Calcium ion binding to a soil fulvic acid (Armadale Bh Horizon) was evaluated over a range of calcium ion concentrations, from pH 3.8 to 7.3, using potentiometric titrations and calcium ion electrode measurements. Fulvic acid concentration was constant (100 milligrams per liter) and calcium ion concentration varied up to 8 X 10-4 moles per liter. Experiments discussed here included: (1) titrations of fulvic acid-calcium ion containing solutions with sodium hydroxide; and (2) titrations of fully neutralized fulvic acid with calcium chloride solutions. Apparent binding constants (expressed as the logarithm of the value, log βapp) vary with solution pH, calcium ion concentration, degree of acid dissociation, and ionic strength (from log βapp = 2.5 to 3.9) and are similar to those reported by others. Fulvic acid charge, and the associated Donnan Potential, influences calcium ion-fulvic acid ion pair formation. A Donnan Potential corrrection term allowed calculation of intrinsic calcium ion-fulvic acid binding constants. Intrinsic binding constants vary from 1.2 to 2.5 (the average value is about log β= 1.6) and are similar to, but somewhat higher than, stability constants for calcium ion-carboxylic acid monodentate complexes.
","language":"English","publisher":"De Gruyter Brill","doi":"10.1524/ract.1999.84.4.205","issn":"00338230","usgsCitation":"Marinsky, J., Mathuthu, A., Ephraim, J., and Reddy, M., 1999, Calcium ion binding to a soil fulvic acid using a donnan potential model: Radiochimica Acta, v. 84, no. 4, p. 205-211, https://doi.org/10.1524/ract.1999.84.4.205.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"205","endPage":"211","numberOfPages":"7","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":230254,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"84","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1999-04-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f2f9e4b0c8380cd4b508","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Marinsky, J.A.","contributorId":42706,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Marinsky","given":"J.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":388827,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Mathuthu, A.","contributorId":38718,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mathuthu","given":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":388826,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Ephraim, J.H.","contributorId":28381,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ephraim","given":"J.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":388825,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Reddy, M.M.","contributorId":24363,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reddy","given":"M.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":388824,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70021150,"text":"70021150 - 1999 - Observations of turbulence in a partially stratified estuary","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-09-27T11:33:05","indexId":"70021150","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2426,"text":"Journal of Physical Oceanography","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Observations of turbulence in a partially stratified estuary","docAbstract":"The authors present a field study of estuarine turbulence in which profiles of Reynolds stresses were directly measured using an ADCP throughout a 25-h tidal day. The dataset that is discussed quantifies turbulent mixing for a water column in northern San Francisco Bay that experiences a sequence of states that includes a weak ebb and flood that are stratified, followed by a strong, and eventually unstratified, ebb and flood. These measurements show that energetic turbulence is confined to a bottom mixed layer by the overlying stratification. Examination of individual Reynolds stress profiles along with profiles of Richardson number and turbulent Froude number shows that the water column can be divided into regions based on the relative importance of buoyancy effects.
Using the measured turbulence production rate P, the dissipation rate ϵ is estimated. The observed turbulence had values of ϵ/νN2 > 20 all of the time and ϵ/νN2 > 200 most of the time, suggesting that the observed motions were buoyancy affected turbulence rather than internal waves. However, at times, turbulent Froude numbers in much of the upper-water column were less than one, indicating important stratification effects. Taken as a whole, the data show that stratification affects the turbulent velocity variance q2 most severely; that is, observed reductions in are largely associated with small values of q2rather than with a dramatic reduction in the efficiency with which turbulent motions produce momentum fluxes.
Finally, the dataset is compared to predictions made using the popular Mellor–Yamada level 2.5 closure. These comparisons show that the model tends to underestimate the turbulent kinetic energy in regions of strong stratification where the turbulence is strongly inhomogeneous and to overestimate the turbulent kinetic energy in weakly stratified regions. The length scale does not appear to compensate for these errors, and, as a result, similar errors are seen in the eddy viscosity predictions. It is hypothesized that the underestimation of q2 is due to an inaccurate parameterization of turbulence self-transport from the near-bed region to the overlying stratification.
","language":"English","publisher":"AMS","doi":"10.1175/1520-0485(1999)029<1950:OOTIAP>2.0.CO;2","issn":"00223670","usgsCitation":"Stagey, M., Monismith, S., and Burau, J., 1999, Observations of turbulence in a partially stratified estuary: Journal of Physical Oceanography, v. 29, no. 8 PART 2, p. 1950-1970, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0485(1999)029<1950:OOTIAP>2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"21 p.","startPage":"1950","endPage":"1970","costCenters":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":479646,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0485(1999)029<1950:ootiap>2.0.co;2","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":230138,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"29","issue":"8 PART 2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a6ac6e4b0c8380cd7434f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Stagey, M.T.","contributorId":72963,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stagey","given":"M.T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":388811,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Monismith, Stephen G.","contributorId":57228,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Monismith","given":"Stephen G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":388810,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Burau, J.R. 0000-0002-5196-5035","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5196-5035","contributorId":7307,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Burau","given":"J.R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":388809,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70021142,"text":"70021142 - 1999 - Chlorine-bearing amphiboles from the Fraser mine, Sudbury, Ontario, Canada: Description and crystal chemistry","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:49","indexId":"70021142","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1177,"text":"Canadian Mineralogist","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Chlorine-bearing amphiboles from the Fraser mine, Sudbury, Ontario, Canada: Description and crystal chemistry","docAbstract":"Three chemically distinct populations of Cl-bearing amphibole have been recognized in association with contact Ni-Cu ore deposits in Footwall Breccia at the Fraser mine, Sudbury, Ontario. The first population, defined as halogen-poor (<0.5 wt.% Cl) actinolite and magnesiohornblende, occurs predominantly as pale green grains and cores. These are generally overgrown by amphibole of the other two populations: a) Fe-rich, halogen-poor deep green rim of ferro-actinolite to ferrohornblende, and b) Fe-rich, Cl-rich (up to 4 wt.% Cl) ferrotschermakite to hastingsite to potassic-chlorohastingsite, which exhibits a characteristic deep blue-green pleochroism. Rare F-rich (up to 1.1 wt.% F) magnesiohornblende also is observed in the same environment. Major-element data for the Cl-rich amphiboles indicate linear, positive relationships for both Mg and K versus Cl, and a logarithmic, positive one for ([4])Al versus Cl. These data, along with selected X-ray maps, indicate that Cl is homogeneously distributed and likely structurally bound. Calculated Fe3+/Fe2+ values suggest crystallization under conditions of relatively low f(O2). At least two chemically distinct fluids seem to have been responsible for crystallization of the amphiboles. The first, which resulted in the crystallization of halogen-poor, pale green actinolite and magnesiohornblende, was likely relatively hot (???650??C) and contemporaneous with sulfide emplacement. This was followed by a lower-T (???350??C), Cl-rich fluid from which the Cl-rich amphiboles crystallized. This latter fluid may have been a modified product of the initial fluid or possibly a second discrete fluid. A subsequent F-rich fluid led to development of F-rich magnesiohornblende. The source of both Cl and F is not clear; whole-rock analyses of Footwall rocks of the Levack Gneiss Complex, however, reveal anomalous enrichments in both Cl (>700 ppm) and F (2500 ppm). These rocks thus may have been a significant contributor to the fluids.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Canadian Mineralogist","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"00084476","usgsCitation":"McCormick, K., and McDonald, A., 1999, Chlorine-bearing amphiboles from the Fraser mine, Sudbury, Ontario, Canada: Description and crystal chemistry: Canadian Mineralogist, v. 37, no. 6, p. 1385-1403.","startPage":"1385","endPage":"1403","numberOfPages":"19","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":230016,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"37","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f5cfe4b0c8380cd4c430","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"McCormick, K.A.","contributorId":99327,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McCormick","given":"K.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":388786,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"McDonald, A.M.","contributorId":59578,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McDonald","given":"A.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":388785,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70021132,"text":"70021132 - 1999 - Simulation of methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE) transport to ground water from immobile sources of gasoline in the vadose zone","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-05-11T12:49:03","indexId":"70021132","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Simulation of methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE) transport to ground water from immobile sources of gasoline in the vadose zone","docAbstract":"The mathematical model, R-UNSAT, developed to simulate the transport of benzene and MTBE in representative sand and clay hydrogeologic systems was evaluated. The effects on groundwater were simulated for small, chronic-, and single-volume releases of gasoline trapped in unsaturated soil. Hydrocarbon biodegradation was simulated by using a dual Monod-type kinetics model that includes oxygen and the reactive constituents. MTBE was assumed to be non-reactive. For MTBE, infiltration had the greatest effect on transport to groundwater. Infiltration also affected mass losses of MTBE to the atmosphere, particularly, in fine-grained soils. Depth to groundwater and soil type primarily affected travel times of MTBE to groundwater, but could affect mass-loading rates to groundwater if infiltration is insignificant. For benzene, transport to groundwater was significant only if the depth to the water table was < 1 m or biodegradation was assumed to be negligible. Mass fluxed to groundwater were generally smaller for benzene than for MTBE by more than two orders of magnitude. Thus, water that recharges an aquifer beneath a spill can be enriched in MTBE relative to benzene when compared to the composition of water in equilibrium with gasoline.","largerWorkTitle":"API - National Ground Water Association Petroleum Hydrocarbons and Organic Chemicals in Ground Water: Prevention, Detection and Remediation Joint Conference Proceedings","conferenceTitle":"2000 Petroleum Hydrocarbons abd Organic Chemicals in Ground Water: Prevention, Detection, and Remediation","conferenceDate":"November 17-19, 1999","conferenceLocation":"Houston, TX","language":"English","issn":"10479023","usgsCitation":"Lahvis, M., and Rehmann, L., 1999, Simulation of methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE) transport to ground water from immobile sources of gasoline in the vadose zone, in API - National Ground Water Association Petroleum Hydrocarbons and Organic Chemicals in Ground Water: Prevention, Detection and Remediation Joint Conference Proceedings, v. 1, Houston, TX, November 17-19, 1999, p. 247-259.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"247","endPage":"259","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":229854,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b906ce4b08c986b3194c7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lahvis, M.A.","contributorId":96029,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lahvis","given":"M.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":388759,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Rehmann, L.C.","contributorId":72549,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rehmann","given":"L.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":388758,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70021131,"text":"70021131 - 1999 - Mortality of riparian box elder from sediment mobilization and extended inundation","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-02-23T14:36:40","indexId":"70021131","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3246,"text":"Regulated Rivers: Research & Management","printIssn":"0886-9375","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Mortality of riparian box elder from sediment mobilization and extended inundation","docAbstract":"To explore how high flows limit the streamward extent of riparian vegetation we quantified the effects of sediment mobilization and extended inundation on box elder (Acer negundo) saplings along the cobble-bed Gunnison River in Black Canyon of the Gunnison National Monument, Colorado, USA. We counted and aged box elders in 144 plots of 37.2 m2, and combined a hydraulic model with the hydrologic record to determine the maximum shear stress and number of growing-season days inundated for each plot in each year of the record. We quantified the effects of the two mortality factors by calculating the extreme values survived during the lifetime of trees sampled in 1994 and by recounting box elders in the plots following a high flow in 1995. Both mortality factors can be modeled as threshold functions; box elders are killed either by inundation for more than 85 days during the growing season or by shear stress that exceeds the critical value for mobilization of the underlying sediment particles. Construction of upstream reservoirs in the 1960s and 1970s reduced the proportion of the canyon bottom annually cleared of box elders by high flows. Furthermore, because the dams decreased the magnitude of high flows more than their duration, flow regulation has decreased the importance of sediment mobilization relative to extended inundation. We use the threshold functions and cross-section data to develop a response surface predicting the proportion of the canyon bottom cleared at any combination of flow magnitude and duration. This response surface allows vegetation removal to be incorporated into quantitative multi-objective water management decisions.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1002/(SICI)1099-1646(199909/10)15:5<463::AID-RRR559>3.0.CO;2-Z","usgsCitation":"Friedman, J.M., and Auble, G.T., 1999, Mortality of riparian box elder from sediment mobilization and extended inundation: Regulated Rivers: Research & Management, v. 15, no. 5, p. 463-476, https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1099-1646(199909/10)15:5<463::AID-RRR559>3.0.CO;2-Z.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"463","endPage":"476","costCenters":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":229853,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Colorado","otherGeospatial":"Black Canyon, Gunnison National Monument, Gunnison River","volume":"15","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a5e79e4b0c8380cd70a80","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Friedman, Jonathan M. 0000-0002-1329-0663 friedmanj@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1329-0663","contributorId":2473,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Friedman","given":"Jonathan","email":"friedmanj@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":388757,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Auble, Gregor T. 0000-0002-0843-2751 aubleg@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0843-2751","contributorId":2187,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Auble","given":"Gregor","email":"aubleg@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":388756,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70021121,"text":"70021121 - 1999 - Hydrochemical evidence for mixing of river water and groundwater during high-flow conditions, lower Suwannee River basin, Florida, USA","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-03-05T01:31:32.130178","indexId":"70021121","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1923,"text":"Hydrogeology Journal","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Hydrochemical evidence for mixing of river water and groundwater during high-flow conditions, lower Suwannee River basin, Florida, USA","docAbstract":"Karstic aquifers are highly susceptible to rapid infiltration of river water, particularly during periods of high flow. Following a period of sustained rainfall in the Suwannee River basin, Florida, USA, the stage of the Suwannee River rose from 3.0 to 5.88 m above mean sea level in April 1996 and discharge peaked at 360 m3/s. During these high-flow conditions, water from the Suwannee River migrated directly into the karstic Upper Floridan aquifer, the main source of water supply for the area. Changes in the chemical composition of groundwater were quantified using naturally occurring geochemical tracers and mass-balance modeling techniques. Mixing of river water with groundwater was indicated by a decrease in the concentrations of calcium, silica, and 222Rn; and by an increase in dissolved organic carbon (DOC), tannic acid, and chloride, compared to low-flow conditions in water from a nearby monitoring well, Wingate Sink, and Little River Springs. The proportion (fraction) of river water in groundwater ranged from 0.13 to 0.65 at Wingate Sink and from 0.5 to 0.99 at well W-17258, based on binary mixing models using various tracers. The effectiveness of a natural tracer in quantifying mixing of river water and groundwater was related to differences in tracer concentration of the two end members and how conservatively the tracer reacted in the mixed water. Solutes with similar concentrations in the two end-member waters (Na, Mg, K, Cl, SO4, SiO2) were not as effective tracers for quantifying mixing of river water and groundwater as those with larger differences in end-member concentrations (Ca, tannic acid, DOC, 222Rn, HCO3).
Recent drilling of continuous cores in southernmost Florida has documented a thick unit of upper Neogene siliciclastics subjacent to surficial shallow-water Quaternary carbonates exposed on islands of the Florida Keys. The siliciclastics comprise the Long Key Formation and were identified in two cores collected from the middle and upper Florida Keys. A chronologic model based on new planktic foraminiferal biochronology and strontium-isotope chronology suggests the timing of siliciclastic deposition and provides a basis for regional correlation. The chronologic model, supplemented by vertical trends in quartz grain size, pattern of planktic menardiiform coiling direction, and paleoenvironmental interpretations of benthic foraminiferal assemblages, shows that the Long Key Formation contains three intervals (I-III) of varying thickness, grain-size composition, and paleowater depth. Interval I is uppermost Miocene. The quartz grains in Interval I fine upward from basal very coarse sand to fine and very fine sand. Benthic foraminifera indicate an upward shift from an outer-shelf to inner-shelf depositional environment. Interval II, deposited during the late early to early late Pliocene, contains reworked upper Miocene siliciclastics and faunas. In the upper Keys, quartz grains in Interval II range from very coarse sand that fines upward to very fine sand and then coarsens to very coarse and medium sand. In situ benthic faunas indicate an upward shift from outer-shelf to inner-shelf deposition. In the middle Keys, Interval II is different, with the quartz grains ranging primarily from medium to very fine sand. In situ benthic taxa indicate deposition on an inner shelf. In both the middle and upper Keys, the upper Pliocene siliciclastics of Interval III contain quartz grains ranging from very coarse to very fine sands that were deposited on an inner shelf. A sequence boundary between Interval I and Interval II is suggested by; an abrupt shift in the strontium-isotope chemostratigraphy; coarsening in quartz grain size above the boundary; an abrupt landward shift in depositional facies in the upper Keys core; and a distinct variation in the predominant coiling direction of the menardiiform planktic foraminifera, from fluctuating dextral-sinistral to dextral in the upper Keys core. Successive siliciclastic infilling, likely associated with eustatic sea-level change and current redeposition, formed a foundation for subsequent carbonate deposition. Deep-sea biostratigraphic techniques, integrated with ages derived from strontium-isotope chemostratigraphy, can be successfully applied to coastal-margin sequences, even though a depauperate suite of faunal markers is common.
Aeromagnetic and high-resolution seismic reflection data were integrated to place constraints on the history of seismic activity and to determine the continuity of the possibly active, yet largely concealed Mount Angel fault in the Willamette Valley, Oregon. Recent seismic activity possibly related to the 20-km-long fault includes a swarm of small earthquakes near Woodburn in 1990 and the magnitude 5.6 Scotts Mills earthquake in 1993. Newly acquired aeromagnetic data show several large northwest-trending anomalies, including one associated with the Mount Angel fault. The magnetic signature indicates that the fault may actually extend 70 km across the Willamette Valley to join the Newberg and Gales Creek faults in the Oregon Coast Range. We collected 24-fold high-resolution seismic reflection data along two transects near Woodburn, Oregon, to image the offset of the Miocene-age Columbia River Basalts (CRB) and overlying sediments at and northwest of the known mapped extent of the Mount Angel fault. The seismic data show a 100-200-m offset in the CRB reflector at depths from 300 to 700 m. Folded or offset sediments appear above the CRB with decreasing amplitude to depths as shallow as were imaged (approximately 40 m). Modeling experiments based on the magnetic data indicate, however, that the anomaly associated with the Mount Angel fault is not caused solely by an offset of the CRB and overlying sediments. Underlying magnetic sources, which we presume to be volcanic rocks of the Siletz terrane, must have vertical offsets of at least 500 m to fit the observed data. We conclude that the Mount Angel fault appears to have been active since Eocene age and that the Gales Creek, Newberg, and Mount Angel faults should be considered a single potentially active fault system. This fault, as well as other parallel northwest-trending faults in the Willamette Valley, should be considered as risks for future potentially damaging earthquakes.
As part of the National Water-Quality Assessment Program of the U.S. Geological Survey, an assessment of 60 volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in untreated, ambient groundwater of the conterminous United States was conducted based on samples collected from 2948 wells between 1985 and 1995. The samples represent urban and rural areas and drinking-water and nondrinking-water wells. A reporting level of 0.2 μg/L was used with the exception of 1,2-dibromo-3-chloropropane, which had a reporting level of 1.0 μg/L. Because ambient groundwater was targeted, areas of known point-source contamination were excluded from this assessment. VOC concentrations generally were low; 56% of the concentrations were less than 1 μg/L. In urban areas, 47% of the sampled wells had at least one VOC, and 29% had two or more VOCs; furthermore, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency drinking-water criteria were exceeded in 6.4% of all sampled wells and in 2.5% of the sampled drinking-water wells. In rural areas, 14% of the sampled wells had at least one VOC; furthermore, drinking-water criteria were exceeded in 1.5% of all sampled wells and in 1.3% of the sampled drinking-water wells. Solvent compounds and the fuel oxygenate methyl tert-butyl ether were among the most frequently detected VOCs in urban and rural areas. It was determined that the probability of finding VOCs in untreated groundwater can be estimated on the basis of a logistic regression model by using population density as an explanatory variable. Although there are limitations to this national scale model, it fit the data from 2354 wells used for model development and adequately estimated the VOC presence in samples from 589 wells used for model validation. Model estimates indicate that 7% (6−9% on the basis of one standard error) of the ambient groundwater resources of the United States probably contain at least one VOC at a reporting level of 0.2 μg/L. Groundwater is used in these areas by 42 million people (35−50 million based on one standard error); however, human exposure to VOCs from this ambient groundwater is uncertain because the quality of the finished drinking water is generally unknown.
","language":"English","publisher":"ACS Publications","doi":"10.1021/es990234m","issn":"0013936X","usgsCitation":"Squillace, P.J., Moran, M., Lapham, W., Price, C.V., Clawges, R., and Zogorski, J., 1999, Volatile organic compounds in untreated ambient groundwater of the United States, 1985-1995: Environmental Science & Technology, v. 33, no. 23, p. 4176-4187, https://doi.org/10.1021/es990234m.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"4176","endPage":"4187","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":622,"text":"Washington Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":229769,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":206440,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es990234m"}],"volume":"33","issue":"23","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1999-10-29","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bc2c9e4b08c986b32ad72","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Squillace, P. J.","contributorId":8878,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Squillace","given":"P.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":388408,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Moran, M.J.","contributorId":7862,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Moran","given":"M.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":388407,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Lapham, W.W.","contributorId":36583,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lapham","given":"W.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":388411,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Price, C. V.","contributorId":19190,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Price","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"V.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":388409,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Clawges, R.M.","contributorId":24779,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Clawges","given":"R.M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":388410,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Zogorski, J.S.","contributorId":108201,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zogorski","given":"J.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":388412,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70021038,"text":"70021038 - 1999 - Deformation across the Alaska-Aleutian Subduction Zone near Kodiak","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-02-09T00:12:53.23987","indexId":"70021038","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1807,"text":"Geophysical Research Letters","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Deformation across the Alaska-Aleutian Subduction Zone near Kodiak","docAbstract":"The Kodiak-Katmai geodetic array, nine monuments distributed along a profile trending north-northwestward across Kodiak Island and the Alaska Peninsula, was surveyed in 1993, 1995 and 1997 to determine the deformation at the Alaska-Aleutian subduction zone. Velocities on Kodiak island measured relative to the stable North American plate decrease with distance from the Alaska-Aleutian trench (distance range 106 to 250 km), whereas no appreciable deformation was measured on the Alaska Peninsula (distances 250 to 370 km from the trench). The measured deformation is reasonably well predicted by the conventional dislocation representation of subduction with the model parameters determined independently (i.e., not simply by fitting the observations). The deformation of Kodiak Island is in striking contrast to the very minor deformation measured in the similarly situated Shumagin Islands, 450 km southwest of Kodiak along the Alaska-Aleutian trench.
This article compares techniques for calculating broadband time histories of ground motion in the near field of a finite fault by comparing synthetics with the strong-motion data set for the 1994 Northridge earthquake. Based on this comparison, a preferred methodology is presented. Ground-motion-simulation techniques are divided into two general methods: kinematic- and composite-fault models. Green's functions of three types are evaluated: stochastic, empirical, and theoretical. A hybrid scheme is found to give the best fit to the Northridge data. Low frequencies (< 1 Hz) are calculated using a kinematic-fault model and a 3D finite-difference code to propagate energy through a realistic 3D velocity structure. High frequencies (> 1 Hz) are calculated using a composite-fault model with a fractal subevent size distribution and stochastic, bandlimited, white-noise Green's functions. At frequencies below 1 Hz, theoretical elastic-wave-propagation synthetics introduce proper seismic-phase arrivals of body waves and surface waves. The 3D velocity structure more accurately reproduces record durations for the deep sedimentary basin structures found in the Los Angeles region. At frequencies above 1 Hz, scattering effects become important and wave propagation is more accurately represented by stochastic Green's functions. A fractal subevent size distribution for the composite fault model ensures an ω−2 spectral shape over the entire frequency band considered (0.1-20 Hz).
Forest inventories, like those conducted by the Forest Service's Forest Inventory and Analysis Program (FIA) in the Rocky Mountain Region, are under increased pressure to produce better information at reduced costs. Here we describe our efforts in Utah to merge satellite-based information with forest inventory data for the purposes of reducing the costs of estimates of forest population totals and providing spatial depiction of forest resources. We illustrate how generalized linear models can be used to construct approximately unbiased and efficient estimates of population totals while providing a mechanism for prediction in space for mapping of forest structure. We model forest type and timber volume of five tree species groups as functions of a variety of predictor variables in the northern Utah mountains. Predictor variables include elevation, aspect, slope, geographic coordinates, as well as vegetation cover types based on satellite data from both the Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) and Thematic Mapper (TM) platforms. We examine the relative precision of estimates of area by forest type and mean cubic-foot volumes under six different models, including the traditional double sampling for stratification strategy. Only very small gains in precision were realized through the use of expensive photointerpreted or TM-based data for stratification, while models based on topography and spatial coordinates alone were competitive. We also compare the predictive capability of the models through various map accuracy measures. The models including the TM-based vegetation performed best overall, while topography and spatial coordinates alone provided substantial information at very low cost.
","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.2307/1400496","issn":"10857117","usgsCitation":"Moisen, G.G., and Edwards, T.C., 1999, Use of generalized linear models and digital data in a forest inventory of northern Utah: Journal of Agricultural, Biological, and Environmental Statistics, v. 4, no. 4, p. 372-390, https://doi.org/10.2307/1400496.","productDescription":"19 p.","startPage":"372","endPage":"390","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":230047,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Utah","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -112.12852478027344,\n 41.99726342796974\n ],\n [\n -112.10723876953124,\n 41.918628865183045\n ],\n [\n -112.11273193359375,\n 41.85115059465234\n ],\n [\n -112.06329345703125,\n 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Jr. 0000-0002-0773-0909 tce@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0773-0909","contributorId":2061,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Edwards","given":"Thomas","suffix":"Jr.","email":"tce@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":388334,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70020996,"text":"70020996 - 1999 - Protocol and practice in the adaptive management of waterfowl harvests","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:38","indexId":"70020996","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1323,"text":"Conservation Ecology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Protocol and practice in the adaptive management of waterfowl harvests","docAbstract":"Waterfowl harvest management in North America, for all its success, historically has had several shortcomings, including a lack of well-defined objectives, a failure to account for uncertain management outcomes, and inefficient use of harvest regulations to understand the effects of management. To address these and other concerns, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service began implementation of adaptive harvest management in 1995. Harvest policies are now developed using a Markov decision process in which there is an explicit accounting for uncontrolled environmental variation, partial controllability of harvest, and structural uncertainty in waterfowl population dynamics. Current policies are passively adaptive, in the sense that any reduction in structural uncertainty is an unplanned by-product of the regulatory process. A generalization of the Markov decision process permits the calculation of optimal actively adaptive policies, but it is not yet clear how state-specific harvest actions differ between passive and active approaches. The Markov decision process also provides managers the ability to explore optimal levels of aggregation or \"management scale\" for regulating harvests in a system that exhibits high temporal, spatial, and organizational variability. Progress in institutionalizing adaptive harvest management has been remarkable, but some managers still perceive the process as a panacea, while failing to appreciate the challenges presented by this more explicit and methodical approach to harvest regulation. Technical hurdles include the need to develop better linkages between population processes and the dynamics of landscapes, and to model the dynamics of structural uncertainty in a more comprehensive fashion. From an institutional perspective, agreement on how to value and allocate harvests continues to be elusive, and there is some evidence that waterfowl managers have overestimated the importance of achievement-oriented factors in setting hunting regulations. Indeed, it is these unresolved value judgements, and the lack of an effective structure for organizing debate, that present the greatest threat to adaptive harvest management as a viable means for coping with management uncertainty. Copyright ?? 1999 by The Resilience Alliance.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Conservation Ecology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"11955449","usgsCitation":"Johnson, F., and Williams, K., 1999, Protocol and practice in the adaptive management of waterfowl harvests: Conservation Ecology, v. 3, no. 1.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":229651,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"3","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a8f7fe4b0c8380cd7f7d3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Johnson, F.","contributorId":59576,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnson","given":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":388232,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Williams, K.","contributorId":40365,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Williams","given":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":388231,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70020988,"text":"70020988 - 1999 - Aeromagnetic legacy of early Paleozoic subduction along the Pacific margin of Gondwana","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-08-04T23:47:24.445629","indexId":"70020988","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1796,"text":"Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Aeromagnetic legacy of early Paleozoic subduction along the Pacific margin of Gondwana","docAbstract":"Comparison of the aeromagnetic signatures and geology of southeastern Australia and northern Victoria Land, Antarctica, with similar data from ancient subduction zones in California and Japan, provides a framework for reinterpretation of the plate tectonic setting of the Pacific margin of early Paleozoic Gondwana. In our model, the plutons in the Glenelg (south-eastern Australia) and Wilson (northern Victoria Land) zones formed the roots of continental-margin magmatic arcs. Eastward shifting of arc magmatism resulted in the Stavely (south-eastern Australia) and Bowers (northern Victoria Land) volcanic eruptions onto oceanic forearc crust. The turbidites in the Stawell (southeastern Australia) and Robertson Bay (northern Victoria Land zones) shed from the Glenelg and Wilson zones, respectively, were deposited along the trench and onto the subducting oceanic plate. The margin was subsequently truncated by thrust faults and uplifted during the Delamerian and Ross orogenies, leading to the present-day aeromagnetic signatures.","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/0091-7613(1999)027<1087:ALOEPS>2.3.CO;2","issn":"00917613","usgsCitation":"Finn, C.A., Moore, D., Damaske, D., and Mackey, T., 1999, Aeromagnetic legacy of early Paleozoic subduction along the Pacific margin of Gondwana: Geology, v. 27, no. 12, p. 1087-1090, https://doi.org/10.1130/0091-7613(1999)027<1087:ALOEPS>2.3.CO;2.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"1087","endPage":"1090","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":230128,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"otherGeospatial":"Gondwana","volume":"27","issue":"12","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e734e4b0c8380cd478d9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Finn, Carol A. 0000-0002-6178-0405 cfinn@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6178-0405","contributorId":1326,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Finn","given":"Carol","email":"cfinn@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":211,"text":"Crustal Geophysics and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":388203,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Moore, D.","contributorId":105307,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Moore","given":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":388206,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Damaske, D.","contributorId":66771,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Damaske","given":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":388204,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Mackey, T.","contributorId":76085,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mackey","given":"T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":388205,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70020984,"text":"70020984 - 1999 - Estimates of runoff using water-balance and atmospheric general circulation models","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:47","indexId":"70020984","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Estimates of runoff using water-balance and atmospheric general circulation models","docAbstract":"The effects of potential climate change on mean annual runoff in the conterminous United States (U.S.) are examined using a simple water-balance model and output from two atmospheric general circulation models (GCMs). The two GCMs are from the Canadian Centre for Climate Prediction and Analysis (CCC) and the Hadley Centre for Climate Prediction and Research (HAD). In general, the CCC GCM climate results in decreases in runoff for the conterminous U.S., and the HAD GCM climate produces increases in runoff. These estimated changes in runoff primarily are the result of estimated changes in precipitation. The changes in mean annual runoff, however, mostly are smaller than the decade-to-decade variability in GCM-based mean annual runoff and errors in GCM-based runoff. The differences in simulated runoff between the two GCMs, together with decade-to-decade variability and errors in GCM-based runoff, cause the estimates of changes in runoff to be uncertain and unreliable.","largerWorkTitle":"Journal of the American Water Resources Association","language":"English","publisher":"American Water Resources Assoc","publisherLocation":"Herndon, VA, United States","issn":"1093474X","usgsCitation":"Wolock, D., and McCabe, G., 1999, Estimates of runoff using water-balance and atmospheric general circulation models, in Journal of the American Water Resources Association, v. 35, no. 6, p. 1341-1350.","startPage":"1341","endPage":"1350","numberOfPages":"10","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":230085,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"35","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0aede4b0c8380cd524bd","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wolock, D.M. 0000-0002-6209-938X","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6209-938X","contributorId":36601,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wolock","given":"D.M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":388194,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"McCabe, G.J. 0000-0002-9258-2997","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9258-2997","contributorId":12961,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McCabe","given":"G.J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":388193,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70020980,"text":"70020980 - 1999 - Fluid inclusion and vitrinite-reflectance geothermometry compared to heat-flow models of maximum paleotemperature next to dikes, western onshore Gippsland Basin, Australia","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-02-21T00:43:29.50137","indexId":"70020980","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2033,"text":"International Journal of Coal Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Fluid inclusion and vitrinite-reflectance geothermometry compared to heat-flow models of maximum paleotemperature next to dikes, western onshore Gippsland Basin, Australia","docAbstract":"Nine basalt dikes, ranging from 6 cm to 40 m thick, intruding the Upper Jurassic–Lower Cretaceous Strzelecki Group, western onshore Gippsland Basin, were used to study maximum temperatures (Tmax) reached next to dikes. Tmax was estimated from fluid inclusion and vitrinite-reflectance geothermometry and compared to temperatures calculated using heat-flow models of contact metamorphism. Thermal history reconstruction suggests that at the time of dike intrusion the host rock was at a temperature of 100–135°C. Fracture-bound fluid inclusions in the host rocks next to thin dikes (<3.4 m thick) suggest Tmax systematically increases towards the dike margin to at least 500°C. The estimated Tmax next to the thickest dike (thickness (D)=40 m) suggests an extended zone of elevated Rv-r to at least a distance from the dike contact (X) of 60 m or at X/D>1.5, using a normalized distance ratio used for comparing measurements between dikes regardless of their thickness. In contrast, the pattern seen next to the thin dikes is a relatively narrow zone of elevated Rv-r. Heat-flow modeling, along with whole rock elemental and isotopic data, suggests that the extended zone of elevated Rv-r is caused by a convection cell with local recharge of the hydrothermal fluids. The narrow zone of elevated Rv-r found next to thin dikes is attributed to the rise of the less dense, heated fluids at the dike contact causing a flow of cooler groundwater towards the dike and thereby limiting its heating effects. The lack of extended heating effects suggests that next to thin dikes an incipient convection system may form in which the heated fluid starts to travel upward along the dike but cooling occurs before a complete convection cell can form. Close to the dike contact at X/D<0.3, Rv-r often decreases even though fluid inclusion evidence indicates that Tmax is still increasing. Further, fluid inclusion evidence indicates that the evolution of water vapor or supercritical fluids in the rock pores corresponds to the zone where Rv-r begins to decrease. The generation of the water vapor or supercritical fluids near the dike contact seems to change vitrinite evolution reactions. These metamorphic conditions, closer to the dike than X/D=0.3 make vitrinite-reflectance unreliable as a geothermometer. The form of the Rv-r profile, as it indicates Tmax, can be interpreted using temperature profiles estimated from various heat-flow models to infer whether the dike cooled by conduction, incipient convection, or a convection cell. A contact aureole that consists of decreasing Rv-r or Tmax extending out to X/D≥2 and that has a Tcontact≫(Tmagma+Thost)/2 appears to be a signature of simple conductive cooling. Incipient convection is indicated by a Rv-r profile that decreases to background levels at X/D<1. A convection cell is indicated by a wave-like form of the Rv-r profile and consistently high Rv-r that may not decrease to background levels until beyond distances of X/D>1.5.
Strata exposed in terraces and modern cutbanks along the Rio Desaguadero contain a variety of lithofacies that were deposited in four distinct facies associations. These facies associations document a history of aggradation and downcutting that is linked to Holocene climate change on the Altiplano. Braided-stream, meandering-stream, deltaic and shoreline, and lacustrine sediments preserved in multi-level terraces in the northern Rio Desaguadero Valley record two high-water intervals; one between 4500 and 3900 yr BP and another between 2000 and 2200 yr BP. These wet periods were interrupted by three periods of fluvial downcutting, centered at approximately 4000 yr BP, 3600 yr BP, and after 2000 yr BP. Braided-river sediments preserved in a single terrace level in the southern Rio Desaguadero Valley record a history of nearly continuous fluvial sedimentation from at least 7000 yr BP until approximately 3200 yr BP that was followed by a single episode (post-3210 yr BP) of down-cutting and lateral migration. The deposition and subsequent fluvial downcutting of the northern strata was controlled by changes in effective moisture that can be correlated to Holocene water-level fluctuations of Lake Titicaca. The deposition and dissection of braided-stream sediments to the south are more likely controlled by a combination of base-level change and sediment input from the Rio Mauri.
We compare geodetic and single-station methods of measuring dynamic deformations and characterize their causes in the frequency bands 0.5-1.0 Hz and 4.0-8.0 Hz. The geodetic approach utilizes data from small-aperture seismic arrays, applying techniques from geodesy. It requires relatively few assumptions and a priori information. The single-station method uses ground velocities recorded at isolated or single stations and assumes all the deformation is due to plane-wave propagation. It also requires knowledge of the azimuth and horizontal velocity of waves arriving at the recording station. Data employed come from a small-aperture, dense seismic array deployed in Geyokcha, Turkmenistan, and include seismograms recorded by broadband STS2 and short-period L28 sensors. Poor agreement between geodetic and single-station estimates in the 4.0-8.0 Hz passband indicates that the displacement field may vary nonlinearly with distance over distances of ∼50 m. STS2 geodetic estimates provide a robust standard in the 0.5-1.0 Hz passband because they appear to be computationally stable and require fewer assumptions than single-station estimates. The agreement between STS2 geodetic estimates and single-station L28 estimates is surprisingly good for the S-wave and early surface waves, suggesting that the single-station analysis should be useful with commonly available data. These results indicate that, in the 0.5 to 1.0 Hz passband, the primary source of dynamic deformation is plane-wave propagation along great-circle source-receiver paths. For later arriving energy, the effects of scattering become important. The local structure beneath the array exerts a strong control on the geometry of the dynamic deformation, implying that it may be difficult to infer source characteristics of modern or paleoearthquakes from indicators of dynamic deformations. However, strong site control also suggests that the dynamic deformations may be predictable, which would be useful for engineering seismically resistant structures.
Various immunostimulants and their methods of application in fish culture are examined in this review. Important variables such as life stage and innate disease resistance of the fish; immunostimulant used, its structure and mode of action; and the fish's environment are discussed. Conflicting results have been published about the efficacy of immunostimulants in fish diets. Some researchers have had positive responses demonstrated as increased fish survival, others have not. Generally, immunostimulants enhance individual components of the non-specific immune response but that does not always translate into increased fish survival. In addition, immunostimulants fed at too high a dose or for too long can be immunosuppressive. [Article copies available for a fee from The Haworth Document Delivery Service: 1-800-342-9678. E-mail address: getinfo@haworthpressinc.com ].
","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Applied Aquaculture","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Taylor & Francis","doi":"10.1300/J028v09n04_06","issn":"10454438","usgsCitation":"Gannam, A., and Schrock, R., 1999, Immunostimulants in fish diets: Journal of Applied Aquaculture, v. 9, no. 4, p. 53-89, https://doi.org/10.1300/J028v09n04_06.","productDescription":"37 p.","startPage":"53","endPage":"89","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":229727,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"9","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a38a4e4b0c8380cd6163a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Gannam, A.L.","contributorId":81651,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gannam","given":"A.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":388136,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Schrock, R. M.","contributorId":27218,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schrock","given":"R. M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":388135,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ]}