles should have been abundant and atmospheric conditions may have been more conducive to rock abrasion from saltating grains. Based on how ventifacts form on Earth, the several ventifact forms seen at the Pathfinder site and their presence on some rocks but not on others are probably due to local airflow conditions, original rock shape, exposure duration, rock movement, and to a lesser extent, rock lithology. The abundance of ventifacts at the Pathfinder site, together with other evidence of weathering, indicates that unaltered rock surfaces are rare on Mars.</span></p>","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Geophysical Research E: Planets","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","doi":"10.1029/98JE02550","issn":"01480227","usgsCitation":"Bridges, N., Greeley, R., Haldemann, A.F., Herkenhoff, K.E., Kraft, M., Parker, T.J., and Ward, A.W., 1999, Ventifacts at the Pathfinder landing site: Journal of Geophysical Research E: Planets, v. 104, no. E4, p. 8595-8615, https://doi.org/10.1029/98JE02550.","productDescription":"21 p.","startPage":"8595","endPage":"8615","numberOfPages":"21","costCenters":[{"id":131,"text":"Astrogeology Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":487281,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/98je02550","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":229081,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"otherGeospatial":"Mars","volume":"104","issue":"E4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bc202e4b08c986b32a8a4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bridges, N.T.","contributorId":23673,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bridges","given":"N.T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390981,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Greeley, R.","contributorId":6538,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Greeley","given":"R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390979,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Haldemann, A. F. C.","contributorId":33437,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Haldemann","given":"A.","email":"","middleInitial":"F. C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390983,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Herkenhoff, Kenneth E. 0000-0002-3153-6663 kherkenhoff@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3153-6663","contributorId":2275,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Herkenhoff","given":"Kenneth","email":"kherkenhoff@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":131,"text":"Astrogeology Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":390984,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Kraft, M.","contributorId":72547,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kraft","given":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390985,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Parker, T. J.","contributorId":30776,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Parker","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390982,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Ward, A. W.","contributorId":8129,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ward","given":"A.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390980,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}}
,{"id":70021786,"text":"70021786 - 1999 - William Maclure's Wernerian Appalachians","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:37","indexId":"70021786","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3443,"text":"Southeastern Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"William Maclure's Wernerian Appalachians","docAbstract":"William Maclure (1763-1840), a geologist of Scottish ancestry, was also a man of many other talents and interests including educator, philanthropist, world traveler, prolific writer, patron of science, businessman, bibliophile, and social reformer. He produced the first American printing of a geological map of the United States in 1809 and followed this with four other editions identified as 1811, 1817A, 1817B, and 1817C. All were well received and reproduced by others at least 15 times, as recently as 1989. Maclure has been called 'Father of American Geology,' a title he rightly deserves, primarily for these maps, but also for the first cross sections through the Appalachians, many other geological articles, and substantial donations of specimens, books, and funds to many learned institutions, including the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia. Maclure's delineation of Appalachian geology followed Werner's geognostic classification of strata using Primary, Transition, Secondary, and Alluvial, but with modifications and considerable doubt concerning their Neptunian origin. He added 'Rock Salt' on his 1809 map as a line on the western edge of the Appalachians and 'Old Red Sand Stone' on the 1811 map for the basins later identified as Triassic. In his later articles, Maclure noted several times that 'trap' or basalt was an igneous rock and not an aqueous precipitate. He further stated that the Secondary and Transition strata are aggregates from the disintegration of the older Primitive rocks. He came to the conclusion near the end of his life that organic remains indicate '...that nature began with the most simple, and gradually proceeded to the more complicated and perfect.'.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Southeastern Geology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"00383678","usgsCitation":"Lessing, P., 1999, William Maclure's Wernerian Appalachians: Southeastern Geology, v. 38, no. 3, p. 117-134.","startPage":"117","endPage":"134","numberOfPages":"18","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":229226,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"38","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bd10ee4b08c986b32f1e2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lessing, P.","contributorId":90038,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lessing","given":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":391179,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
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