Links between erosion/sedimentation history and soil carbon cycling were examined in a highly erosive setting in Mississippi loess soils. We sampled soils on (relatively) undisturbed and cropped hillslopes and measured C, N, 14C, and CO2 flux to characterize carbon storage and dynamics and to parameterize Century and spreadsheet 14C models for different erosion and tillage histories. For this site, where 100 years of intensive cotton cropping were followed by fertilization and contour plowing, there was an initial and dramatic decline in soil carbon content from 1870 to 1950, followed by a dramatic increase in soil carbon. Soil erosion amplifies C loss and recovery: About 100% of the original, prehistoric soil carbon was likely lost over 127 years of intensive land use, but about 30% of that carbon was replaced after 1950. The eroded cropland was therefore a local sink for CO2 since the 1950s. However, a net CO2 sink requires a full accounting of eroded carbon, which in turn requires that decomposition rates in lower slopes or wetlands be reduced to about 20% of the upland value. As a result, erosion may induce unaccounted sinks or sources of CO2, depending on the fate of eroded carbon and its protection from decomposition. For erosion rates typical of the United States, the sink terms may be large enough (1 Gt yr−1, back‐of‐the‐envelope) to warrant a careful accounting of site management, cropping, and fertilization histories, as well as burial rates, for a more meaningful global assessment.
","language":"English","doi":"10.1029/1999GB900061","issn":"08866236","usgsCitation":"Harden, J., Sharpe, J.M., Parton, W., Ojima, D., Fries, T.L., Huntington, T.G., and Dabney, S.M., 1999, Dynamic replacement and loss of soil carbon on eroding cropland: Global Biogeochemical Cycles, v. 13, no. 4, p. 885-901, https://doi.org/10.1029/1999GB900061.","productDescription":"17 p.","startPage":"885","endPage":"901","numberOfPages":"17","costCenters":[{"id":466,"text":"New England Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":230242,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"13","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0429e4b0c8380cd5080e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Harden, J.W. 0000-0002-6570-8259","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6570-8259","contributorId":38585,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Harden","given":"J.W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":388098,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Sharpe, J. M.","contributorId":7319,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sharpe","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":388095,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Parton, W.J.","contributorId":89685,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Parton","given":"W.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":388101,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Ojima, D.S.","contributorId":49549,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ojima","given":"D.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":388099,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Fries, T. L.","contributorId":12053,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fries","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":388096,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Huntington, Thomas G. 0000-0002-9427-3530 thunting@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9427-3530","contributorId":117440,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Huntington","given":"Thomas","email":"thunting@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":466,"text":"New England Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":388100,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Dabney, S. M.","contributorId":32946,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dabney","given":"S.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":388097,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}} ,{"id":70020950,"text":"70020950 - 1999 - Gas hydrate accumulation at the Hakon Mosby Mud Volcano","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:52","indexId":"70020950","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1742,"text":"Geo-Marine Letters","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Gas hydrate accumulation at the Hakon Mosby Mud Volcano","docAbstract":"Gas hydrate (GH) accumulation is characterized and modeled for the Hakon Mosby mud volcano, ca. 1.5 km across, located on the Norway-Barents-Svalbard margin. Pore water chemical and isotopic results based on shallow sediment cores as well as geothermal and geomorphological data suggest that the GH accumulation is of a concentric pattern controlled by and formed essentially from the ascending mud volcano fluid. The gas hydrate content of sediment peaks at 25% by volume, averaging about 1.2% throughout the accumulation. The amount of hydrate methane is estimated at ca. 108 m3 STP, which could account for about 1-10% of the gas that has escaped from the volcano since its origin.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Geo-Marine Letters","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1007/s003670050093","issn":"02760460","usgsCitation":"Ginsburg, G., Milkov, A., Soloviev, V., Egorov, A., Cherkashev, G., Vogt, P., Crane, K., Lorenson, T., and Khutorskoy, M., 1999, Gas hydrate accumulation at the Hakon Mosby Mud Volcano: Geo-Marine Letters, v. 19, no. 1-2, p. 57-67, https://doi.org/10.1007/s003670050093.","startPage":"57","endPage":"67","numberOfPages":"11","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":230162,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":206542,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s003670050093"}],"volume":"19","issue":"1-2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a14cbe4b0c8380cd54b83","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ginsburg, G.D.","contributorId":34276,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ginsburg","given":"G.D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":388078,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Milkov, A.V.","contributorId":81272,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Milkov","given":"A.V.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":388083,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Soloviev, V.A.","contributorId":50671,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Soloviev","given":"V.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":388080,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Egorov, A.V.","contributorId":33872,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Egorov","given":"A.V.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":388077,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Cherkashev, G.A.","contributorId":53977,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cherkashev","given":"G.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":388081,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Vogt, P.R.","contributorId":38312,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Vogt","given":"P.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":388079,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Crane, K.","contributorId":14117,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Crane","given":"K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":388076,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Lorenson, T.D.","contributorId":7715,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lorenson","given":"T.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":388075,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Khutorskoy, M.D.","contributorId":64833,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Khutorskoy","given":"M.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":388082,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9}]}} ,{"id":70020946,"text":"70020946 - 1999 - Geological implications of a permeability-depth curve for the continental crust","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-01-12T14:38:19.620597","indexId":"70020946","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1796,"text":"Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Geological implications of a permeability-depth curve for the continental crust","docAbstract":"The decrease in permeability (k) of the continental crust with depth (z), as constrained by geothermal data and calculated fluid flux during metamorphism, is given by log k = −14 − 3.2 log z, where k is in meters squared and z is in kilometers. At moderate to great crustal depths (>∼5 km), this curve is defined mainly by data from prograde metamorphic systems, and is thus applicable to orogenic belts where the crust is being thickened and/or heated; lower permeabilities may occur in stable cratonic regions. This k-z relation implies that typical metamorphic fluid flux values of ∼10−11 m/s are consistent with fluid pressures significantly above hydrostatic values. The k-z curve also predicts that metamorphic CO2 flux from large orogens may be sufficient to cause significant climatic effects, if retrograde carbonation reactions are minimal, and suggests a significant capacity for diffuse degassing of Earth (1015–1016 g/yr) in tectonically active regions.
A thorough understanding of the fate and transport of metals in Lake Superior is necessary in order to predict the ability of Lake Superior to recover from anthropogenic perturbations (copper mining). Sediment cores were collected from nearshore and offshore sites in Lake Superior and used to evaluate spatial and temporal variations in copper loading associated with mining-related activities. Although both settings have been strongly affected by anthropogenic releases of copper, copper concentrations in nearshore cores are significantly greater than those found in offshore cores, implying that nearshore copper loading is dominated by simple deposition and burial of sediment generated from mining activities. Temporal variations in copper profiles in sediments from nearshore environments closelymimic copper production rates. Conversely, copper loading histories derived from offshore sediments are not well correlated to production rates. The offshore sediment cores, when compared with analogous cores from Lakes Ontario and Michigan, show that the average, lake-wide intensity of copper loading in Lake Superior is comparable to the other two lakes, despite the fact that Lake Superior has received the largest total burden of anthropogenic copper. Cu/Zn ratios, used to evaluate the amount of copper loading derived from mining discharges, vary strongly in nearshore environments in response to loading. Cu/Zn ratios in offshore sediments are much less variable, implying that copper loading may be regulated by additional mechanisms (solution chemistry and/or biologic uptake). Study of trace metal partitioning within Lake Superior sediments indicates that the organic fraction of the sediment contains the majority of the copper. Copper concentrations in offshore sediments are significantly correlated to organic carbon content of the sediment whereas copper concentrations in nearshore sediments are not. These findings support the model that transport and deposition of particles released from mining discharges dominate copper loading in nearshore sediments, whereas biologic uptake and settling of particulate organic matter may regulate copper loading in offshore sediments.
Influences of upper air characteristics along the coast of California upon winter-time (November-April) precipitation in the Sierra Nevada are investigated. Precipitation events in the Sierra Nevada region occur mostly during wintertime, irrespective of station location (leeside or windside) and elevation. Most precipitation episodes in the region are associated with moist southwesterly winds (coming from the southwest direction) and also tend to occur when the 700-mbar temperature at the upwind direction is close to −2°C. This favored wind direction and temperature signify the importance of both moisture transport and orographic lifting in augmenting precipitation in the region. By utilizing the observed dependency of the precipitation upon the upper air conditions, a linear model is formulated to quantify the precipitation observed at different sites as a function of moisture transport. The skill of the model increases with timescale of aggregation, reaching more than 50% variance explained at an aggregation period of 5–7 days. This indicates that upstream air moisture transport can be used to estimate the precipitation totals in the Sierra Nevada region.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/1999JD900103","issn":"01480227","usgsCitation":"Pandey, G., Cayan, D., and Georgakakos, K., 1999, Precipitation structure in the Sierra Nevada of California during winter: Journal of Geophysical Research D: Atmospheres, v. 104, no. D10, p. 12019-12030, https://doi.org/10.1029/1999JD900103.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"12019","endPage":"12030","numberOfPages":"12","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":479546,"rank":2,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19980237345","text":"External Repository"},{"id":229840,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"104","issue":"D10","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a811ee4b0c8380cd7b3a1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Pandey, G.R.","contributorId":77687,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pandey","given":"G.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":387990,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Cayan, D.R.","contributorId":25961,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Cayan","given":"D.R.","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":16196,"text":"Scripps Institution of Oceanography, La Jolla, CA","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":387988,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Georgakakos, K.P.","contributorId":59197,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Georgakakos","given":"K.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":387989,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70020918,"text":"70020918 - 1999 - Radiometric calibration of spacecraft using small lunar images","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:37","indexId":"70020918","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Radiometric calibration of spacecraft using small lunar images","docAbstract":"In this study, the data reduction steps that can be used to extract the lunar irradiance from low resolution images of the Moon are examined and the attendant uncertainties are quantitatively assessed. The response integrated over an image is compared to a lunar irradiance model being developed from terrestrial multi-band photometric observations over the 350-2500 nm range.","largerWorkTitle":"Proceedings of SPIE - The International Society for Optical Engineering","conferenceTitle":"Sensors, Systems, and Next-Generation Satellites III","conferenceDate":"20 September 1999 through 23 September 1999","conferenceLocation":"Florence, Italy","language":"English","publisher":"Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers","publisherLocation":"Bellingham, WA, United States","issn":"0277786X","usgsCitation":"Kieffer, H.H., Anderson, J.M., and Becker, K.J., 1999, Radiometric calibration of spacecraft using small lunar images, in Proceedings of SPIE - The International Society for Optical Engineering, v. 3870, Florence, Italy, 20 September 1999 through 23 September 1999, p. 193-205.","startPage":"193","endPage":"205","numberOfPages":"13","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":229760,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"3870","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a940ce4b0c8380cd8118a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kieffer, Hugh H.","contributorId":41137,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Kieffer","given":"Hugh","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":387974,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Anderson, James M.","contributorId":84939,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Anderson","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":387975,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Becker, Kris J. 0000-0003-1971-5957 kbecker@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1971-5957","contributorId":2910,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Becker","given":"Kris","email":"kbecker@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":131,"text":"Astrogeology Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":387973,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70020915,"text":"70020915 - 1999 - The role of groundwater chemistry in the transport of bacteria to water-supply wells","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:37","indexId":"70020915","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"The role of groundwater chemistry in the transport of bacteria to water-supply wells","docAbstract":"Static mini-columns and in situ injection and recovery tests were used to assess the effects of modest changes in groundwater chemistry upon the pH-dependence of bacterial attachment, a primary determinant of bacterial mobility in drinking water aquifers. In uncontaminated groundwater (<1 mg l-1 dissolved organic carbon, DOC), bacterial attachment to aquifer grain surfaces declined steadily from 93 to 20% in response to an increase in pH from 5.8 to 7.8. However, bacterial attachment in modestly-contaminated groundwater (4 mg l-1 DOC) was relatively insensitive to pH change from pH 3.5 to pH 8, as was bacterial attachment in uncontaminated groundwater amended with only ~3 mg l-1 of purified humic acid. Destruction by UV-oxidation of the DOC in contaminated groundwater partially restored the pH-dependence of bacterial attachment. Results from static column tests and from a small-scale (3.6 m) natural-gradient injection and recovery study suggest that low concentrations of surfactants can also substantively alter the attraction of groundwater bacteria for grain surfaces and, therefore can alter the transport of bacteria to water-supply wells. This phenomenon was pH-sensitive and dependent upon the nature of the surfactant. At pH 7.6, 200 mg l-1 of the non-ionic surfactant, Imbentin, caused a doubling of fractional bacterial attachment in aquifer-sediment columns, but had little effect under slightly acidic conditions (e.g. at pH 5.8). In contrast, 1 mg l-1 of linear alkylbenzene sulphonate (LAS) surfactant, a common sewage-derived contaminant, decreased the fractional bacterial attachment by more than 30% at pH 5.8, but had little effect at pH 7.3.Static mini-columns and in situ injection and recovery tests were used to assess the effects of modest changes in groundwater chemistry upon the pH-dependence of bacterial attachment, a primary determinant of bacterial mobility in drinking water aquifers. In uncontaminated groundwater (<1 mg l-1 dissolved organic carbon, DOC), bacterial attachment to aquifer grain surfaces declined steadily from 93 to 20% in response to an increase in pH from 5.8 to 7.8. However, bacterial attachment in modestly-contaminated groundwater (4 mg l-1 DOC) was relatively insensitive to pH change from pH 3.5 to pH 8, as was bacterial attachment in uncontaminated groundwater amended with only approx. 3 mg l-1 of purified humic acid. Destruction of UV-oxidation of the DOC in contaminated groundwater partially restored the pH-dependence of bacterial attachment. Results from the static column tests and from a small-scale (3.6 m) natural-gradient injection and recovery study suggest that low concentrations of surfactants can also substantively alter the attraction of groundwater bacteria for grain surfaces and, therefore can alter the transport of bacteria to water-supply wells. This phenomenon was pH-sensitive and dependent upon the nature of the surfactant. At pH 7.6, 200 mg l-1 of the non-ionic surfactant, Imbentin, caused a doubling of fractional bacterial attachment in aquifer-sediment columns, but had little effect under slightly acidic conditions (e.g. at pH 5.8). In contrast, 1 mg l-1 of linear alkylbenzene sulphonate (LAS) surfactant, a common sewage-derived contaminant, decreased the fractional bacterial attachment by more than 30% at pH 5.8, but had little effect at pH 7.3.","largerWorkTitle":"IAHS-AISH Publication","conferenceTitle":"The 2nd International Symposium on Assessing and Managing Health Risks from Drinking Water Contamination: Approaches and Applications","conferenceDate":"7 September 1998 through 10 September 1998","conferenceLocation":"Santiago, Chile","language":"English","publisher":"IAHS","publisherLocation":"Houston, TX, United States","issn":"01447815","usgsCitation":"Harvey, R., and Metge, D., 1999, The role of groundwater chemistry in the transport of bacteria to water-supply wells, in IAHS-AISH Publication, no. 260, Santiago, Chile, 7 September 1998 through 10 September 1998, p. 49-50.","startPage":"49","endPage":"50","numberOfPages":"2","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":229722,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"issue":"260","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505baf73e4b08c986b3247e0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Harvey, R.W. 0000-0002-2791-8503","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2791-8503","contributorId":11757,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Harvey","given":"R.W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":387965,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Metge, D.W.","contributorId":51477,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Metge","given":"D.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":387966,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70020913,"text":"70020913 - 1999 - Socioeconomic impacts of climate change on U.S. water supplies","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:38","indexId":"70020913","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Socioeconomic impacts of climate change on U.S. water supplies","docAbstract":"A greenhouse warming would have major effects on water supplies and demands. A framework for examining the socioeconomic impacts associated with changes in the long-term availability of water is developed and applied to the hydrologic implications of the Canadian and British Hadley2 general circulation models (GCMs) for the 18 water resource regions in the conterminous United States. The climate projections of these two GCMs have very different implications for future water supplies and costs. The Canadian model suggests most of the nation would be much drier in the year 2030. Under the least-cost management scenario the drier climate could add nearly $105 billion to the estimated costs of balancing supplies and demands relative to the costs without climate change. Measures to protect instream flows and irrigation could result in significantly higher costs. In contrast, projections based on the Hadley model suggest water supplies would increase throughout much of the nation, reducing the costs of balancing water supplies with demands relative to the no-climate-change case.","largerWorkTitle":"Journal of the American Water Resources Association","language":"English","publisher":"American Water Resources Assoc","publisherLocation":"Herndon, VA, United States","issn":"1093474X","usgsCitation":"Frederick, K., and Schwarz, G., 1999, Socioeconomic impacts of climate change on U.S. water supplies, in Journal of the American Water Resources Association, v. 35, no. 6, p. 1563-1583.","startPage":"1563","endPage":"1583","numberOfPages":"21","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":229683,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"35","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b91cbe4b08c986b319ae5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Frederick, K.D.","contributorId":90063,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Frederick","given":"K.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":387960,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Schwarz, G. E. 0000-0002-9239-4566","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9239-4566","contributorId":14852,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schwarz","given":"G. E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":387959,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70020906,"text":"70020906 - 1999 - Spatial variability of turbulent fluxes in the roughness sublayer of an even-aged pine forest","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-12-19T08:21:04","indexId":"70020906","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1072,"text":"Boundary-Layer Meteorology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Spatial variability of turbulent fluxes in the roughness sublayer of an even-aged pine forest","docAbstract":"The spatial variability of turbulent flow statistics in the roughness sublayer (RSL) of a uniform even-aged 14 m (= h) tall loblolly pine forest was investigated experimentally. Using seven existing walkup towers at this stand, high frequency velocity, temperature, water vapour and carbon dioxide concentrations were measured at 15.5 m above the ground surface from October 6 to 10 in 1997. These seven towers were separated by at least 100m from each other. The objective of this study was to examine whether single tower turbulence statistics measurements represent the flow properties of RSL turbulence above a uniform even-aged managed loblolly pine forest as a best-case scenario for natural forested ecosystems. From the intensive space-time series measurements, it was demonstrated that standard deviations of longitudinal and vertical velocities (σu, σw) and temperature (σT) are more planar homogeneous than their vertical flux of momentum (u*2) and sensible heat (H) counterparts. Also, the measured H is more horizontally homogeneous when compared to fluxes of other scalar entities such as CO2and water vapour. While the spatial variability in fluxes was significant (>15 %), this unique data set confirmed that single tower measurements represent the ‘canonical’ structure of single-point RSL turbulence statistics, especially flux-variance relationships. Implications to extending the ‘moving-equilibrium’ hypothesis for RSL flows are discussed. The spatial variability in all RSL flow variables was not constant in time and varied strongly with spatially averaged friction velocity u*, especially when u* was small. It is shown that flow properties derived from two-point temporal statistics such as correlation functions are more sensitive to local variability in leaf area density when compared to single point flow statistics. Specifically, that the local relationship between the reciprocal of the vertical velocity integral time scale (Iw) and the arrival frequency of organized structures (ū/h) predicted from a mixing-layer theory exhibited dependence on the local leaf area index. The broader implications of these findings to the measurement and modelling of RSL flows are also discussed.
","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1023/A:1002079602069","issn":"00068314","usgsCitation":"Katul, G., Hsieh, C., Bowling, D., Clark, K., Shurpali, N., Turnipseed, A., Albertson, J., Tu, K., Hollinger, D., Evans, B.M., Offerle, B., Anderson, D., Ellsworth, D., Vogel, C., and Oren, R., 1999, Spatial variability of turbulent fluxes in the roughness sublayer of an even-aged pine forest: Boundary-Layer Meteorology, v. 93, no. 1, p. 1-28, https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1002079602069.","productDescription":"28 p.","startPage":"1","endPage":"28","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":479561,"rank":10000,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"http://hdl.handle.net/2027.42/42512","text":"External Repository"},{"id":230238,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":206567,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1002079602069"}],"volume":"93","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b94b6e4b08c986b31ac05","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Katul, G.","contributorId":15363,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Katul","given":"G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":387931,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hsieh, C.-I.","contributorId":72551,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hsieh","given":"C.-I.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":387938,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Bowling, D.","contributorId":53978,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bowling","given":"D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":387935,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Clark, K.","contributorId":71720,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Clark","given":"K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":387937,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Shurpali, N.","contributorId":88114,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shurpali","given":"N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":387940,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Turnipseed, A.","contributorId":88518,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Turnipseed","given":"A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":387941,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Albertson, J.","contributorId":28767,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Albertson","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":387932,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Tu, K.","contributorId":64420,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tu","given":"K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":387936,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Hollinger, D.","contributorId":33873,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hollinger","given":"D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":387933,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Evans, B. 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Final earthquake size may be predictable from an ISE's seismic signature in the preslip model but not in the cascade model. In the cascade model ISEs are simply small earthquakes that can be described as purely dynamic ruptures. In this model a large earthquake is triggered by smaller earthquakes; there is no size scaling between triggering and triggered events and a variety of stress transfer mechanisms are possible. Alternatively, in the preslip model, a large earthquake nucleates as an aseismically slipping patch in which the patch dimension grows and scales with the earthquake's ultimate size; the byproduct of this loading process is the ISE. In this model, the duration of the ISE signal scales with the ultimate size of the earthquake, suggesting that nucleation and earthquake size are determined by a more predictable, measurable, and organized process. To distinguish between these two end-member models we use short period seismograms recorded by the Southern California Seismic Network. We address questions regarding the similarity in hypocenter locations and focal mechanisms of the ISE and the mainshock. We also compare the ISE's waveform characteristics to those of small earthquakes and to the beginnings of earthquakes with a range of magnitudes. We find that the focal mechanisms of the ISE and mainshock are indistinguishable, and both events may have nucleated on and ruptured the same fault plane. These results satisfy the requirements for both models and thus do not discriminate between them. However, further tests show the ISE's waveform characteristics are similar to those of typical small earthquakes in the vicinity and more importantly, do not scale with the mainshock magnitude. These results are more consistent with the cascade model.
","language":"English","publisher":"Springer Link","doi":"10.1023/A:1009890329925","issn":"13834649","usgsCitation":"Kilb, D., and Gomberg, J., 1999, The initial subevent of the 1994 Northridge, California, earthquake: Is earthquake size predictable?: Journal of Seismology, v. 3, no. 4, p. 409-420, https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1009890329925.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"409","endPage":"420","numberOfPages":"12","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":229998,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"3","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bad47e4b08c986b323ae8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kilb, Debi","contributorId":90892,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kilb","given":"Debi","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":387878,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Gomberg, J.","contributorId":95994,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gomberg","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":387879,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70020885,"text":"70020885 - 1999 - Plate deformation at depth under northern California: Slab gap or stretched slab?","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-11-18T10:09:41","indexId":"70020885","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3524,"text":"Tectonics","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Plate deformation at depth under northern California: Slab gap or stretched slab?","docAbstract":"Plate kinematic interpretations for northern California predict a gap in the underlying subducted slab caused by the northward migration of the Pacific-North America-Juan de Fuca triple junction. However, large-scale decompression melting and asthenospheric upwelling to the base of the overlying plate within the postulated gap are not supported by geophysical and geochemical observations. We suggest a model for the interaction between the three plates which is compatible with the observations. In this 'slab stretch' model the Juan de Fuca plate under coastal northern California deforms by stretching and thinning to fill the geometrical gap formed in the wake of the northward migrating Mendocino triple junction. The stretching is in response to boundary forces acting on the plate. The thinning results in an elevated geothermal gradient, which may be roughly equivalent to a 4 Ma oceanic lithosphere, still much cooler than that inferred by the slab gap model. We show that reequilibration of this geothermal gradient under 20-30 km thick overlying plate can explain the minor Neogene volcanic activity, its chemical composition, and the heat flow. In contrast to northern California, geochemical and geophysical consequences of a 'true' slab gap can be observed in the California Inner Continental Borderland offshore Los Angeles, where local asthenospheric upwelling probably took place during the Miocene as a result of horizontal extension and rotation of the overlying plate. The elevated heat flow in central California can be explained by thermal reequilibration of the stalled Monterey microplate under the Coast Ranges, rather than by a slab gap or viscous shear heating in the mantle.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Tectonics","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1029/1999TC900050","issn":"02787407","usgsCitation":"ten Brink, U., Shimizu, N., and Molzer, P., 1999, Plate deformation at depth under northern California: Slab gap or stretched slab?: Tectonics, v. 18, no. 6, p. 1084-1098, https://doi.org/10.1029/1999TC900050.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"1084","endPage":"1098","costCenters":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":479658,"rank":10000,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/1999tc900050","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":229960,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":206486,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1029/1999TC900050"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -124.67285156250001,\n 37.736946065676\n ],\n [\n -120.03662109374999,\n 37.736946065676\n ],\n [\n -119.970703125,\n 42.24478535602799\n ],\n [\n -124.67285156250001,\n 42.24478535602799\n ],\n [\n -124.67285156250001,\n 37.736946065676\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"18","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a7c20e4b0c8380cd797e7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"ten Brink, Uri S. 0000-0001-6858-3001 utenbrink@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6858-3001","contributorId":127560,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"ten Brink","given":"Uri S.","email":"utenbrink@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":186,"text":"Coastal and Marine Geology Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":387871,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Shimizu, N.","contributorId":21716,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shimizu","given":"N.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":387870,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Molzer, P.C.","contributorId":86514,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Molzer","given":"P.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":387872,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70021755,"text":"70021755 - 1999 - Explaining spatial variability in mean annual runoff in the conterminous United States","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-09-08T15:40:59.04032","indexId":"70021755","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1249,"text":"Climate Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Explaining spatial variability in mean annual runoff in the conterminous United States","docAbstract":"The hydrologic concepts needed in a water-balance model to estimate the spatial variation in mean annual runoff for the 344 climate divisions in the conterminous United States (U.S.) were determined. The concepts that were evaluated were the climatic supply of water (precipitation), climatic demand for water (potential evapotranspiration), seasonality in supply and demand, and soil-moisture-storage capacity. Most (91%) of the spatial variability in mean annual runoff for the climate divisions in the conterminous U.S. was explained by the spatial variability of mean annual precipitation minus mean annual potential evapotranspiration. When soil-moisture-storage capacity and seasonality in supply and demand were added to the water balance, the explained variance in mean annual runoff increased slightly, and the error in estimated mean annual runoff decreased significantly. Adding soil-moisture-storage capacity and seasonality in supply and demand provided the most improvement in areas where seasonal supply and demand are out of phase.
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Integrated Modeling and Prediction Division","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":27111,"text":"National Water Quality Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":451,"text":"National Water Quality Assessment Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":353,"text":"Kansas Water Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":391035,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"McCabe, Gregory J. 0000-0002-9258-2997 gmccabe@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9258-2997","contributorId":200854,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McCabe","given":"Gregory","email":"gmccabe@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":37778,"text":"WMA - Integrated Modeling and Prediction Division","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":391034,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70021753,"text":"70021753 - 1999 - Simulating the water balance of the Aral Sea with a coupled regional climate-lake model","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-05-02T16:24:19.700447","indexId":"70021753","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2316,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research D: Atmospheres","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Simulating the water balance of the Aral Sea with a coupled regional climate-lake model","docAbstract":"Before coupled atmosphere-lake models can be used to study the response of large lake systems to climatic forcings, we must first evaluate how well they simulate the water balance and associated lake atmosphere interactions under present-day conditions. We evaluate the hydrology simulated by a lake model coupled to NCAR's regional climate model (RegCM2) in a study of the Aral Sea. The meteorological variables that are input to the lake model are simulated well by RegCM2. Simulated surface air temperatures closely match observed values, except during spring and fall when the simulated temperatures are too cold. The magnitude of precipitation is too high in the region surrounding the Aral Sea during summer and fall. On a yearly basis, RegCM2 produces a reasonable amount of runoff throughout the drainage basin. The lake model coupled to RegCM2 accurately simulates Aral Sea surface temperatures (SSTs). The lake model also simulates observed mid-winter ice fraction well, although the onset of ice growth occurs too late in the year and the ice melts too rapidly in the spring. The simulated annual evaporation from the Aral Sea is consistent with observed estimates; however, the simulated evaporation is greater than observed during summer and less than observed during winter. In a “stand-alone” lake model simulation, the simulated Aral Sea hydrology does not match observations as closely as in the coupled model experiment. These results suggest that a stand-alone lake model would not accurately simulate the hydrologic response of the Aral Sea to various forcings.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/98JD02348","issn":"01480227","usgsCitation":"Small, E., Sloan, L., Hostetler, S., and Giorgi, F., 1999, Simulating the water balance of the Aral Sea with a coupled regional climate-lake model: Journal of Geophysical Research D: Atmospheres, v. 104, no. D6, p. 6583-6602, https://doi.org/10.1029/98JD02348.","productDescription":"20 p.","startPage":"6583","endPage":"6602","numberOfPages":"20","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":479458,"rank":2,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/98jd02348","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":229263,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"104","issue":"D6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b8fdee4b08c986b3191b3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Small, E.E.","contributorId":56403,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Small","given":"E.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":391018,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Sloan, L.C.","contributorId":83688,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sloan","given":"L.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":391019,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hostetler, S. 0000-0003-2272-8302","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2272-8302","contributorId":30336,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hostetler","given":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":391017,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Giorgi, F.","contributorId":24924,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Giorgi","given":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":391016,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70021752,"text":"70021752 - 1999 - Geotechnical characteristics and slope stability in the Gulf of Cadiz","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:37","indexId":"70021752","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2667,"text":"Marine Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Geotechnical characteristics and slope stability in the Gulf of Cadiz","docAbstract":"Sedimentological and geotechnical analyses of thirty-seven core samples from the Gulf of Cadiz continental margin were used to define the regional variability of sediment properties and to assess slope stability. Considering the sediment property data set as a whole, there is an association between grain size, plasticity and water content. Any one of these properties can be mapped regionally to provide an indication of the dominant surface sediment lithology. Based on static sediment strength, a simplified slope stability analysis showed that only steep slopes (> 16??for even the most vulnerable sediment) can fail under static loading conditions. Accordingly, transient loads, such as earthquakes or storms, are needed to cause failure on more moderate slopes. A regional seismic slope stability analysis of the Cadiz margin was performed based on detailed geotechnical testing of four gravity core samples. The results showed that the stability of these slopes under seismic loading conditions depends upon sediment density, the cyclic loading shear strength, the slope steepness, and the regional seismicity. Sediment density and cyclic loading shear strength are dependent upon water content, which can act as a proxy for plasticity and texture effects. Specifically, Sediment in the water content range of 50-56% is most vulnerable to failure under cyclic loading within the Cadiz margin. As a result, for a uniform seismicity over the region, susceptibility to failure during seismic loading conditions increases with increasing slope steepness and is higher if the sediment water content is in the 50-56% range than if it is not. The only sampled zone of failure on the continental slope contains sediment with water content in this critical range. Storm-wave-induced instability was evaluated for the continental shelf. The evaluation showed that a storm having hundreds of waves with a height in the range of 16 m might be capable of causing failure on the shelf. However, no sediment failures were observed on the shelf that might have been caused by this mechanism.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Marine Geology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/S0025-3227(98)00146-7","issn":"00253227","usgsCitation":"Lee, H., and Baraza, J., 1999, Geotechnical characteristics and slope stability in the Gulf of Cadiz: Marine Geology, v. 155, no. 1-2, p. 173-190, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0025-3227(98)00146-7.","startPage":"173","endPage":"190","numberOfPages":"18","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":229262,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":206265,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0025-3227(98)00146-7"}],"volume":"155","issue":"1-2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a28b5e4b0c8380cd5a33c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lee, H.","contributorId":40739,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lee","given":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":391015,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Baraza, J.","contributorId":12200,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Baraza","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":391014,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70021746,"text":"70021746 - 1999 - Negative pH, efflorescent mineralogy, and consequences for environmental restoration at the iron mountain superfund site, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-12-19T07:57:24","indexId":"70021746","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3165,"text":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Negative pH, efflorescent mineralogy, and consequences for environmental restoration at the iron mountain superfund site, California","docAbstract":"The Richmond Mine of the Iron Mountain copper deposit contains some of the most acid mine waters ever reported. Values of pH have been measured as low as -3.6, combined metal concentrations as high as 200 g/liter, and sulfate concentrations as high as 760 g/liter. Copious quantities of soluble metal sulfate salts such as melanterite, chalcanthite, coquimbite, rhomboclase, voltaite, copiapite, and halotrichite have been identified, and some of these are forming from negative-pH mine waters. Geochemical calculations show that, under a mine-plugging remediation scenario, these salts would dissolve and the resultant 600,000-m3 mine pool would have a pH of 1 or less and contain several grams of dissolved metals per liter, much like the current portal effluent water. In the absence of plugging or other at-source control, current weathering rates indicate that the portal effluent will continue for approximately 3,000 years. Other remedial actions have greatly reduced metal loads into downstream drainages and the Sacramento River, primarily by capturing the major acidic discharges and routing them to a lime neutralization plant. Incorporation of geochemical modeling and mineralogical expertise into the decision-making process for remediation can save time, save money, and reduce the likelihood of deleterious consequences.","language":"English","publisher":"PNAS","doi":"10.1073/pnas.96.7.3455","issn":"00278424","usgsCitation":"Nordstrom, D.K., and Alpers, C.N., 1999, Negative pH, efflorescent mineralogy, and consequences for environmental restoration at the iron mountain superfund site, California: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, v. 96, no. 7, p. 3455-3462, https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.96.7.3455.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"3455","endPage":"3462","costCenters":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":479538,"rank":10000,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/34288","text":"External Repository"},{"id":229183,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":206236,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.96.7.3455"}],"volume":"96","issue":"7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1999-03-30","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a643be4b0c8380cd72945","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Nordstrom, D. Kirk 0000-0003-3283-5136 dkn@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3283-5136","contributorId":749,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nordstrom","given":"D.","email":"dkn@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"Kirk","affiliations":[{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":390999,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Alpers, Charles N. 0000-0001-6945-7365 cnalpers@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6945-7365","contributorId":411,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Alpers","given":"Charles","email":"cnalpers@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":391000,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70021744,"text":"70021744 - 1999 - SAR studies in the Yuma Desert, Arizona: Sand penetration, geology, and the detection of military ordnance debris","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:54","indexId":"70021744","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3254,"text":"Remote Sensing of Environment","printIssn":"0034-4257","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"SAR studies in the Yuma Desert, Arizona: Sand penetration, geology, and the detection of military ordnance debris","docAbstract":"Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) images acquired over part of the Yuma Desert in southwestern Arizona demonstrate the ability of C-band (5.7-cm wavelength), L-band (24.5 cm), and P-band (68 cm) AIRSAR signals to backscatter from increasingly greater depths reaching several meters in blow sand and sandy alluvium. AIRSAR images obtained within the Barry M. Goldwater Bombing and Gunnery Range near Yuma, Arizona, show a total reversal of C- and P-band backscatter contrast (image tone) for three distinct geologic units. This phenomenon results from an increasingly greater depth of radar imaging with increasing radar wavelength. In the case of sandy- and small pebble-alluvium surfaces mantled by up to several meters of blow sand, backscatter increases directly with SAR wavelength as a result of volume scattering from a calcic soil horizon at shallow depth and by volume scattering from the root mounds of healthy desert vegetation that locally stabilize blow sand. AIRSAR images obtained within the military range are also shown to be useful for detecting metallic military ordnance debris that is located either at the surface or covered by tens of centimeters to several meters of blow sand. The degree of detectability of this ordnance increases with SAR wavelength and is clearly maximized on P-band images that are processed in the cross-polarized mode (HV). This effect is attributed to maximum signal penetration at P-band and the enhanced PHV image contrast between the radar-bright ordnance debris and the radar-dark sandy desert. This article focuses on the interpretation of high resolution AIRSAR images but also Compares these airborne SAR images with those acquired from spacecraft sensors such as ERS-SAR and Space Radar Laboratory (SIR-C/X-SAR).Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) images acquired over part of the Yuma Desert in southwestern Arizona demonstrate the ability of C-band (5.7-cm wavelength), L-band (24.5 cm), and P-band (68 cm) AIRSAR signals to backscatter from increasingly greater depths reaching several meters in blow sand and sandy alluvium. AIRSAR images obtained within the Barry M. Goldwater Bombing and Gunnery Range near Yuma, Arizona, show a total reversal of C- and P-band backscatter contrast (image tone) for three distinct geologic units. This phenomenon results from an increasingly greater depth of radar imaging with increasing radar wavelength. In the case of sandy- and small pebble-alluvium surfaces mantled by up to several meters of blow sand, backscatter increases directly with SAR wavelength as a result of volume scattering from a calcic soil horizon at shallow depth and by volume scattering from the root mounds of healthy desert vegetation that locally stabilize blow sand. AIRSAR images obtained within the military range are also shown to be useful for detecting metallic military ordnance debris that is located either at the surface or covered by tens of centimeters to several meters of blow sand. The degree of detectability of this ordnance increases with SAR wavelength and is clearly maximized on P-band images that are processed in the cross-polarized mode (HV). This effect is attributed to maximum signal penetration at P-band and the enhanced PHV image contrast between the radar-bright ordnance debris and the radar-dark sandy desert. This article focuses on the interpretation of high resolution AIRSAR images but also compares these airborne SAR images with those acquired from spacecraft sensors such as ERS-SAR and Space Radar Laboratory (SIR-C/X-SAR).","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Remote Sensing of Environment","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier Science Inc","publisherLocation":"New York, NY, United States","doi":"10.1016/S0034-4257(98)00093-5","issn":"00344257","usgsCitation":"Schaber, G.G., 1999, SAR studies in the Yuma Desert, Arizona: Sand penetration, geology, and the detection of military ordnance debris: Remote Sensing of Environment, v. 67, no. 3, p. 320-347, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0034-4257(98)00093-5.","startPage":"320","endPage":"347","numberOfPages":"28","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":206219,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0034-4257(98)00093-5"},{"id":229149,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"67","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505aaf06e4b0c8380cd8734e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Schaber, G. G.","contributorId":68300,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schaber","given":"G.","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390996,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70021742,"text":"70021742 - 1999 - Ventifacts at the Pathfinder landing site","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-12-04T10:46:02","indexId":"70021742","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2317,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research E: Planets","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Ventifacts at the Pathfinder landing site","docAbstract":"About half of the rocks at the Mars Pathfinder Ares Vallis landing site appear to be ventifacts, rocks abraded by windborne particles. Comparable resolution images taken by the Imager for Mars Pathfinder (IMP) camera and the Viking landers show that ventifacts are more abundant at the Pathfinder site. The ventifacts occur in several forms, including rocks with faceted edges, finger‐like projections, elongated pits, flutes, grooves, and possible rills. The trends of elongated pits, flutes, grooves, and rills cluster at ∼280–330° clockwise from north and generally dip 10–30° away from their trend direction. These orientations are indicative of southeast to northwest winds and differ from the trend of wind tails at the landing site, the direction of local wind streaks, and predictions of the Global Circulation Model, all of which indicate northeast to southwest winds. The disparity between these data sets strongly suggests that local circulation patterns have changed since the abrasion of the ventifacted rocks. The greater number of ventifacts at the Pathfinder site compared to either of the Viking sites is most easily explained as being due to a larger supply of abrading particles, composed of either sand‐sized grains or indurated dust aggregates, and higher surface roughness, which should increase the momentum of saltating grains. The Pathfinder ventifacts may have formed shortly after the deposition of outflow channel sediments nearly 2 Gry ago, when a large local supply of abrading particles should have been abundant and atmospheric conditions may have been more conducive to rock abrasion from saltating grains. Based on how ventifacts form on Earth, the several ventifact forms seen at the Pathfinder site and their presence on some rocks but not on others are probably due to local airflow conditions, original rock shape, exposure duration, rock movement, and to a lesser extent, rock lithology. The abundance of ventifacts at the Pathfinder site, together with other evidence of weathering, indicates that unaltered rock surfaces are rare on Mars.
","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Geophysical Research E: Planets","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","doi":"10.1029/98JE02550","issn":"01480227","usgsCitation":"Bridges, N., Greeley, R., Haldemann, A.F., Herkenhoff, K.E., Kraft, M., Parker, T.J., and Ward, A.W., 1999, Ventifacts at the Pathfinder landing site: Journal of Geophysical Research E: Planets, v. 104, no. E4, p. 8595-8615, https://doi.org/10.1029/98JE02550.","productDescription":"21 p.","startPage":"8595","endPage":"8615","numberOfPages":"21","costCenters":[{"id":131,"text":"Astrogeology Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":487281,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/98je02550","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":229081,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"otherGeospatial":"Mars","volume":"104","issue":"E4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bc202e4b08c986b32a8a4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bridges, N.T.","contributorId":23673,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bridges","given":"N.T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390981,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Greeley, R.","contributorId":6538,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Greeley","given":"R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390979,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Haldemann, A. F. C.","contributorId":33437,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Haldemann","given":"A.","email":"","middleInitial":"F. C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390983,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Herkenhoff, Kenneth E. 0000-0002-3153-6663 kherkenhoff@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3153-6663","contributorId":2275,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Herkenhoff","given":"Kenneth","email":"kherkenhoff@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":131,"text":"Astrogeology Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":390984,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Kraft, M.","contributorId":72547,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kraft","given":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390985,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Parker, T. J.","contributorId":30776,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Parker","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390982,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Ward, A. W.","contributorId":8129,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ward","given":"A.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390980,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}} ,{"id":70021741,"text":"70021741 - 1999 - Stasis and extinction of Silurian (Llandovery-Wenlock) trilobite associations related to oceanic cyclicity","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-06-04T21:36:49.003723","indexId":"70021741","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2412,"text":"Journal of Paleontology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Stasis and extinction of Silurian (Llandovery-Wenlock) trilobite associations related to oceanic cyclicity","docAbstract":"Silurian trilobites of the central United States belong to a series of temporally-successive associations which appeared abruptly, maintained taxonomic stasis for a time, and then disappeared abruptly. Their disappearance resulted from global perturbations of short-term duration and moderate magnitude, which caused substantial taxonomic replacement but no reorganization of major ecosystems. The most significant extinction and replacement in Silurian trilobite associations in the study area occurs near the Llandovery-Wenlock boundary. This turnover in trilobite associations appears to correspond to Jeppsson's Ireviken Event in his model of oceanic and climatic cyclicity. Major sea-level changes earlier in the Llandovery did not have a similar impact on trilobite associations.","language":"English","publisher":"Oxford Academic","issn":"00223360","usgsCitation":"Mikulic, D.G., and Kluessendorf, J., 1999, Stasis and extinction of Silurian (Llandovery-Wenlock) trilobite associations related to oceanic cyclicity: Journal of Paleontology, v. 73, no. 2, p. 320-325.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"320","endPage":"325","numberOfPages":"6","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":229080,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"73","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b96c1e4b08c986b31b6c3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Mikulic, Donald G.","contributorId":61159,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mikulic","given":"Donald","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390978,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kluessendorf, Joanne","contributorId":41965,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kluessendorf","given":"Joanne","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390977,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70021739,"text":"70021739 - 1999 - Health impacts of domestic coal use in China","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:41","indexId":"70021739","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Health impacts of domestic coal use in China","docAbstract":"Domestic coal combustion has had profound adverse effects on the health of millions of people worldwide. In China alone several hundred million people commonly burn raw coal in unvented stoves that permeate their homes with high levels of toxic metals and organic compounds. At least 3,000 people in Guizhou Province in southwest China are suffering from severe arsenic poisoning. The primary source of the arsenic appears to be consumption of chili peppers dried over fires fueled with high-arsenic coal. Coal samples in the region were found to contain up to 35,000 ppm arsenic. Chili peppers dried over high-arsenic coal fires adsorb 500 ppm arsenic on average. More than 10 million people in Guizhou Province and surrounding areas suffer from dental and skeletal fluorosis. The excess fluorine is caused by eating corn dried over burning briquettes made from high-fluorine coals and high-fluorine clay binders. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons formed during coal combustion are believed to cause or contribute to the high incidence of esophageal and lung cancers in parts of China. Domestic coal combustion also has caused selenium poisoning and possibly mercury poisoning. Better knowledge of coal quality parameters may help to reduce some of these health problems. For example, information on concentrations and distributions of potentially toxic elements in coal may help delineate areas of a coal deposit to be avoided. Information on the modes of occurrence of these elements and the textural relations of the minerals and macerals in coal may help predict the behavior of the potentially toxic components during coal combustion.","largerWorkTitle":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America","language":"English","doi":"10.1073/pnas.96.7.3427","issn":"00278424","usgsCitation":"Finkelman, R.B., Belkin, H., and Zheng, B., 1999, Health impacts of domestic coal use in China, in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, v. 96, no. 7, p. 3427-3431, https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.96.7.3427.","startPage":"3427","endPage":"3431","numberOfPages":"5","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":479497,"rank":10000,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"text":"External Repository"},{"id":206397,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.96.7.3427"},{"id":229627,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"96","issue":"7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1999-03-30","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a2fdce4b0c8380cd5d14f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Finkelman, R. B.","contributorId":20341,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Finkelman","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390971,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Belkin, H. E. 0000-0001-7879-6529","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7879-6529","contributorId":38160,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Belkin","given":"H. E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390972,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Zheng, B.","contributorId":51489,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zheng","given":"B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390973,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70021735,"text":"70021735 - 1999 - Genetic and morphometric assessment of an unusual tortoise (Gopherus agassizii) population in the Black Mountains of Arizona","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-11-26T21:32:59.428106","indexId":"70021735","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2334,"text":"Journal of Herpetology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Genetic and morphometric assessment of an unusual tortoise (Gopherus agassizii) population in the Black Mountains of Arizona","docAbstract":"Under recent regulatory designation of the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, desert tortoises (Gopherus agassizii) occurring east and south of the Colorado River constitute the Sonoran population, whereas those to the west and north form the Mojave population. These management units, distinguished by significant genetic, morphometric, and ecological differences, represent deep phylogenetic subdivisions within G. agassizii and are of high conservation value. We provide genetic and morphological profiles for an unusual tortoise population inhabiting the Black Mountains of Arizona, some 40 km east of the Colorado River. Both mitochondrial (mt) DNA and morphometric analyses revealed predominately Mojavean features: ten of eleven Black Mountain tortoises possessed Mojave mtDNA markers, and 24 of 37 animals exhibited Mojave morphometric phenotypes. Our results indicate west-to-east movement of tortoises across the Colorado River, though how or when a Mojave lineage became established in the Black Mountains is difficult to ascertain. Active dispersal, river meander, and human transport (early or modern peoples) serve as plausible explanations. Future management of the Black Mountain tortoises should emphasize the population's Mojavean affinities.
","language":"English","publisher":"Society for the Study of Amphibians and Reptiles","doi":"10.2307/1565541","issn":"00221511","usgsCitation":"McLuckie, A., Lamb, T., Schwalbe, C., and Mccord, R., 1999, Genetic and morphometric assessment of an unusual tortoise (Gopherus agassizii) population in the Black Mountains of Arizona: Journal of Herpetology, v. 33, no. 1, p. 36-44, https://doi.org/10.2307/1565541.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"36","endPage":"44","numberOfPages":"9","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":229558,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"33","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a1564e4b0c8380cd54dc3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"McLuckie, A.M.","contributorId":78107,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McLuckie","given":"A.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390958,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lamb, T.","contributorId":29360,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lamb","given":"T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390955,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Schwalbe, C.R.","contributorId":35259,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Schwalbe","given":"C.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390956,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Mccord, R.D.","contributorId":71717,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mccord","given":"R.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390957,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70021733,"text":"70021733 - 1999 - Site response for Seattle and source parameters of earthquakes in the Puget Sound Region","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-10-18T00:47:17.100688","indexId":"70021733","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1135,"text":"Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America","onlineIssn":"1943-3573","printIssn":"0037-1106","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Site response for Seattle and source parameters of earthquakes in the Puget Sound Region","docAbstract":"We analyzed seismograms from 21 earthquakes (ML 2.0-4.9) recorded by digital seismographs we deployed in urban Seattle to determine site response and earthquake stress drops. The seismometers were situated on a wide variety of geologic units, including artificial fill (e.g., Kingdome, Harbor Island), Pleistocene age soils (glacial till and outwash deposits of Seattle's hills), modified land (downtown Seattle, Space Needle), and Tertiary sedimentary rock. Two mainshock-aftershock sequences were recorded: the June 1997 Bremerton sequence (mainshock ML 4.9) and the February 1997 South Seattle sequence (mainshock ML 3.5), along with other events in the Puget Sound region. We developed a new inversion procedure to estimate site response, source corner frequencies, and seismic moments from the S-wave spectra. This inversion uses corner frequencies determined from spectral ratios of mainshock-aftershock pairs as constraints. The site responses found from the inversion are not relative to the rock site but are relative to an idealized site with a flat frequency response. The response of the rock site is also found from the inversion. The inversion results show high response for the sites on artificial fill, more moderate amplification for most sites on stiff Pleistocene soils or modified land, and low response for the rock site. Some sites display resonances, such as a strong 2-Hz resonance at our site near the Kingdome, which is caused by the surficial layers of fill and younger alluvium. The sites in West Seattle exhibit high amplification, even though they are on relatively stiff soils of glacial outwash. This may be partly caused by basin surface waves produced by conversion of incident S waves. This high response in West Seattle is consistent with damage reports from the 1949 (mb 7.1) and 1965 (mb 6.5) earthquakes. Stress-drop estimates for the events we recorded were generally low, between 0.4 and 25 bars, although some of the events may have had higher stress drops that could not be resolved because of the limited passband. We calculated a stress drop of 24 bars for the Bremerton mainshock and 10 bars for the South Seattle mainshock.