{"pageNumber":"1235","pageRowStart":"30850","pageSize":"25","recordCount":40904,"records":[{"id":70021728,"text":"70021728 - 1999 - Reef and nonreef aquifers - A comparison of hydrogeology and geochemistry, northwestern Indiana","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-03-07T00:58:55.179932","indexId":"70021728","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3825,"text":"Groundwater","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Reef and nonreef aquifers - A comparison of hydrogeology and geochemistry, northwestern Indiana","docAbstract":"

The principal bedrock aquifer system across much of Indiana consists of carbonate rocks of Silurian and Devonian age. The Silurian-Devonian aquifer system is used extensively for irrigation in northwestern Indiana and is approximately 170 m thick. Reef and nonreef carbonate aquifers in northwestern Indiana were assessed using hydrogeology (lithology, geophysical logs, aquifer tests) and geochemistry (major ions and stable isotopes).

The study showed differences in water quantity and quality between the reef and nonreef aquifers. The reef aquifer had few shales, abundant fossiliferous material (up to 100 m thick), and high porosities (10 to 15%). The nonreef aquifer had abundant shales, less fossiliferous material (a few meters thick), and low porosities. Total transmissivities at the reef sites were 697 m2/d, (meters squared per day) and 4831 m2/d, compared to 46 m2/d at the nonreef site. Flowpaths in the nonreef aquifer were associated with fractures and poorly connected moldic porosity with larger fractures and better connected vuggy porosity in the reef aquifer. Water chemistry data for the nonreef aquifer showed mean concentrations of sodium (235 mg/L [milligrams per liter]), sulfate (160 mg/L), sul-fide (13 mg/L), fluoride (2.7 mg/L), and dissolved solids (635 mg/L) approximately two to five times larger when compared to mean concentrations in the reef aquifer. Ground water at the nonreef site was classified as a sodium-bicarbonate type while that at the reef sites was calcium-magnesium bicarbonate. The oxygen/deuterium isotope data indicates recharge from modern precipitation and not Pleistocene-age recharge.

","language":"English","publisher":"National Groundwater Association","doi":"10.1111/j.1745-6584.1999.tb00974.x","issn":"0017467X","usgsCitation":"Schnoebelen, D., and Krothe, N., 1999, Reef and nonreef aquifers - A comparison of hydrogeology and geochemistry, northwestern Indiana: Groundwater, v. 37, no. 2, p. 194-203, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6584.1999.tb00974.x.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"194","endPage":"203","numberOfPages":"10","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":229402,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"37","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2005-08-04","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"50e4a417e4b0e8fec6cdba3b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Schnoebelen, D.J.","contributorId":98352,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schnoebelen","given":"D.J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390925,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Krothe, N.C.","contributorId":76378,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Krothe","given":"N.C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390924,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70021726,"text":"70021726 - 1999 - Wave-propagation formulation of seismic response of multistory buildings","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-05-13T16:40:24.789808","indexId":"70021726","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2467,"text":"Journal of Structural Engineering","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Wave-propagation formulation of seismic response of multistory buildings","docAbstract":"

This paper presents a discrete-time wave-propagation method to calculate the seismic response of multistory buildings, founded on layered soil media and subjected to vertically propagating shear waves. Buildings are modeled as an extension of the layered soil media by considering each story as another layer in the wave-propagation path. The seismic response is expressed in terms of wave travel times between the layers and wave reflection and transmission coefficients at layer interfaces. The method accounts for the filtering effects of the concentrated foundation and floor masses. Compared with commonly used vibration formulation, the wave-propagation formulation provides several advantages, including simplicity, improved accuracy, better representation of damping, the ability to incorporate the soil layers under the foundation, and providing better tools for identification and damage detection from seismic records. Examples are presented to show the versatility and the superiority of the method.

","language":"English","publisher":"ASCE","doi":"10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9445(1999)125:4(426)","issn":"07339445","usgsCitation":"Safak, E., 1999, Wave-propagation formulation of seismic response of multistory buildings: Journal of Structural Engineering, v. 125, no. 4, p. 426-437, https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9445(1999)125:4(426).","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"426","endPage":"437","numberOfPages":"12","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":229365,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"125","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bcf9be4b08c986b32e9d3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Safak, E.","contributorId":104070,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Safak","given":"E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390921,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70021725,"text":"70021725 - 1999 - Interaction of tectonic and depositional processes that control the evolution of the Iberian Gulf of Cadiz margin","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:41","indexId":"70021725","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2667,"text":"Marine Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Interaction of tectonic and depositional processes that control the evolution of the Iberian Gulf of Cadiz margin","docAbstract":"This study provides an integrated view of the growth patterns and factors that controlled the evolution of the Gulf of Cadiz continental margin based on studies of the tectonic, sedimentologic and oceanographic history of the area. Seven sedimentary regimes are identified, but there are more extensive descriptions of the late Cenozoic regimes because of the larger data base. The regimes of the Mesozoic passive margin include carbonate platforms, which become mixed calcareous-terrigenous deposits during the Late Cretaceous-early Tertiary. The Oligocene and Early Miocene terrigenous regimes developed, in contrast, over the active and transcurrent margins near the African-Iberian plate boundary. The top of the Gulf of Cadiz olistostrome, emplaced in the Late Miocene, is used as a key horizon to define the 'post-orogenic' depositional regimes. The Late Miocene progradational margin regime is characterized by a large terrigenous sediment supply to the margin and coincides with the closing of the Miocene Atlantic-Mediterranean gateways. The terrigenous drift depositional regime of the Early Pliocene resulted from the occurrence of high eustatic sea level and the characteristics of the Mediterranean outflow currents that developed after the opening of the Strait of Gibraltar. The Late Pliocene and Quaternary regimes are dominated by sequences of deposits related to cycles of high and low sea levels. Deposition of shelf-margin deltas and slope wedges correlate with regressive and low sea level regimes caused by eustasy and subsidence. During the highstand regimes of the Holocene, inner shelf prograding deltas and deep-water sediment drifts were developed under the influence of the Atlantic inflow and Mediterranean outflow currents, respectively. A modern human cultural regime began 2000 years ago with the Roman occupation of Iberia; human cultural effects on sedimentary regimes may have equalled natural factors such as climate change. Interplay of tectonic and oceanographic controls dominated the evolution of the Cadiz margin during the Cenozoic. Depositional sequences formed where the tectonic setting provided the accommodation space and the shape of the deposits has been greatly influenced by the strong unidirectional Atlantic inflow currents on the shelf and Mediterranean outflow currents on the slope. The entire cycle of the inflow and outflow deposition along the margin has been controlled first by the tectonic evolution of the Betic and Rif gateways, which become closed during the Late Miocene, and after the Messinian by the opening of the Strait of Gibraltar. Strong current development during eustatic sea level highstands of the Pliocene and Quaternary has controlled deposition because of maximum sill depths at Gibraltar for water circulation. Lowstand sea levels slowed circulation and resulted in mud drapes over the slope and regressive stratigraphic sequences over the shelf. More recently, the human industrial revolution has caused heavy metal contamination of sediment and water over the Cadiz margin. Human activity also has affected sedimentation rates because of deforestation that caused increased depositional rates near undammed rivers and decreased rates where rivers have been dammed. Future research efforts will need to focus on: (1) the effect of increased Mediterranean outflow caused by river damming plus global warming and the increased outflow as a potential trigger for new ice ages; (2) assessments of geologic hazards for planning man-made shoreline structures, developing offshore petroleum resources and maintaining undersea communications cables; and (3) confirmation of the general geologic history of the Cadiz margin.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Marine Geology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/S0025-3227(98)00148-0","issn":"00253227","usgsCitation":"Maldonado, A., and Nelson, C., 1999, Interaction of tectonic and depositional processes that control the evolution of the Iberian Gulf of Cadiz margin: Marine Geology, v. 155, no. 1-2, p. 217-242, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0025-3227(98)00148-0.","startPage":"217","endPage":"242","numberOfPages":"26","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":479651,"rank":10000,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/s0025-3227(98)00148-0","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":206308,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0025-3227(98)00148-0"},{"id":229364,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"155","issue":"1-2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a3cb9e4b0c8380cd62fa9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Maldonado, A.","contributorId":90437,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Maldonado","given":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390920,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Nelson, C.H.","contributorId":88346,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nelson","given":"C.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390919,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70021720,"text":"70021720 - 1999 - Nitrogen mineralization in a mature boreal forest, Isle Royale, Michigan","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:37","indexId":"70021720","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Nitrogen mineralization in a mature boreal forest, Isle Royale, Michigan","docAbstract":"The 115-ha boreal Wallace Lake watershed, located on Isle Royale in the Lake Superior Basin, receives moderate anthropogenic atmospheric N inputs (3 kg ha-1 yr-1). Ecosystem response to atmospheric N inputs is, in part, determined by internal production and consumption of this limiting nutrient. The objectives of this 2-yr study on plots dominated by birch, spruce, or alder were to quantify forest floor and surface soil net and gross N mineralization rates, and examine potential effects of changes in temperature and moisture on these processes. Gross N mineralization rates were 23 times net mineralization rates, and increased with forest floor/soil temperature and moisture. Substrate quality was a likely factor in higher gross mineralization rates beneath birch and spruce. Ammonium immobilization increased with forest floor/soil temperature and moisture. Higher net N mineralization rates beneath alder resulted from lower microbial immobilization rather than greater gross N mineralization. The greatest differences between gross N mineralization and immobilization occurred in early summer. Ammonium immobilization averaged 62% of gross N mineralization. Net and gross nitrification rates differed by vegetation type, were highest in spring and fall, and increased with moisture. Gross nitrification was 19 times net nitrification rates. Nitrate immobilization increased with soil moisture, and equalled or exceeded gross nitrification. Net and gross N mineralization or nitrification rates were not correlated. Seasonal variation in forest floor and surface soil N cycling coupled with high ecosystem retention of precipitation N inputs suggest streamwater N concentrations and output reflect trends in soil processes.","largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Environmental Quality","language":"English","publisher":"American Soc of Agronomy Inc","publisherLocation":"Madison, WI, United States","issn":"00472425","usgsCitation":"Stottlemyer, R., and Toczydlowski, D., 1999, Nitrogen mineralization in a mature boreal forest, Isle Royale, Michigan, in Journal of Environmental Quality, v. 28, no. 2, p. 709-720.","startPage":"709","endPage":"720","numberOfPages":"12","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":229261,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"28","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a66ece4b0c8380cd7308f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Stottlemyer, R.","contributorId":44493,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stottlemyer","given":"R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390902,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Toczydlowski, D.","contributorId":9790,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Toczydlowski","given":"D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390901,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70021719,"text":"70021719 - 1999 - Seafloor environments in the Long Island Sound estuarine system","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:37","indexId":"70021719","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2667,"text":"Marine Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Seafloor environments in the Long Island Sound estuarine system","docAbstract":"Four categories of modern seafloor sedimentary environments have been identified and mapped across the large, glaciated, topographically complex Long Island Sound estuary by means of an extensive regional set of sidescan sonographs, bottom samples, and video-camera observations and supplemental marine-geologic and modeled physical-oceanographic data. (1) Environments of erosion or nondeposition contain sediments which range from boulder fields to gravelly coarse-to-medium sands and appear on the sonographs either as patterns with isolated reflections (caused by outcrops of glacial drift and bedrock) or as patterns of strong backscatter (caused by coarse lag deposits). Areas of erosion or nondeposition were found across the rugged seafloor at the eastern entrance of the Sound and atop bathymetric highs and within constricted depressions in other parts of the basin. (2) Environments of bedload transport contain mostly coarse-to-fine sand with only small amounts of mud and are depicted by sonograph patterns of sand ribbons and sand waves. Areas of bedload transport were found primarily in the eastern Sound where bottom currents have sculptured the surface of a Holocene marine delta and are moving these sediments toward the WSW into the estuary. (3) Environments of sediment sorting and reworking comprise variable amounts of fine sand and mud and are characterized either by patterns of moderate backscatter or by patterns with patches of moderate-to-weak backscatter that reflect a combination of erosion and deposition. Areas of sediment sorting and reworking were found around the periphery of the zone of bedload transport in the eastern Sound and along the southern nearshore margin. They also are located atop low knolls, on the flanks of shoal complexes, and within segments of the axial depression in the western Sound. (4) Environments of deposition are blanketed by muds and muddy fine sands that produce patterns of uniformly weak backscatter. Depositional areas occupy broad areas of the basin floor in the western part of the Sound. The regional distribution of seafloor environments reflects fundamental differences in marine-geologic conditions between the eastern and western parts of the Sound. In the funnel-shaped eastern part, a gradient of strong tidal currents coupled with the net nontidal (estuarine) bottom drift produce a westward progression of environments ranging from erosion or nondeposition at the narrow entrance to the Sound, through an extensive area of bedload transport, to a peripheral zone of sediment sorting. In the generally broader western part of the Sound, a weak tidal-current regime combined with the production of particle aggregates by biologic or chemical processes, cause large areas of deposition that are locally interrupted by a patchy distribution of various other environments where the bottom currents are enhanced by and interact with the seafloor topography.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Marine Geology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/S0025-3227(98)00129-7","issn":"00253227","usgsCitation":"Knebel, H., Signell, R.P., Rendigs, R., Poppe, L., and List, J.H., 1999, Seafloor environments in the Long Island Sound estuarine system: Marine Geology, v. 155, no. 3-4, p. 277-318, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0025-3227(98)00129-7.","startPage":"277","endPage":"318","numberOfPages":"42","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":229260,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":206264,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0025-3227(98)00129-7"}],"volume":"155","issue":"3-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b882ae4b08c986b31682c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Knebel, H.J.","contributorId":79092,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Knebel","given":"H.J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390899,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Signell, R. P.","contributorId":89147,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Signell","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390900,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Rendigs, R.R.","contributorId":50506,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rendigs","given":"R.R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390896,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Poppe, L.J.","contributorId":72782,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Poppe","given":"L.J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390898,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"List, J. H.","contributorId":70406,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"List","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390897,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70021717,"text":"70021717 - 1999 - Observations on the palynology, petrography and geochemistry of the Western Kentucky number 4 coal bed","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:37","indexId":"70021717","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2033,"text":"International Journal of Coal Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Observations on the palynology, petrography and geochemistry of the Western Kentucky number 4 coal bed","docAbstract":"Eight bench-column samples of the Western Kentucky Number 4 coal bed, collected from an area along the southern margin of the Western Kentucky Coal Field, were analyzed palynologically, petrographically, and geochemically to document both temporal and spatial variability among these parameters. The Western Kentucky Number 4 coal occurs near the top of the Tradewater Formation, is of Early Desmoinesian age, and is correlative with the lower part of the Allegheny Formation of the Appalachian Basin, and Late Bolsovian strata of western Europe. Palynologically, the coal is co-dominated by spores that were produced by lycopod trees (Lycospora and Granasporites medius) and tree ferns. Thin-walled tree fern spores (Punctatisporites minutus, P. minutus, P. rotundus) are more abundant than thick-walled forms (Laevigatosporites globosus, P. granifer). Calamitean spores (Calamospora and Laevigatosporites spp.) are locally abundant as is cordaitean pollen (Florinites). Small fern (Granulatisporites) and small lycopod spores (Densosporites, Cirratriradites, Endosporites and Anacanthotriletes spinosus) are present, but occur in minor amounts. Temporal changes in palynomorph composition occur, but are not uniform between columns. Spatial variability among columns is also evident. Petrographically, the coal is dominated by vitrinite macerals, with telinite and telocollinite generally occurring more commonly than desmocollinite and gelocollinite. Basal benches typically contain high percentages of vitrinite; middle benches usually contain higher percentages of liptinite and inertinite. In about half the studied columns, the terminal coal benches show a slight increase in vitrinite. In the study area, the petrography of the Western Kentucky Number 4 coal is more uniform than the palynology. Ash yields and total sulfur contents are temporally uniform in some columns, but variable in others. In the latter case, higher percentages of ash and sulfur occur at the base of the bed and decrease up to the middle of the bed. The terminal benches of these columns often, but not always, show slight increases in ash or sulfur. Both syngenetic and epigenetic forms of sulfur are present in the Western Kentucky Number 4 coal. The high vitrinite contents and moderate to high sulfur contents suggest that the Western Kentucky Number 4 paleomire was mainly planar and rheotrophic throughout its developmental history. Groundwaters carrying dissolved solutes may have helped neutralize the normally acidic interstitial peat waters allowing for the production of sulfide minerals. Several of the columns with high sulfur contents at the base of the bed occur in faulted areas. The faults could have promoted the flow of groundwaters through the peat, providing an increased dissolved load for acid mitigation and sulfide formation. The concentration of sulfur at the base of the bed may be a function of the peat/underclay contact enhancing sulfide formation. The clay layer may also have acted as an impermeable boundary for downward moving groundwaters, causing mainly lateral, rather than vertical movement along the base of the coal bed.Eight bench-column samples of the Western Kentucky Number 4 coal bed were analyzed palynologically, petrographically, and geochemically to study both temporal and spatial variability among these parameters. Palynologically, the coal is co-dominated by spores that were produced by lycopod trees and tree ferns. Petrographically, the coal is dominated by vitrinite macerals, with telinite and telocollinite generally occurring more commonly than desmocollinite and gelocollinite. The petrography of the coal was found to be more uniform than the palynology.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"International Journal of Coal Geology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier Sci B.V.","publisherLocation":"Amsterdam, Netherlands","doi":"10.1016/S0166-5162(98)00042-1","issn":"01665162","usgsCitation":"Eble, C., Greb, S., Williams, D., and Hower, J., 1999, Observations on the palynology, petrography and geochemistry of the Western Kentucky number 4 coal bed: International Journal of Coal Geology, v. 39, no. 1-3, p. 121-139, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0166-5162(98)00042-1.","startPage":"121","endPage":"139","numberOfPages":"19","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":229182,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":206235,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0166-5162(98)00042-1"}],"volume":"39","issue":"1-3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a6adee4b0c8380cd743bd","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Eble, C.F.","contributorId":35346,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Eble","given":"C.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390872,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Greb, S.F.","contributorId":48294,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Greb","given":"S.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390873,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Williams, D.A.","contributorId":98048,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Williams","given":"D.A.","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":7114,"text":"Arizona State Unviersity","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":390874,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Hower, J.C.","contributorId":100541,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hower","given":"J.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390875,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70021715,"text":"70021715 - 1999 - Depositional and diagenetic history and petroleum geology of the Jurassic Norphlet Formation of the Alabama coastal waters area and adjacent federal waters area","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-02-24T19:10:34","indexId":"70021715","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2669,"text":"Marine Georesources and Geotechnology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Depositional and diagenetic history and petroleum geology of the Jurassic Norphlet Formation of the Alabama coastal waters area and adjacent federal waters area","docAbstract":"The discovery of deep (>20,000 ft) gas reservoirs in eolian sandstone of the Upper Jurassic Norphlet Formation in Mobile Bay and offshore Alabama in the late 1970s represents one of the most significant hydrocarbon discoveries in the nation during the past several decades. Estimated original proved gas from Norphlet reservoirs in the Alabama coastal waters and adjacent federal waters is 7.462 trillion ft3 (Tcf) (75% recovery factor). Fifteen fields have been established in the offshore Alabama area. Norphlet sediment was deposited in an arid environment in alluvial fans, alluvial plains, and wadis in updip areas. In downdip areas, the Norphlet was deposited in a broad desert plain, with erg development in some areas. Marine transgression, near the end of Norphlet deposition, resulted in reworking of the upper part of the Norphlet Formation. Norphlet reservoir sandstone is arkose and subarkose, consisting of a simple assemblage of three minerals, quartz, albite, and K-feldspar. The present framework grain assemblage of the Norphlet is dominantly diagenetic, owing to albitization and dissolution of feldspar. Despite the simple framework composition, the diagenetic character of the Norphlet is complex. Important authigenic minerals include carbonate phases (calcite, dolomite, Fe-dolomite, and breunnerite), feldspar (albite and K-feldspar), evaporite minerals (anhydrite and halite), clay minerals (illite and chlorite), quartz, and pyrobitumen. The abundance and distribution of these minerals varies significantly between onshore and offshore regions of Norphlet production. The lack of sufficient internal sources of components for authigenic minerals, combined with unusual chemical compositions of chloride (Mg-rich), breunnerite, and some minor authigenic minerals, suggests that Louann-derived fluids influenced Norphlet diagenesis. In offshore Alabama reservoirs, porosity is dominantly modified primary porosity. Preservation of porosity in deep Norphlet reservoirs is due to a combination of factors, including a lack of sources of cement components and lack of pervasive early cement, so that fluid-flow pathways remained open during burial. Below the dominantly quartz-cemented tight zone near the top of the Norphlet, pyrobitumen is a major contributor to reduction in reservoir quality in offshore Alabama. The highest reservoir quality occurs in those wells where the present gas-water contact is below the paleohydrocarbon-water contact. Thiz zone of highest reservoir quality is between the lowermost occurrence of pyrobitumen and the present gas-water contact.The Upper Jurassic Norphlet Formation sediment was deposited in an arid environment in alluvial fans, alluvial plains, and wadis in undip areas. In downdip areas, the Norphlet was deposited in a broad desert plain, with erg development in some areas. Marine transgression, near the end of Norphlet deposition resulted in reworking of the upper part of the formation. he present framework grain assemblage of the Norphlet is dominantly diagenetic, owing to albitization and dissolution of feldspar. Despite the simple framework composition, the diagenetic character of the Norphlet is complex.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Marine Georesources and Geotechnology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Taylor & Francis Ltd","publisherLocation":"London, United Kingdom","doi":"10.1080/106411999273909","issn":"1064119X","usgsCitation":"Kugler, R., and Mink, R., 1999, Depositional and diagenetic history and petroleum geology of the Jurassic Norphlet Formation of the Alabama coastal waters area and adjacent federal waters area: Marine Georesources and Geotechnology, v. 17, no. 2-3, p. 215-232, https://doi.org/10.1080/106411999273909.","startPage":"215","endPage":"232","numberOfPages":"18","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":229113,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":268182,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1080/106411999273909"}],"volume":"17","issue":"2-3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059feb9e4b0c8380cd4eebc","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kugler, R.L.","contributorId":12996,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kugler","given":"R.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390868,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Mink, R.M.","contributorId":48709,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mink","given":"R.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390869,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70021713,"text":"70021713 - 1999 - Transport and attenuation of carboxylate-modified latex microspheres in fractured rock laboratory and field tracer tests","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-12-19T10:18:16","indexId":"70021713","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1861,"text":"Ground Water","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Transport and attenuation of carboxylate-modified latex microspheres in fractured rock laboratory and field tracer tests","docAbstract":"

Understanding colloid transport in ground water is essential to assessing the migration of colloid‐size contaminants, the facilitation of dissolved contaminant transport by colloids, in situ bioremediation, and the health risks of pathogen contamination in drinking water wells. Much has been learned through laboratory and field‐scale colloid tracer tests, but progress has been hampered by a lack of consistent tracer testing methodology at different scales and fluid velocities. This paper presents laboratory and field tracer tests in fractured rock that use the same type of colloid tracer over an almost three orders‐of‐magnitude range in scale and fluid velocity. Fluorescently‐dyed carboxylate‐modified latex (CML) microspheres (0.19 to 0.98 μm diameter) were used as tracers in (1) a naturally fractured tuff sample, (2) a large block of naturally fractured granite, (3) a fractured granite field site, and (4) another fractured granite/schist field site. In all cases, the mean transport time of the microspheres was shorter than the solutes, regardless of detection limit. In all but the smallest scale test, only a fraction of the injected microsphere mass was recovered, with the smaller microspheres being recovered to a greater extent than the larger microspheres. Using existing theory, we hypothesize that the observed microsphere early arrival was due to volume exclusion and attenuation was due to aggregation and/or settling during transport. In most tests, microspheres were detected using flow cytometry, which proved to be an excellent method of analysis. CML microspheres appear to be useful tracers for fractured rock in forced gradient and short‐term natural gradient tests, but longer residence times may result in small microsphere recoveries.

","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1111/j.1745-6584.1999.tb01116.x","issn":"0017467X","usgsCitation":"Becker, M., Reimus, P., and Vilks, P., 1999, Transport and attenuation of carboxylate-modified latex microspheres in fractured rock laboratory and field tracer tests: Ground Water, v. 37, no. 3, p. 387-395, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6584.1999.tb01116.x.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"387","endPage":"395","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":229626,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"37","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2005-08-04","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bb734e4b08c986b327100","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Becker, M.W.","contributorId":35896,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Becker","given":"M.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390863,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Reimus, P.W.","contributorId":91266,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reimus","given":"P.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390865,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Vilks, P.","contributorId":49134,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Vilks","given":"P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390864,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70021711,"text":"70021711 - 1999 - Lead isotope compositions of Late Cretaceous and early Tertiary igneous rocks and sulfide minerals in Arizona: Implications for the sources of plutons and metals in porphyry copper deposits","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-01-03T15:10:15.28992","indexId":"70021711","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1472,"text":"Economic Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Lead isotope compositions of Late Cretaceous and early Tertiary igneous rocks and sulfide minerals in Arizona: Implications for the sources of plutons and metals in porphyry copper deposits","docAbstract":"

Porphyry copper deposits in Arizona are genetically associated with Late Cretaceous and early Tertiary igneous complexes that consist of older intermediate volcanic rocks and younger intermediate to felsic intrusions. The igneous complexes and their associated porphyry copper deposits were emplaced into an Early Proterozoic basement characterized by different rocks, geologic histories, and isotopic compositions. Lead isotope compositions of the Proterozoic basement rocks define, from northwest to southeast, the Mojave, central Arizona, and southeastern Arizona provinces. Porphyry copper deposits are present in each Pb isotope province. Lead isotope compositions of Late Cretaceous and early Tertiary plutons, together with those of sulfide minerals in porphyry copper deposits and of Proterozoic country rocks, place important constraints on genesis of the magmatic suites and the porphyry copper deposits themselves. The range of age-corrected Pb isotope compositions of plutons in 12 Late Cretaceous and early Tertiary igneous complexes is 206 Pb/ 204 Pb = 17.34 to 22.66, 207 Pb/ 204 Pb = 15.43 to 15.96, and 208 Pb/ 204 Pb = 37.19 to 40.33. These Pb isotope compositions and calculated model Th/U are similar to those of the Proterozoic rocks in which the plutons were emplaced, thereby indicating that Pb in the younger rocks and ore deposits was inherited from the basement rocks and their sources. No Pb isotope differences distinguish Late Cretaceous and early Tertiary igneous complexes that contain large economic porphyry copper deposits from less rich or smaller deposits that have not been considered economic for mining. Lead isotope compositions of Late Cretaceous and early Tertiary plutons and sulfide minerals from 30 metallic mineral districts, furthermore, require that the southeastern Arizona Pb province be divided into two subprovinces. The northern subprovince has generally lower 206 Pb/ 204 Pb and higher model Th/U, and the southern subprovince has higher 206 Pb/ 204 Pb and lower model Th/U. These Pb isotope differences are inferred to result from differences in their respective post-1.7 Ga magmatic histories. Throughout Arizona, Pb isotope compositions of Late Cretaceous and early Tertiary plutons and associated sulfide minerals are distinct from those of Jurassic plutons and also middle Tertiary igneous rocks and sulfide minerals. These differences most likely reflect changes in tectonic setting and magmatic sources. Within Late Cretaceous and early Tertiary igneous complexes that host economic porphyry copper deposits, there is commonly a decrease in Pb isotope composition from older to younger plutons. This decrease in Pb isotope values with time suggests an increasing involvement of crust with lower U/Pb than average crust in the source(s) of Late Cretaceous and early Tertiary magmas. Lead isotope compositions of the youngest porphyries in the igneous complexes are similar to those in most sulfide minerals within the associated porphyry copper deposit. This Pb isotope similarity argues for a genetic link between them. However, not all Pb in the sulfide minerals in porphyry copper deposits is magmatically derived. Some sulfide minerals, particularly those that are late stage, or distal to the main orebody, or in Proterozoic or Paleozoic rocks, have elevated Pb isotope compositions displaced toward the gross average Pb isotope composition of the local country rocks. The more radiogenic isotopic compositions argue for a contribution of Pb from those rocks at the site of ore deposition. Combining the Pb isotope data with available geochemical, isotopic, and petrologic data suggests derivation of the young porphyry copper-related plutons, most of their Pb, and other metals from a hybridized lower continental crustal source. Because of the likely involvement of subduction-related mantle-derived basaltic magma in the hybridized lower crustal source, an indiscernible mantle contribution is probable in the porphyry magmas. Clearly, in addition, Pb was contributed from the local country rocks. This is most evident in sulfide minerals in veins that are late stage, hosted in Proterozoic gneiss, and/or peripheral to the porphyry copper deposit.

","language":"English","publisher":"Society of Economic Geologists","doi":"10.2113/gsecongeo.94.2.211","issn":"03610128","usgsCitation":"Bouse, R.M., Ruiz, J., Titley, S., Tosdal, R., and Wooden, J.L., 1999, Lead isotope compositions of Late Cretaceous and early Tertiary igneous rocks and sulfide minerals in Arizona: Implications for the sources of plutons and metals in porphyry copper deposits: Economic Geology, v. 94, no. 2, p. 211-244, https://doi.org/10.2113/gsecongeo.94.2.211.","productDescription":"34 p.","startPage":"211","endPage":"244","numberOfPages":"34","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":229557,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"94","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1999-04-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a45bfe4b0c8380cd674a5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bouse, R. M.","contributorId":33709,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bouse","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390857,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ruiz, J.","contributorId":88886,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ruiz","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390861,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Titley, S.R.","contributorId":60602,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Titley","given":"S.R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390860,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Tosdal, R. M.","contributorId":54982,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tosdal","given":"R. M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390858,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Wooden, J. L.","contributorId":58678,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wooden","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390859,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70021706,"text":"70021706 - 1999 - Preliminary results on photometric properties of materials at the Sagan Memorial Station, Mars","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-12-12T08:53:27","indexId":"70021706","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2317,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research E: Planets","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Preliminary results on photometric properties of materials at the Sagan Memorial Station, Mars","docAbstract":"

Reflectance measurements of selected rocks and soils over a wide range of illumination geometries obtained by the Imager for Mars Pathfinder (IMP) camera provide constraints on interpretations of the physical and mineralogical nature of geologic materials at the landing site. The data sets consist of (1) three small “photometric spot” subframed scenes, covering phase angles from 20° to 150°; (2) two image strips composed of three subframed images each, located along the antisunrise and antisunset lines (photometric equator), covering phase angles from ∼0° to 155°; and (3) full‐image scenes of the rock “Yogi,” covering phase angles from 48° to 100°. Phase functions extracted from calibrated data exhibit a dominantly backscattering photometric function, consistent with the results from the Viking lander cameras. However, forward scattering behavior does appear at phase angles >140°, particularly for the darker gray rock surfaces. Preliminary efforts using a Hapke scattering model are useful in comparing surface properties of different rock and soil types but are not well constrained, possibly due to the incomplete phase angle availability, uncertainties related to the photometric function of the calibration targets, and/or the competing effects of diffuse and direct lighting. Preliminary interpretations of the derived Hapke parameters suggest that (1) red rocks can be modeled as a mixture of gray rocks with a coating of bright and dark soil or dust, and (2) gray rocks have macroscopically smoother surfaces composed of microscopically homogeneous, clear materials with little internal scattering, which may imply a glass‐like or varnished surface.

","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Geophysical Research E: Planets","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","doi":"10.1029/98JE02247","issn":"01480227","usgsCitation":"Johnson, J.R., Kirk, R.L., Soderblom, L.A., Gaddis, L.R., Reid, R.J., Britt, D.T., Smith, P., Lemmon, M.T., Thomas, N., Bell, J., Bridges, N.T., Anderson, R., Herkenhoff, K.E., Maki, J.N., Murchie, S., Dummel, A., Jaumann, R., Trauthan, F., and Arnold, G., 1999, Preliminary results on photometric properties of materials at the Sagan Memorial Station, Mars: Journal of Geophysical Research E: Planets, v. 104, no. E4, p. 8809-8830, https://doi.org/10.1029/98JE02247.","productDescription":"22 p.","startPage":"8809","endPage":"8830","numberOfPages":"22","costCenters":[{"id":131,"text":"Astrogeology Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":479577,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/98je02247","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":229481,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"otherGeospatial":"Mars; Sagan Memorial Station","volume":"104","issue":"E4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a8a80e4b0c8380cd7e07d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Johnson, Jeffrey R.","contributorId":200393,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Johnson","given":"Jeffrey","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390811,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kirk, Randolph L. 0000-0003-0842-9226 rkirk@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0842-9226","contributorId":2765,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kirk","given":"Randolph","email":"rkirk@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":131,"text":"Astrogeology Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":390810,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Soderblom, Laurence A. 0000-0002-0917-853X lsoderblom@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0917-853X","contributorId":2721,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Soderblom","given":"Laurence","email":"lsoderblom@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":131,"text":"Astrogeology Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":390802,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Gaddis, Lisa R. 0000-0001-9953-5483 lgaddis@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9953-5483","contributorId":2817,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gaddis","given":"Lisa","email":"lgaddis@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":131,"text":"Astrogeology Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":390804,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Reid, Robert J.","contributorId":211039,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Reid","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390817,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Britt, Daniel T.","contributorId":211040,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Britt","given":"Daniel","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390812,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Smith, Peter","contributorId":63853,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"Peter","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390816,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Lemmon, Mark T.","contributorId":99419,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lemmon","given":"Mark","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390809,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Thomas, Nicolas","contributorId":203694,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Thomas","given":"Nicolas","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":25430,"text":"University of Bern","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":390813,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Bell, James F. III","contributorId":195298,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Bell","given":"James F. ","suffix":"III","affiliations":[{"id":34032,"text":"School of Earth and Space Exploration, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":390819,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10},{"text":"Bridges, Nathan T.","contributorId":45005,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bridges","given":"Nathan","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390805,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":11},{"text":"Anderson, Robert","contributorId":72037,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Anderson","given":"Robert","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390820,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":12},{"text":"Herkenhoff, Kenneth E. 0000-0002-3153-6663 kherkenhoff@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3153-6663","contributorId":2275,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Herkenhoff","given":"Kenneth","email":"kherkenhoff@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":131,"text":"Astrogeology Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":390808,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":13},{"text":"Maki, Justin N.","contributorId":30498,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Maki","given":"Justin","email":"","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390806,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":14},{"text":"Murchie, Scott L.","contributorId":22615,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Murchie","given":"Scott L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390803,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":15},{"text":"Dummel, Andreas","contributorId":211041,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Dummel","given":"Andreas","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390815,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":16},{"text":"Jaumann, Ralf","contributorId":147249,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Jaumann","given":"Ralf","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390814,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":17},{"text":"Trauthan, Frank","contributorId":211042,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Trauthan","given":"Frank","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390818,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":18},{"text":"Arnold, Gabriele","contributorId":211043,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Arnold","given":"Gabriele","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390807,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":19}]}} ,{"id":70021703,"text":"70021703 - 1999 - Component flow processes at four streams in the Catskill Mountains, New York, analysed using episodic concentration/discharge relationship","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:41","indexId":"70021703","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1924,"text":"Hydrological Processes","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Component flow processes at four streams in the Catskill Mountains, New York, analysed using episodic concentration/discharge relationship","docAbstract":"Plots of solute concentration against discharge have been used to relate stream hydrochemical variations to processes of flow generation, using data collected at four streams in the Catskill Mountains, New York, during the Episodic Response Project of the US Environmental Protection Agency. Results suggest that a two-component system of shallow and deep saturated subsurface flow, in which the two components respond simultaneously during hydrologic events, may be applicable to the study basins. Using a large natural sea-salt sodium input as a tracer for precipitation, it is argued that an additional distinction can be made between pre-event and event water travelling along the shallow subsurface flow path. Pre-event water is thought to be displaced by infiltrating event water, which becomes dominant on the falling limb of the hydrograph. Where, as appears to be the case for sulfate, a solute equilibrates rapidly within the soil, the pre-event-event water distinction is unimportant. However, for some solutes there are clear and consistent compositional differences between water from the two sources, evident as a hysteresis loop in concentration-discharge plots. Nitrate and acidity, in particular, appear to be elevated in event water following percolation through the organic horizon. Consequently, the most acidic, high nitrate conditions during an episode generally occur after peak discharge. A simple conceptual model of episode runoff generation is presented on the basis of these results.Plots of solute concentration against discharge have been used to relate stream hydrochemical variations to processes of flow generation, using data collected at four streams in the Catskill Mountains, New York, during the Episodic Response Project of the US Environmental Protection Agency. Results suggest that a two-component system of shallow and deep saturated subsurface flow, in which the two components respond simultaneously during hydrologic events, may be applicable to the study basins. Using a large natural sea-salt sodium input as a tracer for precipitation, it is argued that an additional distinction can be made between pre-event and event water travelling along the shallow subsurface flow path. Pre-event water is thought to be displaced by infiltrating event water, which becomes dominant on the falling limb of the hydrograph. Where, as appears to be the case for sulfate, a solute equilibrates rapidly within the soil, the pre-event - event water distinction is unimportant. However, for some solutes there are clear and consistent compositional differences between water from the two sources, evident as a hysteresis loop in concentration-discharge plots. Nitrate and acidity, in particular, appear to be elevated in event water following percolation through the organic horizon. Consequently, the most acidic, high nitrate conditions during an episode generally occur after peak discharge. A simple conceptual model of episode runoff generation is presented on the basis of these results.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Hydrological Processes","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisherLocation":"John Wiley & Sons Ltd","doi":"10.1002/(SICI)1099-1085(199903)13:4<563::AID-HYP711>3.0.CO;2-N","issn":"08856087","usgsCitation":"Evans, C., Davies, T., and Murdoch, P., 1999, Component flow processes at four streams in the Catskill Mountains, New York, analysed using episodic concentration/discharge relationship: Hydrological Processes, v. 13, no. 4, p. 563-575, https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1099-1085(199903)13:4<563::AID-HYP711>3.0.CO;2-N.","startPage":"563","endPage":"575","numberOfPages":"13","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":206330,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1099-1085(199903)13:4<563::AID-HYP711>3.0.CO;2-N"},{"id":229439,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"13","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f913e4b0c8380cd4d409","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Evans, C.","contributorId":33449,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Evans","given":"C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390791,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Davies, T.D.","contributorId":86513,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Davies","given":"T.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390793,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Murdoch, Peter S.","contributorId":73547,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Murdoch","given":"Peter S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390792,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70021701,"text":"70021701 - 1999 - Assessment of Mars Pathfinder landing site predictions","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-10-29T10:53:28","indexId":"70021701","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2317,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research E: Planets","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Assessment of Mars Pathfinder landing site predictions","docAbstract":"Remote sensing data at scales of kilometers and an Earth analog were used to accurately predict the characteristics of the Mars Pathfinder landing site at a scale of meters. The surface surrounding the Mars Pathfinder lander in Ares Vallis appears consistent with orbital interpretations, namely, that it would be a rocky plain composed of materials deposited by catastrophic floods. The surface and observed maximum clast size appears similar to predictions based on an analogous surface of the Ephrata Fan in the Channeled Scabland of Washington state. The elevation of the site measured by relatively small footprint delay-Doppler radar is within 100 m of that determined by two-way ranging and Doppler tracking of the spacecraft. The nearly equal elevations of the Mars Pathfinder and Viking Lander 1 sites allowed a prediction of the atmospheric conditions with altitude (pressure, temperature, and winds) that were well within the entry, descent, and landing design margins. High-resolution (~38 m/pixel) Viking Orbiter 1 images showed a sparsely cratered surface with small knobs with relatively low slopes, consistent with observations of these features from the lander. Measured rock abundance is within 10% of that expected from Viking orbiter thermal observations and models. The fractional area covered by large, potentially hazardous rocks observed is similar to that estimated from model rock distributions based on data from the Viking landing sites, Earth analog sites, and total rock abundance. The bulk and fine-component thermal inertias measured from orbit are similar to those calculated from the observed rock size-frequency distribution. A simple radar echo model based on the reflectivity of the soil (estimated from its bulk density), and the measured fraction of area covered by rocks was used to approximate the quasi-specular and diffuse components of the Earth-based radar echos. Color and albedo orbiter data were used to predict the relatively dust free or unweathered surface around the Pathfinder lander compared to the Viking landing sites. Comparisons with the experiences of selecting the Viking landing sites demonstrate the enormous benefit the Viking data and its analyses and models had on the successful predictions of the Pathfinder site. The Pathfinder experience demonstrates that, in certain locations, geologic processes observed in orbiter data can be used to infer surface characteristics where those processes dominate over other processes affecting the Martian surface layer. Copyright 1999 by the American Geophysical Union.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Geophysical Research E: Planets","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1029/1998JE900015","issn":"01480227","usgsCitation":"Golombek, M., Moore, H., Haldemann, A.F., Parker, T.J., and Schofield, J.T., 1999, Assessment of Mars Pathfinder landing site predictions: Journal of Geophysical Research E: Planets, v. 104, no. E4, p. 8585-8594, https://doi.org/10.1029/1998JE900015.","startPage":"8585","endPage":"8594","numberOfPages":"10","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":479654,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/1998je900015","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":229400,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":278514,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1029/1998JE900015"}],"volume":"104","issue":"E4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059ee04e4b0c8380cd49b6d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Golombek, M.P.","contributorId":52696,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Golombek","given":"M.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390788,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Moore, H. J.","contributorId":71962,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Moore","given":"H. J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390789,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Haldemann, A. F. C.","contributorId":33437,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Haldemann","given":"A.","email":"","middleInitial":"F. C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390787,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Parker, T. J.","contributorId":30776,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Parker","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390786,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Schofield, J. T.","contributorId":26099,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Schofield","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390785,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70021699,"text":"70021699 - 1999 - Effects of environmental change on plant species density: Comparing predictions with experiments","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-10-24T13:05:45","indexId":"70021699","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1465,"text":"Ecology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Effects of environmental change on plant species density: Comparing predictions with experiments","docAbstract":"Ideally, general ecological relationships may be used to predict responses of natural communities to environmental change, but few attempts have been made to determine the reliability of predictions based on descriptive data. Using a previously published structural equation model (SEM) of descriptive data from a coastal marsh landscape, we compared these predictions against observed changes in plant species density resulting from field experiments (manipulations of soil fertility, flooding, salinity, and mammalian herbivory) in two areas within the same marsh. In general, observed experimental responses were fairly consistent with predictions. The largest discrepancy occurred when sods were transplanted from high- to low-salinity sites and herbivores selectively consumed a particularly palatable plant species in the transplanted sods. Individual plot responses to some treatments were predicted more accurately than others. Individual fertilized plot responses were not consistent with predictions (P > 0.05), nor were fenced plots (herbivore exclosures; R2 = 0.15) compared to unfenced plots (R2 = 0.53). For the remaining treatments, predictions reasonably matched responses (R2 = 0.63). We constructed an SEM for the experimental data; it explained 60% of the variance in species density and showed that fencing and fertilization led to decreases in species density that were not predicted from treatment effects on community biomass or observed disturbance levels. These treatments may have affected the ratio of live to dead biomass, and competitive exclusion likely decreased species density in fenced and fertilized plots. We conclude that experimental validation is required to determine the predictive value of comparative relationships derived from descriptive data.","language":"English","publisher":"Ecological Society of America","doi":"10.1890/0012-9658(1999)080[0882:EOECOP]2.0.CO;2","issn":"00129658","usgsCitation":"Gough, L., and Grace, J., 1999, Effects of environmental change on plant species density: Comparing predictions with experiments: Ecology, v. 80, no. 3, p. 882-890, https://doi.org/10.1890/0012-9658(1999)080[0882:EOECOP]2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"882","endPage":"890","numberOfPages":"9","costCenters":[{"id":455,"text":"National Wetlands Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":229363,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Louisiana","otherGeospatial":"Pearl River Basin","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -89.77752685546875,\n 30.135626231134587\n ],\n [\n -89.53033447265625,\n 30.135626231134587\n ],\n [\n -89.53033447265625,\n 30.44748978060767\n ],\n [\n -89.77752685546875,\n 30.44748978060767\n ],\n [\n -89.77752685546875,\n 30.135626231134587\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"80","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a06dee4b0c8380cd51461","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Gough, L.","contributorId":53971,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gough","given":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390782,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Grace, J.B. 0000-0001-6374-4726","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6374-4726","contributorId":38938,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Grace","given":"J.B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390781,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70021694,"text":"70021694 - 1999 - Geologic continuous casting below continental and deep-sea detachment faults and at the striated extrusion of Sacsayhuaman, Peru","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-01-05T12:24:49.503199","indexId":"70021694","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1796,"text":"Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Geologic continuous casting below continental and deep-sea detachment faults and at the striated extrusion of Sacsayhuaman, Peru","docAbstract":"

In one common type of industrial continuous casting, partially molten metal is extruded from a vessel through a shaped orifice called a mold in which the metal assumes the cross-sectional form of the mold as it cools and solidifies. Continuous casting can be sustained as long as molten metal is supplied and thermal conditions are maintained. I propose that a similar process produced parallel sets of grooves in three geologic settings, as follows: (1) corrugated metamorphic core complexes where mylonitized mid-crustal rocks were exhumed by movement along low-angle normal faults known as detachment faults; (2) corrugated submarine surfaces where ultramafic and mafic rocks were exhumed by normal faulting within oceanic spreading centers; and (3) striated magma extrusions exemplified by the famous grooved outcrops at the Inca fortress of Sacsayhuamán in Peru. In each case, rocks inferred to have overlain the corrugated surface during corrugation genesis molded and shaped a plastic to partially molten rock mass as it was extruded from a moderate- to high-temperature reservoir.

","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/0091-7613(1999)027<0327:GCCBCA>2.3.CO;2","issn":"00917613","usgsCitation":"Spencer, J., 1999, Geologic continuous casting below continental and deep-sea detachment faults and at the striated extrusion of Sacsayhuaman, Peru: Geology, v. 27, no. 4, p. 327-330, https://doi.org/10.1130/0091-7613(1999)027<0327:GCCBCA>2.3.CO;2.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"327","endPage":"330","numberOfPages":"4","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":229329,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"27","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a193de4b0c8380cd5590b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Spencer, J.E.","contributorId":91542,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Spencer","given":"J.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390762,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70021689,"text":"70021689 - 1999 - Coupling groundwater and riparian vegetation models to assess effects of reservoir releases","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-03-20T15:30:04","indexId":"70021689","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3722,"text":"Water Resources Research","onlineIssn":"1944-7973","printIssn":"0043-1397","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Coupling groundwater and riparian vegetation models to assess effects of reservoir releases","docAbstract":"

Although riparian areas in the arid southwestern United States are critical for maintaining species diversity, their extent and health have been declining since Euro‐American settlement. The purpose of this study was to develop a methodology to evaluate the potential for riparian vegetation restoration and groundwater recharge. A numerical groundwater flow model was coupled with a conceptual riparian vegetation model to predict hydrologic conditions favorable to maintaining riparian vegetation downstream of a reservoir. A Geographic Information System (GIS) was used for this one‐way coupling. Constant and seasonally varying releases from the dam were simulated using volumes anticipated to be permitted by a regional water supplier. Simulations indicated that seasonally variable releases would produce surface flow 5.4–8.5 km below the dam in a previously dry reach. Using depth to groundwater simulations from the numerical flow model with conceptual models of depths to water necessary for maintenance of riparian vegetation, the GIS analysis predicted a 5‐ to 6.5‐fold increase in the area capable of sustaining riparian vegetation.

","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/1999WR900233","usgsCitation":"Springer, A., Wright, J.M., Shafroth, P.B., Stromberg, J.C., and Patten, D.T., 1999, Coupling groundwater and riparian vegetation models to assess effects of reservoir releases: Water Resources Research, v. 35, no. 12, p. 3621-3630, https://doi.org/10.1029/1999WR900233.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"3621","endPage":"3630","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":479551,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/1999wr900233","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":229258,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"35","issue":"12","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059fc8de4b0c8380cd4e2f2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Springer, Abraham E.","contributorId":9558,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Springer","given":"Abraham E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390731,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wright, Julie M.","contributorId":145733,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Wright","given":"Julie","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390729,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Shafroth, Patrick B. 0000-0002-6064-871X shafrothp@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6064-871X","contributorId":2000,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shafroth","given":"Patrick","email":"shafrothp@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":390730,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Stromberg, Juliet C.","contributorId":52280,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stromberg","given":"Juliet","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390732,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Patten, Duncan T.","contributorId":124573,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Patten","given":"Duncan","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390728,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70021686,"text":"70021686 - 1999 - CFIRP: What we learned in the first ten years","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-03-08T12:46:26","indexId":"70021686","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"CFIRP: What we learned in the first ten years","docAbstract":"In response to public dissatisfaction with forest management methods, we initiated the College of Forestry Integrated Research Project (CFIRP) to test alternative silvicultural systems in Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii stands in western Oregon. We compared costs and biological and human responses among a control and three replicated silvicultural alternatives to clearcutting that retained structural features found in old Douglas-fir forests. Treatments were applied within 8- to 15-ha stands and attempted to mimic crown fires (modified clearcut), windthrow (green tree retention), and small-scale impacts such as root rot diseases (small patch group selection). We also compared costs in three unreplicated treatments (large patch group selection, wedge cut, and strip cut). Each treatment included differences in the pattern of retained dead trees (snags), as either scattered individuals or as clumps. Good communication among researchers and managers, a long-term commitment to the project, and careful documentation of research sites and data are important to the success of long-term silvicultural research projects. To date, over 30 publications have resulted from the project.","largerWorkTitle":"Forestry Chronicle","language":"English","issn":"00157546","usgsCitation":"Chambers, C.L., McComb, W., Tappeiner, J.C., Kellogg, L., Johnson, R., and Spycher, G., 1999, CFIRP: What we learned in the first ten years, in Forestry Chronicle, v. 75, no. 3, p. 431-434.","startPage":"431","endPage":"434","numberOfPages":"4","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":229219,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"75","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f2c8e4b0c8380cd4b379","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Chambers, C. L.","contributorId":48525,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chambers","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390718,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"McComb, W.C.","contributorId":78699,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McComb","given":"W.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390720,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Tappeiner, J. C. II","contributorId":103235,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tappeiner","given":"J.","suffix":"II","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390722,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Kellogg, L.D.","contributorId":98900,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kellogg","given":"L.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390721,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Johnson, R.L.","contributorId":47305,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Johnson","given":"R.L.","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":17860,"text":"Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":390717,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Spycher, G.","contributorId":71715,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Spycher","given":"G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390719,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70021683,"text":"70021683 - 1999 - Estimating lake-atmosphere CO2 exchange","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-12-19T07:39:12","indexId":"70021683","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2620,"text":"Limnology and Oceanography","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Estimating lake-atmosphere CO2 exchange","docAbstract":"

Lake‐atmosphere CO2 flux was directly measured above a small, woodland lake using the eddy covariance technique and compared with fluxes deduced from changes in measured lake‐water CO2 storage and with flux predictions from boundary‐layer and surface‐renewal models. Over a 3‐yr period, lake‐atmosphere exchanges of CO2 were measured over 5 weeks in spring, summer, and fall. Observed springtime CO2 efflux was large (2.3–2.7 umol m‐2 s‐1) immediately after lake‐thaw. That efflux decreased exponentially with time to less than 0.2 umol m‐2 s−1 within 2 weeks. Substantial interannual variability was found in the magnitudes of springtime efflux, surface water CO2 concentrations, lake CO2 storage, and meteorological conditions. Summertime measurements show a weak diurnal trend with a small average downward flux (−0.17 μmol m‐2 s1) to the lake's surface, while late fall flux was trendless and smaller (−0.0021 μmol m‐2 s−1). Large springtime efflux afforded an opportunity to make direct measurement of lake‐atmosphere fluxes well above the detection limits of eddy covariance instruments, facilitating the testing of different gas flux methodologies and air‐water gas‐transfer models. Although there was an overall agreement in fluxes determined by eddy covariance and those calculated from lake‐water storage change in CO2, agreement was inconsistent between eddy covariance flux measurements and fluxes predicted by boundary‐layer and surface‐renewal models. Comparison of measured and modeled transfer velocities for CO2, along with measured and modeled cumulative CO2 flux, indicates that in most instances the surface‐renewal model underpredicts actual flux. Greater underestimates were found with comparisons involving homogeneous boundary‐layer models. No physical mechanism responsible for the inconsistencies was identified by analyzing coincidentally measured environmental variables.

","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.4319/lo.1999.44.4.0988","issn":"00243590","usgsCitation":"Anderson, D., Striegl, R.G., Stannard, D., Michmerhuizen, C., McConnaughey, T., and LaBaugh, J.W., 1999, Estimating lake-atmosphere CO2 exchange: Limnology and Oceanography, v. 44, no. 4, p. 988-1001, https://doi.org/10.4319/lo.1999.44.4.0988.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"988","endPage":"1001","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":479454,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.4319/lo.1999.44.4.0988","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":229180,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"44","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1999-06-07","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0b24e4b0c8380cd525c1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Anderson, D.E.","contributorId":47320,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Anderson","given":"D.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390702,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Striegl, Robert G. 0000-0002-8251-4659 rstriegl@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8251-4659","contributorId":1630,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Striegl","given":"Robert","email":"rstriegl@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":200,"text":"Coop Res Unit Seattle","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":36183,"text":"Hydro-Ecological Interactions Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":390703,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Stannard, D.I.","contributorId":100884,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stannard","given":"D.I.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390704,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Michmerhuizen, C.M.","contributorId":6205,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Michmerhuizen","given":"C.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390700,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"McConnaughey, T.A.","contributorId":105444,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McConnaughey","given":"T.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390705,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"LaBaugh, J. W.","contributorId":23484,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"LaBaugh","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390701,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70021676,"text":"70021676 - 1999 - Factors controlling the establishment of Fremont cottonwood seedlings on the Upper Green River, USA","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-02-23T14:34:26","indexId":"70021676","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3246,"text":"Regulated Rivers: Research & Management","printIssn":"0886-9375","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Factors controlling the establishment of Fremont cottonwood seedlings on the Upper Green River, USA","docAbstract":"

Declines in cottonwood (Populus spp.) recruitment along alluvial reaches of large rivers in arid regions of the western United States have been attributed to modified flow regimes, lack of suitable substrate, insufficient seed rain, and increased interspecific competition. We evaluated whether and how these factors were operating during 1993–1996 to influence demographics of Fremont cottonwood (P. deltoides Marshall subsp. wislizenii (Watson) Eckenwalder) along reaches of the Green and Yampa Rivers near their confluence in northwestern Colorado. We examined seedling establishment, defined as survival through three growing seasons, at three alluvial reaches that differed primarily in the level of flow regulation: a site on the unregulated Yampa, an upper Green River site regulated by Flaming Gorge Dam, and a lower Green River site below the Green–Yampa confluence. Seed rain was abundant in all sites, and led to large numbers of germinants (first-year seedlings) appearing each year at all sites. The regulated flow in the upper Green River reach restricted germination to islands and cut banks that were later inundated or eroded; no seedlings survived there. Mortality at the lower Green River site was due largely to desiccation or substrate erosion; 23% of 1993 germinants survived their first growing season, but at most 2% survived through their second. At the Yampa River site, germinants appeared on vegetated and unvegetated surfaces up to 2.5 m above base flow stage, but survived to autumn only on bare surfaces at least 1.25 m above base flow stage, and where at least 10 of the upper 40 cm of the alluvium was fine-textured. Our studies of rooting depths and the stable isotopic composition of xylem water showed that seedlings in the most favorable locations for establishment at the Yampa site do not become phreatophytic until their third or fourth growing season. Further, the results of experimental field studies examining effects of shade and competition supported the hypothesis that insufficient soil moisture, possibly in combination with insufficient light, restricts establishment to unvegetated sites. Collectively, the demographic and experimental studies suggest that, in arid regions, soil water availability is at least as important as light level in limiting establishment of Fremont cottonwood seedlings. We hypothesize that in cases where arid land rivers experience large spring stage changes, recruitment is further constrained within bare areas to those sites that contain sufficient fine-textured alluvium, saturated during the spring flood, to provide the flood-derived soil moisture normally necessary for late-summer seedling survival.

","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1002/(SICI)1099-1646(199909/10)15:5<419::AID-RRR555>3.0.CO;2-Y","usgsCitation":"Cooper, D.J., Merritt, D.M., Andersen, D., and Chimner, R.A., 1999, Factors controlling the establishment of Fremont cottonwood seedlings on the Upper Green River, USA: Regulated Rivers: Research & Management, v. 15, no. 5, p. 419-440, https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1099-1646(199909/10)15:5<419::AID-RRR555>3.0.CO;2-Y.","productDescription":"22 p.","startPage":"419","endPage":"440","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":229078,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","otherGeospatial":"Upper Green River","volume":"15","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0ebde4b0c8380cd535d7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cooper, David J.","contributorId":196510,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Cooper","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":13017,"text":"Department of Forest and Rangeland Stewardship, Colorado State University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":390683,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Merritt, David M.","contributorId":192229,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Merritt","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":24595,"text":"USDA Forest Service, Fort Collins CO","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":390680,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Andersen, Douglas C. doug_andersen@usgs.gov","contributorId":2216,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Andersen","given":"Douglas C.","email":"doug_andersen@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":390681,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Chimner, Rodney A.","contributorId":53346,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Chimner","given":"Rodney","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":17860,"text":"Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":390682,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70021670,"text":"70021670 - 1999 - A method for nitrate collection for δ15N and δ18O analysis from waters with low nitrate concentrations","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-12-14T07:35:16","indexId":"70021670","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1169,"text":"Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A method for nitrate collection for δ15N and δ18O analysis from waters with low nitrate concentrations","docAbstract":"

 Recently, methods have been developed to analyze NO3- for δ15N and δ18O, improving our ability to identify NO3- sources and transformations. However, none of the existing methods are suited for waters with low NO3- concentrations (0.7-10 µM). We describe an improved method for collecting and recovering NO3- on exchange columns. To overcome the lengthy collection loading times imposed by the large sample volumes (7-70 L), the sample was prefiltered (0.45 µm) with a large surface area filter. Switching to AG2X anion resin and using a coarser mesh size (100-200) than previous methods also enhanced sample flow. Placement of a cation column in front of the anion column minimized clogging of the anion column by dissolved organic carbon (DOC) accumulation. This also served to minimize transfer of unwanted oxygen atoms from DOC to the 18O portion of the NO3- sample, thereby contaminating the sample and shifting δ18O. The cat-AG2X method is suited for on-site sample collection, making it possible to collect and recover NO3- from low ionic strength waters with modest DOC concentrations (80-800 µM), relieves the investigator of transporting large volumes of water back to the laboratory, and offers a means of sampling rain, snow, snowmelt, and stream samples from access-limited sites.

","language":"English","publisher":"Canadian Science","doi":"10.1139/f99-126","issn":"0706652X","usgsCitation":"Chang, C.C., Langston, J., Riggs, M., Campbell, K., Silva, S.R., and Kendall, C., 1999, A method for nitrate collection for δ15N and δ18O analysis from waters with low nitrate concentrations: Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, v. 56, no. 10, p. 1856-1864, https://doi.org/10.1139/f99-126.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"1856","endPage":"1864","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":229554,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"56","issue":"10","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e455e4b0c8380cd465bb","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Chang, Cecily C.Y.","contributorId":68032,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chang","given":"Cecily","email":"","middleInitial":"C.Y.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390664,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Langston, J.","contributorId":24511,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Langston","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390660,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Riggs, M.","contributorId":19726,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Riggs","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390659,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Campbell, K.","contributorId":63351,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Campbell","given":"K.","affiliations":[{"id":47665,"text":"St. Anthony Falls Laboratory, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":390663,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Silva, S. R.","contributorId":27474,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Silva","given":"S.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390661,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Kendall, C. 0000-0002-0247-3405","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0247-3405","contributorId":35050,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kendall","given":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390662,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70021669,"text":"70021669 - 1999 - Estimation of near-surface shear-wave velocity by inversion of Rayleigh waves","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-02-15T12:21:25.232193","indexId":"70021669","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1808,"text":"Geophysics","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Estimation of near-surface shear-wave velocity by inversion of Rayleigh waves","docAbstract":"

The shear‐wave (S-wave) velocity of near‐surface materials (soil, rocks, pavement) and its effect on seismic‐wave propagation are of fundamental interest in many groundwater, engineering, and environmental studies. Rayleigh‐wave phase velocity of a layered‐earth model is a function of frequency and four groups of earth properties: P-wave velocity, S-wave velocity, density, and thickness of layers. Analysis of the Jacobian matrix provides a measure of dispersion‐curve sensitivity to earth properties. S-wave velocities are the dominant influence on a dispersion curve in a high‐frequency range (>5 Hz) followed by layer thickness. An iterative solution technique to the weighted equation proved very effective in the high‐frequency range when using the Levenberg‐Marquardt and singular‐value decomposition techniques. Convergence of the weighted solution is guaranteed through selection of the damping factor using the Levenberg‐Marquardt method. Synthetic examples demonstrated calculation efficiency and stability of inverse procedures. We verify our method using borehole S-wave velocity measurements.

","language":"English","publisher":"Society of Exploration Geophysicists","doi":"10.1190/1.1444578","issn":"00168033","usgsCitation":"Xia, J., Miller, R., and Park, C., 1999, Estimation of near-surface shear-wave velocity by inversion of Rayleigh waves: Geophysics, v. 64, no. 3, p. 691-700, https://doi.org/10.1190/1.1444578.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"691","endPage":"700","numberOfPages":"10","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":229553,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"64","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0b9ae4b0c8380cd527c6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Xia, J.","contributorId":63513,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Xia","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390657,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Miller, R. D.","contributorId":92693,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Miller","given":"R. D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390658,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Park, C.B.","contributorId":21714,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Park","given":"C.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390656,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70021663,"text":"70021663 - 1999 - Development of a comprehensive watershed model applied to study stream yield under drought conditions","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-03-07T00:59:48.110763","indexId":"70021663","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3825,"text":"Groundwater","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Development of a comprehensive watershed model applied to study stream yield under drought conditions","docAbstract":"

We developed a model code to simulate a watershed's hydrology and the hydraulic response of an interconnected stream-aquifer system, and applied the model code to the Lower Republican River Basin in Kansas. The model code links two well-known computer programs: MODFLOW (modular 3-D flow model), which simulates ground water flow and stream-aquifer interaction; and SWAT (soil water assessment tool), a soil water budget simulator for an agricultural watershed. SWAT represents a basin as a collection of subbasins in terms of soil, land use, and weather data, and simulates each subbasin on a daily basis to determine runoff, percolation, evaporation, irrigation, pond seepage, and crop growth. Because SWAT applies a lumped hydrologic model to each sub-basin, spatial heterogeneities with respect to factors such as soil type and land use are not resolved geographically, but can instead be represented statistically. For the Republican River Basin model, each combination of six soil types and three land uses, referred to as a hydrologic response unit (HRU), was simulated with a separate execution of SWAT. A spatially weighted average was then taken over these results for each hydrologic flux and time step by a separate program, SWBAVG. We wrote a package for MODFLOW to associate each subbasin with a subset of aquifer grid cells and stream reaches, and to distribute the hydrologic fluxes given for each subbasin by SWAT and SWBAVG over MODFLOW's stream-aquifer grid to represent tributary flow, surface and ground water diversions, ground water recharge, and evapotranspiration from ground water. The Lower Republican River Basin model was calibrated with respect to measured ground water levels, streamflow, and reported irrigation water use. The model was used to examine the relative contributions of stream yield components and the impact on stream yield and base flow of administrative measures to restrict irrigation water use during droughts. Model results indicate that tributary flow is the dominant component of stream yield and that reduction of irrigation water use produces a corresponding increase in base flow and stream yield. However, the increase in stream yield resulting from reduced water use does not appear to be of sufficient magnitude to restore minimum desirable streamflows.

","language":"English","publisher":"National Groundwater Association","doi":"10.1111/j.1745-6584.1999.tb01121.x","issn":"0017467X","usgsCitation":"Perkins, S., and Sophocleous, M., 1999, Development of a comprehensive watershed model applied to study stream yield under drought conditions: Groundwater, v. 37, no. 3, p. 418-426, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6584.1999.tb01121.x.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"418","endPage":"426","numberOfPages":"9","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":229477,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"37","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2005-08-04","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0035e4b0c8380cd4f63d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Perkins, S.P.","contributorId":12211,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Perkins","given":"S.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390635,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Sophocleous, M.","contributorId":13373,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sophocleous","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390636,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70021659,"text":"70021659 - 1999 - A topological system for delineation and codification of the Earth's river basins","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-04-07T15:14:28","indexId":"70021659","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2342,"text":"Journal of Hydrology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A topological system for delineation and codification of the Earth's river basins","docAbstract":"A comprehensive reference system for the Earth's river basins is proposed as a support to fiver basin management, global change research, and the pursuit of sustainable development. A natural system for delineation and codification of basins is presented which is based upon topographic control and the topology of the fiver network. These characteristics make the system well suited for implementation and use with digital elevation models (DEMs) and geographic information systems. A demonstration of these traits is made with the 30-arcsecond GTOPO30 DEM for North America. The system has additional appeal owing to its economy of digits and the topological information that they carry. This is illustrated through presentation of comparisons with USGS hydrologic unit codes and demonstration of the use of code numbers to reveal dependence or independence of water use activities within a basin.","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/S0022-1694(99)00011-6","issn":"00221694","usgsCitation":"Verdin, K., and Verdin, J., 1999, A topological system for delineation and codification of the Earth's river basins: Journal of Hydrology, v. 218, no. 1-2, p. 1-12, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-1694(99)00011-6.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"1","endPage":"12","numberOfPages":"12","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":229435,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":206327,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0022-1694(99)00011-6"}],"volume":"218","issue":"1-2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e600e4b0c8380cd470c0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Verdin, K.L.","contributorId":66438,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Verdin","given":"K.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390629,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Verdin, J. P. 0000-0003-0238-9657","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0238-9657","contributorId":33033,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Verdin","given":"J. P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390628,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70021657,"text":"70021657 - 1999 - Coseismic slip resolution along a plate boundary megathrust: the Nankai Trough, southwest Japan","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-10-29T14:01:24","indexId":"70021657","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2314,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Coseismic slip resolution along a plate boundary megathrust: the Nankai Trough, southwest Japan","docAbstract":"Geodetic survey measurements are used to estimate the coseismic slip distribution in the 1944 Tonankai (Mw=8.1) and 1946 Nankaido (Mw=8.3) earthquakes and to assess quantitatively the degree to which this slip is resolved on the plate boundary megathrust. Data used include 798 angle changes from triangulation surveys, 328 leveling section differences, and 5 coseismic tidal gage offsets. Many of the nominally coseismic triangulation data span ∼50 years, nearly half the earthquake cycle, and correction for interseismic deformation using post-1950 observations is applied. Microseismicity is used to define the configuration of the plate boundary interface and approximate it with a continuous, multisegment fault model. Because the onshore geodetic data have very limited resolving power for offshore fault segments, offshore coseismic slip was constrained by Satctke's [1993] estimation based on tsunami data. The majority of the coseismic slip occurs between 15 and 25 km depth. Although resolution declines toward the trench axis, it is sufficiently good to define two distinct high-slip regions, one off southeastern Shikoku Island (11 m maximum) and the other offshore of Kii Peninsula (3 m maximum). The slip magnitude off southeastern Shikoku, coupled with the plate convergence rate, would imply an recurrence interval of about 270 years, much-longer than the average repeat time of ∼120 years for historical great earthquakes on the Nankai Trough. However, the maximum coseismic slip is sensitive to the assumed fault geometry, and slippage on trough-parallel splay faults could significantly decrease the maximum slip to about 6 m.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/98JB02644","issn":"01480227","usgsCitation":"Sagiya, T., and Thatcher, W., 1999, Coseismic slip resolution along a plate boundary megathrust: the Nankai Trough, southwest Japan: Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth, v. 104, no. B1, p. 1111-1129, https://doi.org/10.1029/98JB02644.","startPage":"1111","endPage":"1129","numberOfPages":"19","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":479545,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/98jb02644","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":229397,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":278549,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1029/98JB02644"}],"volume":"104","issue":"B1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1999-01-10","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059fc5de4b0c8380cd4e24c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Sagiya, Takeshi","contributorId":35895,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sagiya","given":"Takeshi","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390624,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Thatcher, Wayne","contributorId":35325,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thatcher","given":"Wayne","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390623,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70021652,"text":"70021652 - 1999 - Regional Vp, Vs, Vp/Vs, and Poisson's ratios across earthquake source zones from Memphis, Tennessee, to St. Louis, Missouri","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-10-24T23:52:19.402401","indexId":"70021652","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1135,"text":"Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America","onlineIssn":"1943-3573","printIssn":"0037-1106","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Regional Vp, Vs, Vp/Vs, and Poisson's ratios across earthquake source zones from Memphis, Tennessee, to St. Louis, Missouri","docAbstract":"Models of P- and S-wave velocity, Vp/Vs ratios, Poisson's ratios, and density for the crust and upper mantle are presented along a 400-km-long profile trending from Memphis, Tennessee, to St. Louis, Missouri. The profile crosses the New Madrid seismic zone and reveals distinct regional variations in the crustal velocity structure north and south of the latitude of New Madrid. In the south near Memphis, the upper few kilometers of the crust are dominated by upper crustal sedimentary basins or graben with P-wave velocities less than 5 km/sec and S-wave velocities of about 2 km/sec. P-wave velocities of the upper and middle crust range from 6.0 to 6.5 km/sec at depths above 25 km, and corresponding S-wave velocities range from 3.5 to 3.7 km/sec. The lower crust consists of a high-velocity layer (Vp = 7.4 km/sec; Vs ~4.2 km/sec) that is up to 20-km thick at the latitude of New Madrid but thins to about 15 km near Memphis. To the north, beneath the western-most Illinois basin, low-velocity (Vp < 5 km/sec; Vs < 2.3 km/sec) sedimentary basins are less than 1-km deep. The average velocities (Vp = 6.0 km/sec; Vs = 3.5 km/sec) of the underlying, near-surface rocks argue against large thickness of unconsolidated noncarbonate sediments within 50 km of the western edge of the Illinois basin. Most of the crust beneath the Illinois basin is modeled as one layer, with velocities up to 6.8 km/sec (Vs = 3.7 km/sec) at 37-km depth. The thick, high-velocity (Vp = 7.4 km/sec; Vs ~4.2 km/sec) lower crustal layer thins from about 20 km near New Madrid to about 6 km beneath the western Illinois basin. Refractions from the Moho and upper mantle occur as first arrivals over distances as a great as 160 km and reveal upper mantle layering to 60 km depth. Upper mantle layers with P-wave velocities of 8.2 km/sec (Vs = 4.5 km/sec) and 8.4 km/sec (Vs = 4.7 km/sec) are modeled at 43 and 60 km depth, respectively. Crustal Vp/Vs ratios range between 1.74 and 1.83, and upper mantle Vp/V s ratios range from 1.78 to 1.84. Poisson's ratios range from about 0.26 to 0.33 in the crust and from about 0.27 to 0.29 in the upper mantle. Modeled average densities range from about 2.55 in the sedimentary basins to 3.43 in the upper mantle. Geophysical characteristics of the crust and upper mantle within the New Madrid seismic zone are consistent with other continental rifts, but the crustal structure of the Illinois basin is not characteristics of most continental rift settings. Seismic and gravity data suggest a buried horst near the middle of Reelfoot rift, beneath which is a vertical zone of seismicity and velocity anomalies. The relative depth of the Reelfoot rift north and south of the Reelfoot graben suggests that the rift and its bounding faults may extend eastward beneath the city of Memphis.","language":"English","publisher":"Seismological Society of America","doi":"10.1785/BSSA0890061591","issn":"00371106","usgsCitation":"Catchings, R.D., 1999, Regional Vp, Vs, Vp/Vs, and Poisson's ratios across earthquake source zones from Memphis, Tennessee, to St. Louis, Missouri: Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, v. 89, no. 6, p. 1591-1605, https://doi.org/10.1785/BSSA0890061591.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"1591","endPage":"1605","numberOfPages":"15","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":229291,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Arkansas, Illinois, Kentucky, Missouri, Tennessee","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -92.01713789388883,\n 39.24359565849795\n ],\n [\n -92.01713789388883,\n 34.89794280335066\n ],\n [\n -87.11723555013897,\n 34.89794280335066\n ],\n [\n -87.11723555013897,\n 39.24359565849795\n ],\n [\n -92.01713789388883,\n 39.24359565849795\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"89","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1999-12-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"50e4a495e4b0e8fec6cdbba2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Catchings, R. D.","contributorId":98738,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Catchings","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390608,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70021647,"text":"70021647 - 1999 - Spatial distribution of Serengeti wildebeest in relation to resources","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-11-15T12:11:37.533677","indexId":"70021647","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1176,"text":"Canadian Journal of Zoology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Spatial distribution of Serengeti wildebeest in relation to resources","docAbstract":"We investigated the spatial distribution of radio-marked wildebeest (Connochaetes taurinus) in the Serengeti ecosystem in relation to the distribution of their food resources, comparing patterns in the wet and dry seasons and at local and landscape spatial scales. A mechanistic model of ruminant energy optimization predicted that wildebeest should maximize energy intake on swards 3 cm high and maintain energy balance on swards between 3 and 10 cm high. At the ecosystem scale, wildebeest preferred short and intermediate-height grass of moderate greenness during both the wet and dry seasons. This was consistent with the model prediction which suggests that large-scale movements by wildebeest are motivated, at least partially, by an energy-maximizing strategy. At the local scale, however, wildebeest showed spatial selectivity only on the basis of grass greenness, not on grass height. This differed from model expectations and may have resulted from wildebeest exploiting ephemeral green flushes of grass caused by localized rainfall in their movement radius. According to these results, the influence of other nutritional or behavioural factors on wildebeest distributions is not rejected, yet they suggest the potentially important role of an energy intake maximizing strategy on movement patterns. Our findings show that wildebeest movements are broadly similar to those of other large herbivores that migrate in response to resource gradients.","language":"English","publisher":"Canadian Science Publishing","doi":"10.1139/z99-088","issn":"00084301","usgsCitation":"Wilmshurst, J., Fryxell, J.M., Farm, B.P., Sinclair, A., and Henschel, C., 1999, Spatial distribution of Serengeti wildebeest in relation to resources: Canadian Journal of Zoology, v. 77, no. 8, p. 1223-1232, https://doi.org/10.1139/z99-088.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"1223","endPage":"1232","numberOfPages":"10","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":229217,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"77","issue":"8","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b946ce4b08c986b31aa90","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wilmshurst, J.F.","contributorId":81268,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wilmshurst","given":"J.F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390597,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Fryxell, J. M.","contributorId":58413,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Fryxell","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390595,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Farm, Brian P.","contributorId":88512,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Farm","given":"Brian","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390598,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Sinclair, A.R.E.","contributorId":42737,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sinclair","given":"A.R.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390594,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Henschel, C.P.","contributorId":62359,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Henschel","given":"C.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390596,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ]}