{"pageNumber":"124","pageRowStart":"3075","pageSize":"25","recordCount":165720,"records":[{"id":70262812,"text":"70262812 - 2024 - How, what, and where you sample environmental DNA affects diversity estimates and species detection","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-01-23T16:01:32.840937","indexId":"70262812","displayToPublicDate":"2024-12-16T09:50:25","publicationYear":"2024","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":5840,"text":"Environmental DNA","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"How, what, and where you sample environmental DNA affects diversity estimates and species detection","docAbstract":"

Environmental DNA (eDNA) is a complex mixture of DNA, varying in particle sizes and distributed heterogeneously in aquatic systems. Optimizing eDNA sampling is crucial for maximizing species detection, particularly in high-risk scenarios like invasive species management. In this study, we compare two eDNA sampling methods - namely tow net and grab sample, where the tow nets process large volumes of water (3500–7000 L) through a 64 μm pore size and the grab samples process 1 L sample at a single point through 0.45–1.2 μm pore size membranes. We compared these methods to ascertain what most influences (1) the detection of invasive species (Dreissena mussels and Burmese pythons) using qPCR or ddPCR and (2) total diversity monitoring of metazoan, protist, and fungi community using a COI marker and plant communities using the ITS marker. Sampling was conducted across a wide geography and diverse aquatic environments in Minnesota and Florida, USA, and Switzerland. The tow net samples had significantly higher eDNA yield compared to grab samples; however, they exhibited equal or lower alpha diversity of OTUs (Operational Taxonomic Units). The two sampling methods measured different beta diversity of communities detected with the COI marker across all three regions, highlighting the impact of the sampling method on the diversity of eDNA captured. In comparison, the beta diversity of plant eDNA was less impacted by the sampling method. We found no clear difference in detection for the invasive species targets based on the eDNA sampling method. These results underscore the need for pilot studies before conducting biodiversity inventory and monitoring, and a need for a greater understanding of not just how much, but also what, eDNA is captured depending on method choice, considering both spatial and particle size heterogeneity.

","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1002/edn3.70042","usgsCitation":"Kirtane, A., Howard, L., Beaver, C., Hunter, M., Luikart, G., and Deiner, K., 2024, How, what, and where you sample environmental DNA affects diversity estimates and species detection: Environmental DNA, v. 6, no. 6, e70042, 18 p., https://doi.org/10.1002/edn3.70042.","productDescription":"e70042, 18 p.","ipdsId":"IP-164488","costCenters":[{"id":17705,"text":"Wetland and Aquatic Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":481043,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/edn3.70042","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":480999,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Switzerland, United States","state":"Florida, Minnesota","otherGeospatial":"Greater Everglades, Lake Bemidji, Lake Constance, Lake Hallwil, Wolf Lake","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -80.01798404723112,\n 26.550246448677925\n ],\n [\n -81.53599072519242,\n 26.550246448677925\n ],\n [\n -81.53599072519242,\n 25.096468312997132\n ],\n [\n -80.01798404723112,\n 25.096468312997132\n ],\n [\n -80.01798404723112,\n 26.550246448677925\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -94.89029157031179,\n 47.55346749658318\n ],\n [\n -94.91231460556368,\n 47.44125697369489\n ],\n [\n -94.84279860432603,\n 47.45402343957852\n ],\n [\n -94.790887164091,\n 47.54603420634177\n ],\n [\n -94.89029157031179,\n 47.55346749658318\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -95.42231636805072,\n 46.84143387368516\n ],\n [\n -95.42231636805072,\n 46.7997449143445\n ],\n [\n -95.35145285614063,\n 46.7997449143445\n ],\n [\n -95.35145285614063,\n 46.84143387368516\n ],\n [\n -95.42231636805072,\n 46.84143387368516\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n 9.764414200551101,\n 47.555375259048276\n ],\n [\n 9.139242153384458,\n 47.779117924009995\n ],\n [\n 9.037477332319312,\n 47.82773952502753\n ],\n [\n 8.852018078975334,\n 47.64622984307617\n ],\n [\n 9.414419301934203,\n 47.48258089324767\n ],\n [\n 9.764414200551101,\n 47.47658156173782\n ],\n [\n 9.764414200551101,\n 47.555375259048276\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n 8.190367045996055,\n 47.32164406724627\n ],\n [\n 8.190367045996055,\n 47.24371458795892\n ],\n [\n 8.237168205819756,\n 47.24371458795892\n ],\n [\n 8.237168205819756,\n 47.32164406724627\n ],\n [\n 8.190367045996055,\n 47.32164406724627\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"6","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2024-12-16","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kirtane, Anish","contributorId":349813,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Kirtane","given":"Anish","affiliations":[{"id":83518,"text":"Institute of Biogeochemistry and Pollutant Dynamics, Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule Zürich, Switzerland","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":924861,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Howard, Leif","contributorId":349814,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Howard","given":"Leif","affiliations":[{"id":83519,"text":"Division of Biological Sciences, Flathead Lake Biology Station, University of Montana","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":924862,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Beaver, Caitlin 0000-0002-9269-7604","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9269-7604","contributorId":219703,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Beaver","given":"Caitlin","affiliations":[{"id":17705,"text":"Wetland and Aquatic Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":924863,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Hunter, Margaret 0000-0002-4760-9302","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4760-9302","contributorId":207589,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hunter","given":"Margaret","affiliations":[{"id":17705,"text":"Wetland and Aquatic Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":924864,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Luikart, Gordon","contributorId":124531,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Luikart","given":"Gordon","affiliations":[{"id":5091,"text":"Flathead Lake Biological Station, Fish and Wildlife Genomics Group, Division of Biological Sciences, University of Montana, Polson, MT 59860, USA","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":924865,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Deiner, Kristy","contributorId":176866,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Deiner","given":"Kristy","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":924866,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70261674,"text":"70261674 - 2024 - Northern Great Plains native seed strategy","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-12-18T15:49:10.312152","indexId":"70261674","displayToPublicDate":"2024-12-16T09:45:08","publicationYear":"2024","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":2,"text":"State or Local Government Series"},"seriesNumber":"6","title":"Northern Great Plains native seed strategy","docAbstract":"

No abstract available.

","language":"English","publisher":"South Dakota State University","usgsCitation":"Perkins, L., Symstad, A., Zavaleta-Cheek, J., Rohrer, E., and Ehlert, K., 2024, Northern Great Plains native seed strategy, 27 p.","productDescription":"27 p.","ipdsId":"IP-170770","costCenters":[{"id":480,"text":"Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":465249,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://openprairie.sdstate.edu/nativeplant_news/6/"},{"id":465276,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Minnesota, Montana, North Dakota, South Dakota, Wyoming","otherGeospatial":"Northern Great Plains","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -112.89600749280534,\n 48.95669012895394\n ],\n [\n -110.00701022506142,\n 47.318500559121645\n ],\n [\n -107.89459357384864,\n 45.01649067418961\n ],\n [\n -105.58122725722289,\n 42.64666032525162\n ],\n [\n -103.77512636846386,\n 42.969903560300054\n ],\n [\n -98.24394876940691,\n 43.00915601967853\n ],\n [\n -96.57995429633301,\n 42.66516479070239\n ],\n [\n -96.46219456413773,\n 43.43226125596277\n ],\n [\n -95.37394352069838,\n 44.53220121284053\n ],\n [\n -96.10444507064126,\n 48.97226434619046\n ],\n [\n -112.89600749280534,\n 48.95669012895394\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Perkins, Lora B.","contributorId":224968,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Perkins","given":"Lora B.","affiliations":[{"id":26958,"text":"South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":921391,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Symstad, Amy 0000-0003-4231-2873 asymstad@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4231-2873","contributorId":201095,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Symstad","given":"Amy","email":"asymstad@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":480,"text":"Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":921392,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Zavaleta-Cheek, Jennifer","contributorId":347331,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Zavaleta-Cheek","given":"Jennifer","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":26958,"text":"South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":921393,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Rohrer, Emily","contributorId":347333,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Rohrer","given":"Emily","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":83137,"text":"USDA-NRCS, Rapid City, SD","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":921394,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Ehlert, Krista","contributorId":347334,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Ehlert","given":"Krista","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":83139,"text":"South Dakota State University Extension, Rapid City, SD","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":921395,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70261618,"text":"70261618 - 2024 - Antibodies to influenza A virus in Lesser (Aythya affinis) and Greater Scaup (Aythya marila) in the USA","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-12-17T15:50:15.832349","indexId":"70261618","displayToPublicDate":"2024-12-16T09:39:33","publicationYear":"2024","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2507,"text":"Journal of Wildlife Diseases","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"displayTitle":"Antibodies to influenza A virus in Lesser (Aythya affinis) and Greater Scaup (Aythya marila) in the USA","title":"Antibodies to influenza A virus in Lesser (Aythya affinis) and Greater Scaup (Aythya marila) in the USA","docAbstract":"

Scaup, including both Lesser and Greater (Aythya affinis and Aythya marila, respectively), are a grouping of populous and widespread North American diving ducks. Few influenza type A viruses (IAV) have been reported from these species despite a high prevalence of antibodies to IAV being reported. Existing virologic and serologic data indicate that IAV infection routinely occurs in scaup, yet it is unknown which IAV subtypes are linked to these infections. In this study, we aimed to gain a more complete picture of IAV natural history in Lesser and Greater Scaup from two coastal flyways in North America in 2015–18 (302 samples from California in the Pacific Flyway and 471 samples from Maryland in the Atlantic Flyway). Low prevalence of active IAV infection was detected by real-time reverse-transcription PCR in Lesser Scaup sampled in Maryland and California (2.8% and 8.1%, respectively). A single IAV (H1N1) was isolated in embryonated chicken eggs from a bird sampled in California. Similarly low levels were observed in Greater Scaup in California (3.3%). Antibodies to the nucleoprotein as detected with a commercial blocking ELISA were observed in all species and flyway combinations. Antibody seroprevalence estimates were higher in adult Lesser Scaup than in juveniles at both the ≤0.5 (P<0.001, z=–3.582) and ≤0.7 serum-sample-to-negative-control absorbance thresholds (P=0.003, z=–2.996). Neutralizing antibodies to H1–H12, H14, and H15 were detected using a microtiter virus neutralization assay, with the highest prevalence of antibodies against H1 (38%), H6 (36%), and H11 (35%). The high prevalence of antibodies to IAV and evidence of previous exposure to numerous subtypes are consistent with a high level of population immunity and a low prevalence of infection. These results must be interpreted in the context of season (winter sampling), as results may vary with the annual influx of naïve juvenile birds.

","language":"English","publisher":"Wildlife Disease Association","doi":"10.7589/JWD-D-24-00021","usgsCitation":"Huang, H., Poulson, R., Sullivan, J.D., De La Cruz, S.E., Walbridge, H., Stallknecht, D., and Prosser, D., 2024, Antibodies to influenza A virus in Lesser (Aythya affinis) and Greater Scaup (Aythya marila) in the USA: Journal of Wildlife Diseases, v. 60, no. 4, p. 940-949, https://doi.org/10.7589/JWD-D-24-00021.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"940","endPage":"949","ipdsId":"IP-141598","costCenters":[{"id":50464,"text":"Eastern Ecological Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":465195,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California, Maryland","county":"Dorchester County","otherGeospatial":"Eden Landing Ecological Reserve, Suisun Bay","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"id\": 1198,\n \"properties\": {\n \"name\": \"Dorchester\",\n \"state\": \"MD\"\n },\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"MultiPolygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n [\n -75.8344,\n 38.7037\n ],\n [\n -75.8403,\n 38.7038\n ],\n [\n -75.8516,\n 38.7017\n ],\n [\n -75.8557,\n 38.7008\n ],\n [\n -75.8569,\n 38.7008\n ],\n [\n -75.8593,\n 38.6999\n ],\n [\n -75.8611,\n 38.6986\n ],\n [\n -75.8628,\n 38.6977\n ],\n [\n -75.8659,\n 38.6955\n ],\n [\n -75.873,\n 38.6924\n ],\n [\n -75.8795,\n 38.6925\n ],\n [\n -75.8859,\n 38.694\n ],\n [\n -75.8947,\n 38.6986\n ],\n [\n -75.8971,\n 38.6977\n ],\n [\n -75.8983,\n 38.6964\n ],\n [\n -75.8989,\n 38.6946\n ],\n [\n -75.9001,\n 38.6919\n ],\n [\n -75.9014,\n 38.6896\n ],\n [\n -75.9038,\n 38.6878\n ],\n [\n -75.9061,\n 38.6874\n ],\n [\n -75.9091,\n 38.6879\n ],\n [\n -75.9126,\n 38.687\n ],\n [\n -75.9144,\n 38.6848\n ],\n [\n -75.9198,\n 38.6817\n ],\n [\n -75.921,\n 38.6817\n ],\n [\n -75.9234,\n 38.679\n ],\n [\n -75.924,\n 38.6786\n ],\n [\n -75.9282,\n 38.6768\n ],\n [\n -75.9299,\n 38.6782\n ],\n [\n -75.934,\n 38.681\n ],\n [\n -75.9367,\n 38.6786\n ],\n [\n -75.9367,\n 38.6781\n ],\n [\n -75.9358,\n 38.6764\n ],\n [\n -75.9361,\n 38.6761\n ],\n [\n -75.9383,\n 38.675\n ],\n [\n -75.9392,\n 38.6758\n ],\n [\n -75.9508,\n 38.6553\n ],\n [\n -75.9486,\n 38.6531\n ],\n [\n -75.9505,\n 38.6507\n ],\n [\n -75.956,\n 38.6445\n ],\n [\n -75.9569,\n 38.6439\n ],\n [\n -75.9328,\n 38.6325\n ],\n [\n -75.9331,\n 38.6322\n ],\n [\n -75.9733,\n 38.6192\n ],\n [\n -75.9583,\n 38.6122\n ],\n [\n -75.9556,\n 38.6117\n ],\n [\n -75.96,\n 38.6108\n ],\n [\n -75.9639,\n 38.6111\n ],\n [\n -75.9675,\n 38.6108\n ],\n [\n -75.9764,\n 38.5864\n ],\n [\n -75.9761,\n 38.5861\n ],\n [\n -75.9742,\n 38.5861\n ],\n [\n -75.9756,\n 38.5842\n ],\n [\n -75.9786,\n 38.5825\n ],\n [\n -75.99,\n 38.5767\n ],\n [\n -75.9897,\n 38.5769\n ],\n [\n -75.9942,\n 38.5828\n ],\n [\n -75.9944,\n 38.5831\n ],\n [\n -75.9989,\n 38.5845\n ],\n [\n -76,\n 38.5844\n ],\n [\n -76.0056,\n 38.5769\n ],\n [\n -76.0053,\n 38.5767\n ],\n [\n -76.013,\n 38.5703\n ],\n [\n -76.0125,\n 38.5697\n ],\n [\n -76.0164,\n 38.5672\n ],\n [\n -76.0172,\n 38.5681\n ],\n [\n -76.0194,\n 38.5667\n ],\n [\n -76.0206,\n 38.5661\n ],\n [\n -76.0233,\n 38.5653\n ],\n [\n -76.0242,\n 38.5636\n ],\n [\n -76.0231,\n 38.5606\n ],\n [\n -76.0244,\n 38.5592\n ],\n [\n -76.0256,\n 38.5619\n ],\n [\n -76.0272,\n 38.5647\n ],\n [\n -76.0297,\n 38.5656\n ],\n [\n -76.0303,\n 38.565\n ],\n [\n -76.0314,\n 38.565\n ],\n [\n -76.0403,\n 38.5625\n ],\n [\n -76.0406,\n 38.5622\n ],\n [\n -76.0425,\n 38.5622\n ],\n [\n -76.0428,\n 38.5619\n ],\n [\n -76.0536,\n 38.565\n ],\n [\n -76.0533,\n 38.565\n ],\n [\n -76.0528,\n 38.5622\n ],\n [\n -76.0569,\n 38.5669\n ],\n [\n -76.06,\n 38.5692\n ],\n [\n -76.0606,\n 38.5692\n ],\n [\n -76.0617,\n 38.5703\n ],\n [\n -76.0633,\n 38.5714\n ],\n [\n -76.0697,\n 38.5736\n ],\n [\n -76.07,\n 38.5733\n ],\n [\n -76.1014,\n 38.5872\n ],\n [\n -76.1114,\n 38.5775\n ],\n [\n -76.125,\n 38.59\n ],\n [\n -76.1392,\n 38.6033\n ],\n [\n -76.1392,\n 38.6042\n ],\n [\n -76.1406,\n 38.6056\n ],\n [\n -76.1467,\n 38.6006\n ],\n [\n -76.1564,\n 38.595\n ],\n [\n -76.1567,\n 38.5947\n ],\n [\n -76.1806,\n 38.5998\n ],\n [\n -76.1839,\n 38.6078\n ],\n [\n -76.1675,\n 38.6061\n ],\n [\n -76.1956,\n 38.6172\n ],\n [\n -76.2025,\n 38.6114\n ],\n [\n -76.205,\n 38.6094\n ],\n [\n -76.2075,\n 38.6044\n ],\n [\n -76.2172,\n 38.6097\n ],\n [\n -76.2175,\n 38.61\n ],\n [\n -76.2372,\n 38.615\n ],\n [\n -76.2375,\n 38.6217\n ],\n [\n -76.2353,\n 38.6236\n ],\n [\n -76.2347,\n 38.6242\n ],\n [\n -76.2406,\n 38.6267\n ],\n [\n -76.2408,\n 38.6263\n ],\n [\n -76.2572,\n 38.6108\n ],\n [\n -76.265,\n 38.6144\n ],\n [\n -76.265,\n 38.6117\n ],\n [\n -76.2686,\n 38.6106\n ],\n [\n -76.2694,\n 38.6089\n ],\n [\n -76.2689,\n 38.6083\n ],\n [\n -76.2739,\n 38.6183\n ],\n [\n -76.2747,\n 38.6183\n ],\n [\n -76.2758,\n 38.6194\n ],\n [\n -76.2811,\n 38.6167\n ],\n [\n -76.2753,\n 38.6042\n ],\n [\n -76.2715,\n 38.6022\n ],\n [\n -76.2718,\n 38.603\n ],\n [\n -76.2611,\n 38.6039\n ],\n [\n -76.2614,\n 38.6036\n ],\n [\n -76.2678,\n 38.5967\n ],\n [\n -76.2731,\n 38.5919\n ],\n [\n -76.2672,\n 38.5842\n ],\n [\n -76.2678,\n 38.5842\n ],\n [\n -76.2747,\n 38.5808\n ],\n [\n -76.2772,\n 38.5778\n ],\n [\n -76.2808,\n 38.5733\n ],\n [\n -76.2808,\n 38.5694\n ],\n [\n -76.2814,\n 38.57\n ],\n [\n -76.3003,\n 38.5719\n ],\n [\n -76.2994,\n 38.5711\n ],\n [\n -76.2867,\n 38.5656\n ],\n [\n -76.272,\n 38.549\n ],\n [\n -76.2714,\n 38.5514\n ],\n [\n -76.2719,\n 38.5519\n ],\n [\n -76.2692,\n 38.5544\n ],\n [\n -76.2714,\n 38.5561\n ],\n [\n -76.2722,\n 38.5569\n ],\n [\n -76.2731,\n 38.5589\n ],\n [\n -76.2731,\n 38.5597\n ],\n [\n -76.2744,\n 38.5625\n ],\n [\n -76.2753,\n 38.5644\n ],\n [\n -76.2733,\n 38.5658\n ],\n [\n -76.2708,\n 38.5708\n ],\n [\n -76.2711,\n 38.5747\n ],\n [\n -76.2689,\n 38.5756\n ],\n [\n -76.2661,\n 38.5739\n ],\n [\n -76.2656,\n 38.5647\n ],\n [\n -76.2656,\n 38.5644\n ],\n [\n -76.2678,\n 38.5622\n ],\n [\n -76.2658,\n 38.5611\n ],\n [\n -76.2647,\n 38.5611\n ],\n [\n -76.2614,\n 38.5519\n ],\n [\n -76.2606,\n 38.5519\n ],\n [\n -76.26,\n 38.5489\n ],\n [\n -76.2567,\n 38.5475\n ],\n [\n -76.2461,\n 38.5378\n ],\n [\n -76.2467,\n 38.5395\n ],\n [\n -76.2481,\n 38.5401\n ],\n [\n -76.2553,\n 38.5514\n ],\n [\n -76.2531,\n 38.5542\n ],\n [\n -76.2536,\n 38.5636\n ],\n [\n -76.25,\n 38.5725\n ],\n [\n -76.2511,\n 38.5761\n ],\n [\n -76.2497,\n 38.5761\n ],\n [\n -76.2539,\n 38.5933\n ],\n [\n -76.2533,\n 38.5933\n ],\n [\n -76.2439,\n 38.5914\n ],\n [\n -76.2436,\n 38.5917\n ],\n [\n -76.2372,\n 38.5947\n ],\n [\n -76.2397,\n 38.5919\n ],\n [\n -76.2411,\n 38.5897\n ],\n [\n -76.2414,\n 38.59\n ],\n [\n -76.2436,\n 38.5808\n ],\n [\n -76.2433,\n 38.5806\n ],\n [\n -76.2433,\n 38.5786\n ],\n [\n -76.2439,\n 38.5725\n ],\n [\n -76.2442,\n 38.5706\n ],\n [\n -76.2403,\n 38.5689\n ],\n [\n -76.2403,\n 38.5675\n ],\n [\n -76.2447,\n 38.5594\n ],\n [\n -76.2419,\n 38.5522\n ],\n [\n -76.2422,\n 38.5525\n ],\n [\n -76.2425,\n 38.5569\n ],\n [\n -76.2414,\n 38.5603\n ],\n [\n -76.2372,\n 38.5617\n ],\n [\n -76.2386,\n 38.555\n ],\n [\n -76.2392,\n 38.5508\n ],\n [\n -76.2408,\n 38.5456\n ],\n [\n -76.2394,\n 38.545\n ],\n [\n -76.2392,\n 38.5447\n ],\n [\n -76.2369,\n 38.5436\n ],\n [\n -76.2378,\n 38.5428\n ],\n [\n -76.2347,\n 38.5417\n ],\n [\n -76.2344,\n 38.5419\n ],\n [\n -76.2353,\n 38.545\n ],\n [\n -76.2361,\n 38.5458\n ],\n [\n -76.2361,\n 38.5478\n ],\n [\n -76.2331,\n 38.5475\n ],\n [\n -76.2267,\n 38.5511\n ],\n [\n -76.2231,\n 38.5531\n ],\n [\n -76.2239,\n 38.5564\n ],\n [\n -76.2247,\n 38.5572\n ],\n [\n -76.2247,\n 38.5611\n ],\n [\n -76.2233,\n 38.5633\n ],\n [\n -76.2203,\n 38.5642\n ],\n [\n -76.221,\n 38.5643\n ],\n [\n -76.2222,\n 38.5667\n ],\n [\n -76.2222,\n 38.5678\n ],\n [\n -76.2289,\n 38.5694\n ],\n [\n -76.2303,\n 38.5708\n ],\n [\n -76.2303,\n 38.5714\n ],\n [\n -76.2292,\n 38.5733\n ],\n [\n -76.2294,\n 38.5778\n ],\n [\n -76.2231,\n 38.5819\n ],\n [\n -76.2192,\n 38.5858\n ],\n [\n -76.2178,\n 38.5875\n ],\n [\n -76.2164,\n 38.5875\n ],\n [\n -76.2161,\n 38.5872\n ],\n [\n -76.2181,\n 38.5839\n ],\n [\n -76.2181,\n 38.5831\n ],\n [\n -76.2265,\n 38.5722\n ],\n [\n -76.2261,\n 38.5719\n ],\n [\n -76.2197,\n 38.5714\n ],\n [\n -76.2186,\n 38.5694\n ],\n [\n -76.2136,\n 38.5678\n ],\n [\n -76.2133,\n 38.5681\n ],\n [\n -76.2108,\n 38.5672\n ],\n [\n -76.2103,\n 38.5672\n ],\n [\n -76.2069,\n 38.5714\n ],\n [\n -76.2069,\n 38.5722\n ],\n [\n -76.2028,\n 38.5789\n ],\n [\n -76.2028,\n 38.585\n ],\n [\n -76.2017,\n 38.5869\n ],\n [\n -76.2,\n 38.5783\n ],\n [\n -76.2003,\n 38.5781\n ],\n [\n -76.2042,\n 38.5703\n ],\n [\n -76.2047,\n 38.5667\n ],\n [\n -76.2044,\n 38.5664\n ],\n [\n -76.2047,\n 38.5639\n ],\n [\n -76.2072,\n 38.5619\n ],\n [\n -76.2014,\n 38.5619\n ],\n [\n -76.2011,\n 38.5622\n ],\n [\n -76.1961,\n 38.5617\n ],\n [\n -76.1969,\n 38.5647\n ],\n [\n -76.1939,\n 38.5625\n ],\n [\n -76.1894,\n 38.5619\n ],\n [\n -76.1856,\n 38.5619\n ],\n [\n -76.1836,\n 38.5631\n ],\n [\n -76.1836,\n 38.5667\n ],\n [\n -76.1792,\n 38.5711\n ],\n [\n -76.1825,\n 38.5858\n ],\n [\n -76.1822,\n 38.5856\n ],\n [\n -76.1806,\n 38.58\n ],\n [\n -76.1793,\n 38.5782\n ],\n [\n -76.1739,\n 38.5747\n ],\n [\n -76.1706,\n 38.5814\n ],\n [\n -76.1647,\n 38.5764\n ],\n [\n -76.1636,\n 38.5764\n ],\n [\n -76.175,\n 38.5714\n ],\n [\n -76.1741,\n 38.5694\n ],\n [\n -76.1767,\n 38.5642\n ],\n [\n -76.1767,\n 38.5636\n ],\n [\n -76.1758,\n 38.5628\n ],\n [\n -76.1719,\n 38.5594\n ],\n [\n -76.1714,\n 38.5594\n ],\n [\n -76.1703,\n 38.5583\n ],\n [\n -76.1778,\n 38.5583\n ],\n [\n -76.1783,\n 38.5583\n ],\n [\n -76.1814,\n 38.5492\n ],\n [\n -76.1814,\n 38.5497\n ],\n [\n -76.1839,\n 38.5558\n ],\n [\n -76.1942,\n 38.5536\n ],\n [\n -76.1947,\n 38.5542\n ],\n [\n -76.1989,\n 38.5539\n ],\n [\n -76.2039,\n 38.5531\n ],\n [\n -76.2089,\n 38.5506\n ],\n [\n -76.2047,\n 38.5356\n ],\n [\n -76.2044,\n 38.5353\n ],\n [\n -76.1992,\n 38.5319\n ],\n [\n -76.195,\n 38.5297\n ],\n [\n -76.1919,\n 38.53\n ],\n [\n -76.1917,\n 38.5303\n ],\n [\n -76.1847,\n 38.5297\n ],\n [\n -76.1844,\n 38.53\n ],\n [\n -76.1825,\n 38.53\n ],\n [\n -76.1822,\n 38.5303\n ],\n [\n -76.1792,\n 38.5303\n ],\n [\n -76.1758,\n 38.5364\n ],\n [\n -76.175,\n 38.5356\n ],\n [\n -76.175,\n 38.5336\n ],\n [\n -76.1728,\n 38.5328\n ],\n [\n -76.1703,\n 38.5328\n ],\n [\n -76.1631,\n 38.5339\n ],\n [\n -76.1597,\n 38.5353\n ],\n [\n -76.1583,\n 38.5347\n ],\n [\n -76.1581,\n 38.5344\n ],\n [\n -76.1544,\n 38.5356\n ],\n [\n -76.1503,\n 38.5339\n ],\n [\n -76.1497,\n 38.5339\n ],\n [\n -76.1486,\n 38.535\n ],\n [\n -76.1467,\n 38.5392\n ],\n [\n -76.1461,\n 38.5398\n ],\n [\n -76.1464,\n 38.5417\n ],\n [\n -76.1381,\n 38.5417\n ],\n [\n -76.1366,\n 38.5418\n ],\n [\n -76.1358,\n 38.5408\n ],\n [\n -76.1364,\n 38.5403\n ],\n [\n -76.1442,\n 38.5328\n ],\n [\n -76.1439,\n 38.5325\n ],\n [\n -76.1433,\n 38.5294\n ],\n [\n -76.135,\n 38.5297\n ],\n [\n -76.1366,\n 38.5283\n ],\n [\n -76.1433,\n 38.5225\n ],\n [\n -76.1531,\n 38.5297\n ],\n [\n -76.1578,\n 38.5289\n ],\n [\n -76.1578,\n 38.5281\n ],\n [\n -76.1592,\n 38.5247\n ],\n [\n -76.1586,\n 38.5253\n ],\n [\n -76.1592,\n 38.5283\n ],\n [\n -76.1603,\n 38.5317\n ],\n [\n -76.1717,\n 38.5294\n ],\n [\n -76.1719,\n 38.5297\n ],\n [\n -76.1758,\n 38.5114\n ],\n [\n -76.1758,\n 38.5111\n ],\n [\n -76.17,\n 38.5069\n ],\n [\n -76.1678,\n 38.5061\n ],\n [\n -76.1594,\n 38.5017\n ],\n [\n -76.1622,\n 38.5028\n ],\n [\n -76.1761,\n 38.5075\n ],\n [\n -76.1764,\n 38.5072\n ],\n [\n -76.1803,\n 38.5078\n ],\n [\n -76.1806,\n 38.5078\n ],\n [\n -76.1833,\n 38.5064\n ],\n [\n -76.18,\n 38.5103\n ],\n [\n -76.1806,\n 38.5239\n ],\n [\n -76.1808,\n 38.5269\n ],\n [\n -76.1811,\n 38.5272\n ],\n [\n -76.1844,\n 38.5267\n ],\n [\n -76.1867,\n 38.5258\n ],\n [\n -76.1869,\n 38.5261\n ],\n [\n -76.1925,\n 38.524\n ],\n [\n -76.1933,\n 38.5206\n ],\n [\n -76.1933,\n 38.52\n ],\n [\n -76.1953,\n 38.5208\n ],\n [\n -76.2081,\n 38.5247\n ],\n [\n -76.2081,\n 38.525\n ],\n [\n -76.2064,\n 38.5267\n ],\n [\n -76.2083,\n 38.5292\n ],\n [\n -76.2178,\n 38.5375\n ],\n [\n -76.2142,\n 38.5267\n ],\n [\n -76.2153,\n 38.5228\n ],\n [\n -76.2139,\n 38.5197\n ],\n [\n -76.2171,\n 38.5133\n ],\n [\n -76.2217,\n 38.5106\n ],\n [\n -76.2269,\n 38.5181\n ],\n [\n -76.2286,\n 38.5189\n ],\n [\n -76.2286,\n 38.5194\n ],\n [\n -76.23,\n 38.5261\n ],\n [\n -76.2306,\n 38.5256\n ],\n [\n -76.2369,\n 38.5222\n ],\n [\n -76.2383,\n 38.52\n ],\n [\n -76.2381,\n 38.5197\n ],\n [\n -76.2383,\n 38.5167\n ],\n [\n -76.2383,\n 38.5156\n ],\n [\n -76.2389,\n 38.515\n ],\n [\n -76.2386,\n 38.5094\n ],\n [\n -76.2428,\n 38.5136\n ],\n [\n -76.2422,\n 38.5142\n ],\n [\n -76.2442,\n 38.5197\n ],\n [\n -76.2433,\n 38.5219\n ],\n [\n -76.2472,\n 38.5233\n ],\n [\n -76.2475,\n 38.5233\n ],\n [\n -76.2611,\n 38.5017\n ],\n [\n -76.2606,\n 38.5017\n ],\n [\n -76.2594,\n 38.5006\n ],\n [\n -76.2597,\n 38.4986\n ],\n [\n -76.2608,\n 38.4917\n ],\n [\n -76.2675,\n 38.4975\n ],\n [\n -76.2769,\n 38.4911\n ],\n [\n -76.2786,\n 38.4881\n ],\n [\n -76.2794,\n 38.4872\n ],\n [\n -76.2864,\n 38.4767\n ],\n [\n -76.2889,\n 38.4714\n ],\n [\n -76.2807,\n 38.459\n ],\n [\n -76.2764,\n 38.4517\n ],\n [\n -76.2775,\n 38.4517\n ],\n [\n -76.2828,\n 38.4547\n ],\n [\n -76.2831,\n 38.4547\n ],\n [\n -76.2919,\n 38.4661\n ],\n [\n -76.2919,\n 38.4667\n ],\n [\n -76.2939,\n 38.4694\n ],\n [\n -76.3003,\n 38.4742\n ],\n [\n -76.3003,\n 38.4744\n ],\n [\n -76.3008,\n 38.4769\n ],\n [\n -76.2975,\n 38.4733\n ],\n [\n -76.2928,\n 38.4797\n ],\n [\n -76.2831,\n 38.4942\n ],\n [\n -76.2842,\n 38.4972\n ],\n [\n -76.2844,\n 38.4975\n ],\n [\n -76.2872,\n 38.4969\n ],\n [\n -76.2883,\n 38.5\n ],\n [\n -76.3128,\n 38.4936\n ],\n [\n -76.313,\n 38.4936\n ],\n [\n -76.3242,\n 38.4925\n ],\n [\n -76.3261,\n 38.4867\n ],\n [\n -76.3331,\n 38.485\n ],\n [\n -76.3319,\n 38.4744\n ],\n [\n -76.3319,\n 38.4742\n ],\n [\n -76.3217,\n 38.4622\n ],\n [\n -76.3217,\n 38.4619\n ],\n [\n -76.32,\n 38.4603\n ],\n [\n -76.3203,\n 38.46\n ],\n [\n -76.3142,\n 38.4569\n ],\n [\n -76.3144,\n 38.4567\n ],\n [\n -76.3128,\n 38.4533\n ],\n [\n -76.3061,\n 38.4461\n ],\n [\n -76.3061,\n 38.4458\n ],\n [\n -76.3011,\n 38.4389\n ],\n [\n -76.2867,\n 38.4206\n ],\n [\n -76.2814,\n 38.4106\n ],\n [\n -76.2811,\n 38.4103\n ],\n [\n -76.2825,\n 38.3925\n ],\n [\n -76.2789,\n 38.3867\n ],\n [\n -76.2783,\n 38.3861\n ],\n [\n -76.2728,\n 38.3786\n ],\n [\n -76.2728,\n 38.3775\n ],\n [\n -76.2336,\n 38.3375\n ],\n [\n -76.2325,\n 38.3225\n ],\n [\n -76.2317,\n 38.3225\n ],\n [\n -76.2297,\n 38.3189\n ],\n [\n -76.2294,\n 38.3186\n ],\n [\n -76.2294,\n 38.3167\n ],\n [\n -76.2297,\n 38.3164\n ],\n [\n -76.2267,\n 38.3106\n ],\n [\n -76.2094,\n 38.3006\n ],\n [\n -76.2106,\n 38.3039\n ],\n [\n -76.2281,\n 38.3231\n ],\n [\n -76.2217,\n 38.3164\n ],\n [\n -76.2206,\n 38.3164\n ],\n [\n -76.2194,\n 38.3189\n ],\n [\n -76.2217,\n 38.3244\n ],\n [\n -76.22,\n 38.3292\n ],\n [\n -76.2172,\n 38.3339\n ],\n [\n -76.2169,\n 38.3339\n ],\n [\n -76.2144,\n 38.3317\n ],\n [\n -76.2133,\n 38.3292\n ],\n [\n -76.2117,\n 38.3286\n ],\n [\n -76.2108,\n 38.3289\n ],\n [\n -76.2169,\n 38.3369\n ],\n [\n -76.2233,\n 38.3464\n ],\n [\n -76.2236,\n 38.3464\n ],\n [\n -76.23,\n 38.3589\n ],\n [\n -76.2328,\n 38.3642\n ],\n [\n -76.2336,\n 38.365\n ],\n [\n -76.2322,\n 38.3672\n ],\n [\n -76.2328,\n 38.3739\n ],\n [\n -76.2325,\n 38.3758\n ],\n [\n -76.2317,\n 38.3778\n ],\n [\n -76.2136,\n 38.38\n ],\n [\n -76.215,\n 38.375\n ],\n [\n -76.2183,\n 38.3719\n ],\n [\n -76.2192,\n 38.3705\n ],\n [\n -76.2181,\n 38.3675\n ],\n [\n -76.2083,\n 38.3747\n ],\n [\n -76.2083,\n 38.3753\n ],\n [\n -76.2097,\n 38.3767\n ],\n [\n -76.2103,\n 38.3767\n ],\n [\n -76.2078,\n 38.3813\n ],\n [\n -76.1675,\n 38.335\n ],\n [\n -76.1608,\n 38.3469\n ],\n [\n -76.1597,\n 38.3425\n ],\n [\n -76.1611,\n 38.3405\n ],\n [\n -76.1625,\n 38.3361\n ],\n [\n -76.1625,\n 38.335\n ],\n [\n -76.1606,\n 38.3333\n ],\n [\n -76.1536,\n 38.3214\n ],\n [\n -76.1576,\n 38.3209\n ],\n [\n -76.1674,\n 38.3217\n ],\n [\n -76.1756,\n 38.33\n ],\n [\n -76.1781,\n 38.3339\n ],\n [\n -76.1856,\n 38.3339\n ],\n [\n -76.1883,\n 38.3319\n ],\n [\n -76.1942,\n 38.3256\n ],\n [\n -76.1986,\n 38.3256\n ],\n [\n -76.1967,\n 38.3206\n ],\n [\n -76.1964,\n 38.3203\n ],\n [\n -76.1917,\n 38.3175\n ],\n [\n -76.1775,\n 38.3247\n ],\n [\n -76.1772,\n 38.3244\n ],\n [\n -76.1697,\n 38.3208\n ],\n [\n -76.1344,\n 38.3003\n ],\n [\n -76.1394,\n 38.2989\n ],\n [\n -76.14,\n 38.2983\n ],\n [\n -76.1386,\n 38.295\n ],\n [\n -76.1486,\n 38.2781\n ],\n [\n -76.1489,\n 38.2778\n ],\n [\n -76.1492,\n 38.2742\n ],\n [\n -76.1497,\n 38.2736\n ],\n [\n -76.1475,\n 38.2772\n ],\n [\n -76.1236,\n 38.3006\n ],\n [\n -76.1114,\n 38.2975\n ],\n [\n -76.1108,\n 38.2935\n ],\n [\n -76.1117,\n 38.2931\n ],\n [\n -76.1072,\n 38.2889\n ],\n [\n -76.0997,\n 38.2917\n ],\n [\n -76.0991,\n 38.2836\n ],\n [\n -76.0994,\n 38.2833\n ],\n [\n -76.0994,\n 38.2814\n ],\n [\n -76.0997,\n 38.2806\n ],\n [\n -76.0978,\n 38.2802\n ],\n [\n -76.0833,\n 38.2786\n ],\n [\n -76.0842,\n 38.2786\n ],\n [\n -76.0867,\n 38.2761\n ],\n [\n -76.0864,\n 38.2758\n ],\n [\n -76.0891,\n 38.2725\n ],\n [\n -76.0886,\n 38.2719\n ],\n [\n -76.0836,\n 38.2647\n ],\n [\n -76.0917,\n 38.2625\n ],\n [\n -76.1025,\n 38.26\n ],\n [\n -76.0983,\n 38.2539\n ],\n [\n -76.0981,\n 38.2542\n ],\n [\n -76.0811,\n 38.2525\n ],\n [\n -76.0764,\n 38.2553\n ],\n [\n -76.0742,\n 38.2503\n ],\n [\n -76.0739,\n 38.25\n ],\n [\n -76.0711,\n 38.2414\n ],\n [\n -76.0586,\n 38.2283\n ],\n [\n -76.0486,\n 38.2256\n ],\n [\n -76.0361,\n 38.2319\n ],\n [\n -76.0398,\n 38.2342\n ],\n [\n -76.0564,\n 38.2511\n ],\n [\n -76.0394,\n 38.2553\n ],\n [\n -76.0344,\n 38.2708\n ],\n [\n -76.0369,\n 38.2733\n ],\n [\n -76.0272,\n 38.2806\n ],\n [\n -76.0286,\n 38.2822\n ],\n [\n -76.0306,\n 38.2864\n ],\n [\n -76.0372,\n 38.2922\n ],\n [\n -76.0525,\n 38.3042\n ],\n [\n -76.0528,\n 38.3039\n ],\n [\n -76.0567,\n 38.3047\n ],\n [\n -76.0508,\n 38.3092\n ],\n [\n -76.0486,\n 38.3111\n ],\n [\n -76.0486,\n 38.3119\n ],\n [\n -76.0481,\n 38.3147\n ],\n [\n -76.0458,\n 38.3175\n ],\n [\n -76.0403,\n 38.3222\n ],\n [\n -76.04,\n 38.3225\n ],\n [\n -76.0342,\n 38.3236\n ],\n [\n -76.0139,\n 38.3436\n ],\n [\n -76.0128,\n 38.3481\n ],\n [\n -76.0125,\n 38.3483\n ],\n [\n -76.0122,\n 38.3508\n ],\n [\n -76.0111,\n 38.3542\n ],\n [\n -76.0211,\n 38.3614\n ],\n [\n -76.0213,\n 38.3623\n ],\n [\n -76.0317,\n 38.3581\n ],\n [\n -76.0333,\n 38.3581\n ],\n [\n -76.0339,\n 38.3536\n ],\n [\n -76.0347,\n 38.3528\n ],\n [\n -76.0353,\n 38.3533\n ],\n [\n -76.0106,\n 38.3636\n ],\n [\n -76.0064,\n 38.3667\n ],\n [\n -76.0053,\n 38.3678\n ],\n [\n -76.0075,\n 38.37\n ],\n [\n -76.0122,\n 38.3728\n ],\n [\n -76.0131,\n 38.3747\n ],\n [\n -76.0072,\n 38.3742\n ],\n [\n -76.0069,\n 38.3739\n ],\n [\n -76.0041,\n 38.3742\n ],\n [\n -76.0025,\n 38.3131\n ],\n [\n -76.0056,\n 38.3125\n ],\n [\n -76.0058,\n 38.3122\n ],\n [\n -76.0131,\n 38.3108\n ],\n [\n -76.0179,\n 38.3096\n ],\n [\n -76.0164,\n 38.3081\n ],\n [\n -76.0169,\n 38.3068\n ],\n [\n -76.0159,\n 38.3069\n ],\n [\n -76.0078,\n 38.3042\n ],\n [\n -76.0019,\n 38.2949\n ],\n [\n -75.999,\n 38.293\n ],\n [\n -75.9983,\n 38.2925\n ],\n [\n -75.9958,\n 38.2889\n ],\n [\n -75.9914,\n 38.2842\n ],\n [\n -75.9911,\n 38.2842\n ],\n [\n -75.9886,\n 38.28\n ],\n [\n -75.9839,\n 38.2769\n ],\n [\n -75.9781,\n 38.2753\n ],\n [\n -75.9783,\n 38.275\n ],\n [\n -75.9817,\n 38.2742\n ],\n [\n -75.9825,\n 38.2722\n ],\n [\n -75.9825,\n 38.2719\n ],\n [\n -75.9831,\n 38.2675\n ],\n [\n -75.9619,\n 38.2522\n ],\n [\n -75.9594,\n 38.2497\n ],\n [\n -75.96,\n 38.2492\n ],\n [\n -75.9611,\n 38.2503\n ],\n [\n -75.9606,\n 38.2453\n ],\n [\n -75.9581,\n 38.2461\n ],\n [\n -75.9572,\n 38.2417\n ],\n [\n -75.9594,\n 38.2386\n ],\n [\n -75.9658,\n 38.2392\n ],\n [\n -75.9695,\n 38.2358\n ],\n [\n -75.9653,\n 38.2347\n ],\n [\n -75.965,\n 38.235\n ],\n [\n -75.9594,\n 38.2358\n ],\n [\n -75.9592,\n 38.2361\n ],\n [\n -75.9494,\n 38.2378\n ],\n [\n -75.9489,\n 38.2378\n ],\n [\n -75.9453,\n 38.2422\n ],\n [\n -75.9422,\n 38.2442\n ],\n [\n -75.9411,\n 38.2453\n ],\n [\n -75.9429,\n 38.2482\n ],\n [\n -75.9436,\n 38.2489\n ],\n [\n -75.9531,\n 38.2606\n ],\n [\n -75.955,\n 38.2619\n ],\n [\n -75.9572,\n 38.2614\n ],\n [\n -75.9578,\n 38.2619\n ],\n [\n -75.9589,\n 38.2619\n ],\n [\n -75.9583,\n 38.2633\n ],\n [\n -75.9567,\n 38.2625\n ],\n [\n -75.9561,\n 38.2625\n ],\n [\n -75.8808,\n 38.3544\n ],\n [\n -75.8789,\n 38.3533\n ],\n [\n -75.8639,\n 38.3631\n ],\n [\n -75.8639,\n 38.3644\n ],\n [\n -75.8658,\n 38.3669\n ],\n [\n -75.8669,\n 38.3689\n ],\n [\n -75.8669,\n 38.3692\n ],\n [\n -75.8689,\n 38.3714\n ],\n [\n -75.8708,\n 38.3769\n ],\n [\n -75.8625,\n 38.3847\n ],\n [\n -75.8606,\n 38.3864\n ],\n [\n -75.8583,\n 38.3875\n ],\n [\n -75.8572,\n 38.3886\n ],\n [\n -75.8561,\n 38.3903\n ],\n [\n -75.8561,\n 38.3897\n ],\n [\n -75.855,\n 38.3886\n ],\n [\n -75.8456,\n 38.3872\n ],\n [\n -75.8519,\n 38.3972\n ],\n [\n -75.8533,\n 38.4003\n ],\n [\n -75.8511,\n 38.4097\n ],\n [\n -75.8406,\n 38.425\n ],\n [\n -75.8403,\n 38.4253\n ],\n [\n -75.8369,\n 38.4253\n ],\n [\n -75.8367,\n 38.425\n ],\n [\n -75.8339,\n 38.425\n ],\n [\n -75.8336,\n 38.4247\n ],\n [\n -75.8303,\n 38.4242\n ],\n [\n -75.8281,\n 38.4247\n ],\n [\n -75.836,\n 38.4427\n ],\n [\n -75.8367,\n 38.4433\n ],\n [\n -75.8366,\n 38.4445\n ],\n [\n -75.8381,\n 38.4469\n ],\n [\n -75.8383,\n 38.4472\n ],\n [\n -75.8369,\n 38.4544\n ],\n [\n -75.8364,\n 38.4564\n ],\n [\n -75.8325,\n 38.46\n ],\n [\n -75.8322,\n 38.4597\n ],\n [\n -75.8269,\n 38.4625\n ],\n [\n -75.8267,\n 38.4628\n ],\n [\n -75.8239,\n 38.4628\n ],\n [\n -75.8236,\n 38.4631\n ],\n [\n -75.8181,\n 38.4683\n ],\n [\n -75.8203,\n 38.4706\n ],\n [\n -75.8208,\n 38.4706\n ],\n [\n -75.8222,\n 38.4719\n ],\n [\n -75.8258,\n 38.4769\n ],\n [\n -75.8261,\n 38.4772\n ],\n [\n -75.8217,\n 38.4844\n ],\n [\n -75.8217,\n 38.4847\n ],\n [\n -75.8147,\n 38.4894\n ],\n [\n -75.8067,\n 38.4922\n ],\n [\n -75.8064,\n 38.4925\n ],\n [\n -75.7992,\n 38.4928\n ],\n [\n -75.7992,\n 38.4931\n ],\n [\n -75.7961,\n 38.4933\n ],\n [\n -75.7944,\n 38.4944\n ],\n [\n -75.7942,\n 38.4944\n ],\n [\n -75.7725,\n 38.5061\n ],\n [\n -75.7715,\n 38.5061\n ],\n [\n -75.7671,\n 38.5069\n ],\n [\n -75.7564,\n 38.5181\n ],\n [\n -75.7633,\n 38.5278\n ],\n [\n -75.7661,\n 38.5317\n ],\n [\n -75.7625,\n 38.5364\n ],\n [\n -75.7622,\n 38.5367\n ],\n [\n -75.7583,\n 38.5381\n ],\n [\n -75.7586,\n 38.5381\n ],\n [\n -75.7614,\n 38.5408\n ],\n [\n -75.7647,\n 38.5456\n ],\n [\n -75.7692,\n 38.5469\n ],\n [\n -75.7694,\n 38.5472\n ],\n [\n -75.7728,\n 38.5547\n ],\n [\n -75.77,\n 38.5561\n ],\n [\n -75.7728,\n 38.5625\n ],\n [\n -75.7731,\n 38.5628\n ],\n [\n -75.8069,\n 38.5903\n ],\n [\n -75.8153,\n 38.5978\n ],\n [\n -75.8153,\n 38.5981\n ],\n [\n -75.82,\n 38.6006\n ],\n [\n -75.8206,\n 38.6011\n ],\n [\n -75.8239,\n 38.6036\n ],\n [\n -75.8233,\n 38.6067\n ],\n [\n -75.8236,\n 38.6069\n ],\n [\n -75.8236,\n 38.6125\n ],\n [\n -75.8242,\n 38.6158\n ],\n [\n -75.8219,\n 38.6178\n ],\n [\n -75.8203,\n 38.6247\n ],\n [\n -75.8206,\n 38.625\n ],\n [\n -75.8172,\n 38.6339\n ],\n [\n -75.8133,\n 38.6378\n ],\n [\n -75.8128,\n 38.6378\n ],\n [\n -75.8106,\n 38.6389\n ],\n [\n -75.8142,\n 38.6358\n ],\n [\n -75.8178,\n 38.6236\n ],\n [\n -75.8189,\n 38.6197\n ],\n [\n -75.8189,\n 38.6192\n ],\n [\n -75.8214,\n 38.6117\n ],\n [\n -75.8214,\n 38.6081\n ],\n [\n -75.8222,\n 38.6061\n ],\n [\n -75.8225,\n 38.6058\n ],\n [\n -75.8214,\n 38.6025\n ],\n [\n -75.8211,\n 38.6022\n ],\n [\n -75.7961,\n 38.5861\n ],\n [\n -75.7956,\n 38.5844\n ],\n [\n -75.7953,\n 38.5842\n ],\n [\n -75.795,\n 38.5783\n ],\n [\n -75.7806,\n 38.5739\n ],\n [\n -75.7775,\n 38.5706\n ],\n [\n -75.7769,\n 38.57\n ],\n [\n -75.7692,\n 38.5608\n ],\n [\n -75.7689,\n 38.5608\n ],\n [\n -75.7661,\n 38.5572\n ],\n [\n -75.7661,\n 38.5567\n ],\n [\n -75.7703,\n 38.5544\n ],\n [\n -75.7714,\n 38.5489\n ],\n [\n -75.7711,\n 38.5486\n ],\n [\n -75.7625,\n 38.5442\n ],\n [\n -75.7586,\n 38.5408\n ],\n [\n -75.7561,\n 38.5369\n ],\n [\n -75.7603,\n 38.535\n ],\n [\n -75.7606,\n 38.5353\n ],\n [\n -75.7628,\n 38.5353\n ],\n [\n -75.7636,\n 38.53\n ],\n [\n -75.7603,\n 38.5294\n ],\n [\n -75.7578,\n 38.5297\n ],\n [\n -75.7567,\n 38.5297\n ],\n [\n -75.7447,\n 38.5383\n ],\n [\n -75.7261,\n 38.5408\n ],\n [\n -75.7258,\n 38.5408\n ],\n [\n -75.7228,\n 38.5439\n ],\n [\n -75.7225,\n 38.5439\n ],\n [\n -75.7139,\n 38.5508\n ],\n [\n -75.7136,\n 38.5508\n ],\n [\n -75.7088,\n 38.5584\n ],\n [\n -75.7088,\n 38.5605\n ],\n [\n -75.7052,\n 38.5618\n ],\n [\n -75.702,\n 38.5622\n ],\n [\n -75.7036,\n 38.579\n ],\n [\n -75.7069,\n 38.5976\n ],\n [\n -75.7095,\n 38.6371\n ],\n [\n -75.7392,\n 38.6643\n ],\n [\n -75.7439,\n 38.6666\n ],\n [\n -75.7468,\n 38.668\n ],\n [\n -75.748,\n 38.668\n ],\n [\n -75.7641,\n 38.686\n ],\n [\n -75.767,\n 38.6855\n ],\n [\n -75.7712,\n 38.682\n ],\n [\n -75.7719,\n 38.6802\n ],\n [\n -75.7725,\n 38.677\n ],\n [\n -75.7749,\n 38.6761\n ],\n [\n -75.7955,\n 38.6769\n ],\n [\n -75.7965,\n 38.6869\n ],\n [\n -75.7969,\n 38.695\n ],\n [\n -75.8021,\n 38.6969\n ],\n [\n -75.8162,\n 38.6985\n ],\n [\n -75.8257,\n 38.7\n ],\n [\n -75.8344,\n 38.7037\n ]\n ]\n ],\n [\n [\n [\n -76.0636,\n 38.2053\n ],\n [\n -76.0642,\n 38.2053\n ],\n [\n -76.0644,\n 38.205\n ],\n [\n -76.065,\n 38.2044\n ],\n [\n -76.0653,\n 38.2042\n ],\n [\n -76.0656,\n 38.2035\n ],\n [\n -76.0659,\n 38.203\n ],\n [\n -76.0661,\n 38.2028\n ],\n [\n -76.0667,\n 38.2031\n ],\n [\n -76.0669,\n 38.2033\n ],\n [\n -76.0669,\n 38.2036\n ],\n [\n -76.0672,\n 38.2039\n ],\n [\n -76.0678,\n 38.2039\n ],\n [\n -76.0681,\n 38.2036\n ],\n [\n -76.0683,\n 38.2036\n ],\n [\n -76.0686,\n 38.2039\n ],\n [\n -76.07,\n 38.2039\n ],\n [\n -76.0713,\n 38.2034\n ],\n [\n -76.0715,\n 38.2029\n ],\n [\n -76.0708,\n 38.2025\n ],\n [\n -76.0702,\n 38.2023\n ],\n [\n -76.0698,\n 38.2026\n ],\n [\n -76.0687,\n 38.2023\n ],\n [\n -76.0686,\n 38.2014\n ],\n [\n -76.0686,\n 38.2011\n ],\n [\n -76.0679,\n 38.2006\n ],\n [\n -76.0661,\n 38.2006\n ],\n [\n -76.0658,\n 38.2003\n ],\n [\n -76.0656,\n 38.2003\n ],\n [\n -76.0653,\n 38.2006\n ],\n [\n -76.065,\n 38.2006\n ],\n [\n -76.0647,\n 38.2003\n ],\n [\n -76.0644,\n 38.2003\n ],\n [\n -76.0642,\n 38.2\n ],\n [\n -76.0631,\n 38.1992\n ],\n [\n -76.0628,\n 38.1989\n ],\n [\n -76.0614,\n 38.1989\n ],\n [\n -76.0603,\n 38.1978\n ],\n [\n -76.06,\n 38.1978\n ],\n [\n -76.0594,\n 38.1972\n ],\n [\n -76.0592,\n 38.1972\n ],\n [\n -76.0589,\n 38.1975\n ],\n [\n -76.0575,\n 38.1975\n ],\n [\n -76.0572,\n 38.1972\n ],\n [\n -76.0567,\n 38.1972\n ],\n [\n -76.0564,\n 38.1969\n ],\n [\n -76.0561,\n 38.1967\n ],\n [\n -76.0558,\n 38.1964\n ],\n [\n -76.0556,\n 38.1952\n ],\n [\n -76.0558,\n 38.195\n ],\n [\n -76.0558,\n 38.1947\n ],\n [\n -76.0564,\n 38.1942\n ],\n [\n -76.0564,\n 38.1931\n ],\n [\n -76.0567,\n 38.1928\n ],\n [\n -76.0569,\n 38.1925\n ],\n [\n -76.0575,\n 38.1919\n ],\n [\n -76.0581,\n 38.1919\n ],\n [\n -76.0583,\n 38.1917\n ],\n [\n -76.0594,\n 38.1917\n ],\n [\n -76.0597,\n 38.1914\n ],\n [\n -76.0599,\n 38.1913\n ],\n [\n -76.06,\n 38.1906\n ],\n [\n -76.0603,\n 38.19\n ],\n [\n -76.0608,\n 38.1896\n ],\n [\n -76.0628,\n 38.1899\n ],\n [\n -76.0634,\n 38.1901\n ],\n [\n -76.0636,\n 38.1897\n ],\n [\n -76.0636,\n 38.1894\n ],\n [\n -76.0642,\n 38.1889\n ],\n [\n -76.0644,\n 38.1886\n ],\n [\n -76.0654,\n 38.1885\n ],\n [\n -76.0664,\n 38.188\n ],\n [\n -76.0671,\n 38.1881\n ],\n [\n -76.0683,\n 38.1883\n ],\n [\n -76.0688,\n 38.1885\n ],\n [\n -76.0695,\n 38.1884\n ],\n [\n -76.0704,\n 38.1883\n ],\n [\n -76.0718,\n 38.1885\n ],\n [\n -76.0725,\n 38.1884\n ],\n [\n -76.0729,\n 38.1889\n ],\n [\n -76.0744,\n 38.1892\n ],\n [\n -76.0747,\n 38.1892\n ],\n [\n -76.0754,\n 38.1894\n ],\n [\n -76.0759,\n 38.1894\n ],\n [\n -76.0763,\n 38.1895\n ],\n [\n -76.0768,\n 38.1895\n ],\n [\n -76.0772,\n 38.1897\n ],\n [\n -76.0782,\n 38.1896\n ],\n [\n -76.0792,\n 38.1893\n ],\n [\n -76.0802,\n 38.189\n ],\n [\n -76.0814,\n 38.1889\n ],\n [\n -76.082,\n 38.1889\n ],\n [\n -76.0825,\n 38.189\n ],\n [\n -76.0831,\n 38.1892\n ],\n [\n -76.0836,\n 38.1895\n ],\n [\n -76.084,\n 38.1899\n ],\n [\n -76.0849,\n 38.1907\n ],\n [\n -76.0853,\n 38.1911\n ],\n [\n -76.0857,\n 38.1916\n ],\n [\n -76.0861,\n 38.192\n ],\n [\n -76.0866,\n 38.1923\n ],\n [\n -76.0871,\n 38.1924\n ],\n [\n -76.0875,\n 38.1922\n ],\n [\n -76.0878,\n 38.1919\n ],\n [\n -76.0881,\n 38.1915\n ],\n [\n -76.0883,\n 38.1905\n ],\n [\n -76.0883,\n 38.19\n ],\n [\n -76.0882,\n 38.1895\n ],\n [\n -76.088,\n 38.1891\n ],\n [\n -76.0877,\n 38.1887\n ],\n [\n -76.0868,\n 38.1881\n ],\n [\n -76.0863,\n 38.1878\n ],\n [\n -76.0853,\n 38.1873\n ],\n [\n -76.0848,\n 38.1869\n ],\n [\n -76.0842,\n 38.1858\n ],\n [\n -76.0839,\n 38.1852\n ],\n [\n -76.0837,\n 38.1845\n ],\n [\n -76.0836,\n 38.1839\n ],\n [\n -76.0837,\n 38.1832\n ],\n [\n -76.0839,\n 38.1825\n ],\n [\n -76.0843,\n 38.1818\n ],\n [\n -76.0844,\n 38.1817\n ],\n [\n -76.0844,\n 38.1811\n ],\n [\n -76.0839,\n 38.1795\n ],\n [\n -76.0833,\n 38.1789\n ],\n [\n -76.0831,\n 38.1786\n ],\n [\n -76.0828,\n 38.1783\n ],\n [\n -76.0825,\n 38.1778\n ],\n [\n -76.0822,\n 38.1775\n ],\n [\n -76.0817,\n 38.1766\n ],\n [\n -76.0817,\n 38.1758\n ],\n [\n -76.0814,\n 38.1756\n ],\n [\n -76.0814,\n 38.1753\n ],\n [\n -76.0817,\n 38.175\n ],\n [\n -76.0817,\n 38.1747\n ],\n [\n -76.0814,\n 38.1744\n ],\n [\n -76.0811,\n 38.1742\n ],\n [\n -76.0811,\n 38.1739\n ],\n [\n -76.0806,\n 38.1733\n ],\n [\n -76.0806,\n 38.1731\n ],\n [\n -76.0808,\n 38.1728\n ],\n [\n -76.0811,\n 38.1728\n ],\n [\n -76.0817,\n 38.1722\n ],\n [\n -76.0822,\n 38.1722\n ],\n [\n -76.0828,\n 38.1728\n ],\n [\n -76.0847,\n 38.1728\n ],\n [\n -76.085,\n 38.1725\n ],\n [\n -76.085,\n 38.1722\n ],\n [\n -76.0856,\n 38.1717\n ],\n [\n -76.0858,\n 38.1717\n ],\n [\n -76.0861,\n 38.1714\n ],\n [\n -76.0872,\n 38.1714\n ],\n [\n -76.0878,\n 38.1714\n ],\n [\n -76.0881,\n 38.1717\n ],\n [\n -76.0883,\n 38.1717\n ],\n [\n -76.0889,\n 38.1722\n ],\n [\n -76.0894,\n 38.1722\n ],\n [\n -76.0897,\n 38.1719\n ],\n [\n -76.09,\n 38.1717\n ],\n [\n -76.0889,\n 38.1703\n ],\n [\n -76.0886,\n 38.17\n ],\n [\n -76.0886,\n 38.1697\n ],\n [\n -76.0883,\n 38.1694\n ],\n [\n -76.0883,\n 38.1689\n ],\n [\n -76.0881,\n 38.1686\n ],\n [\n -76.0881,\n 38.1683\n ],\n [\n -76.0878,\n 38.1681\n ],\n [\n -76.0878,\n 38.1675\n ],\n [\n -76.0881,\n 38.1672\n ],\n [\n -76.0883,\n 38.1662\n ],\n [\n -76.0883,\n 38.1658\n ],\n [\n -76.0889,\n 38.1653\n ],\n [\n -76.0889,\n 38.165\n ],\n [\n -76.0886,\n 38.1647\n ],\n [\n -76.0875,\n 38.1606\n ],\n [\n -76.0861,\n 38.1592\n ],\n [\n -76.0861,\n 38.1589\n ],\n [\n -76.0858,\n 38.1586\n ],\n [\n -76.0856,\n 38.1583\n ],\n [\n -76.0853,\n 38.1569\n ],\n [\n -76.085,\n 38.1566\n ],\n [\n -76.0833,\n 38.1567\n ],\n [\n -76.0833,\n 38.1569\n ],\n [\n -76.083,\n 38.1572\n ],\n [\n -76.0828,\n 38.1575\n ],\n [\n -76.0831,\n 38.1578\n ],\n [\n -76.0836,\n 38.1586\n ],\n [\n -76.0836,\n 38.1592\n ],\n [\n -76.0828,\n 38.1597\n ],\n [\n -76.0822,\n 38.1597\n ],\n [\n -76.0815,\n 38.1594\n ],\n [\n -76.0808,\n 38.1597\n ],\n [\n -76.0801,\n 38.1594\n ],\n [\n -76.0796,\n 38.159\n ],\n [\n -76.0791,\n 38.1588\n ],\n [\n -76.0788,\n 38.1588\n ],\n [\n -76.0783,\n 38.1587\n ],\n [\n -76.078,\n 38.1585\n ],\n [\n -76.0775,\n 38.1583\n ],\n [\n -76.0774,\n 38.1581\n ],\n [\n -76.0769,\n 38.158\n ],\n [\n -76.0766,\n 38.1579\n ],\n [\n -76.0764,\n 38.1579\n ],\n [\n -76.0759,\n 38.158\n ],\n [\n -76.0756,\n 38.1581\n ],\n [\n -76.075,\n 38.1581\n ],\n [\n -76.0744,\n 38.159\n ],\n [\n -76.0744,\n 38.1592\n ],\n [\n -76.0747,\n 38.1594\n ],\n [\n -76.0753,\n 38.1594\n ],\n [\n -76.0778,\n 38.1619\n ],\n [\n -76.0778,\n 38.1622\n ],\n [\n -76.0781,\n 38.1625\n ],\n [\n -76.0775,\n 38.1631\n ],\n [\n -76.0772,\n 38.1631\n ],\n [\n -76.0769,\n 38.1633\n ],\n [\n -76.0767,\n 38.1633\n ],\n [\n -76.0758,\n 38.1625\n ],\n [\n -76.0756,\n 38.1625\n ],\n [\n -76.0753,\n 38.1622\n ],\n [\n -76.075,\n 38.1622\n ],\n [\n -76.0747,\n 38.1619\n ],\n [\n -76.0742,\n 38.1619\n ],\n [\n -76.0739,\n 38.1617\n ],\n [\n -76.0736,\n 38.1617\n ],\n [\n -76.0733,\n 38.1614\n ],\n [\n -76.0725,\n 38.1614\n ],\n [\n -76.0722,\n 38.1617\n ],\n [\n -76.0719,\n 38.1619\n ],\n [\n -76.0719,\n 38.1625\n ],\n [\n -76.0722,\n 38.1628\n ],\n [\n -76.0717,\n 38.1628\n ],\n [\n -76.0714,\n 38.1625\n ],\n [\n -76.0711,\n 38.1625\n ],\n [\n -76.0708,\n 38.1628\n ],\n [\n -76.0703,\n 38.1628\n ],\n [\n -76.0694,\n 38.1636\n ],\n [\n -76.0694,\n 38.1639\n ],\n [\n -76.0697,\n 38.1642\n ],\n [\n -76.07,\n 38.1644\n ],\n [\n -76.0703,\n 38.1647\n ],\n [\n -76.0711,\n 38.1647\n ],\n [\n -76.0714,\n 38.165\n ],\n [\n -76.0717,\n 38.165\n ],\n [\n -76.0719,\n 38.1653\n ],\n [\n -76.0722,\n 38.1656\n ],\n [\n -76.0722,\n 38.1658\n ],\n [\n -76.0725,\n 38.1661\n ],\n [\n -76.0725,\n 38.1664\n ],\n [\n -76.0731,\n 38.1669\n ],\n [\n -76.0733,\n 38.1672\n ],\n [\n -76.0736,\n 38.1672\n ],\n [\n -76.0739,\n 38.1675\n ],\n [\n -76.0744,\n 38.1675\n ],\n [\n -76.0747,\n 38.1678\n ],\n [\n -76.0756,\n 38.1678\n ],\n [\n -76.0758,\n 38.1681\n ],\n [\n -76.0769,\n 38.1681\n ],\n [\n -76.0772,\n 38.1683\n ],\n [\n -76.0775,\n 38.1683\n ],\n [\n -76.0778,\n 38.1686\n ],\n [\n -76.0773,\n 38.1689\n ],\n [\n -76.0769,\n 38.1687\n ],\n [\n -76.0758,\n 38.1689\n ],\n [\n -76.075,\n 38.1689\n ],\n [\n -76.0747,\n 38.1692\n ],\n [\n -76.0742,\n 38.1692\n ],\n [\n -76.0739,\n 38.1694\n ],\n [\n -76.0736,\n 38.1692\n ],\n [\n -76.0731,\n 38.1692\n ],\n [\n -76.0726,\n 38.1688\n ],\n [\n -76.0722,\n 38.1684\n ],\n [\n -76.0718,\n 38.1679\n ],\n [\n -76.0707,\n 38.1671\n ],\n [\n -76.0698,\n 38.1665\n ],\n [\n -76.0689,\n 38.1666\n ],\n [\n -76.0684,\n 38.1668\n ],\n [\n -76.0681,\n 38.167\n ],\n [\n -76.0677,\n 38.1675\n ],\n [\n -76.0669,\n 38.1675\n ],\n [\n -76.0661,\n 38.1683\n ],\n [\n -76.0658,\n 38.1683\n ],\n [\n -76.0653,\n 38.1689\n ],\n [\n -76.065,\n 38.1692\n ],\n [\n -76.065,\n 38.1694\n ],\n [\n -76.0656,\n 38.17\n ],\n [\n -76.0658,\n 38.17\n ],\n [\n -76.0661,\n 38.1703\n ],\n [\n -76.0661,\n 38.1708\n ],\n [\n -76.0658,\n 38.1711\n ],\n [\n -76.065,\n 38.1711\n ],\n [\n -76.0647,\n 38.1714\n ],\n [\n -76.0644,\n 38.1711\n ],\n [\n -76.0642,\n 38.1714\n ],\n [\n -76.0628,\n 38.1714\n ],\n [\n -76.0625,\n 38.1717\n ],\n [\n -76.0614,\n 38.1717\n ],\n [\n -76.0611,\n 38.1714\n ],\n [\n -76.0605,\n 38.1719\n ],\n [\n -76.0598,\n 38.1719\n ],\n [\n -76.0594,\n 38.1714\n ],\n [\n -76.0592,\n 38.1717\n ],\n [\n -76.0589,\n 38.1717\n ],\n [\n -76.0581,\n 38.1725\n ],\n [\n -76.0581,\n 38.1728\n ],\n [\n -76.0572,\n 38.1736\n ],\n [\n -76.0569,\n 38.1736\n ],\n [\n -76.0567,\n 38.1733\n ],\n [\n -76.0567,\n 38.1731\n ],\n [\n -76.0564,\n 38.1728\n ],\n [\n -76.0567,\n 38.1725\n ],\n [\n -76.0567,\n 38.1722\n ],\n [\n -76.0569,\n 38.1719\n ],\n [\n -76.0574,\n 38.1715\n ],\n [\n -76.0578,\n 38.1711\n ],\n [\n -76.0575,\n 38.1704\n ],\n [\n -76.0582,\n 38.1696\n ],\n [\n -76.0587,\n 38.1695\n ],\n [\n -76.0594,\n 38.1697\n ],\n [\n -76.0611,\n 38.1697\n ],\n [\n -76.0614,\n 38.1694\n ],\n [\n -76.0617,\n 38.1692\n ],\n [\n -76.0611,\n 38.1686\n ],\n [\n -76.0603,\n 38.1681\n ],\n [\n -76.06,\n 38.1678\n ],\n [\n -76.06,\n 38.1644\n ],\n [\n -76.0594,\n 38.1639\n ],\n [\n -76.0592,\n 38.1636\n ],\n [\n -76.0589,\n 38.1636\n ],\n [\n -76.0586,\n 38.1633\n ],\n [\n -76.0583,\n 38.1631\n ],\n [\n -76.0583,\n 38.1628\n ],\n [\n -76.0581,\n 38.1625\n ],\n [\n -76.0581,\n 38.1622\n ],\n [\n -76.0578,\n 38.1619\n ],\n [\n -76.0578,\n 38.1617\n ],\n [\n -76.0581,\n 38.1614\n ],\n [\n -76.0578,\n 38.1611\n ],\n [\n -76.0578,\n 38.1594\n ],\n [\n -76.0575,\n 38.1592\n ],\n [\n -76.0575,\n 38.1583\n ],\n [\n -76.0572,\n 38.1581\n ],\n [\n -76.0569,\n 38.1578\n ],\n [\n -76.0567,\n 38.1575\n ],\n [\n -76.0561,\n 38.1569\n ],\n [\n -76.0558,\n 38.1567\n ],\n [\n -76.0558,\n 38.1561\n ],\n [\n -76.0556,\n 38.1558\n ],\n [\n -76.0556,\n 38.1544\n ],\n [\n -76.0558,\n 38.1542\n ],\n [\n -76.0558,\n 38.1525\n ],\n [\n -76.0556,\n 38.1519\n ],\n [\n -76.0556,\n 38.1514\n ],\n [\n -76.0553,\n 38.1511\n ],\n [\n -76.0553,\n 38.1508\n ],\n [\n -76.055,\n 38.1506\n ],\n [\n -76.0528,\n 38.1488\n ],\n [\n -76.0524,\n 38.1485\n ],\n [\n -76.0519,\n 38.1483\n ],\n [\n -76.0515,\n 38.148\n ],\n [\n -76.0511,\n 38.1478\n ],\n [\n -76.0502,\n 38.1475\n ],\n [\n -76.0497,\n 38.1474\n ],\n [\n -76.0494,\n 38.1475\n ],\n [\n -76.0478,\n 38.1477\n ],\n [\n -76.0461,\n 38.1475\n ],\n [\n -76.0458,\n 38.1477\n ],\n [\n -76.0452,\n 38.1478\n ],\n [\n -76.045,\n 38.1482\n ],\n [\n -76.0445,\n 38.1484\n ],\n [\n -76.0439,\n 38.1484\n ],\n [\n -76.0433,\n 38.1483\n ],\n [\n -76.0426,\n 38.1483\n ],\n [\n -76.042,\n 38.1484\n ],\n [\n -76.0414,\n 38.1486\n ],\n [\n -76.0407,\n 38.1487\n ],\n [\n -76.0401,\n 38.1487\n ],\n [\n -76.0394,\n 38.1485\n ],\n [\n -76.0389,\n 38.1482\n ],\n [\n -76.0385,\n 38.1477\n ],\n [\n -76.0381,\n 38.1474\n ],\n [\n -76.0362,\n 38.1473\n ],\n [\n -76.0356,\n 38.1474\n ],\n [\n -76.0343,\n 38.1478\n ],\n [\n -76.0337,\n 38.148\n ],\n [\n -76.0331,\n 38.1483\n ],\n [\n -76.0325,\n 38.1484\n ],\n [\n -76.0319,\n 38.1486\n ],\n [\n -76.0314,\n 38.1492\n ],\n [\n -76.0314,\n 38.1494\n ],\n [\n -76.0311,\n 38.1497\n ],\n [\n -76.0311,\n 38.15\n ],\n [\n -76.0308,\n 38.1503\n ],\n [\n -76.0308,\n 38.1508\n ],\n [\n -76.0306,\n 38.1511\n ],\n [\n -76.0306,\n 38.1514\n ],\n [\n -76.0303,\n 38.1517\n ],\n [\n -76.0303,\n 38.1519\n ],\n [\n -76.0297,\n 38.1525\n ],\n [\n -76.0294,\n 38.1525\n ],\n [\n -76.0291,\n 38.1528\n ],\n [\n -76.0288,\n 38.1532\n ],\n [\n -76.0287,\n 38.1538\n ],\n [\n -76.0297,\n 38.1551\n ],\n [\n -76.0301,\n 38.1555\n ],\n [\n -76.0303,\n 38.1559\n ],\n [\n -76.0306,\n 38.1564\n ],\n [\n -76.031,\n 38.1568\n ],\n [\n -76.0313,\n 38.1572\n ],\n [\n -76.0317,\n 38.1575\n ],\n [\n -76.0319,\n 38.1578\n ],\n [\n -76.0344,\n 38.1583\n ],\n [\n -76.0347,\n 38.1586\n ],\n [\n -76.035,\n 38.1586\n ],\n [\n -76.0356,\n 38.1592\n ],\n [\n -76.0356,\n 38.1614\n ],\n [\n -76.0353,\n 38.1614\n ],\n [\n -76.035,\n 38.1617\n ],\n [\n -76.0353,\n 38.1619\n ],\n [\n -76.0353,\n 38.1622\n ],\n [\n -76.0354,\n 38.1625\n ],\n [\n -76.0357,\n 38.163\n ],\n [\n -76.0361,\n 38.1633\n ],\n [\n -76.0365,\n 38.1637\n ],\n [\n -76.0369,\n 38.164\n ],\n [\n -76.0372,\n 38.1644\n ],\n [\n -76.038,\n 38.1651\n ],\n [\n -76.0383,\n 38.1653\n ],\n [\n -76.0389,\n 38.1653\n ],\n [\n -76.0392,\n 38.1656\n ],\n [\n -76.04,\n 38.1656\n ],\n [\n -76.0403,\n 38.1653\n ],\n [\n -76.0422,\n 38.1653\n ],\n [\n -76.0431,\n 38.1661\n ],\n [\n -76.0428,\n 38.1664\n ],\n [\n -76.0425,\n 38.1664\n ],\n [\n -76.0422,\n 38.1667\n ],\n [\n -76.0419,\n 38.1667\n ],\n [\n -76.0417,\n 38.1669\n ],\n [\n -76.0411,\n 38.1669\n ],\n [\n -76.0408,\n 38.1672\n ],\n [\n -76.0406,\n 38.1675\n ],\n [\n -76.0394,\n 38.1675\n ],\n [\n -76.0392,\n 38.1672\n ],\n [\n -76.0381,\n 38.1672\n ],\n [\n -76.0378,\n 38.1673\n ],\n [\n -76.0366,\n 38.1677\n ],\n [\n -76.0361,\n 38.1678\n ],\n [\n -76.0357,\n 38.1678\n ],\n [\n -76.0356,\n 38.1681\n ],\n [\n -76.0356,\n 38.1686\n ],\n [\n -76.0353,\n 38.1689\n ],\n [\n -76.035,\n 38.1689\n ],\n [\n -76.035,\n 38.1692\n ],\n [\n -76.0347,\n 38.1694\n ],\n [\n -76.0342,\n 38.1694\n ],\n [\n -76.0339,\n 38.1692\n ],\n [\n -76.0333,\n 38.1692\n ],\n [\n -76.0325,\n 38.1683\n ],\n [\n -76.0325,\n 38.1681\n ],\n [\n -76.0319,\n 38.1681\n ],\n [\n -76.0311,\n 38.1678\n ],\n [\n -76.0298,\n 38.168\n ],\n [\n -76.0288,\n 38.1685\n ],\n [\n -76.0284,\n 38.1688\n ],\n [\n -76.0281,\n 38.1692\n ],\n [\n -76.0278,\n 38.1697\n ],\n [\n -76.0276,\n 38.17\n ],\n [\n -76.0272,\n 38.1702\n ],\n [\n -76.0268,\n 38.1703\n ],\n [\n -76.0263,\n 38.1706\n ],\n [\n -76.026,\n 38.171\n ],\n [\n -76.0258,\n 38.1716\n ],\n [\n -76.0257,\n 38.1721\n ],\n [\n -76.0254,\n 38.1726\n ],\n [\n -76.0251,\n 38.173\n ],\n [\n -76.0247,\n 38.1734\n ],\n [\n -76.0236,\n 38.1732\n ],\n [\n -76.0231,\n 38.173\n ],\n [\n -76.0226,\n 38.1732\n ],\n [\n -76.0222,\n 38.1737\n ],\n [\n -76.0223,\n 38.175\n ],\n [\n -76.0225,\n 38.1757\n ],\n [\n -76.0225,\n 38.1765\n ],\n [\n -76.0224,\n 38.1772\n ],\n [\n -76.0226,\n 38.1778\n ],\n [\n -76.024,\n 38.179\n ],\n [\n -76.0245,\n 38.1794\n ],\n [\n -76.0249,\n 38.1799\n ],\n [\n -76.0252,\n 38.1806\n ],\n [\n -76.0254,\n 38.1813\n ],\n [\n -76.0257,\n 38.1819\n ],\n [\n -76.0262,\n 38.1824\n ],\n [\n -76.0279,\n 38.1834\n ],\n [\n -76.0285,\n 38.1837\n ],\n [\n -76.029,\n 38.1839\n ],\n [\n -76.0306,\n 38.1844\n ],\n [\n -76.0322,\n 38.1848\n ],\n [\n -76.0332,\n 38.1851\n ],\n [\n -76.0337,\n 38.1853\n ],\n [\n -76.0339,\n 38.1856\n ],\n [\n -76.0344,\n 38.1858\n ],\n [\n -76.0347,\n 38.1861\n ],\n [\n -76.0361,\n 38.1861\n ],\n [\n -76.0367,\n 38.1858\n ],\n [\n -76.0383,\n 38.1853\n ],\n [\n -76.0388,\n 38.1852\n ],\n [\n -76.039,\n 38.1855\n ],\n [\n -76.0397,\n 38.1854\n ],\n [\n -76.0406,\n 38.1851\n ],\n [\n -76.0408,\n 38.1847\n ],\n [\n -76.0411,\n 38.1844\n ],\n [\n -76.0414,\n 38.1844\n ],\n [\n -76.0417,\n 38.1847\n ],\n [\n -76.0419,\n 38.1847\n ],\n [\n -76.0422,\n 38.185\n ],\n [\n -76.0422,\n 38.1853\n ],\n [\n -76.0425,\n 38.1856\n ],\n [\n -76.0425,\n 38.1861\n ],\n [\n -76.0422,\n 38.1864\n ],\n [\n -76.0422,\n 38.1867\n ],\n [\n -76.0431,\n 38.1875\n ],\n [\n -76.0431,\n 38.1878\n ],\n [\n -76.0428,\n 38.1881\n ],\n [\n -76.0425,\n 38.1881\n ],\n [\n -76.0422,\n 38.1883\n ],\n [\n -76.041,\n 38.1886\n ],\n [\n -76.0404,\n 38.189\n ],\n [\n -76.0401,\n 38.1894\n ],\n [\n -76.0394,\n 38.19\n ],\n [\n -76.0392,\n 38.1901\n ],\n [\n -76.0389,\n 38.19\n ],\n [\n -76.0386,\n 38.19\n ],\n [\n -76.0383,\n 38.1903\n ],\n [\n -76.0382,\n 38.1903\n ],\n [\n -76.0375,\n 38.1906\n ],\n [\n -76.0372,\n 38.1909\n ],\n [\n -76.0364,\n 38.1914\n ],\n [\n -76.0365,\n 38.1928\n ],\n [\n -76.0367,\n 38.1928\n ],\n [\n -76.0375,\n 38.1936\n ],\n [\n -76.0381,\n 38.1936\n ],\n [\n -76.0385,\n 38.1945\n ],\n [\n -76.0393,\n 38.1946\n ],\n [\n -76.04,\n 38.1953\n ],\n [\n -76.0406,\n 38.1958\n ],\n [\n -76.0406,\n 38.1961\n ],\n [\n -76.0411,\n 38.1967\n ],\n [\n -76.0411,\n 38.1969\n ],\n [\n -76.0417,\n 38.1975\n ],\n [\n -76.0419,\n 38.1975\n ],\n [\n -76.0419,\n 38.1981\n ],\n [\n -76.0426,\n 38.1983\n ],\n [\n -76.0434,\n 38.1984\n ],\n [\n -76.045,\n 38.2003\n ],\n [\n -76.0453,\n 38.2006\n ],\n [\n -76.0453,\n 38.2008\n ],\n [\n -76.0458,\n 38.2014\n ],\n [\n -76.0458,\n 38.2019\n ],\n [\n -76.0461,\n 38.2022\n ],\n [\n -76.0469,\n 38.2022\n ],\n [\n -76.0472,\n 38.2025\n ],\n [\n -76.0474,\n 38.2028\n ],\n [\n -76.0483,\n 38.2032\n ],\n [\n -76.0488,\n 38.2036\n ],\n [\n -76.0489,\n 38.2039\n ],\n [\n -76.0494,\n 38.2044\n ],\n [\n -76.0497,\n 38.2044\n ],\n [\n -76.0506,\n 38.2036\n ],\n [\n -76.0507,\n 38.2037\n ],\n [\n -76.0514,\n 38.2038\n ],\n [\n -76.0518,\n 38.2039\n ],\n [\n -76.0522,\n 38.2041\n ],\n [\n -76.0526,\n 38.2041\n ],\n [\n -76.0531,\n 38.204\n ],\n [\n -76.0535,\n 38.2037\n ],\n [\n -76.0545,\n 38.2032\n ],\n [\n -76.055,\n 38.203\n ],\n [\n -76.0556,\n 38.2029\n ],\n [\n -76.0568,\n 38.203\n ],\n [\n -76.0574,\n 38.2031\n ],\n [\n -76.0579,\n 38.2031\n ],\n [\n -76.0589,\n 38.2034\n ],\n [\n -76.0593,\n 38.2036\n ],\n [\n -76.0601,\n 38.2034\n ],\n [\n -76.0604,\n 38.2032\n ],\n [\n -76.0609,\n 38.2033\n ],\n [\n -76.0614,\n 38.2036\n ],\n [\n -76.0617,\n 38.2039\n ],\n [\n -76.0619,\n 38.2039\n ],\n [\n -76.0628,\n 38.2047\n ],\n [\n -76.0631,\n 38.205\n ],\n [\n -76.0633,\n 38.205\n ],\n [\n -76.0636,\n 38.2053\n ]\n ]\n ],\n [\n [\n [\n -76.1713,\n 38.2963\n ],\n [\n -76.1717,\n 38.2967\n ],\n [\n -76.172,\n 38.2967\n ],\n [\n -76.1719,\n 38.2969\n ],\n [\n -76.1722,\n 38.2972\n ],\n [\n -76.1731,\n 38.2972\n ],\n [\n -76.1732,\n 38.2971\n ],\n [\n -76.1736,\n 38.2967\n ],\n [\n -76.1739,\n 38.2967\n ],\n [\n -76.1744,\n 38.2962\n ],\n [\n -76.1744,\n 38.2961\n ],\n [\n -76.175,\n 38.2967\n ],\n [\n -76.1753,\n 38.2967\n ],\n [\n -76.1761,\n 38.2958\n ],\n [\n -76.1761,\n 38.2953\n ],\n [\n -76.1758,\n 38.295\n ],\n [\n -76.1764,\n 38.2944\n ],\n [\n -76.1767,\n 38.2944\n ],\n [\n -76.1775,\n 38.2936\n ],\n [\n -76.1775,\n 38.2933\n ],\n [\n -76.1783,\n 38.2925\n ],\n [\n -76.1789,\n 38.2925\n ],\n [\n -76.1794,\n 38.2931\n ],\n [\n -76.1797,\n 38.2931\n ],\n [\n -76.18,\n 38.2933\n ],\n [\n -76.1811,\n 38.2933\n ],\n [\n -76.1817,\n 38.2928\n ],\n [\n -76.1819,\n 38.2928\n ],\n [\n -76.1823,\n 38.2931\n ],\n [\n -76.1831,\n 38.2931\n ],\n [\n -76.1833,\n 38.2933\n ],\n [\n -76.1833,\n 38.2936\n ],\n [\n -76.1834,\n 38.2936\n ],\n [\n -76.1839,\n 38.2936\n ],\n [\n -76.1845,\n 38.2941\n ],\n [\n -76.185,\n 38.2942\n ],\n [\n -76.1851,\n 38.2943\n ],\n [\n -76.1853,\n 38.2944\n ],\n [\n -76.1859,\n 38.2945\n ],\n [\n -76.1861,\n 38.2947\n ],\n [\n -76.1867,\n 38.2947\n ],\n [\n -76.1869,\n 38.295\n ],\n [\n -76.1872,\n 38.2947\n ],\n [\n -76.1881,\n 38.2947\n ],\n [\n -76.1883,\n 38.295\n ],\n [\n -76.1897,\n 38.295\n ],\n [\n -76.19,\n 38.2947\n ],\n [\n -76.1914,\n 38.2947\n ],\n [\n -76.1917,\n 38.2944\n ],\n [\n -76.1919,\n 38.2944\n ],\n [\n -76.1922,\n 38.2942\n ],\n [\n -76.1933,\n 38.2942\n ],\n [\n -76.1939,\n 38.2947\n ],\n [\n -76.1944,\n 38.2947\n ],\n [\n -76.1947,\n 38.295\n ],\n [\n -76.1964,\n 38.2933\n ],\n [\n -76.1964,\n 38.2931\n ],\n [\n -76.1967,\n 38.2928\n ],\n [\n -76.1967,\n 38.2922\n ],\n [\n -76.1964,\n 38.2919\n ],\n [\n -76.1964,\n 38.2911\n ],\n [\n -76.1977,\n 38.2897\n ],\n [\n -76.1981,\n 38.2897\n ],\n [\n -76.1984,\n 38.2895\n ],\n [\n -76.1986,\n 38.2897\n ],\n [\n -76.2,\n 38.2897\n ],\n [\n -76.2011,\n 38.2908\n ],\n [\n -76.2011,\n 38.2914\n ],\n [\n -76.2028,\n 38.2931\n ],\n [\n -76.2028,\n 38.2933\n ],\n [\n -76.2031,\n 38.2936\n ],\n [\n -76.2031,\n 38.2942\n ],\n [\n -76.2036,\n 38.2947\n ],\n [\n -76.2039,\n 38.2944\n ],\n [\n -76.2042,\n 38.2944\n ],\n [\n -76.2044,\n 38.2942\n ],\n [\n -76.2044,\n 38.2931\n ],\n [\n -76.2039,\n 38.2925\n ],\n [\n -76.2039,\n 38.2922\n ],\n [\n -76.2031,\n 38.2914\n ],\n [\n -76.2031,\n 38.2908\n ],\n [\n -76.2028,\n 38.2906\n ],\n [\n -76.2028,\n 38.29\n ],\n [\n -76.2008,\n 38.288\n ],\n [\n -76.2008,\n 38.2872\n ],\n [\n -76.1997,\n 38.2861\n ],\n [\n -76.1994,\n 38.2861\n ],\n [\n -76.1992,\n 38.2858\n ],\n [\n -76.1986,\n 38.2858\n ],\n [\n -76.1983,\n 38.2856\n ],\n [\n -76.1981,\n 38.2856\n ],\n [\n -76.1975,\n 38.285\n ],\n [\n -76.1972,\n 38.285\n ],\n [\n -76.1967,\n 38.2844\n ],\n [\n -76.1967,\n 38.2842\n ],\n [\n -76.1961,\n 38.2836\n ],\n [\n -76.1961,\n 38.2833\n ],\n [\n -76.1958,\n 38.2831\n ],\n [\n -76.1958,\n 38.2828\n ],\n [\n -76.1956,\n 38.2825\n ],\n [\n -76.1953,\n 38.2825\n ],\n [\n -76.195,\n 38.2828\n ],\n [\n -76.1947,\n 38.2825\n ],\n [\n -76.1942,\n 38.2819\n ],\n [\n -76.1942,\n 38.2817\n ],\n [\n -76.1933,\n 38.2808\n ],\n [\n -76.1933,\n 38.2806\n ],\n [\n -76.1922,\n 38.2794\n ],\n [\n -76.1922,\n 38.2792\n ],\n [\n -76.1908,\n 38.2778\n ],\n [\n -76.1908,\n 38.2775\n ],\n [\n -76.1903,\n 38.2769\n ],\n [\n -76.1903,\n 38.2756\n ],\n [\n -76.19,\n 38.2753\n ],\n [\n -76.19,\n 38.2747\n ],\n [\n -76.1897,\n 38.2744\n ],\n [\n -76.1897,\n 38.2736\n ],\n [\n -76.19,\n 38.2733\n ],\n [\n -76.19,\n 38.2722\n ],\n [\n -76.1892,\n 38.2714\n ],\n [\n -76.1892,\n 38.2708\n ],\n [\n -76.1886,\n 38.2703\n ],\n [\n -76.1886,\n 38.27\n ],\n [\n -76.1883,\n 38.2697\n ],\n [\n -76.1883,\n 38.2694\n ],\n [\n -76.1881,\n 38.2692\n ],\n [\n -76.1881,\n 38.2672\n ],\n [\n -76.1877,\n 38.2669\n ],\n [\n -76.1875,\n 38.2667\n ],\n [\n -76.1875,\n 38.2664\n ],\n [\n -76.1869,\n 38.2658\n ],\n [\n -76.1869,\n 38.265\n ],\n [\n -76.1867,\n 38.2647\n ],\n [\n -76.1867,\n 38.2644\n ],\n [\n -76.1858,\n 38.2636\n ],\n [\n -76.1847,\n 38.2636\n ],\n [\n -76.1844,\n 38.2633\n ],\n [\n -76.1842,\n 38.2633\n ],\n [\n -76.1836,\n 38.2628\n ],\n [\n -76.1836,\n 38.2625\n ],\n [\n -76.1814,\n 38.2603\n ],\n [\n -76.1814,\n 38.26\n ],\n [\n -76.18,\n 38.2586\n ],\n [\n -76.1797,\n 38.2586\n ],\n [\n -76.1797,\n 38.2583\n ],\n [\n -76.1794,\n 38.2581\n ],\n [\n -76.1794,\n 38.2578\n ],\n [\n -76.1789,\n 38.2572\n ],\n [\n -76.1789,\n 38.2569\n ],\n [\n -76.1769,\n 38.255\n ],\n [\n -76.1767,\n 38.255\n ],\n [\n -76.1758,\n 38.2541\n ],\n [\n -76.1758,\n 38.2539\n ],\n [\n -76.1756,\n 38.2536\n ],\n [\n -76.1756,\n 38.2533\n ],\n [\n -76.1753,\n 38.2531\n ],\n [\n -76.1756,\n 38.2528\n ],\n [\n -76.1756,\n 38.2522\n ],\n [\n -76.1758,\n 38.2519\n ],\n [\n -76.1758,\n 38.2517\n ],\n [\n -76.1742,\n 38.25\n ],\n [\n -76.1742,\n 38.2497\n ],\n [\n -76.1736,\n 38.2492\n ],\n [\n -76.1736,\n 38.2489\n ],\n [\n -76.1728,\n 38.2481\n ],\n [\n -76.1728,\n 38.2478\n ],\n [\n -76.1725,\n 38.2478\n ],\n [\n -76.1719,\n 38.2472\n ],\n [\n -76.1717,\n 38.2472\n ],\n [\n -76.1714,\n 38.2475\n ],\n [\n -76.1711,\n 38.2475\n ],\n [\n -76.1708,\n 38.2478\n ],\n [\n -76.1706,\n 38.2478\n ],\n [\n -76.1703,\n 38.2481\n ],\n [\n -76.1692,\n 38.2481\n ],\n [\n -76.1689,\n 38.2478\n ],\n [\n -76.1686,\n 38.2478\n ],\n [\n -76.1683,\n 38.2475\n ],\n [\n -76.1681,\n 38.2475\n ],\n [\n -76.1672,\n 38.2467\n ],\n [\n -76.1672,\n 38.2461\n ],\n [\n -76.1675,\n 38.2458\n ],\n [\n -76.1675,\n 38.2453\n ],\n [\n -76.1667,\n 38.2444\n ],\n [\n -76.1667,\n 38.2442\n ],\n [\n -76.1658,\n 38.2433\n ],\n [\n -76.1658,\n 38.2431\n ],\n [\n -76.1656,\n 38.2431\n ],\n [\n -76.1653,\n 38.2428\n ],\n [\n -76.1647,\n 38.2428\n ],\n [\n -76.1636,\n 38.2439\n ],\n [\n -76.1633,\n 38.2439\n ],\n [\n -76.1629,\n 38.2443\n ],\n [\n -76.1625,\n 38.2447\n ],\n [\n -76.1617,\n 38.2447\n ],\n [\n -76.1614,\n 38.245\n ],\n [\n -76.16,\n 38.245\n ],\n [\n -76.1595,\n 38.2445\n ],\n [\n -76.1592,\n 38.2442\n ],\n [\n -76.1592,\n 38.2439\n ],\n [\n -76.1583,\n 38.2431\n ],\n [\n -76.1578,\n 38.2431\n ],\n [\n -76.1572,\n 38.2425\n ],\n [\n -76.1567,\n 38.2425\n ],\n [\n -76.1561,\n 38.2419\n ],\n [\n -76.1561,\n 38.2417\n ],\n [\n -76.1558,\n 38.2414\n ],\n [\n -76.1558,\n 38.2411\n ],\n [\n -76.155,\n 38.2403\n ],\n [\n -76.1547,\n 38.2403\n ],\n [\n -76.1544,\n 38.24\n ],\n [\n -76.1539,\n 38.24\n ],\n [\n -76.1533,\n 38.2394\n ],\n [\n -76.1522,\n 38.2406\n ],\n [\n -76.1522,\n 38.2411\n ],\n [\n -76.1518,\n 38.2415\n ],\n [\n -76.1517,\n 38.2417\n ],\n [\n -76.1517,\n 38.2422\n ],\n [\n -76.1519,\n 38.2425\n ],\n [\n -76.1517,\n 38.2428\n ],\n [\n -76.1514,\n 38.2428\n ],\n [\n -76.1503,\n 38.2439\n ],\n [\n -76.15,\n 38.2439\n ],\n [\n -76.1494,\n 38.2444\n ],\n [\n -76.1492,\n 38.2444\n ],\n [\n -76.1483,\n 38.2453\n ],\n [\n -76.1469,\n 38.2453\n ],\n [\n -76.1467,\n 38.245\n ],\n [\n -76.1464,\n 38.245\n ],\n [\n -76.1461,\n 38.2447\n ],\n [\n -76.1456,\n 38.2447\n ],\n [\n -76.1444,\n 38.2436\n ],\n [\n -76.1444,\n 38.2428\n ],\n [\n -76.1461,\n 38.2411\n ],\n [\n -76.1464,\n 38.2411\n ],\n [\n -76.1467,\n 38.2408\n ],\n [\n -76.1469,\n 38.2408\n ],\n [\n -76.1472,\n 38.2406\n ],\n [\n -76.1475,\n 38.2406\n ],\n [\n -76.1489,\n 38.2392\n ],\n [\n -76.1489,\n 38.2389\n ],\n [\n -76.149,\n 38.2388\n ],\n [\n -76.1497,\n 38.2381\n ],\n [\n -76.1497,\n 38.2378\n ],\n [\n -76.1492,\n 38.2372\n ],\n [\n -76.1492,\n 38.2369\n ],\n [\n -76.15,\n 38.2361\n ],\n [\n -76.1503,\n 38.2364\n ],\n [\n -76.1503,\n 38.2372\n ],\n [\n -76.1506,\n 38.2375\n ],\n [\n -76.1511,\n 38.2375\n ],\n [\n -76.1519,\n 38.2367\n ],\n [\n -76.1522,\n 38.2364\n ],\n [\n -76.1519,\n 38.2361\n ],\n [\n -76.1519,\n 38.2356\n ],\n [\n -76.1514,\n 38.235\n ],\n [\n -76.1514,\n 38.2347\n ],\n [\n -76.1511,\n 38.2347\n ],\n [\n -76.1508,\n 38.2344\n ],\n [\n -76.1497,\n 38.2344\n ],\n [\n -76.1494,\n 38.2342\n ],\n [\n -76.1486,\n 38.2342\n ],\n [\n -76.1483,\n 38.2339\n ],\n [\n -76.1481,\n 38.2339\n ],\n [\n -76.1478,\n 38.2336\n ],\n [\n -76.1475,\n 38.2336\n ],\n [\n -76.1472,\n 38.2333\n ],\n [\n -76.1467,\n 38.2333\n ],\n [\n -76.1464,\n 38.2331\n ],\n [\n -76.1458,\n 38.2331\n ],\n [\n -76.1456,\n 38.2328\n ],\n [\n -76.1453,\n 38.2328\n ],\n [\n -76.145,\n 38.2331\n ],\n [\n -76.1442,\n 38.2331\n ],\n [\n -76.1439,\n 38.2333\n ],\n [\n -76.1431,\n 38.2333\n ],\n [\n -76.1428,\n 38.2331\n ],\n [\n -76.1422,\n 38.2331\n ],\n [\n -76.1419,\n 38.2328\n ],\n [\n -76.1417,\n 38.2328\n ],\n [\n -76.1408,\n 38.2319\n ],\n [\n -76.1408,\n 38.2317\n ],\n [\n -76.1406,\n 38.2317\n ],\n [\n -76.1403,\n 38.2314\n ],\n [\n -76.1389,\n 38.2314\n ],\n [\n -76.1386,\n 38.2317\n ],\n [\n -76.1381,\n 38.2317\n ],\n [\n -76.1378,\n 38.2319\n ],\n [\n -76.1367,\n 38.2319\n ],\n [\n -76.1364,\n 38.2317\n ],\n [\n -76.1361,\n 38.2317\n ],\n [\n -76.1358,\n 38.2314\n ],\n [\n -76.1347,\n 38.2325\n ],\n [\n -76.1342,\n 38.2325\n ],\n [\n -76.1339,\n 38.2328\n ],\n [\n -76.1331,\n 38.2328\n ],\n [\n -76.1328,\n 38.2331\n ],\n [\n -76.1319,\n 38.2331\n ],\n [\n -76.1314,\n 38.2336\n ],\n [\n -76.1311,\n 38.2336\n ],\n [\n -76.1308,\n 38.2339\n ],\n [\n -76.1306,\n 38.2339\n ],\n [\n -76.1303,\n 38.2342\n ],\n [\n -76.1297,\n 38.2342\n ],\n [\n -76.1292,\n 38.2347\n ],\n [\n -76.1289,\n 38.2347\n ],\n [\n -76.1278,\n 38.2358\n ],\n [\n -76.1278,\n 38.2361\n ],\n [\n -76.1272,\n 38.2367\n ],\n [\n -76.1272,\n 38.2378\n ],\n [\n -76.1272,\n 38.2381\n ],\n [\n -76.1264,\n 38.2389\n ],\n [\n -76.1258,\n 38.2389\n ],\n [\n -76.1253,\n 38.2394\n ],\n [\n -76.1253,\n 38.24\n ],\n [\n -76.1256,\n 38.2403\n ],\n [\n -76.1256,\n 38.2411\n ],\n [\n -76.1258,\n 38.2414\n ],\n [\n -76.1258,\n 38.2419\n ],\n [\n -76.1261,\n 38.2422\n ],\n [\n -76.1272,\n 38.2422\n ],\n [\n -76.1275,\n 38.2425\n ],\n [\n -76.1283,\n 38.2425\n ],\n [\n -76.1286,\n 38.2422\n ],\n [\n -76.1292,\n 38.2428\n ],\n [\n -76.1292,\n 38.2431\n ],\n [\n -76.1297,\n 38.2436\n ],\n [\n -76.1297,\n 38.2444\n ],\n [\n -76.1303,\n 38.245\n ],\n [\n -76.1322,\n 38.245\n ],\n [\n -76.1325,\n 38.2453\n ],\n [\n -76.1333,\n 38.2453\n ],\n [\n -76.1336,\n 38.2456\n ],\n [\n -76.1344,\n 38.2456\n ],\n [\n -76.1347,\n 38.2458\n ],\n [\n -76.1356,\n 38.2458\n ],\n [\n -76.1358,\n 38.2461\n ],\n [\n -76.1361,\n 38.2461\n ],\n [\n -76.1364,\n 38.2464\n ],\n [\n -76.1367,\n 38.2464\n ],\n [\n -76.1369,\n 38.2467\n ],\n [\n -76.1375,\n 38.2467\n ],\n [\n -76.1378,\n 38.2469\n ],\n [\n -76.1383,\n 38.2469\n ],\n [\n -76.1389,\n 38.2464\n ],\n [\n -76.1394,\n 38.2464\n ],\n [\n -76.1397,\n 38.2467\n ],\n [\n -76.1403,\n 38.2467\n ],\n [\n -76.1414,\n 38.2478\n ],\n [\n -76.1419,\n 38.2478\n ],\n [\n -76.1422,\n 38.2481\n ],\n [\n -76.1431,\n 38.2481\n ],\n [\n -76.1433,\n 38.2483\n ],\n [\n -76.1439,\n 38.2483\n ],\n [\n -76.1442,\n 38.2481\n ],\n [\n -76.145,\n 38.2481\n ],\n [\n -76.1464,\n 38.2494\n ],\n [\n -76.1469,\n 38.2494\n ],\n [\n -76.1472,\n 38.2497\n ],\n [\n -76.1475,\n 38.2497\n ],\n [\n -76.1481,\n 38.2492\n ],\n [\n -76.1481,\n 38.2489\n ],\n [\n -76.1483,\n 38.2486\n ],\n [\n -76.1489,\n 38.2486\n ],\n [\n -76.1492,\n 38.2483\n ],\n [\n -76.15,\n 38.2492\n ],\n [\n -76.1514,\n 38.2492\n ],\n [\n -76.1531,\n 38.2475\n ],\n [\n -76.1533,\n 38.2475\n ],\n [\n -76.1536,\n 38.2472\n ],\n [\n -76.1547,\n 38.2483\n ],\n [\n -76.1572,\n 38.2483\n ],\n [\n -76.1575,\n 38.2486\n ],\n [\n -76.1603,\n 38.2486\n ],\n [\n -76.1606,\n 38.2483\n ],\n [\n -76.1625,\n 38.2483\n ],\n [\n -76.1639,\n 38.2497\n ],\n [\n -76.1639,\n 38.2503\n ],\n [\n -76.1642,\n 38.2506\n ],\n [\n -76.1642,\n 38.2517\n ],\n [\n -76.1644,\n 38.2519\n ],\n [\n -76.1644,\n 38.2525\n ],\n [\n -76.1647,\n 38.2528\n ],\n [\n -76.1647,\n 38.2531\n ],\n [\n -76.1656,\n 38.2539\n ],\n [\n -76.1656,\n 38.2542\n ],\n [\n -76.1681,\n 38.2567\n ],\n [\n -76.1683,\n 38.2567\n ],\n [\n -76.1686,\n 38.2569\n ],\n [\n -76.1689,\n 38.2569\n ],\n [\n -76.1694,\n 38.2575\n ],\n [\n -76.1697,\n 38.2575\n ],\n [\n -76.17,\n 38.2572\n ],\n [\n -76.1703,\n 38.2572\n ],\n [\n -76.1706,\n 38.2569\n ],\n [\n -76.1708,\n 38.2569\n ],\n [\n -76.1711,\n 38.2567\n ],\n [\n -76.1714,\n 38.2567\n ],\n [\n -76.1722,\n 38.2558\n ],\n [\n -76.1736,\n 38.2558\n ],\n [\n -76.1739,\n 38.2561\n ],\n [\n -76.1742,\n 38.2561\n ],\n [\n -76.1744,\n 38.2564\n ],\n [\n -76.1742,\n 38.2567\n ],\n [\n -76.1744,\n 38.2567\n ],\n [\n -76.1758,\n 38.2581\n ],\n [\n -76.1761,\n 38.2581\n ],\n [\n -76.1769,\n 38.258\n ],\n [\n -76.1776,\n 38.258\n ],\n [\n -76.1778,\n 38.2583\n ],\n [\n -76.1785,\n 38.2589\n ],\n [\n -76.1784,\n 38.2594\n ],\n [\n -76.1781,\n 38.2599\n ],\n [\n -76.1774,\n 38.2608\n ],\n [\n -76.1766,\n 38.2619\n ],\n [\n -76.1768,\n 38.2625\n ],\n [\n -76.1767,\n 38.2628\n ],\n [\n -76.1775,\n 38.2638\n ],\n [\n -76.1775,\n 38.2642\n ],\n [\n -76.1778,\n 38.2645\n ],\n [\n -76.1783,\n 38.2649\n ],\n [\n -76.1799,\n 38.266\n ],\n [\n -76.1801,\n 38.267\n ],\n [\n -76.1801,\n 38.2674\n ],\n [\n -76.1804,\n 38.2681\n ],\n [\n -76.1814,\n 38.2692\n ],\n [\n -76.1811,\n 38.2697\n ],\n [\n -76.1815,\n 38.2705\n ],\n [\n -76.1811,\n 38.2715\n ],\n [\n -76.1803,\n 38.2714\n ],\n [\n -76.1797,\n 38.2714\n ],\n [\n -76.1789,\n 38.271\n ],\n [\n -76.1786,\n 38.2708\n ],\n [\n -76.1785,\n 38.2708\n ],\n [\n -76.178,\n 38.2707\n ],\n [\n -76.1778,\n 38.2704\n ],\n [\n -76.1773,\n 38.2705\n ],\n [\n -76.1772,\n 38.2703\n ],\n [\n -76.1765,\n 38.2701\n ],\n [\n -76.1762,\n 38.2698\n ],\n [\n -76.1757,\n 38.2698\n ],\n [\n -76.1756,\n 38.27\n ],\n [\n -76.1754,\n 38.2706\n ],\n [\n -76.1764,\n 38.2711\n ],\n [\n -76.1771,\n 38.2715\n ],\n [\n -76.1778,\n 38.2719\n ],\n [\n -76.1779,\n 38.2722\n ],\n [\n -76.1783,\n 38.2725\n ],\n [\n -76.1788,\n 38.273\n ],\n [\n -76.179,\n 38.2731\n ],\n [\n -76.1796,\n 38.2732\n ],\n [\n -76.1797,\n 38.2734\n ],\n [\n -76.1797,\n 38.2736\n ],\n [\n -76.18,\n 38.2736\n ],\n [\n -76.1803,\n 38.2739\n ],\n [\n -76.1803,\n 38.2742\n ],\n [\n -76.1806,\n 38.2744\n ],\n [\n -76.1806,\n 38.2747\n ],\n [\n -76.1808,\n 38.275\n ],\n [\n -76.1811,\n 38.2767\n ],\n [\n -76.1811,\n 38.2769\n ],\n [\n -76.1815,\n 38.2772\n ],\n [\n -76.1819,\n 38.2781\n ],\n [\n -76.1819,\n 38.2783\n ],\n [\n -76.1822,\n 38.2786\n ],\n [\n -76.1826,\n 38.2794\n ],\n [\n -76.1827,\n 38.2797\n ],\n [\n -76.1817,\n 38.2806\n ],\n [\n -76.1815,\n 38.2806\n ],\n [\n -76.1803,\n 38.2817\n ],\n [\n -76.18,\n 38.2817\n ],\n [\n -76.1797,\n 38.2819\n ],\n [\n -76.1789,\n 38.2823\n ],\n [\n -76.1783,\n 38.2825\n ],\n [\n -76.1772,\n 38.2825\n ],\n [\n -76.1769,\n 38.2822\n ],\n [\n -76.1767,\n 38.2825\n ],\n [\n -76.1764,\n 38.2825\n ],\n [\n -76.1761,\n 38.2828\n ],\n [\n -76.1758,\n 38.2828\n ],\n [\n -76.1756,\n 38.2831\n ],\n [\n -76.1753,\n 38.2831\n ],\n [\n -76.175,\n 38.2833\n ],\n [\n -76.1747,\n 38.2833\n ],\n [\n -76.1728,\n 38.2853\n ],\n [\n -76.1736,\n 38.2861\n ],\n [\n -76.1744,\n 38.2861\n ],\n [\n -76.1758,\n 38.2875\n ],\n [\n -76.1764,\n 38.2875\n ],\n [\n -76.1764,\n 38.2878\n ],\n [\n -76.1775,\n 38.2889\n ],\n [\n -76.1769,\n 38.2894\n ],\n [\n -76.1769,\n 38.2897\n ],\n [\n -76.1767,\n 38.29\n ],\n [\n -76.1764,\n 38.29\n ],\n [\n -76.1761,\n 38.2903\n ],\n [\n -76.1756,\n 38.2903\n ],\n [\n -76.1747,\n 38.2911\n ],\n [\n -76.1742,\n 38.2911\n ],\n [\n -76.1733,\n 38.2919\n ],\n [\n -76.1731,\n 38.2919\n ],\n [\n -76.1717,\n 38.2933\n ],\n [\n -76.17,\n 38.2933\n ],\n [\n -76.1689,\n 38.2922\n ],\n [\n -76.1689,\n 38.2914\n ],\n [\n -76.1683,\n 38.2914\n ],\n [\n -76.1681,\n 38.2911\n ],\n [\n -76.1678,\n 38.2911\n ],\n [\n -76.1675,\n 38.2908\n ],\n [\n -76.1672,\n 38.2908\n ],\n [\n -76.1669,\n 38.2906\n ],\n [\n -76.1656,\n 38.2906\n ],\n [\n -76.1653,\n 38.2908\n ],\n [\n -76.1647,\n 38.2908\n ],\n [\n -76.1644,\n 38.2906\n ],\n [\n -76.1621,\n 38.2906\n ],\n [\n -76.1608,\n 38.2906\n ],\n [\n -76.1603,\n 38.2911\n ],\n [\n -76.1603,\n 38.2914\n ],\n [\n -76.1608,\n 38.2919\n ],\n [\n -76.1618,\n 38.2919\n ],\n [\n -76.1625,\n 38.2919\n ],\n [\n -76.1631,\n 38.2925\n ],\n [\n -76.1647,\n 38.2925\n ],\n [\n -76.165,\n 38.2928\n ],\n [\n -76.1653,\n 38.2925\n ],\n [\n -76.1656,\n 38.2925\n ],\n [\n -76.1658,\n 38.2928\n ],\n [\n -76.1664,\n 38.2928\n ],\n [\n -76.1667,\n 38.2931\n ],\n [\n -76.1672,\n 38.2931\n ],\n [\n -76.1678,\n 38.2936\n ],\n [\n -76.1681,\n 38.2936\n ],\n [\n -76.1694,\n 38.295\n ],\n [\n -76.1697,\n 38.295\n ],\n [\n -76.1706,\n 38.2958\n ],\n [\n -76.1708,\n 38.2958\n ],\n [\n -76.1713,\n 38.2963\n ]\n ]\n ],\n [\n [\n [\n -76.2596,\n 38.3418\n ],\n [\n -76.2603,\n 38.342\n ],\n [\n -76.2608,\n 38.3424\n ],\n [\n -76.2609,\n 38.3424\n ],\n [\n -76.2615,\n 38.3429\n ],\n [\n -76.262,\n 38.3433\n ],\n [\n -76.2626,\n 38.3436\n ],\n [\n -76.2632,\n 38.3434\n ],\n [\n -76.2636,\n 38.3429\n ],\n [\n -76.264,\n 38.3423\n ],\n [\n -76.2645,\n 38.3419\n ],\n [\n -76.265,\n 38.3415\n ],\n [\n -76.2655,\n 38.3411\n ],\n [\n -76.2657,\n 38.3406\n ],\n [\n -76.2656,\n 38.3402\n ],\n [\n -76.2653,\n 38.3398\n ],\n [\n -76.2648,\n 38.3395\n ],\n [\n -76.2645,\n 38.3391\n ],\n [\n -76.2642,\n 38.3387\n ],\n [\n -76.2639,\n 38.3383\n ],\n [\n -76.2634,\n 38.3381\n ],\n [\n -76.2629,\n 38.3379\n ],\n [\n -76.2625,\n 38.3377\n ],\n [\n -76.2621,\n 38.3375\n ],\n [\n -76.262,\n 38.3373\n ],\n [\n -76.2621,\n 38.3371\n ],\n [\n -76.2619,\n 38.3367\n ],\n [\n -76.2617,\n 38.3364\n ],\n [\n -76.2613,\n 38.3361\n ],\n [\n -76.2608,\n 38.3356\n ],\n [\n -76.2604,\n 38.3352\n ],\n [\n -76.26,\n 38.3349\n ],\n [\n -76.2596,\n 38.3347\n ],\n [\n -76.2597,\n 38.3344\n ],\n [\n -76.2592,\n 38.3339\n ],\n [\n -76.2592,\n 38.3336\n ],\n [\n -76.2589,\n 38.3333\n ],\n [\n -76.2589,\n 38.3328\n ],\n [\n -76.2586,\n 38.3325\n ],\n [\n -76.2586,\n 38.3319\n ],\n [\n -76.2581,\n 38.3314\n ],\n [\n -76.2581,\n 38.3308\n ],\n [\n -76.2578,\n 38.3306\n ],\n [\n -76.2578,\n 38.3272\n ],\n [\n -76.2581,\n 38.3269\n ],\n [\n -76.2581,\n 38.3258\n ],\n [\n -76.2578,\n 38.3256\n ],\n [\n -76.2581,\n 38.3253\n ],\n [\n -76.2581,\n 38.325\n ],\n [\n -76.2583,\n 38.3247\n ],\n [\n -76.2583,\n 38.3244\n ],\n [\n -76.2581,\n 38.3244\n ],\n [\n -76.2575,\n 38.3239\n ],\n [\n -76.2572,\n 38.3242\n ],\n [\n -76.2569,\n 38.3242\n ],\n [\n -76.2567,\n 38.3244\n ],\n [\n -76.2558,\n 38.3244\n ],\n [\n -76.2556,\n 38.3247\n ],\n [\n -76.2547,\n 38.3247\n ],\n [\n -76.2544,\n 38.325\n ],\n [\n -76.2542,\n 38.325\n ],\n [\n -76.2539,\n 38.3253\n ],\n [\n -76.2533,\n 38.3258\n ],\n [\n -76.2531,\n 38.3261\n ],\n [\n -76.2514,\n 38.3278\n ],\n [\n -76.2519,\n 38.3283\n ],\n [\n -76.2519,\n 38.3286\n ],\n [\n -76.2522,\n 38.3289\n ],\n [\n -76.2522,\n 38.3292\n ],\n [\n -76.2525,\n 38.3294\n ],\n [\n -76.2528,\n 38.3297\n ],\n [\n -76.253,\n 38.33\n ],\n [\n -76.2536,\n 38.3306\n ],\n [\n -76.2547,\n 38.3317\n ],\n [\n -76.255,\n 38.3317\n ],\n [\n -76.2561,\n 38.3328\n ],\n [\n -76.2567,\n 38.3333\n ],\n [\n -76.2569,\n 38.3336\n ],\n [\n -76.2569,\n 38.3339\n ],\n [\n -76.2572,\n 38.3342\n ],\n [\n -76.2575,\n 38.3344\n ],\n [\n -76.2575,\n 38.3347\n ],\n [\n -76.2578,\n 38.335\n ],\n [\n -76.2578,\n 38.3353\n ],\n [\n -76.2581,\n 38.3357\n ],\n [\n -76.258,\n 38.336\n ],\n [\n -76.2581,\n 38.3364\n ],\n [\n -76.2582,\n 38.3368\n ],\n [\n -76.2583,\n 38.3372\n ],\n [\n -76.2584,\n 38.3377\n ],\n [\n -76.2584,\n 38.3383\n ],\n [\n -76.2579,\n 38.3388\n ],\n [\n -76.2573,\n 38.3393\n ],\n [\n -76.2567,\n 38.3394\n ],\n [\n -76.2561,\n 38.3392\n ],\n [\n -76.2556,\n 38.3392\n ],\n [\n -76.2551,\n 38.3394\n ],\n [\n -76.2548,\n 38.3395\n ],\n [\n -76.2547,\n 38.3396\n ],\n [\n -76.2543,\n 38.3398\n ],\n [\n -76.2541,\n 38.3402\n ],\n [\n -76.2543,\n 38.3409\n ],\n [\n -76.2549,\n 38.3413\n ],\n [\n -76.2557,\n 38.3416\n ],\n [\n -76.256,\n 38.3416\n ],\n [\n -76.2565,\n 38.3417\n ],\n [\n -76.2573,\n 38.3419\n ],\n [\n -76.2581,\n 38.3419\n ],\n [\n -76.2588,\n 38.3417\n ],\n [\n -76.2596,\n 38.3418\n ]\n ]\n ],\n [\n [\n [\n -76.0864,\n 38.1533\n ],\n [\n -76.0867,\n 38.1536\n ],\n [\n -76.0869,\n 38.1536\n ],\n [\n -76.0872,\n 38.1533\n ],\n [\n -76.0875,\n 38.1536\n ],\n [\n -76.0881,\n 38.1536\n ],\n [\n -76.0883,\n 38.1533\n ],\n [\n -76.0883,\n 38.1528\n ],\n [\n -76.0886,\n 38.1525\n ],\n [\n -76.0894,\n 38.1525\n ],\n [\n -76.09,\n 38.1519\n ],\n [\n -76.0903,\n 38.1517\n ],\n [\n -76.0906,\n 38.1514\n ],\n [\n -76.0908,\n 38.1511\n ],\n [\n -76.0908,\n 38.1508\n ],\n [\n -76.0911,\n 38.1506\n ],\n [\n -76.0914,\n 38.1503\n ],\n [\n -76.0914,\n 38.1494\n ],\n [\n -76.0911,\n 38.1492\n ],\n [\n -76.0908,\n 38.1489\n ],\n [\n -76.0906,\n 38.1486\n ],\n [\n -76.0903,\n 38.1483\n ],\n [\n -76.09,\n 38.1481\n ],\n [\n -76.09,\n 38.1478\n ],\n [\n -76.0897,\n 38.1475\n ],\n [\n -76.0897,\n 38.1472\n ],\n [\n -76.09,\n 38.1469\n ],\n [\n -76.09,\n 38.1467\n ],\n [\n -76.0903,\n 38.1464\n ],\n [\n -76.0903,\n 38.1462\n ],\n [\n -76.0905,\n 38.1458\n ],\n [\n -76.0907,\n 38.1454\n ],\n [\n -76.0907,\n 38.1449\n ],\n [\n -76.0905,\n 38.1444\n ],\n [\n -76.0903,\n 38.144\n ],\n [\n -76.09,\n 38.1436\n ],\n [\n -76.0897,\n 38.1432\n ],\n [\n -76.0894,\n 38.1429\n ],\n [\n -76.0892,\n 38.1425\n ],\n [\n -76.0891,\n 38.142\n ],\n [\n -76.0894,\n 38.1414\n ],\n [\n -76.0892,\n 38.141\n ],\n [\n -76.0888,\n 38.1407\n ],\n [\n -76.0883,\n 38.1405\n ],\n [\n -76.0878,\n 38.1402\n ],\n [\n -76.0875,\n 38.14\n ],\n [\n -76.0872,\n 38.1397\n ],\n [\n -76.0872,\n 38.1394\n ],\n [\n -76.0869,\n 38.1392\n ],\n [\n -76.0867,\n 38.1389\n ],\n [\n -76.0864,\n 38.1386\n ],\n [\n -76.0858,\n 38.1386\n ],\n [\n -76.0856,\n 38.1389\n ],\n [\n -76.0856,\n 38.1392\n ],\n [\n -76.0853,\n 38.1394\n ],\n [\n -76.0853,\n 38.1397\n ],\n [\n -76.0856,\n 38.14\n ],\n [\n -76.0856,\n 38.1406\n ],\n [\n -76.0853,\n 38.1408\n ],\n [\n -76.0854,\n 38.141\n ],\n [\n -76.0852,\n 38.1415\n ],\n [\n -76.085,\n 38.142\n ],\n [\n -76.0847,\n 38.1425\n ],\n [\n -76.0844,\n 38.1428\n ],\n [\n -76.0841,\n 38.1432\n ],\n [\n -76.0839,\n 38.1435\n ],\n [\n -76.0839,\n 38.1439\n ],\n [\n -76.084,\n 38.1443\n ],\n [\n -76.0841,\n 38.1446\n ],\n [\n -76.0842,\n 38.1449\n ],\n [\n -76.0843,\n 38.1452\n ],\n [\n -76.0843,\n 38.1455\n ],\n [\n -76.0844,\n 38.1458\n ],\n [\n -76.085,\n 38.1464\n ],\n [\n -76.0852,\n 38.1464\n ],\n [\n -76.0856,\n 38.1466\n ],\n [\n -76.0861,\n 38.1467\n ],\n [\n -76.0866,\n 38.1469\n ],\n [\n -76.0871,\n 38.147\n ],\n [\n -76.0876,\n 38.1471\n ],\n [\n -76.0881,\n 38.1473\n ],\n [\n -76.0883,\n 38.1475\n ],\n [\n -76.0889,\n 38.1481\n ],\n [\n -76.0889,\n 38.1483\n ],\n [\n -76.0892,\n 38.1486\n ],\n [\n -76.0892,\n 38.1489\n ],\n [\n -76.0897,\n 38.1494\n ],\n [\n -76.0872,\n 38.1519\n ],\n [\n -76.0867,\n 38.1519\n ],\n [\n -76.0864,\n 38.1522\n ],\n [\n -76.0861,\n 38.1522\n ],\n [\n -76.0858,\n 38.1525\n ],\n [\n -76.0858,\n 38.1528\n ],\n [\n -76.0861,\n 38.1531\n ],\n [\n -76.0864,\n 38.1533\n ]\n ]\n ],\n [\n [\n [\n -76.0861,\n 38.1258\n ],\n [\n -76.0878,\n 38.1275\n ],\n [\n -76.0878,\n 38.1278\n ],\n [\n -76.0872,\n 38.1283\n ],\n [\n -76.0883,\n 38.1294\n ],\n [\n -76.0886,\n 38.1294\n ],\n [\n -76.0889,\n 38.1292\n ],\n [\n -76.0889,\n 38.1289\n ],\n [\n -76.0892,\n 38.1286\n ],\n [\n -76.0892,\n 38.1281\n ],\n [\n -76.0897,\n 38.1275\n ],\n [\n -76.0903,\n 38.1275\n ],\n [\n -76.0886,\n 38.1258\n ],\n [\n -76.0881,\n 38.1258\n ],\n [\n -76.0878,\n 38.1256\n ],\n [\n -76.0878,\n 38.1247\n ],\n [\n -76.0875,\n 38.1244\n ],\n [\n -76.0875,\n 38.1231\n ],\n [\n -76.0883,\n 38.1222\n ],\n [\n -76.0886,\n 38.1222\n ],\n [\n -76.0889,\n 38.1225\n ],\n [\n -76.0897,\n 38.1225\n ],\n [\n -76.09,\n 38.1222\n ],\n [\n -76.09,\n 38.1219\n ],\n [\n -76.0903,\n 38.1217\n ],\n [\n -76.0906,\n 38.1214\n ],\n [\n -76.0906,\n 38.1211\n ],\n [\n -76.0904,\n 38.1206\n ],\n [\n -76.0905,\n 38.1199\n ],\n [\n -76.0906,\n 38.1192\n ],\n [\n -76.0908,\n 38.1186\n ],\n [\n -76.0908,\n 38.118\n ],\n [\n -76.0907,\n 38.1174\n ],\n [\n -76.0907,\n 38.1168\n ],\n [\n -76.0907,\n 38.1162\n ],\n [\n -76.0904,\n 38.1157\n ],\n [\n -76.09,\n 38.1153\n ],\n [\n -76.0894,\n 38.1152\n ],\n [\n -76.0889,\n 38.1153\n ],\n [\n -76.0884,\n 38.1155\n ],\n [\n -76.0879,\n 38.1157\n ],\n [\n -76.0874,\n 38.1159\n ],\n [\n -76.0869,\n 38.1161\n ],\n [\n -76.0864,\n 38.1162\n ],\n [\n -76.086,\n 38.1165\n ],\n [\n -76.0857,\n 38.1168\n ],\n [\n -76.0855,\n 38.1172\n ],\n [\n -76.0854,\n 38.1174\n ],\n [\n -76.0853,\n 38.1176\n ],\n [\n -76.0852,\n 38.1181\n ],\n [\n -76.0848,\n 38.1185\n ],\n [\n -76.0844,\n 38.1189\n ],\n [\n -76.0842,\n 38.1193\n ],\n [\n -76.0842,\n 38.1197\n ],\n [\n -76.0843,\n 38.1201\n ],\n [\n -76.0843,\n 38.1204\n ],\n [\n -76.084,\n 38.1206\n ],\n [\n -76.0839,\n 38.1208\n ],\n [\n -76.0836,\n 38.1208\n ],\n [\n -76.0833,\n 38.1211\n ],\n [\n -76.0831,\n 38.1211\n ],\n [\n -76.0828,\n 38.1214\n ],\n [\n -76.0828,\n 38.1219\n ],\n [\n -76.0831,\n 38.1222\n ],\n [\n -76.0833,\n 38.1225\n ],\n [\n -76.0837,\n 38.1229\n ],\n [\n -76.0839,\n 38.123\n ],\n [\n -76.0839,\n 38.1239\n ],\n [\n -76.0841,\n 38.1242\n ],\n [\n -76.0844,\n 38.1241\n ],\n [\n -76.0846,\n 38.124\n ],\n [\n -76.0849,\n 38.1239\n ],\n [\n -76.0853,\n 38.1239\n ],\n [\n -76.0856,\n 38.1239\n ],\n [\n -76.0861,\n 38.1244\n ],\n [\n -76.0861,\n 38.1247\n ],\n [\n -76.0864,\n 38.125\n ],\n [\n -76.0864,\n 38.1256\n ],\n [\n -76.0861,\n 38.1258\n ]\n ]\n ],\n [\n [\n [\n -76.2753,\n 38.5425\n ],\n [\n -76.2761,\n 38.5433\n ],\n [\n -76.277,\n 38.5433\n ],\n [\n -76.2772,\n 38.5433\n ],\n [\n -76.2772,\n 38.5431\n ],\n [\n -76.2775,\n 38.5428\n ],\n [\n -76.2775,\n 38.5419\n ],\n [\n -76.2778,\n 38.5417\n ],\n [\n -76.2778,\n 38.5414\n ],\n [\n -76.2779,\n 38.5409\n ],\n [\n -76.2779,\n 38.5403\n ],\n [\n -76.2781,\n 38.54\n ],\n [\n -76.2781,\n 38.5397\n ],\n [\n -76.2781,\n 38.5394\n ],\n [\n -76.2783,\n 38.5383\n ],\n [\n -76.2787,\n 38.5378\n ],\n [\n -76.2789,\n 38.5372\n ],\n [\n -76.2792,\n 38.5369\n ],\n [\n -76.2792,\n 38.5367\n ],\n [\n -76.2794,\n 38.5364\n ],\n [\n -76.2794,\n 38.5353\n ],\n [\n -76.2796,\n 38.535\n ],\n [\n -76.2794,\n 38.5347\n ],\n [\n -76.2792,\n 38.5347\n ],\n [\n -76.2778,\n 38.5333\n ],\n [\n -76.2775,\n 38.5333\n ],\n [\n -76.2772,\n 38.5331\n ],\n [\n -76.2767,\n 38.5331\n ],\n [\n -76.2763,\n 38.5331\n ],\n [\n -76.2753,\n 38.5318\n ],\n [\n -76.2753,\n 38.5317\n ],\n [\n -76.275,\n 38.5317\n ],\n [\n -76.2747,\n 38.5314\n ],\n [\n -76.2744,\n 38.5314\n ],\n [\n -76.2739,\n 38.5319\n ],\n [\n -76.274,\n 38.5322\n ],\n [\n -76.2743,\n 38.5329\n ],\n [\n -76.2745,\n 38.5334\n ],\n [\n -76.2744,\n 38.5338\n ],\n [\n -76.274,\n 38.5342\n ],\n [\n -76.274,\n 38.5356\n ],\n [\n -76.2738,\n 38.536\n ],\n [\n -76.2736,\n 38.5364\n ],\n [\n -76.2728,\n 38.5372\n ],\n [\n -76.2725,\n 38.5372\n ],\n [\n -76.272,\n 38.5378\n ],\n [\n -76.2719,\n 38.5381\n ],\n [\n -76.2747,\n 38.5402\n ],\n [\n -76.2747,\n 38.5411\n ],\n [\n -76.275,\n 38.5417\n ],\n [\n -76.2753,\n 38.5417\n ],\n [\n -76.2753,\n 38.5425\n ]\n ]\n ],\n [\n [\n [\n -76.3378,\n 38.5028\n ],\n [\n -76.3375,\n 38.5032\n ],\n [\n -76.3373,\n 38.5036\n ],\n [\n -76.3374,\n 38.5041\n ],\n [\n -76.3377,\n 38.5045\n ],\n [\n -76.3378,\n 38.505\n ],\n [\n -76.3379,\n 38.5054\n ],\n [\n -76.3377,\n 38.5058\n ],\n [\n -76.3376,\n 38.5061\n ],\n [\n -76.3377,\n 38.5065\n ],\n [\n -76.3377,\n 38.5068\n ],\n [\n -76.3376,\n 38.5071\n ],\n [\n -76.3375,\n 38.5073\n ],\n [\n -76.3375,\n 38.5075\n ],\n [\n -76.3372,\n 38.5078\n ],\n [\n -76.3372,\n 38.5083\n ],\n [\n -76.3369,\n 38.5086\n ],\n [\n -76.3369,\n 38.5092\n ],\n [\n -76.3367,\n 38.5094\n ],\n [\n -76.3367,\n 38.5097\n ],\n [\n -76.3378,\n 38.5109\n ],\n [\n -76.338,\n 38.5107\n ],\n [\n -76.3389,\n 38.5097\n ],\n [\n -76.3392,\n 38.5094\n ],\n [\n -76.3392,\n 38.5089\n ],\n [\n -76.3394,\n 38.5086\n ],\n [\n -76.3393,\n 38.5084\n ],\n [\n -76.3394,\n 38.508\n ],\n [\n -76.3394,\n 38.5079\n ],\n [\n -76.3399,\n 38.5074\n ],\n [\n -76.3403,\n 38.5068\n ],\n [\n -76.3406,\n 38.5063\n ],\n [\n -76.3407,\n 38.5056\n ],\n [\n -76.3405,\n 38.505\n ],\n [\n -76.3402,\n 38.5045\n ],\n [\n -76.3398,\n 38.504\n ],\n [\n -76.3394,\n 38.5036\n ],\n [\n -76.3391,\n 38.5032\n ],\n [\n -76.3387,\n 38.5028\n ],\n [\n -76.3383,\n 38.5026\n ],\n [\n -76.3378,\n 38.5028\n ]\n ]\n ],\n [\n [\n [\n -76.0653,\n 38.1317\n ],\n [\n -76.0656,\n 38.1317\n ],\n [\n -76.0658,\n 38.1317\n ],\n [\n -76.0661,\n 38.1314\n ],\n [\n -76.0661,\n 38.1311\n ],\n [\n -76.0658,\n 38.1308\n ],\n [\n -76.0658,\n 38.1306\n ],\n [\n -76.0656,\n 38.1303\n ],\n [\n -76.0656,\n 38.1297\n ],\n [\n -76.0658,\n 38.1294\n ],\n [\n -76.0658,\n 38.1289\n ],\n [\n -76.0656,\n 38.1286\n ],\n [\n -76.0656,\n 38.1281\n ],\n [\n -76.0653,\n 38.1278\n ],\n [\n -76.0656,\n 38.1275\n ],\n [\n -76.0656,\n 38.1272\n ],\n [\n -76.0658,\n 38.1272\n ],\n [\n -76.0661,\n 38.1269\n ],\n [\n -76.0661,\n 38.1267\n ],\n [\n -76.0653,\n 38.1258\n ],\n [\n -76.065,\n 38.1258\n ],\n [\n -76.0644,\n 38.1253\n ],\n [\n -76.0639,\n 38.1253\n ],\n [\n -76.0636,\n 38.1256\n ],\n [\n -76.0636,\n 38.1258\n ],\n [\n -76.0633,\n 38.1261\n ],\n [\n -76.0636,\n 38.1264\n ],\n [\n -76.0633,\n 38.1267\n ],\n [\n -76.0633,\n 38.1269\n ],\n [\n -76.0636,\n 38.1272\n ],\n [\n -76.0631,\n 38.1272\n ],\n [\n -76.0628,\n 38.1269\n ],\n [\n -76.0622,\n 38.1269\n ],\n [\n -76.0619,\n 38.1267\n ],\n [\n -76.0617,\n 38.1267\n ],\n [\n -76.0614,\n 38.1264\n ],\n [\n -76.0606,\n 38.1272\n ],\n [\n -76.0617,\n 38.1283\n ],\n [\n -76.0619,\n 38.1283\n ],\n [\n -76.0653,\n 38.1317\n ]\n ]\n ],\n [\n [\n [\n -76.3344,\n 38.5186\n ],\n [\n -76.3344,\n 38.5192\n ],\n [\n -76.3342,\n 38.5194\n ],\n [\n -76.3342,\n 38.52\n ],\n [\n -76.3339,\n 38.5203\n ],\n [\n -76.3342,\n 38.5206\n ],\n [\n -76.3342,\n 38.5231\n ],\n [\n -76.3344,\n 38.5233\n ],\n [\n -76.3344,\n 38.5236\n ],\n [\n -76.3342,\n 38.5239\n ],\n [\n -76.3342,\n 38.5244\n ],\n [\n -76.3347,\n 38.525\n ],\n [\n -76.3353,\n 38.5244\n ],\n [\n -76.3356,\n 38.5244\n ],\n [\n -76.3358,\n 38.5242\n ],\n [\n -76.3367,\n 38.5233\n ],\n [\n -76.3367,\n 38.5225\n ],\n [\n -76.3369,\n 38.5222\n ],\n [\n -76.3369,\n 38.5219\n ],\n [\n -76.3378,\n 38.5211\n ],\n [\n -76.3364,\n 38.5197\n ],\n [\n -76.3361,\n 38.5192\n ],\n [\n -76.3364,\n 38.5189\n ],\n [\n -76.3364,\n 38.5186\n ],\n [\n -76.3361,\n 38.5186\n ],\n [\n -76.3353,\n 38.5178\n ],\n [\n -76.335,\n 38.5178\n ],\n [\n -76.3347,\n 38.5181\n ],\n [\n -76.3347,\n 38.5183\n ],\n [\n -76.3344,\n 38.5186\n ]\n ]\n ],\n [\n [\n [\n -76.3361,\n 38.5142\n ],\n [\n -76.3367,\n 38.5147\n ],\n [\n -76.3367,\n 38.515\n ],\n [\n -76.3369,\n 38.5153\n ],\n [\n -76.3369,\n 38.5161\n ],\n [\n -76.3367,\n 38.5164\n ],\n [\n -76.3367,\n 38.5167\n ],\n [\n -76.3375,\n 38.5175\n ],\n [\n -76.3378,\n 38.5172\n ],\n [\n -76.3389,\n 38.5172\n ],\n [\n -76.339,\n 38.5172\n ],\n [\n -76.3392,\n 38.5172\n ],\n [\n -76.34,\n 38.5164\n ],\n [\n -76.3397,\n 38.5161\n ],\n [\n -76.3397,\n 38.5158\n ],\n [\n -76.3392,\n 38.5153\n ],\n [\n -76.3392,\n 38.515\n ],\n [\n -76.3389,\n 38.5147\n ],\n [\n -76.3389,\n 38.5144\n ],\n [\n -76.3383,\n 38.5139\n ],\n [\n -76.3381,\n 38.5139\n ],\n [\n -76.3378,\n 38.5137\n ],\n [\n -76.3375,\n 38.5136\n ],\n [\n -76.3372,\n 38.5133\n ],\n [\n -76.3369,\n 38.5133\n ],\n [\n -76.3361,\n 38.5142\n ]\n ]\n ],\n [\n [\n [\n -76.0722,\n 38.1517\n ],\n [\n -76.0725,\n 38.1517\n ],\n [\n -76.0728,\n 38.1514\n ],\n [\n -76.0733,\n 38.1514\n ],\n [\n -76.0733,\n 38.1511\n ],\n [\n -76.0736,\n 38.1508\n ],\n [\n -76.0736,\n 38.1506\n ],\n [\n -76.0725,\n 38.1494\n ],\n [\n -76.0719,\n 38.1494\n ],\n [\n -76.0717,\n 38.1492\n ],\n [\n -76.0708,\n 38.1492\n ],\n [\n -76.0703,\n 38.1497\n ],\n [\n -76.07,\n 38.1497\n ],\n [\n -76.07,\n 38.15\n ],\n [\n -76.0697,\n 38.1503\n ],\n [\n -76.0703,\n 38.1508\n ],\n [\n -76.0706,\n 38.1508\n ],\n [\n -76.0708,\n 38.1511\n ],\n [\n -76.0714,\n 38.1511\n ],\n [\n -76.0717,\n 38.1514\n ],\n [\n -76.0719,\n 38.1514\n ],\n [\n -76.0722,\n 38.1517\n ]\n ]\n ],\n [\n [\n [\n -76.2117,\n 38.5639\n ],\n [\n -76.2119,\n 38.5636\n ],\n [\n -76.2133,\n 38.5636\n ],\n [\n -76.2139,\n 38.5631\n ],\n [\n -76.2139,\n 38.5628\n ],\n [\n -76.2131,\n 38.5619\n ],\n [\n -76.2128,\n 38.5619\n ],\n [\n -76.2125,\n 38.5617\n ],\n [\n -76.2122,\n 38.5617\n ],\n [\n -76.2119,\n 38.5614\n ],\n [\n -76.2111,\n 38.5614\n ],\n [\n -76.2106,\n 38.5619\n ],\n [\n -76.2106,\n 38.5625\n ],\n [\n -76.2103,\n 38.5628\n ],\n [\n -76.2103,\n 38.5633\n ],\n [\n -76.2106,\n 38.5636\n ],\n [\n -76.2114,\n 38.5636\n ],\n [\n -76.2117,\n 38.5639\n ]\n ]\n ],\n [\n [\n [\n -75.8427,\n 38.4219\n ],\n [\n -75.8436,\n 38.4219\n ],\n [\n -75.8439,\n 38.4217\n ],\n [\n -75.8439,\n 38.4214\n ],\n [\n -75.8442,\n 38.4211\n ],\n [\n -75.8444,\n 38.4208\n ],\n [\n -75.8442,\n 38.4206\n ],\n [\n -75.8442,\n 38.42\n ],\n [\n -75.8439,\n 38.4197\n ],\n [\n -75.8439,\n 38.4192\n ],\n [\n -75.8437,\n 38.4189\n ],\n [\n -75.8427,\n 38.4219\n ]\n ]\n ],\n [\n [\n [\n -75.7183,\n 38.5458\n ],\n [\n -75.7186,\n 38.5458\n ],\n [\n -75.7194,\n 38.5451\n ],\n [\n -75.7183,\n 38.5458\n ]\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -122.12484663930263,\n 38.08153640999504\n ],\n [\n -122.12484663930263,\n 38.046185350601434\n ],\n [\n -122.01358933993971,\n 38.046185350601434\n ],\n [\n -122.01358933993971,\n 38.08153640999504\n ],\n [\n -122.12484663930263,\n 38.08153640999504\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -122.11111128182661,\n 37.46403767223656\n ],\n [\n -122.11111128182661,\n 37.417702497726054\n ],\n [\n -122.02702351243062,\n 37.417702497726054\n ],\n [\n -122.02702351243062,\n 37.46403767223656\n ],\n [\n -122.11111128182661,\n 37.46403767223656\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"60","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Huang, Harrison","contributorId":344295,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Huang","given":"Harrison","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":26951,"text":"The University of Georgia","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":921216,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Poulson, Rebecca L.","contributorId":198807,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Poulson","given":"Rebecca L.","affiliations":[{"id":7125,"text":"Southeastern Cooperative Wildlife Disease Study, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA.","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":921217,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Sullivan, Jeffery D. 0000-0002-9242-2432","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9242-2432","contributorId":265822,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sullivan","given":"Jeffery","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":50464,"text":"Eastern Ecological Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":921218,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"De La Cruz, Susan E.W. 0000-0001-6315-0864","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6315-0864","contributorId":202774,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"De La Cruz","given":"Susan","email":"","middleInitial":"E.W.","affiliations":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":921219,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Walbridge, Hutchison","contributorId":347272,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Walbridge","given":"Hutchison","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":83121,"text":"Maryland DNR","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":921220,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Stallknecht, David E.","contributorId":225107,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Stallknecht","given":"David E.","affiliations":[{"id":36701,"text":"Southeastern Cooperative Wildlife Disease Study, Department of Population Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":921221,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Prosser, Diann 0000-0002-5251-1799","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5251-1799","contributorId":217931,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Prosser","given":"Diann","affiliations":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":921222,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}} ,{"id":70261452,"text":"sir20245122 - 2024 - Flood-inundation maps for the Cuyahoga River in and near Independence, Ohio, 2024","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-12-16T14:39:31.386387","indexId":"sir20245122","displayToPublicDate":"2024-12-16T08:30:00","publicationYear":"2024","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2024-5122","displayTitle":"Flood-Inundation Maps for the Cuyahoga River in and Near Independence, Ohio, 2024","title":"Flood-inundation maps for the Cuyahoga River in and near Independence, Ohio, 2024","docAbstract":"

Digital flood-inundation maps for a 9.9-mile reach of the Cuyahoga River in and near Independence, Ohio, were created by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) in cooperation with the Northeast Ohio Regional Sewer District Board of Trustees. Water-surface profiles were computed for the stream reach by using a one-dimensional steady-state step-backwater model. The model was calibrated to the current (2024) stage-streamflow relation (rating curve 43.0) for the USGS streamgage 04208000, Cuyahoga River at Independence, Ohio. The resulting hydraulic model was then used to compute 13 water-surface profiles for water levels (flood stages) ranging from 14.00 to 26.00 feet. The flood stages range from “action stage” to above “major flood stage” as reported by the National Weather Service. The simulated water-surface profiles were then used in combination with a digital elevation model derived from light detection and ranging data to map the inundated areas associated with each flood profile.

The flood-inundation maps and the supporting hydraulic model produced by this study can be used by emergency managers and local officials to assess flood mitigation strategies and to define flood hazard areas to protect life and property, to coordinate flood response activities such as evacuations and road closures, and to aid postflood recovery efforts.

","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20245122","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Northeast Ohio Regional Sewer District Board of Trustees","usgsCitation":"Ostheimer, C.J., and Whitehead, M.T., 2024, Flood-inundation maps for the Cuyahoga River in and near Independence, Ohio, 2024: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2024–5122, 16 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20245122.","productDescription":"Report: vi, 16 p.; Data Release","numberOfPages":"16","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-158401","costCenters":[{"id":35860,"text":"Ohio-Kentucky-Indiana Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":464970,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2024/5122/coverthb.jpg"},{"id":464971,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2024/5122/sir20245122.pdf","text":"Report","size":"1.57 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"SIR 2024-5122 PDF"},{"id":464972,"rank":3,"type":{"id":39,"text":"HTML Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/publication/sir20245122/full","text":"Report","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"SIR 2024-5122 HTML"},{"id":464976,"rank":7,"type":{"id":22,"text":"Related Work"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20245115","text":"Scientific Investigations Report 2024–5115","linkHelpText":"Flood-Inundation Maps for the Cuyahoga River at Jaite, Ohio, 2024"},{"id":464973,"rank":4,"type":{"id":31,"text":"Publication XML"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2024/5122/sir20245122.XML","linkFileType":{"id":8,"text":"xml"},"description":"SIR 2024-5122 XML"},{"id":464974,"rank":5,"type":{"id":34,"text":"Image Folder"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2024/5122/images/"},{"id":464975,"rank":6,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/P9ZFZK0L","text":"USGS data release","linkHelpText":"Geospatial data sets and hydraulic model for the Cuyahoga River in and near the city of Independence, Ohio"}],"country":"United States","state":"Ohio","city":"Independence","otherGeospatial":"Cuyahoga River","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -81.7238278506537,\n 41.48\n ],\n [\n -81.7238278506537,\n 41.373775959357204\n ],\n [\n -81.61067566475016,\n 41.373775959357204\n ],\n [\n -81.61067566475016,\n 41.48\n ],\n [\n -81.7238278506537,\n 41.48\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"

Director, Ohio-Kentucky-Indiana Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
6460 Busch Blvd, Suite 100
Columbus, OH 43229

","tableOfContents":"","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":11,"text":"Pembroke PSC"},"publishedDate":"2024-12-16","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2024-12-16","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ostheimer, Chad J. 0000-0002-4528-8867","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4528-8867","contributorId":213950,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ostheimer","given":"Chad","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":35860,"text":"Ohio-Kentucky-Indiana Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":920604,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Whitehead, Matthew T. 0000-0002-4888-2597 mtwhiteh@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4888-2597","contributorId":218036,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Whitehead","given":"Matthew T.","email":"mtwhiteh@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":35860,"text":"Ohio-Kentucky-Indiana Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":920605,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70266271,"text":"70266271 - 2024 - Abiotic and biotic factors related to growth of non-native Walleyes in Lake Pend Oreille, Idaho","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-05-02T17:22:12.480013","indexId":"70266271","displayToPublicDate":"2024-12-16T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2024","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2886,"text":"North American Journal of Fisheries Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Abiotic and biotic factors related to growth of non-native Walleyes in Lake Pend Oreille, Idaho","docAbstract":"

Objective

Growth is one of the primary drivers of fish population dynamics and understanding factors influencing growth is vital to effective management of fish populations. This study investigated potential factors influencing growth of a recently established, non-native population of Walleye Sander vitreus in the Lake Pend Oreille system in northern Idaho.

Methods

We used relative growth index to describe growth of Walleyes relative to populations across North America. Mixed‐effects modeling was used to relate growth to abiotic (i.e., mean summer water temperature, river inflow) and biotic (i.e., kokanee Oncorhynchus nerka abundance and biomass; opossum shrimp Mysis diluviana density) variables. Models were ranked using Akaike's information criterion corrected for small sample size. Individual variability in growth was related to diet represented by stable isotopes (i.e., δ15N, δ13C) using linear regression for age‐1, age‐2, age‐3, and age‐5 individuals. Subsequently, for each age‐class, we evaluated differences in δ15N and δ13C between fast‐growing (i.e., 75th and higher percentiles of growth) and slow‐growing (i.e., 25th and lower percentiles of growth) individuals.

Results

The relative growth index suggested that Walleye grew fast relative to other populations, particularly those at similar latitudes to the Lake Pend Oreille system. Mixed-effects regression modeling indicated that growth of Walleyes was positively associated with temperature as well as abundance and biomass of kokanee; growth was negatively associated with inflow from the Clark Fork River and Mysis diluviana density. The top model explaining growth of Walleyes contained temperature and abundance of kokanee as environmental variables. The second equally plausible (i.e., within 2 AICc) model contained temperature. Growth of Walleyes varied among individuals. Generally, fast-growing Walleyes had higher δ15N than slow-growing Walleyes. Similarly, δ13C was more depleted in the fast-growing individuals for all age classes, except age 1, suggesting that age-1 individuals used higher proportions of littoral prey items compared to other age classes.

Conclusion

This study showed that kokanee abundance and temperature appeared to be important factors influencing growth of Walleyes in the Lake Pend Oreille system. Additionally, variability in growth appeared to be related to variability in diet, particularly for age-1 Walleyes. Impact statement Growth of Walleyes has been extensively studied, yet few studies have evaluated growth of Walleyes in novel systems or assessed individual variability in growth. Our research adds to the understanding of individual variability in growth and factors influencing population dynamics of non-native Walleyes.

","language":"English","publisher":"Oxford Academic","doi":"10.1002/nafm.11056","collaboration":"Idaho Department of Fish and Game","usgsCitation":"Frawley, S., Corsi, M., Dux, A.M., Hardy, R.S., and Quist, M.C., 2024, Abiotic and biotic factors related to growth of non-native Walleyes in Lake Pend Oreille, Idaho: North American Journal of Fisheries Management, v. 44, no. 6, p. 1325-1341, https://doi.org/10.1002/nafm.11056.","productDescription":"17 p.","startPage":"1325","endPage":"1341","ipdsId":"IP-163539","costCenters":[{"id":200,"text":"Coop Res Unit Seattle","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":485351,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Idaho","otherGeospatial":"Lake Pend Oreille","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -116.79187320079157,\n 48.33908577891279\n ],\n [\n -116.79187320079157,\n 47.933452975307574\n ],\n [\n -116.12337645556701,\n 47.933452975307574\n ],\n [\n -116.12337645556701,\n 48.33908577891279\n ],\n [\n -116.79187320079157,\n 48.33908577891279\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"44","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2024-12-16","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Frawley, Susan","contributorId":354288,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Frawley","given":"Susan","affiliations":[{"id":36394,"text":"University of Idaho","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":935346,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Corsi, Matthew P.","contributorId":171811,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Corsi","given":"Matthew P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":935347,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Dux, Andrew M.","contributorId":175256,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Dux","given":"Andrew","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":935348,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Hardy, Ryan S.","contributorId":167032,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Hardy","given":"Ryan","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":6764,"text":"Idaho Department of Fish and Game, Nampa, Idaho","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":935349,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Quist, Michael C. 0000-0001-8268-1839","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8268-1839","contributorId":207142,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Quist","given":"Michael","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":200,"text":"Coop Res Unit Seattle","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":935350,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70261643,"text":"70261643 - 2024 - Controls on lake pelagic primary productivity: Formalizing the nutrient-color paradigm","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-12-18T14:16:18.362641","indexId":"70261643","displayToPublicDate":"2024-12-15T12:08:58","publicationYear":"2024","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":9326,"text":"JGR Biogeosciences","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Controls on lake pelagic primary productivity: Formalizing the nutrient-color paradigm","docAbstract":"Understanding controls on primary productivity is essential for describing ecosystems and their responses to environmental change. Lake primary production is strongly controlled by inputs of nutrients and colored dissolved organic matter. While past studies have developed mathematical models of this nutrient-color paradigm, broad empirical tests of these models are scarce. We used data from 58 diverse and globally distributed temperate lakes to test such a model and improve understanding and prediction of the controls on lake primary production. These lakes varied widely in size (0.02-2300 km2), pelagic gross primary production (20-8000 mg C m-2 d-1), and other characteristics. Across these diverse systems, and given relatively limited inputs, model predictions of primary production were highly correlated with observed values derived from high-frequency sensor data. Our analysis provides a model structure, including calibrated parameter estimates, that may be broadly useful for understanding current and future patterns in lake primary production.","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/2024JG008140","usgsCitation":"Oleksy, I., Solomon, C.T., Jones, S.E., Olson, C., Bertolet, B., Adrian, R., Bansal, S., Baron, J., Brothers, S., Chandra, S., Chou, H., Colom-Montero, W., Culpeper, J., de Eyto, E., Farragher, M., Hilt, S., Holeck, K.T., Kazanjian, G., Klaus, M., Klug, J., Kohler, J., Laas, A., Lundin, E., Parkes, A., Rose, K.C., Rustam, L., Rusak, J.A., Scordo, F., Vanni, M.J., Verburg, P., and Weyhenmeyer, G.A., 2024, Controls on lake pelagic primary productivity: Formalizing the nutrient-color paradigm: JGR Biogeosciences, v. 129, no. 12, e2024JG008140, 15 p., https://doi.org/10.1029/2024JG008140.","productDescription":"e2024JG008140, 15 p.","ipdsId":"IP-154658","costCenters":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":466715,"rank":2,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2024jg008140","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":465207,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"129","issue":"12","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2024-12-15","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Oleksy, Isabella","contributorId":267296,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Oleksy","given":"Isabella","affiliations":[{"id":33412,"text":"Cary Institute for Ecosystem Studies","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":921253,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Solomon, Christopher T.","contributorId":34014,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Solomon","given":"Christopher","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[{"id":6646,"text":"McGill University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":921254,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Jones, Stuart E.","contributorId":203400,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Jones","given":"Stuart","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":36611,"text":"Notre Dame","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":921255,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Olson, Carly","contributorId":347287,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Olson","given":"Carly","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":36892,"text":"University of Nebraska","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":921256,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Bertolet, Brittni","contributorId":347288,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Bertolet","given":"Brittni","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":13696,"text":"University of California Irvine","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":921257,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Adrian, Rita 0000-0002-6318-7189","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6318-7189","contributorId":166831,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Adrian","given":"Rita","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":24542,"text":"Department of Ecosystem Research, Leibniz Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries, Müggelseedamm 301, D- 12587 Berlin, Germany","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":921258,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Bansal, Sheel 0000-0003-1233-1707 sbansal@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1233-1707","contributorId":167295,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bansal","given":"Sheel","email":"sbansal@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":480,"text":"Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":921259,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Baron, Jill 0000-0002-5902-6251 jill_baron@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5902-6251","contributorId":194124,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Baron","given":"Jill","email":"jill_baron@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":921260,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Brothers, Soren","contributorId":267291,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Brothers","given":"Soren","affiliations":[{"id":13252,"text":"University of Utah","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":921261,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Chandra, Sudeep","contributorId":296069,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Chandra","given":"Sudeep","affiliations":[{"id":38163,"text":"UNR","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":921262,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10},{"text":"Chou, Hsiu-Mei","contributorId":347293,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Chou","given":"Hsiu-Mei","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":83124,"text":"National Center for High-performance computing, Taiwan","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":921263,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":11},{"text":"Colom-Montero, William","contributorId":194458,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Colom-Montero","given":"William","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":921264,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":12},{"text":"Culpeper, Joshua","contributorId":347294,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Culpeper","given":"Joshua","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":83125,"text":"York University Canada","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":921265,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":13},{"text":"de Eyto, Elvira","contributorId":166838,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"de Eyto","given":"Elvira","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":24549,"text":"Fisheries Ecosystems Advisory Services, Marine Institute, Furnace, Newport, Co. Mayo, Ireland.","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":921266,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":14},{"text":"Farragher, Matthew","contributorId":347295,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Farragher","given":"Matthew","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":7063,"text":"University of Maine","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":921267,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":15},{"text":"Hilt, Sabine","contributorId":267295,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Hilt","given":"Sabine","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":55465,"text":"Leibniz Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries, Germany","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":921268,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":16},{"text":"Holeck, Kristen T.","contributorId":105549,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Holeck","given":"Kristen","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[{"id":12722,"text":"Cornell University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":921269,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":17},{"text":"Kazanjian, Garabet","contributorId":347296,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Kazanjian","given":"Garabet","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":83128,"text":"American University of Armenia","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":921270,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":18},{"text":"Klaus, Marcus 0000-0003-0747-3524","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0747-3524","contributorId":332791,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Klaus","given":"Marcus","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":12666,"text":"Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":921271,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":19},{"text":"Klug, Jennifer","contributorId":194475,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Klug","given":"Jennifer","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":921272,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":20},{"text":"Kohler, Jan","contributorId":347297,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Kohler","given":"Jan","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":83129,"text":"Leibnitz Institute for Freshwater Biology","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":921273,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":21},{"text":"Laas, Alo 0000-0002-4801-0377","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4801-0377","contributorId":261753,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Laas","given":"Alo","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":18000,"text":"Estonian University of Life Sciences","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":921274,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":22},{"text":"Lundin, Erik","contributorId":347298,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Lundin","given":"Erik","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":83130,"text":"Abisko Research Station, Sweden","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":921275,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":23},{"text":"Parkes, Alice","contributorId":347299,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Parkes","given":"Alice","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":83131,"text":"University du Quebec","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":921276,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":24},{"text":"Rose, Kevin C.","contributorId":174809,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Rose","given":"Kevin","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":12656,"text":"Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":921277,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":25},{"text":"Rustam, Lars","contributorId":347300,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Rustam","given":"Lars","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":36892,"text":"University of Nebraska","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":921278,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":26},{"text":"Rusak, James A. 0000-0002-4939-6478","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4939-6478","contributorId":150301,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Rusak","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":17970,"text":"Dorset Environmental Science Centre, Ontario Ministry of the Environment and Climate Change, Dorset, Ontario, Canada","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":921279,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":27},{"text":"Scordo, Facundo","contributorId":298282,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Scordo","given":"Facundo","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":64520,"text":"Instituto Argentino de Oceanografía","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":921280,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":28},{"text":"Vanni, Michael J.","contributorId":204106,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Vanni","given":"Michael","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":36846,"text":"Department of Zoology, Miami University (Ohio)","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":921281,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":29},{"text":"Verburg, Piet","contributorId":150311,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Verburg","given":"Piet","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":17985,"text":"National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research, Hamilton, New Zealand","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":921282,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":30},{"text":"Weyhenmeyer, Gesa A.","contributorId":150314,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Weyhenmeyer","given":"Gesa","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":17988,"text":"Department of Ecology and Genetics/Limnology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":921283,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":31}]}} ,{"id":70262437,"text":"70262437 - 2024 - Detection of tick-borne pathogen coinfections and coexposures to foot-and-mouth disease, brucellosis, and Q fever in selected wildlife from Kruger National Park, South Africa, and Etosha National Park, Namibia","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-01-24T14:13:19.130902","indexId":"70262437","displayToPublicDate":"2024-12-15T11:41:42","publicationYear":"2024","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3849,"text":"Transboundary and Emerging Diseases","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Detection of tick-borne pathogen coinfections and coexposures to foot-and-mouth disease, brucellosis, and Q fever in selected wildlife from Kruger National Park, South Africa, and Etosha National Park, Namibia","docAbstract":"

Background: Although the rate of emerging infectious diseases that originate in wildlife has been increasing globally in recent decades, there is currently a lack of epidemiological data from wild animals.

Methodology: We used serology to determine prior exposure to foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV), Brucella spp., and Coxiella burnetii and used genetic testing to detect blood-borne parasitic infections in the genera Ehrlichia, Anaplasma, Theileria, and Babesia from wildlife in two national parks, Kruger National Park (KNP), South Africa, and Etosha National Park (ENP), Namibia. Serum and whole blood samples were obtained from free-roaming plains zebra (Equus quagga), greater kudu (Tragelaphus strepsiceros), impala (Aepyceros melampus), and blue wildebeest (Connochaetes taurinus). Risk factors (host species, sex, and sampling park) for infection with each pathogen were assessed, as well as the prevalence and distribution of co-occurring infections.

Results: In KNP 13/29 (45%; confidence interval [CI]: 26%–64%) kudus tested positive for FMD, but none of these reacted to SAT serotypes. For brucellosis, seropositive results were obtained for 3/29 (10%; CI: 2%–27%) kudu samples. Antibodies against C. burnetii were detected in 6/29 (21%; CI: 8%–40%) kudus, 14/21 (67%; CI: 43%–85%) impalas, and 18/39 (46%; CI: 30%–63%) zebras. A total of 28/28 kudus tested positive for Theileria spp. (100%; CI: 88%–100%) and 27/28 for Anaplasma/Ehrlichia spp. (96%; CI: 82%–100%), whereas 12/19 impalas (63%) and 2/39 zebra (5%) tested positive for Anaplasma centrale. In ENP, only 1/29 (3%; CI: 0%–18%) wildebeest samples tested positive for FMD. None of the samples tested positive for brucellosis, while C. burnetii antibodies were detected in 26/30 wildebeests (87%; CI: 69%–96%), 16/40 kudus (40%; CI: 25%–57%), and 26/26 plains zebras (100%; CI: 87%–100%). A total of 60% Anaplasma/Ehrlichia spp. and 35% Theileria/Babesia spp. in kudu and 37% wildebeest tested positive to Theileria sp. (sable), 30% to Babesia occultans, and 3%–7% to Anaplasma spp. The seroprevalence of Q fever was significantly higher in ENP, while Brucella spp., Anaplasma, Ehrlichia, Theileria, and Babesia species were significantly higher in KNP. Significant coinfections were also identified.

Conclusion: This work provided baseline serological and molecular data on 40+ pathogens in four wildlife species from two national parks in southern Africa.

","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1155/tbed/2417717","usgsCitation":"Cossu, C., Ochai, S., Troskie, M., Hartmann, A., Godfroid, J., de Klerk, L., Turner, W.C., Kamath, P., van Schalkwyk, O., Cassini, R., Bhoora, R., and van Heerden, H., 2024, Detection of tick-borne pathogen coinfections and coexposures to foot-and-mouth disease, brucellosis, and Q fever in selected wildlife from Kruger National Park, South Africa, and Etosha National Park, Namibia: Transboundary and Emerging Diseases, v. 2024, no. 1, 417717, 17 p., https://doi.org/10.1155/tbed/2417717.","productDescription":"417717, 17 p.","ipdsId":"IP-164915","costCenters":[{"id":199,"text":"Coop Res Unit Leetown","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":481044,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1155/tbed/2417717","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":481020,"rank":2,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Namibia, South Africa","otherGeospatial":"Etosha National Park, Kruger National Park","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n 17.267747001056733,\n -18.251315973348596\n ],\n [\n 14.165360844846447,\n -18.251315973348596\n ],\n [\n 14.165360844846447,\n -19.553795569320044\n ],\n [\n 17.267747001056733,\n -19.553795569320044\n ],\n [\n 17.267747001056733,\n -18.251315973348596\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n 31.62859728200445,\n -25.462225929230073\n ],\n [\n 32.02451863484694,\n -25.449299138508493\n ],\n [\n 32.01969032566612,\n -24.356928902710862\n ],\n [\n 31.877255204826724,\n -23.978159081244584\n ],\n [\n 31.561000953470142,\n -23.42283728028572\n ],\n [\n 31.561000953470142,\n -23.196692386847204\n ],\n [\n 31.3147571852393,\n -22.39102678165297\n ],\n [\n 30.92849245075851,\n -22.462436938380122\n ],\n [\n 30.846411194681252,\n -22.76551868913387\n ],\n [\n 30.952633996663053,\n -22.752161539326522\n ],\n [\n 30.885037668129627,\n -23.112344213827342\n ],\n [\n 31.044371871102896,\n -23.56010945242086\n ],\n [\n 31.329242112782197,\n -25.54072038355234\n ],\n [\n 31.62859728200445,\n -25.462225929230073\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"2024","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2024-12-12","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cossu, C.A.","contributorId":349298,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Cossu","given":"C.A.","affiliations":[{"id":48053,"text":"University of Pretoria","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":924203,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ochai, S.","contributorId":349300,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Ochai","given":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":48053,"text":"University of Pretoria","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":924204,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Troskie, M.","contributorId":349302,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Troskie","given":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":48053,"text":"University of Pretoria","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":924205,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Hartmann, A.","contributorId":213859,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Hartmann","given":"A.","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":38911,"text":"Universities of Freiburg","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":924206,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Godfroid, J.","contributorId":349304,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Godfroid","given":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":83468,"text":"UiT – The Arctic University of Norway","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":924207,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"de Klerk, L.-M.","contributorId":349307,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"de Klerk","given":"L.-M.","affiliations":[{"id":83470,"text":"Department of Agriculture","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":924208,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Turner, Wendy Christine 0000-0002-0302-1646","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0302-1646","contributorId":287053,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Turner","given":"Wendy","email":"","middleInitial":"Christine","affiliations":[{"id":199,"text":"Coop Res Unit Leetown","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":924209,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Kamath, P.L.","contributorId":349309,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Kamath","given":"P.L.","affiliations":[{"id":7063,"text":"University of Maine","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":924210,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"van Schalkwyk, O. Louis","contributorId":343075,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"van Schalkwyk","given":"O. Louis","affiliations":[{"id":48053,"text":"University of Pretoria","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":924211,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Cassini, R.","contributorId":349311,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Cassini","given":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":38039,"text":"University of Padova","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":924212,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10},{"text":"Bhoora, R.","contributorId":349312,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Bhoora","given":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":48053,"text":"University of Pretoria","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":924213,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":11},{"text":"van Heerden, H.","contributorId":349313,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"van Heerden","given":"H.","affiliations":[{"id":48053,"text":"University of Pretoria","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":924214,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":12}]}} ,{"id":70262506,"text":"70262506 - 2024 - Model predictions of global geologic hydrogen resources","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-01-21T17:43:53.627887","indexId":"70262506","displayToPublicDate":"2024-12-13T11:41:56","publicationYear":"2024","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":5010,"text":"Science Advances","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Model predictions of global geologic hydrogen resources","docAbstract":"

Geologic hydrogen could be a low-carbon primary energy resource; however, the magnitude of Earth’s subsurface endowment has not yet been assessed. Knowledge of the occurrence and behavior of natural hydrogen on Earth has been combined with information from geologic analogs to construct a mass balance model to predict the resource potential. Given the associated uncertainty, stochastic model results predict a wide range of values for the potential in-place hydrogen resource [103 to 1010 million metric tons (Mt)] with the most probable value of ~5.6 × 106 Mt. Although most of this hydrogen is likely to be impractical to recover, a small fraction (e.g., 1 × 105 Mt) would supply the projected hydrogen needed to reach net-zero carbon emissions for ~200 years. This amount of hydrogen contains more energy (~1.4 × 1016 MJ) than all proven natural gas reserves on Earth (~8.4 × 1015 MJ). Study results demonstrate that further research into understanding the potential for geologic hydrogen resources is merited.

","language":"English","publisher":"AAAS","doi":"10.1126/sciadv.ado0955","usgsCitation":"Ellis, G.S., and Gelman, S.E., 2024, Model predictions of global geologic hydrogen resources: Science Advances, v. 10, no. 50, eado0955, 11 p., https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.ado0955.","productDescription":"eado0955, 11 p.","ipdsId":"IP-158355","costCenters":[{"id":164,"text":"Central Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":481046,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.ado0955","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":480846,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"10","issue":"50","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ellis, Geoffrey S. 0000-0003-4519-3320 gsellis@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4519-3320","contributorId":1058,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ellis","given":"Geoffrey","email":"gsellis@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":164,"text":"Central Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":924399,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Gelman, Sarah E. 0000-0003-2549-9509","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2549-9509","contributorId":270004,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gelman","given":"Sarah","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":164,"text":"Central Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":924400,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70261448,"text":"ofr20241075 - 2024 - Agricultural return flow dynamics on a reach of the East River, Colorado, as assessed by mass balance","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-08-15T16:39:49.285805","indexId":"ofr20241075","displayToPublicDate":"2024-12-12T11:30:00","publicationYear":"2024","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2024-1075","displayTitle":"Agricultural Return Flow Dynamics on a Reach of the East River, Colorado, as Assessed by Mass Balance","title":"Agricultural return flow dynamics on a reach of the East River, Colorado, as assessed by mass balance","docAbstract":"

The U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with the Upper Gunnison River Water Conservancy District, studied historical streamflow in a reach of the East River, Colorado, to gain a preliminary understanding of return flow dynamics. Return flow is agricultural irrigation water that is not consumed by evapotranspiration and instead reaches streams by surface and subsurface flow paths. The study reach had a contributing area of 50 square miles and contained 5.23 square miles of pastures irrigated with water diverted from the East River and its tributaries. By comparing upstream inflows to downstream outflows, the net water balance of the study reach from 1994 to 2023 was assessed.

Two general hydrologic conditions for the study reach were identified. One hydrologic condition was characterized by a net loss or consumption of water, termed here as general deficit. This general deficit condition extended about 16 years, from 1997 to 2012. During general deficit years, there was usually a notable net loss of streamflow from April through July, and a small net gain, possibly related to return flows, occurred in August about 75 days after the minimums for losses. The second hydrologic condition was characterized by a net gain of water, termed here as general surplus. This second condition extended about 10 years, from 2014 to 2023. During general surplus years, two separate transitions from net loss to net gain commonly occurred during June through August. Losses during general surplus years were smaller than losses during general deficit years, the respective gains were larger, and times between losses and gains were about 18 and 22 days.

Differences between the two hydrologic conditions could reflect interactions among irrigation water, available capacity to store additional shallow groundwater, and streamflow. However, deciphering the causes for the shifts between the two general hydrologic conditions was beyond the scope of this report.

","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20241075","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with Upper Gunnison River Water Conservancy District","usgsCitation":"Bern, C.R., and Gidley, R.G., 2024, Agricultural return flow dynamics on a reach of the East River, Colorado, as assessed by mass balance: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2024–1075, 10 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20241075.","productDescription":"Report: iv, 10 p.; Database","onlineOnly":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-170543","costCenters":[{"id":191,"text":"Colorado Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":494235,"rank":7,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_118077.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":465116,"rank":6,"type":{"id":39,"text":"HTML Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/publication/ofr20241075/full","text":"Report","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"OFR 2024-1075"},{"id":465073,"rank":5,"type":{"id":31,"text":"Publication XML"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2024/1075/ofr20241075.xml"},{"id":465072,"rank":4,"type":{"id":34,"text":"Image Folder"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2024/1075/images"},{"id":464952,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2024/1075/ofr20241075.pdf","text":"Report","size":"1.73 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"OFR 2024-1075"},{"id":464954,"rank":3,"type":{"id":9,"text":"Database"},"url":"http://doi.org/10.5066/F7P55KJN","text":"USGS water data for the Nation","linkHelpText":"U.S. Geological Survey National Water Information System database, accessed June 15, 2024"},{"id":464951,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2024/1075/coverthb.jpg"}],"country":"United states","state":"Colorado","otherGeospatial":"East River basin","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -106.966667,\n 38.8333\n ],\n [\n -106.966667,\n 38.6333\n ],\n [\n -106.766667,\n 38.6333\n ],\n [\n -106.766667,\n 38.8333\n ],\n [\n -106.966667,\n 38.8333\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"

Director, Colorado Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
Box 25046, Mail Stop 415
Denver, CO 80225

","tableOfContents":"","publishedDate":"2024-12-12","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2024-12-12","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bern, Carleton R. 0000-0002-8980-1781 cbern@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8980-1781","contributorId":201152,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bern","given":"Carleton","email":"cbern@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":191,"text":"Colorado Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":920593,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Gidley, Rachel G. 0000-0002-9840-8252","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9840-8252","contributorId":259315,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gidley","given":"Rachel","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":191,"text":"Colorado Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":920594,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70262208,"text":"70262208 - 2024 - Effects of exploitation and emigration on apparent survival of Walleye in Lake Sharpe, South Dakota","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-01-15T17:14:02.527341","indexId":"70262208","displayToPublicDate":"2024-12-12T11:08:25","publicationYear":"2024","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2886,"text":"North American Journal of Fisheries Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Effects of exploitation and emigration on apparent survival of Walleye in Lake Sharpe, South Dakota","docAbstract":"

Objective

In 2017, we began a 5-year mark–recapture study to estimate apparent survival of Walleye Sander vitreus and angler exploitation in Lake Sharpe, South Dakota, and inform management strategies for this fishery. The study revealed substantial downstream emigration of Walleye; therefore, we also examined the influence of emigration on apparent mortality.

Methods

We estimated Walleye apparent survival using the Seber parameterization of the dead recovery model. In our models, we included factors influencing voluntary fish release, as well as harvest restrictions, tagging location, and year. We used a multistate Markov model to estimate emigration in relation to Walleye total length, sex, and tagging location, as well as annual reservoir discharge. The exploitation and emigration estimates informed our interpretations of annual Walleye apparent survival.

Result

Apparent survival patterns were explained by an interaction between Walleye length and a minimum harvest length restriction. Apparent survival was lower during July and August, when the minimum harvest length limit was suspended, and results suggest that anglers were willing to release preferred sizes (≥508 mm) when able to harvest smaller (<381 mm) Walleye. Annual apparent survival, exploitation, and emigration estimates ranged between 15% and 47%, 8% and 25%, and 11% and 28%, respectively. Emigration was influenced by tagging location and annual discharge: increasing with proximity to Big Bend dam and during high annual flows. Although years with high exploitation or emigration corresponded to years with low apparent survival, estimates did not explain the magnitude of mortality or emigration indicated by survival models.

Conclusion

Our results revealed that harvest–release decisions by Walleye anglers in Lake Sharpe are primarily influenced by regulations, although exploitation was not a significant source of mortality. Annual patterns in apparent survival indicate high mortality or emigration. Continued investigations into immigration and emigration and sources of mortality of Lake Sharpe Walleye are warranted to better inform management strategies for the fishery.

","language":"English","publisher":"American Fisheries Society","doi":"10.1002/nafm.11062","usgsCitation":"Sacco, L., Fincel, M., Goble, C., Davis, T., and Chipps, S.R., 2024, Effects of exploitation and emigration on apparent survival of Walleye in Lake Sharpe, South Dakota: North American Journal of Fisheries Management, v. 44, no. 6, p. 1476-1488, https://doi.org/10.1002/nafm.11062.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"1476","endPage":"1488","ipdsId":"IP-164462","costCenters":[{"id":199,"text":"Coop Res Unit Leetown","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":466436,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"South Dakota","otherGeospatial":"Lake Sharpe","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -99.41153996325842,\n 43.9674070613043\n ],\n [\n -99.32356353814174,\n 44.129014653643964\n ],\n [\n -99.70482491930754,\n 44.269188072036656\n ],\n [\n -100.31093666510779,\n 44.38108649572871\n ],\n [\n -100.36959106966292,\n 44.31117145363751\n ],\n [\n -100.0274333861817,\n 44.16408728385727\n ],\n [\n -99.9296748431607,\n 44.06582609926022\n ],\n [\n -99.60706175871532,\n 44.044754224429255\n ],\n [\n -99.41153996325842,\n 43.9674070613043\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"44","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2024-12-12","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Sacco, Laurel H.","contributorId":348515,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Sacco","given":"Laurel H.","affiliations":[{"id":5089,"text":"South Dakota State University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":923505,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Fincel, Mark J.","contributorId":348516,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Fincel","given":"Mark J.","affiliations":[{"id":83369,"text":"South Dakota Game, Fish, and Parks","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":923506,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Goble, Cameron W.","contributorId":348517,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Goble","given":"Cameron W.","affiliations":[{"id":83369,"text":"South Dakota Game, Fish, and Parks","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":923507,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Davis, Tanner","contributorId":348518,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Davis","given":"Tanner","affiliations":[{"id":83369,"text":"South Dakota Game, Fish, and Parks","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":923508,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Chipps, Steven R. 0000-0001-6511-7582 steve_chipps@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6511-7582","contributorId":2243,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chipps","given":"Steven","email":"steve_chipps@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":199,"text":"Coop Res Unit Leetown","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":923509,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70265979,"text":"70265979 - 2024 - Presence-absence surveys yield spatially imprecise information about nesting sites of an endangered, forest-nesting seabird","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-04-22T15:39:50.491324","indexId":"70265979","displayToPublicDate":"2024-12-12T10:33:48","publicationYear":"2024","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2980,"text":"PLoS ONE","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Presence-absence surveys yield spatially imprecise information about nesting sites of an endangered, forest-nesting seabird","docAbstract":"

Presence-absence surveys are frequently used to monitor populations of rare and elusive species. Such data may also be used as a proxy for breeding activity, but links between presence-absence data and higher-order processes must be validated to determine their reliability. The Marbled Murrelet (Brachyramphus marmoratus) is a threatened seabird that nests in older-aged forests along the Pacific Coast. Its nests are exceptionally difficult to find, so we tested whether presence-absence surveys can help identify nesting sites. Between 2018 and 2022 we located 17 trees containing active murrelet nests in the Oregon Coast Range (USA) and 38 trees that purportedly contained no active nests (26 in occupied murrelet stands and 12 in unoccupied stands). Observers surveyed within 200 m of focal trees using standard presence-absence surveys, and we modeled the effects of site status (active nest or control) and distance from the focal tree on probability of recording murrelets. We never detected murrelets in unoccupied control sites. We found some evidence that the probability of recording presence was higher at active nesting sites (0.81, 95% CI: 0.71, 0.88) than at occupied control sites (0.71, 95% CI: 0.64, 0.78) although a null model had similar support. The probability of recording murrelet breeding behaviors in nesting and occupied control sites was 0.20 (95% CI: 0.14, 0.27) regardless of distance to a known active nest. These results suggest that presence-absence surveys may be useful for identifying plausible murrelet nesting habitat, but they are ineffective for identifying active nesting sites. Moreover, we estimated that 20 repeated surveys at a point in space are required to reasonably conclude there are no active nesting sites within 200 m. These findings serve as an important reminder of the limitations that can come with relying on presence-absence data alone to identify breeding sites.

","language":"English","publisher":"PLoS","doi":"10.1371/journal.pone.0315531","usgsCitation":"Spurgeon, J.J., Adrean, L., Nelson, S., Betts, M., Roby, D., and Rivers, J., 2024, Presence-absence surveys yield spatially imprecise information about nesting sites of an endangered, forest-nesting seabird: PLoS ONE, v. 19, no. 12, e0315531, 13 p., https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0315531.","productDescription":"e0315531, 13 p.","ipdsId":"IP-167025","costCenters":[{"id":198,"text":"Coop Res Unit Atlanta","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":488480,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0315531","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":484839,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Oregon","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -123.5,\n 45.6\n ],\n [\n -124.1,\n 45.6\n ],\n [\n -124.1,\n 43.9\n ],\n [\n -123.5,\n 43.9\n ],\n [\n -123.5,\n 45.6\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"19","issue":"12","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2024-12-12","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Spurgeon, Jonathan J. 0000-0002-6888-5867","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6888-5867","contributorId":304259,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Spurgeon","given":"Jonathan","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":198,"text":"Coop Res Unit Atlanta","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":934230,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Adrean, Lindsay J.","contributorId":353648,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Adrean","given":"Lindsay J.","affiliations":[{"id":17929,"text":"American Bird Conservancy","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":934231,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Nelson, S. Kim","contributorId":353649,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Nelson","given":"S. Kim","affiliations":[{"id":6680,"text":"Oregon State University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":934232,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Betts, Matthew G.","contributorId":353650,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Betts","given":"Matthew G.","affiliations":[{"id":6680,"text":"Oregon State University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":934233,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Roby, Daniel D.","contributorId":353651,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Roby","given":"Daniel D.","affiliations":[{"id":6680,"text":"Oregon State University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":934234,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Rivers, James W.","contributorId":353652,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Rivers","given":"James W.","affiliations":[{"id":6680,"text":"Oregon State University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":934235,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70261672,"text":"70261672 - 2024 - Ungulate personality and the human shield contribute to long-distance migration loss","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":70261672,"text":"70261672 - 2024 - Ungulate personality and the human shield contribute to long-distance migration loss","indexId":"70261672","publicationYear":"2024","noYear":false,"title":"Ungulate personality and the human shield contribute to long-distance migration loss"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":70269975,"text":"70269975 - 2025 - Elk personality and anthropogenic food subsidy: Managing conflict and migration loss","indexId":"70269975","publicationYear":"2025","noYear":false,"title":"Elk personality and anthropogenic food subsidy: Managing conflict and migration loss"},"id":1}],"supersededBy":{"id":70269975,"text":"70269975 - 2025 - Elk personality and anthropogenic food subsidy: Managing conflict and migration loss","indexId":"70269975","publicationYear":"2025","noYear":false,"title":"Elk personality and anthropogenic food subsidy: Managing conflict and migration loss"},"lastModifiedDate":"2025-08-19T15:36:16.359859","indexId":"70261672","displayToPublicDate":"2024-12-12T09:25:07","publicationYear":"2024","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":27,"text":"Preprint"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":32,"text":"Preprint"},"seriesTitle":{"id":19846,"text":"BioRxiv","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":32}},"title":"Ungulate personality and the human shield contribute to long-distance migration loss","docAbstract":"

Long-distance ungulate migrations are declining and past research has focused on preserving migration paths where habitat fragmentation and loss disrupts movement corridors. However, changing residency-migration tradeoffs are the stronger driver of long-distance migration loss in some populations. The human shield effect relative to predation risk and anthropogenic food resources likely shapes these tradeoffs, but individual animals also vary in their propensity to tolerate proximity to humans and developed areas. We investigated how personality relative to human-habituation affects migration behavior. We categorized elk as bold or shy based on use of anthropogenic food resources identified through a clustering algorithm applied to GPS collar data. Bold elk were 4 times more likely to select wintering areas close to human activity and migrated 60% shorter distances compared to shy elk. As a result, elk wintering grounds were spatially structured such that conflict- and disease-prone individuals selected areas adjacent to human activity. Our results suggest that bold personality traits act as a precursor to human-habituation, which permits bold elk to reap the forage and predation rewards that occur in suburban landscapes. A multi-pronged approach beyond just maintaining habitat corridors may be necessary to conserve long-distance migrations for species that can become human-habituated.

","language":"English","publisher":"BioRxiv","doi":"10.1101/2024.12.10.627781","usgsCitation":"Cotterill, G.G., Cross, P., Cole, E.K., Dewey, S., Wise, B.L., and Graves, T., 2024, Ungulate personality and the human shield contribute to long-distance migration loss: BioRxiv, https://doi.org/10.1101/2024.12.10.627781.","productDescription":"29 p.","ipdsId":"IP-173154","costCenters":[{"id":481,"text":"Northern Rocky Mountain Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":465269,"rank":2,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":466718,"rank":1,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1101/2024.12.10.627781","text":"External Repository"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cotterill, Gavin G. 0000-0002-1408-778X","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1408-778X","contributorId":346534,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cotterill","given":"Gavin","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":481,"text":"Northern Rocky Mountain Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":921381,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Cross, Paul C. 0000-0001-8045-5213","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8045-5213","contributorId":204814,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cross","given":"Paul C.","affiliations":[{"id":481,"text":"Northern Rocky Mountain Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":921382,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Cole, Eric K 0000-0002-2229-5853","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2229-5853","contributorId":248406,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Cole","given":"Eric","email":"","middleInitial":"K","affiliations":[{"id":6654,"text":"USFWS","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":921383,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Dewey, Sarah R.","contributorId":342391,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Dewey","given":"Sarah R.","affiliations":[{"id":36189,"text":"National Park Service","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":921384,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Wise, Benjamin L.","contributorId":347330,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Wise","given":"Benjamin","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":83136,"text":"Wyoming Game & Fish Department","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":921385,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Graves, Tabitha A. 0000-0001-5145-2400","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5145-2400","contributorId":202084,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Graves","given":"Tabitha A.","affiliations":[{"id":481,"text":"Northern Rocky Mountain Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":921386,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70265038,"text":"70265038 - 2024 - A multidisciplinary approach that considers occurrence, geochemistry, bioavailability, and toxicity to prioritize critical minerals for environmental research","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-03-31T14:20:59.282076","indexId":"70265038","displayToPublicDate":"2024-12-12T09:17:46","publicationYear":"2024","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1565,"text":"Environmental Science & Technology","onlineIssn":"1520-5851","printIssn":"0013-936X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A multidisciplinary approach that considers occurrence, geochemistry, bioavailability, and toxicity to prioritize critical minerals for environmental research","docAbstract":"

Critical minerals (or critical elements) are minerals or elements that are essential to global security and development and have supply chains vulnerable to disruption. In general, knowledge of the environmental behavior and health effects of critical elements is needed to support the development of safe and environmentally responsible supplies. This knowledge includes identifying potential consequences of increased critical element production and use, alternative critical element sources such as mine wastes, and adverse effects of critical elements on ecosystem condition and organismal health. Here we identify significant data gaps in the understanding of critical elements in surficial and aquatic environments, and the need, given the large number of commodities (50) identified on the 2022 critical minerals list for the United States, for an approach to prioritize them for study of their environmental fate and effects. We propose a multidisciplinary approach for this prioritization, considering measures of occurrence, geochemistry, bioavailability, and toxicity. We describe relatively easy-to-obtain metrics for each of these topic areas and demonstrate the utility of this integrated prioritization approach using indium and zinc as examples. This approach facilitates prioritizing research with a focus on those critical elements that are most mobile in the environment, bioavailable, toxic, or simply lacking data in these categories.

","language":"English","publisher":"American Chemical Society","doi":"10.1021/acs.est.4c11211","usgsCitation":"White, S.J., Kane, T., Campbell, K.M., Croteau, M.N., Iacchetta, M.G., Blake, J., Cravotta, C., Kunz, B.K., Alpers, C.N., Jenkins, J., and Walton-Day, K., 2024, A multidisciplinary approach that considers occurrence, geochemistry, bioavailability, and toxicity to prioritize critical minerals for environmental research: Environmental Science & Technology, v. 58, no. 51, p. 22519-22527, https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.4c11211.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"22519","endPage":"22527","ipdsId":"IP-159036","costCenters":[{"id":49175,"text":"Geology, Energy & Minerals Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":488921,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.4c11211","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":484016,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"58","issue":"51","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2024-12-12","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"White, Sarah Jane 0000-0002-4055-8207","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4055-8207","contributorId":216796,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"White","given":"Sarah","email":"","middleInitial":"Jane","affiliations":[{"id":245,"text":"Eastern Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":932371,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kane, Tyler 0000-0003-2511-7312 tkane@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2511-7312","contributorId":195588,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kane","given":"Tyler","email":"tkane@usgs.gov","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":932372,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Campbell, Kate M. 0000-0002-8715-5544 kcampbell@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8715-5544","contributorId":1441,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Campbell","given":"Kate","email":"kcampbell@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":932373,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Croteau, Marie Noele 0000-0003-0346-3580 mcroteau@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0346-3580","contributorId":895,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Croteau","given":"Marie","email":"mcroteau@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"Noele","affiliations":[{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":932374,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Iacchetta, Michael G. 0000-0001-9459-1435","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9459-1435","contributorId":291394,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Iacchetta","given":"Michael","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":932375,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Blake, Johanna 0000-0003-4667-0096","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4667-0096","contributorId":217272,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Blake","given":"Johanna","affiliations":[{"id":472,"text":"New Mexico Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":932376,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Cravotta, Charles A. III 0000-0003-3116-4684","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3116-4684","contributorId":338312,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Cravotta","given":"Charles A.","suffix":"III","affiliations":[{"id":81112,"text":"Cravotta Geochemical Consulting","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":932377,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Kunz, Bethany K. 0000-0002-7193-9336 bkunz@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7193-9336","contributorId":3798,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kunz","given":"Bethany","email":"bkunz@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":932378,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Alpers, Charles N. 0000-0001-6945-7365 cnalpers@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6945-7365","contributorId":411,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Alpers","given":"Charles","email":"cnalpers@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":932379,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Jenkins, Jill 0000-0002-5087-0894","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5087-0894","contributorId":222865,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jenkins","given":"Jill","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":17705,"text":"Wetland and Aquatic Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":932380,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10},{"text":"Walton-Day, Katherine 0000-0002-9146-6193","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9146-6193","contributorId":336569,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Walton-Day","given":"Katherine","affiliations":[{"id":191,"text":"Colorado Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":932381,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":11}]}} ,{"id":70263703,"text":"70263703 - 2024 - Seasonal resource selection of a grassland bird in a dynamic landscape: Importance of a heterogeneous landscape","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-02-20T15:13:14.298854","indexId":"70263703","displayToPublicDate":"2024-12-12T09:00:36","publicationYear":"2024","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1475,"text":"Ecosphere","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Seasonal resource selection of a grassland bird in a dynamic landscape: Importance of a heterogeneous landscape","docAbstract":"

Habitat loss and fragmentation are a growing threat to wildlife, and a better understanding of these landscape processes is needed to mitigate their effects on species populations. Grassland biomes are among the most imperiled ecosystems in the world, and grassland birds are experiencing significant population declines in North America. Understanding how species respond to differences in resource availabilities across spatiotemporal extents is critical to determining animals' distributions. Here, we investigated the relationship of landscape attributes to spatiotemporal distribution of a grassland bird, the ring-necked pheasant (Phasianus colchicus), which has experienced population declines in the Midwest, USA. Pheasant declines have been attributed to two anthropogenic stressors, land use change and climate change. In this study, we evaluated the effect of landscape attributes (composition and configuration) on the home-range size and resource selection of pheasants. We used a 95% fixed kernel estimator to estimate home-range size and identified scales at which landscape features influenced home-range sizes. We quantified landscape features within radii of 250, 500, and 1000 m (i.e., local to broader spatial scales) from the home-range center. We also used resource selection functions to predict the home-range placement (second order) and resource selection within home ranges (third order) of pheasants during winter, pre-nesting, and nesting seasons. We developed multi-scale predictions of pheasant resource selection and identified wetlands, grasslands, Conservation Reserve Program (CRP) grasslands, and small grains as land cover types used by pheasants to fulfill their life requirements. Our results indicated home ranges were more likely to be in a landscape with more CRP, wetlands, and grasslands; more connected grasslands; and a greater number of grassland patches. Pheasants also selected heterogeneous landscape and avoided row crops at both orders of selection. Maintaining habitat heterogeneity, by managing landscapes composed of a high proportion of grasslands and CRP surrounded by small grains and wetlands, could enhance the benefits of local management practices for pheasants. Collectively, insights obtained from our study can advance habitat conservation efforts for similar grassland birds and consequently are of broad utility to biologists and wildlife managers.

","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1002/ecs2.70108","usgsCitation":"Harsh, S., Lonsinger, R.C., Kauth, H., and Gregory, A., 2024, Seasonal resource selection of a grassland bird in a dynamic landscape: Importance of a heterogeneous landscape: Ecosphere, v. 15, no. 12, e70108, 18 p., https://doi.org/10.1002/ecs2.70108.","productDescription":"e70108, 18 p.","ipdsId":"IP-149845","costCenters":[{"id":198,"text":"Coop Res Unit Atlanta","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":487660,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ecs2.70108","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":482263,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"South Dakota","county":"Beadle County","geographicExtents":"{\"type\":\"FeatureCollection\",\"features\":[{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"id\":2360,\"properties\":{\"name\":\"Beadle\",\"state\":\"SD\"},\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"Polygon\",\"coordinates\":[[[-98.7069,44.6348],[-98.4483,44.6325],[-97.9766,44.6321],[-97.8554,44.6312],[-97.8555,44.5454],[-97.853,44.5453],[-97.8506,44.1964],[-98.332,44.1974],[-98.3365,44.1975],[-98.7012,44.1979],[-98.6994,44.4354],[-98.7034,44.5481],[-98.7066,44.5481],[-98.7069,44.6348]]]}}]}","volume":"15","issue":"12","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2024-12-12","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Harsh, Sprih","contributorId":351098,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Harsh","given":"Sprih","affiliations":[{"id":5089,"text":"South Dakota State University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":927902,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lonsinger, Robert Charles 0000-0002-1040-7299","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1040-7299","contributorId":340524,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lonsinger","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"Charles","affiliations":[{"id":198,"text":"Coop Res Unit Atlanta","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":927903,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Kauth, Hilary R.","contributorId":351099,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Kauth","given":"Hilary R.","affiliations":[{"id":5089,"text":"South Dakota State University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":927904,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Gregory, Andrew J.","contributorId":351100,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Gregory","given":"Andrew J.","affiliations":[{"id":83920,"text":"University fo North Texas","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":927905,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70261490,"text":"cir1546 - 2024 - U.S. Geological Survey science strategy to address chronic wasting disease and cervid health in 2024–2028","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-12-12T15:15:51.984386","indexId":"cir1546","displayToPublicDate":"2024-12-11T15:20:00","publicationYear":"2024","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":307,"text":"Circular","code":"CIR","onlineIssn":"2330-5703","printIssn":"1067-084X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1546","displayTitle":"U.S. Geological Survey Science Strategy To Address Chronic Wasting Disease and Cervid Health in 2024–2028","title":"U.S. Geological Survey science strategy to address chronic wasting disease and cervid health in 2024–2028","docAbstract":"

Chronic wasting disease (CWD), a neurological disease similar to scrapie in goats and sheep, has been spreading since the 1960s throughout cervid populations in the United States. It is currently detected in 30 States and now also extends to Canada, Korea, and Scandinavia. CWD is a fatal disease caused by an infectious abnormally folded prion protein. Population-level effects of CWD on localized subpopulations of white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus), mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus), and elk (Cervus elaphus) have been documented. While susceptible to CWD, free-ranging moose (Alces alces) and reindeer (Rangifer tarandus) populations do not currently appear to be as severely affected.

The mission of the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Chronic Wasting Disease and Cervid Health Science Team is to deliver integrated science to build resiliency into free-ranging cervid populations through more effective management of CWD, build capacity for ungulate health science, and enhance cervid health information sharing across USGS science centers and cooperative research units as well as with stakeholders. The USGS can play an important role in supporting regional and (or) national capacity building by providing resources and guidance to local, State, and Tribal management entities and by providing tools to enhance disease management. The USGS Ecosystems Mission Area’s Biological Threats and Invasive Species Research Program (BTRP) is the lead Federal program for free-ranging wildlife disease research and surveillance.

The BTRP is relied upon by Congress, as well as local, State, and Tribal partners, to provide quality science that allows for informed decisions to be made about wildlife disease policy, planning, and management. The information provided by our research gives policy makers and the public the understanding needed to improve management preparedness and response.

This document describes the U.S. Geological Survey Science Strategy To Address Chronic Wasting Disease and Cervid Health. It lays out a 5-year science strategy (2024–2028) for continued USGS research to study CWD in free-ranging cervids and their environments. The strategy includes improving detection methods, advancing our understanding of the mechanisms of transmission, incorporating the human dimensions and socio-economic effects of CWD in scientific studies, developing tools for decision making, and understanding potential effects of this disease on ecosystem health.

","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/cir1546","programNote":"Biological Threats and Invasive Species Research Program","usgsCitation":"Ferrante, J., Cook, J., Cross, P., and Hopkins, M.C., 2024, U.S. Geological Survey science strategy to address chronic wasting disease and cervid health in 2024–2028: U.S. Geological Survey Circular 1546, 23 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/cir1546.","productDescription":"iv, 23 p.","numberOfPages":"23","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-148420","costCenters":[{"id":506,"text":"Office of the AD Ecosystems","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":465017,"rank":3,"type":{"id":39,"text":"HTML Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/publication/cir1546/full","text":"Report","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"CIR 1546 HTML"},{"id":465015,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1546/coverthb.jpg"},{"id":465016,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1546/cir1546.pdf","text":"Report","size":"2.98 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"CIR 1546 PDF"},{"id":465018,"rank":4,"type":{"id":31,"text":"Publication XML"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1546/cir1546.XML","linkFileType":{"id":8,"text":"xml"},"description":"CIR 1546 XML"},{"id":465019,"rank":5,"type":{"id":34,"text":"Image Folder"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1546/images/"}],"country":"Canada, United States","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -61.31713861615863,\n 51.798169159875584\n ],\n [\n -70.84516912381969,\n 57.60927328627693\n ],\n [\n -79.97840192694242,\n 56.96369109602145\n ],\n [\n -98.9763468291297,\n 58.10745500994631\n ],\n [\n -105.97430731956841,\n 58.51439229684212\n ],\n [\n -123.95328059941433,\n 59.823521339495926\n ],\n [\n -118.27008319098096,\n 45.78066978292287\n ],\n [\n -119.2526974550857,\n 36.314219482172945\n ],\n [\n -110.66126199116995,\n 31.381304487641245\n ],\n [\n -108.01552685914432,\n 31.60422784312297\n ],\n [\n -106.7803893665593,\n 31.780711537568905\n ],\n [\n -103.54218472672368,\n 29.19672079107903\n ],\n [\n -102.73039159428494,\n 29.719715486435504\n ],\n [\n -100.31581722455358,\n 28.68015271646064\n ],\n [\n -97.5866474305041,\n 25.71447987525059\n ],\n [\n -96.56070934364915,\n 28.25358846736573\n ],\n [\n -93.02846468656081,\n 29.870007831329644\n ],\n [\n -88.61123123438306,\n 30.129551877535334\n ],\n [\n -84.22131969710854,\n 30.145253909571707\n ],\n [\n -78.77152528437028,\n 33.5824002393059\n ],\n [\n -76.27052418964175,\n 38.67326784830237\n ],\n [\n -74.42155214648737,\n 41.28608112858171\n ],\n [\n -70.97504325210315,\n 45.96165445720894\n ],\n [\n -67.47288047410318,\n 50.45849385373546\n ],\n [\n -61.31713861615863,\n 51.798169159875584\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"

Associate Director, Ecosystems Mission Area
U.S. Geological Survey
12201 Sunrise Valley Drive
Mail Stop 300
Reston, VA 20192

Contact Pubs Warehouse

","tableOfContents":"","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":9,"text":"Reston PSC"},"publishedDate":"2024-12-11","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2024-12-11","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ferrante, Jason 0000-0003-3453-4636","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3453-4636","contributorId":214950,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ferrante","given":"Jason","affiliations":[{"id":17705,"text":"Wetland and Aquatic Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":920783,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Cook, Jonathan D. 0000-0001-7000-8727","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7000-8727","contributorId":291411,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cook","given":"Jonathan","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":50464,"text":"Eastern Ecological Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":920784,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Cross, Paul C. 0000-0001-8045-5213","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8045-5213","contributorId":218820,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cross","given":"Paul C.","affiliations":[{"id":481,"text":"Northern Rocky Mountain Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":920785,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Hopkins, M. Camille 0000-0003-1465-6038","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1465-6038","contributorId":206863,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hopkins","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"Camille","affiliations":[{"id":506,"text":"Office of the AD Ecosystems","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":920786,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70261450,"text":"sir20245100 - 2024 - Evidence of nitrate attenuation in intertidal and subtidal groundwater in a subterranean estuary at a Cape Cod embayment, East Falmouth, Massachusetts, 2015–16","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-09-02T14:41:05.735212","indexId":"sir20245100","displayToPublicDate":"2024-12-11T15:00:00","publicationYear":"2024","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2024-5100","displayTitle":"Evidence of Nitrate Attenuation in Intertidal and Subtidal Groundwater in a Subterranean Estuary at a Cape Cod Embayment, East Falmouth, Massachusetts, 2015–16","title":"Evidence of nitrate attenuation in intertidal and subtidal groundwater in a subterranean estuary at a Cape Cod embayment, East Falmouth, Massachusetts, 2015–16","docAbstract":"

Nitrogen dynamics in intertidal and nearshore subtidal groundwater (subterranean estuary) adjacent to the Seacoast Shores peninsula, Falmouth, Massachusetts, were investigated during 2015–16 by the U.S. Geological Survey. The peninsula is a densely populated residential area with septic systems and cesspools that are substantial sources of nitrogen to groundwater. The study area is in the Eel River, an estuarine saltwater embayment connected to the ocean adjacent to the western shore of the peninsula, that was the subject of an earlier study by Colman and others (2018, https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20185095) on nitrogen transport and transformations in groundwater between onshore and offshore locations. The previous study documented the distribution of nitrate concentrations and nitrate attenuation reactions in fresh groundwater beneath the peninsula and the estuary. The current study extended those observations with more detailed sampling and analysis of shallow groundwater from wells near discharge sites beneath the estuary. The current field investigation included sampling of existing wells and installation and sampling of clusters of wells and temporary sampling points in the subterranean estuary, including (1) shallow transects 0.3 to 1.2 meters (m) deep extending from 1 to 13.5 m offshore and (2) deeper wells (from 1.83 to 4.88 m deep) extending from 4.3 to 14.3 m offshore.

Measurements of hydraulic-head gradients 2–5 m below the sediment/water interface in the intertidal and nearshore subtidal zones indicated that groundwater flow generally was upwards (towards the estuary) under all tide conditions in October 2016. The magnitude of the gradient was greatest during low tide conditions, indicating that groundwater discharge likely decreased during high tides.

Measurements of specific conductance in shallow groundwater in the subterranean estuary in three transects perpendicular to shore were consistent with the existence of saltwater flow cells (infiltration of overlying saline water, mixing with fresh groundwater, and discharge to the overlying saline water) in the intertidal and nearshore subtidal regions. The size of these flow cells was variable in space and time and dependent on the elevation of the tide (spring or neap). At this location in the Eel River subterranean estuary, and offshore to at least 13.5 m, offshore flow of fresh groundwater apparently prevented a deeper saltwater wedge from discharging to the surface.

Nitrate concentrations in shallow groundwater (30 to 122 centimeters [cm] depth) were variable in space and time, ranging from not detectable to 600 micromoles per liter (μmol/L) (8.4 milligrams per liter as N), and were highest in June 2016 at depths from 61 to 122 cm below the sediment/water interface and from 4 to 9 m offshore. Nitrate generally was not detectable in saline shallow groundwater at 30-cm depth or at any depth from 30 to 122 cm from 10 to 13.5 m offshore. Dissolved oxygen concentrations were suboxic (less than 16 μmol/L) in 60 percent of the sampled subterranean groundwater beneath the intertidal and subtidal zones. In the remaining sites, the range of dissolved oxygen concentrations was from 18 to 272 μmol/L and the median concentration was 43 μmol/L.

Evidence for microbial nitrate reduction (denitrification and possibly anammox) was provided by the distribution of the reaction product nitrogen gas (excess N2, or N2MIC), as determined from analysis of the dissolved nitrogen gas and argon gas (Ar) concentrations in groundwater samples. Excess nitrogen gas provided evidence for nitrate reduction in shallow groundwater below the subtidal and, to a lesser extent, intertidal zones adjacent to the Seacoast Shores peninsula. These zones, where evidence for nitrate reduction was detected, were in fresh and brackish groundwater near subtidal or intertidal saltwater cells where discharging fresh groundwater mixed with infiltrating saline water. Infiltrating seawater may have supplied organic carbon, one of several potential electron donors that are required for denitrification. Other potential electron donors, such as organic carbon, iron, manganese, hydrogen, methane, ammonium, elemental sulfur, or sulfide phases, may have been supplied by the estuarine sediments. Drainage from surface runoff near the shore also may have supplied organic carbon to fresh groundwater near the intertidal saltwater cell.

The highest amounts of nitrate converted to excess nitrogen gas were estimated to be in the range of 230 to 430 μmol/L in nearly fresh groundwater near the subtidal saltwater cell at depths of 61 to 122 cm below the sediment/water interface and from 10 to 13.5 m offshore. Evidence of denitrification within 10 m of the shore was sparse (generally limited to less than 50 μmol/L of N2-N) despite the presence of high nitrate concentrations. The spatial distribution of estimated nitrate reduction in the intertidal and nearshore subtidal fresh and brackish groundwater may be related to local variability in the distribution of reactive electron donors in those zones. Variations in the amount of nitrate reduction to nitrogen gas were not clearly related to potential aqueous electron donors such as dissolved organic carbon, nor to potential reaction products such as alkalinity, but may have been controlled by combinations of aqueous and solid-phase reactants. The distribution of relatively shallow fresh groundwater containing nitrate could indicate potential nitrate discharge areas in the lower intertidal zone and uncertain locations farther offshore; however, the data did not extend all the way to the sediment/water interface or to the offshore freshwater limit. This study confirmed substantial loss of nitrate from some of the fresh and brackish groundwater in shallow subestuarine sediments prior to discharge but did not quantify how much nitrate eventually discharged to the estuary.

","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20245100","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development and Region 1 (New England)","programNote":"Environmental Health Program, Coastal/Marine Hazards and Resources Program","usgsCitation":"Huntington, T.G., Kroeger, K.D., McCobb, T.D., Böhlke, J.K., Colman, J.A., Brooks, T.W., and Szymczycha, B., 2024, Evidence of nitrate attenuation in intertidal and subtidal groundwater in a subterranean estuary at a Cape Cod embayment, East Falmouth, Massachusetts, 2015–16: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2024–5100, 45 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20245100.","productDescription":"Report: ix, 45 p.; Data Release","numberOfPages":"45","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-128353","costCenters":[{"id":466,"text":"New England Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":495118,"rank":8,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_118080.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":464963,"rank":7,"type":{"id":22,"text":"Related Work"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20185095","text":"Scientific Investigations Report 2018–5095","linkHelpText":"Geochemical conditions and nitrogen transport in nearshore groundwater and the subterranean estuary at a Cape Cod embayment, East Falmouth, Massachusetts, 2013–14"},{"id":464958,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2024/5100/sir20245100.pdf","text":"Report","size":"8.14 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"SIR 2024-5100 PDF"},{"id":464961,"rank":5,"type":{"id":34,"text":"Image Folder"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2024/5100/images/"},{"id":464962,"rank":6,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/P13LGNTT","text":"USGS data release","linkHelpText":"Geochemical data supporting analysis of fate and transport of nitrogen in the nearshore groundwater and subterranean estuary near East Falmouth, Massachusetts, 2015–2016"},{"id":464960,"rank":4,"type":{"id":31,"text":"Publication XML"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2024/5100/sir20245100.XML","linkFileType":{"id":8,"text":"xml"},"description":"SIR 2024-5100 XML"},{"id":464959,"rank":3,"type":{"id":39,"text":"HTML Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/publication/sir20245100/full","text":"Report","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"SIR 2024-5100 HTML"},{"id":464957,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2024/5100/coverthb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Massachusetts","otherGeospatial":"Cape Cod Embayment, East Falmouth","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -70.5439543201461,\n 41.57096045380911\n ],\n [\n -70.5439543201461,\n 41.5648296072948\n ],\n [\n -70.53931798288792,\n 41.5648296072948\n ],\n [\n -70.53931798288792,\n 41.57096045380911\n ],\n [\n -70.5439543201461,\n 41.57096045380911\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"

Director, New England Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
10 Bearfoot Road
Northborough, MA 01532

","tableOfContents":"","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":11,"text":"Pembroke PSC"},"publishedDate":"2024-12-11","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2024-12-11","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Huntington, Thomas G. 0000-0002-9427-3530","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9427-3530","contributorId":218737,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Huntington","given":"Thomas G.","affiliations":[{"id":466,"text":"New England Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":371,"text":"Maine Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":920596,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kroeger, Kevin D. 0000-0002-4272-2349 kkroeger@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4272-2349","contributorId":1603,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kroeger","given":"Kevin","email":"kkroeger@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":41100,"text":"Coastal and Marine Hazards and Resources Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":920597,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"McCobb, Timothy D. 0000-0003-1533-847X","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1533-847X","contributorId":347034,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McCobb","given":"Timothy D.","affiliations":[{"id":466,"text":"New England Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":920598,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Bohlke, J.K. 0000-0001-5693-6455 jkbohlke@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5693-6455","contributorId":191103,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bohlke","given":"J.K.","email":"jkbohlke@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":36183,"text":"Hydro-Ecological Interactions Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":436,"text":"National Research Program - Eastern Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":920599,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Colman, John A.","contributorId":344867,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Colman","given":"John A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":920600,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Brooks, Thomas W. 0000-0002-0555-3398 wallybrooks@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0555-3398","contributorId":5989,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brooks","given":"Thomas","email":"wallybrooks@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":920601,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Syzmczycha, Beata 0000-0002-5815-215X","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5815-215X","contributorId":347035,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Syzmczycha","given":"Beata","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":920602,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}} ,{"id":70261447,"text":"sir20245099 - 2024 - Streamflow characteristics and trends in New Jersey, water years 1903–2017","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-12-22T20:36:11.425295","indexId":"sir20245099","displayToPublicDate":"2024-12-11T14:55:00","publicationYear":"2024","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2024-5099","displayTitle":"Streamflow Characteristics and Trends in New Jersey, Water Years 1903–2017","title":"Streamflow characteristics and trends in New Jersey, water years 1903–2017","docAbstract":"

As New Jersey’s population density remains high, so does its requirements for water management. Understanding the streamflow conditions throughout the state and how they may have changed over time is an important part of managing the water resources within the state. The New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection has many responsibilities related to protecting the environment and natural resources and among them is protecting the waters in the lakes, rivers, and streams of New Jersey for current and future use. To support this mission, the U.S. Geological Survey updated high- and low-streamflow statistics for 97 continuous-record streamgages and low-streamflow statistics for 719 partial-record streamgages throughout the state. The continuous-record streamgages included in the study had a minimum of 20 years of record, spanning from 1903 to 2017.

This study is an update to previous studies that documented the high- and low-streamflow statistics for New Jersey streams in the 1970s and in 2005. The 1982 report by Gillespie and Schopp documented low-flow characteristics and flow duration for about 400 continuous and partial-record streamgages. The U.S. Geological Survey computed streamflow statistics including, but not limited to, maximum, minimum, and means for period of record, flow durations, nonexceedance high- and low-flow frequencies, base flow, runoff, peak-to-mean flow ratios, and September median streamflow.

Overall, both high and low flows are generally increasing in New Jersey, though the results are not uniform across the State. Streamflow trends and changes to duration and frequency statistics can be influenced by local water use, in addition to climate variables. The resulting computations at some streamgages indicated considerable positive change while others showed considerable negative change. Water managers and regulators can use the data provided here and in the companion data release to assess individual stream reaches and watershed management areas to evaluate the available resources and changes, which may have developed during the periods for which streamflow statistics are available.

","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20245099","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection","usgsCitation":"McHugh, A.R., Suro, T.P., Sullivan, S.L., and Williams, B.M., 2024, Streamflow characteristics and trends in New Jersey, water years 1903–2017: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2024–5099, 59 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20245099.","productDescription":"Report: vi, 59 p.; Data Release","numberOfPages":"59","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-144654","costCenters":[{"id":470,"text":"New Jersey Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":464947,"rank":4,"type":{"id":31,"text":"Publication XML"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2024/5099/sir20245099.XML","linkFileType":{"id":8,"text":"xml"},"description":"SIR 2024-5099 XML"},{"id":464953,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2024/5099/sir20245099.pdf","text":"Report","size":"17.6 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"SIR 2024-5099 PDF"},{"id":464949,"rank":6,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/P9IGMJGU","text":"USGS data release","linkHelpText":"Streamflow characteristics and trends at continuous-record and partial-record streamflow-gaging stations in New Jersey, water years 1903–2017"},{"id":464944,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2024/5099/coverthb.jpg"},{"id":464948,"rank":5,"type":{"id":34,"text":"Image Folder"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2024/5099/images/"},{"id":464946,"rank":3,"type":{"id":39,"text":"HTML Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/publication/sir20245099/full","text":"Report","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"SIR 2024-5099 HTML"},{"id":497893,"rank":7,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_118081.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"New Jersey","geographicExtents":"{\"type\":\"FeatureCollection\",\"features\":[{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"Polygon\",\"coordinates\":[[[-75.210876,39.865709],[-75.210425,39.865913],[-75.195324,39.877013],[-75.189323,39.880713],[-75.183023,39.882013],[-75.150721,39.882713],[-75.145421,39.884213],[-75.142421,39.886413],[-75.140221,39.888213],[-75.140006,39.888465],[-75.13342,39.896213],[-75.13082,39.900213],[-75.12792,39.911813],[-75.13012,39.917013],[-75.13282,39.921612],[-75.13502,39.927312],[-75.13612,39.933912],[-75.13572,39.947112],[-75.13352,39.954412],[-75.13012,39.958712],[-75.12692,39.961112],[-75.11922,39.965412],[-75.108119,39.970312],[-75.093718,39.974412],[-75.092481,39.974606],[-75.088618,39.975212],[-75.072017,39.980612],[-75.059994,39.991618],[-75.059017,39.992512],[-75.051217,40.004512],[-75.047016,40.008912],[-75.039316,40.013012],[-75.015515,40.019511],[-75.013796,40.020214],[-75.011115,40.021311],[-75.007914,40.023111],[-74.989914,40.037311],[-74.983913,40.042711],[-74.974713,40.048711],[-74.97432,40.048899],[-74.944412,40.063211],[-74.932211,40.068411],[-74.925311,40.07071],[-74.920811,40.07111],[-74.911911,40.06991],[-74.909011,40.07021],[-74.898573,40.072967],[-74.88781,40.07581],[-74.880209,40.07881],[-74.863809,40.08221],[-74.860909,40.08371],[-74.859809,40.08491],[-74.858209,40.08881],[-74.856509,40.09131],[-74.854409,40.09311],[-74.851108,40.09491],[-74.843408,40.09771],[-74.838008,40.10091],[-74.835108,40.10391],[-74.832808,40.11171],[-74.828408,40.12031],[-74.825907,40.12391],[-74.822307,40.12671],[-74.819007,40.12751],[-74.816307,40.12761],[-74.812807,40.12691],[-74.800607,40.12281],[-74.788706,40.12041],[-74.785106,40.12031],[-74.782106,40.12081],[-74.769488,40.129145],[-74.762864,40.132541],[-74.758882,40.134036],[-74.755305,40.13471],[-74.745905,40.13421],[-74.742905,40.13441],[-74.740605,40.13521],[-74.725663,40.145495],[-74.724304,40.14701],[-74.724134,40.14731],[-74.722604,40.15001],[-74.721604,40.15381],[-74.721504,40.158409],[-74.722304,40.160609],[-74.733804,40.174509],[-74.737205,40.177609],[-74.744105,40.181009],[-74.751705,40.183309],[-74.751943,40.183483],[-74.754305,40.185209],[-74.755605,40.186709],[-74.756905,40.189409],[-74.760605,40.198909],[-74.766905,40.207709],[-74.770406,40.214508],[-74.77136,40.215399],[-74.781206,40.221508],[-74.795306,40.229408],[-74.819507,40.238508],[-74.823907,40.241508],[-74.836307,40.246208],[-74.842308,40.250508],[-74.846608,40.258808],[-74.853108,40.269707],[-74.856508,40.277407],[-74.860492,40.284584],[-74.864692,40.290684],[-74.868209,40.295207],[-74.880609,40.305607],[-74.887109,40.310307],[-74.891609,40.313007],[-74.896409,40.315107],[-74.90331,40.315607],[-74.90831,40.316907],[-74.91741,40.322406],[-74.92681,40.329406],[-74.933111,40.333106],[-74.939711,40.338006],[-74.942954,40.341643],[-74.943776,40.342564],[-74.945088,40.347332],[-74.946006,40.357306],[-74.948722,40.364768],[-74.953697,40.376081],[-74.963997,40.395246],[-74.965508,40.397337],[-74.969597,40.39977],[-74.982735,40.404432],[-74.985467,40.405935],[-74.988901,40.408773],[-74.996378,40.410528],[-74.998651,40.410093],[-75.003351,40.40785],[-75.017221,40.404638],[-75.024775,40.403455],[-75.028315,40.403883],[-75.036616,40.406796],[-75.041651,40.409894],[-75.043071,40.411603],[-75.046473,40.413792],[-75.056102,40.416066],[-75.058848,40.418065],[-75.061489,40.422848],[-75.062923,40.433407],[-75.067425,40.448323],[-75.070568,40.455165],[-75.070568,40.456348],[-75.067302,40.464954],[-75.06805,40.468578],[-75.067776,40.472827],[-75.064327,40.476795],[-75.062227,40.481391],[-75.061937,40.486362],[-75.062373,40.491689],[-75.065275,40.504682],[-75.066001,40.510716],[-75.065853,40.519495],[-75.06509,40.526148],[-75.066402,40.536532],[-75.066426,40.536619],[-75.067257,40.539584],[-75.068615,40.542223],[-75.078503,40.548296],[-75.0957,40.564401],[-75.100325,40.567811],[-75.110903,40.570671],[-75.117292,40.573211],[-75.136748,40.575731],[-75.141906,40.575273],[-75.147368,40.573152],[-75.158446,40.565286],[-75.162871,40.564096],[-75.168609,40.564111],[-75.175307,40.564996],[-75.183151,40.567354],[-75.186737,40.569406],[-75.192352,40.574257],[-75.194046,40.576256],[-75.19487,40.578591],[-75.195114,40.579689],[-75.194656,40.58194],[-75.190796,40.586838],[-75.190146,40.590359],[-75.190369,40.591642],[-75.192291,40.602676],[-75.195923,40.606788],[-75.196803,40.60858],[-75.198499,40.611492],[-75.201348,40.614628],[-75.201812,40.617188],[-75.200708,40.618356],[-75.197891,40.619332],[-75.190691,40.619956],[-75.189283,40.621492],[-75.188579,40.624628],[-75.191059,40.637971],[-75.192276,40.640803],[-75.193492,40.642275],[-75.200468,40.646899],[-75.200452,40.649219],[-75.196676,40.655123],[-75.190852,40.661939],[-75.18794,40.663811],[-75.182756,40.665971],[-75.177491,40.672595],[-75.176803,40.675715],[-75.177587,40.677731],[-75.180564,40.679363],[-75.184516,40.679971],[-75.19058,40.679379],[-75.19692,40.681299],[-75.20092,40.685498],[-75.20392,40.691498],[-75.19872,40.705298],[-75.19442,40.714018],[-75.192612,40.715874],[-75.189412,40.71797],[-75.186372,40.72397],[-75.1825,40.729922],[-75.182084,40.731522],[-75.182804,40.73365],[-75.18578,40.737266],[-75.195349,40.745473],[-75.196325,40.747137],[-75.196861,40.750097],[-75.196533,40.751631],[-75.191796,40.75583],[-75.183037,40.759344],[-75.17904,40.761897],[-75.177477,40.764225],[-75.176855,40.768721],[-75.17562,40.772923],[-75.173349,40.776129],[-75.171587,40.777745],[-75.169523,40.778473],[-75.16365,40.778386],[-75.149378,40.774786],[-75.139106,40.773606],[-75.1344,40.773765],[-75.133303,40.774124],[-75.131465,40.77595],[-75.125867,40.784026],[-75.123088,40.786746],[-75.116842,40.78935],[-75.111343,40.789896],[-75.108505,40.791094],[-75.1008,40.799797],[-75.100277,40.801176],[-75.100165,40.803],[-75.100739,40.805488],[-75.100277,40.807578],[-75.098279,40.810286],[-75.096147,40.812211],[-75.090518,40.815913],[-75.085387,40.821972],[-75.083929,40.824471],[-75.083822,40.827805],[-75.085517,40.830085],[-75.09494,40.837103],[-75.097006,40.839336],[-75.097572,40.840967],[-75.097586,40.843042],[-75.097221,40.844672],[-75.095784,40.847082],[-75.090962,40.849187],[-75.076684,40.849875],[-75.073544,40.84894],[-75.07083,40.847392],[-75.066014,40.847591],[-75.064328,40.848338],[-75.060491,40.85302],[-75.053294,40.8599],[-75.051029,40.865662],[-75.050839,40.868067],[-75.051508,40.870224],[-75.053664,40.87366],[-75.058655,40.877654],[-75.062149,40.882289],[-75.065438,40.885682],[-75.07392,40.892176],[-75.07534,40.894162],[-75.075957,40.895694],[-75.075188,40.900154],[-75.076092,40.907042],[-75.076956,40.90988],[-75.079279,40.91389],[-75.095526,40.924152],[-75.09772,40.926679],[-75.105524,40.936294],[-75.106153,40.939671],[-75.111683,40.948111],[-75.117764,40.953023],[-75.118904,40.956361],[-75.119893,40.961646],[-75.120316,40.96263],[-75.12065,40.964028],[-75.11977,40.96651],[-75.120435,40.968302],[-75.120514,40.968369],[-75.122603,40.970152],[-75.129074,40.968976],[-75.131364,40.969277],[-75.13378,40.970973],[-75.135526,40.973807],[-75.135521,40.976865],[-75.133086,40.980179],[-75.132106,40.982566],[-75.13153,40.984914],[-75.131619,40.9889],[-75.130575,40.991093],[-75.127196,40.993954],[-75.123423,40.996129],[-75.110595,41.002174],[-75.109114,41.004102],[-75.100682,41.006716],[-75.095556,41.008874],[-75.090312,41.013302],[-75.089787,41.014549],[-75.081101,41.016838],[-75.074999,41.01713],[-75.070532,41.01862],[-75.040668,41.031755],[-75.034496,41.036755],[-75.030701,41.038416],[-75.025777,41.039806],[-75.02543,41.04071],[-75.026376,41.04444],[-75.025702,41.046482],[-75.019186,41.052968],[-75.017239,41.055491],[-75.015867,41.05821],[-75.015271,41.061215],[-75.01257,41.066281],[-75.011133,41.067521],[-75.006376,41.067546],[-74.999617,41.073943],[-74.994847,41.076556],[-74.989332,41.078319],[-74.98259,41.079172],[-74.970987,41.085293],[-74.968389,41.087797],[-74.966759,41.093425],[-74.967136,41.094441],[-74.967464,41.095327],[-74.969434,41.096074],[-74.972036,41.095562],[-74.975298,41.094073],[-74.981314,41.08986],[-74.984782,41.088545],[-74.988263,41.088222],[-74.991013,41.088578],[-74.991815,41.089132],[-74.991718,41.092284],[-74.982212,41.108245],[-74.979873,41.110423],[-74.972917,41.113327],[-74.969312,41.113869],[-74.966298,41.113669],[-74.964294,41.114237],[-74.947912,41.12356],[-74.947334,41.124439],[-74.947714,41.126292],[-74.945067,41.129052],[-74.931141,41.133387],[-74.923169,41.138146],[-74.905256,41.155668],[-74.90178,41.161394],[-74.901172,41.16387],[-74.899701,41.166181],[-74.889424,41.1736],[-74.882139,41.180836],[-74.878492,41.187504],[-74.878275,41.190489],[-74.874034,41.198543],[-74.867287,41.208754],[-74.860398,41.217454],[-74.859632,41.219077],[-74.859323,41.220507],[-74.860837,41.222317],[-74.866839,41.226865],[-74.867405,41.22777],[-74.866182,41.232132],[-74.862049,41.237609],[-74.861678,41.241575],[-74.857151,41.248975],[-74.856003,41.250094],[-74.854669,41.25051],[-74.848987,41.251192],[-74.846932,41.253318],[-74.845883,41.254945],[-74.845031,41.258055],[-74.846506,41.261576],[-74.846319,41.263077],[-74.841137,41.27098],[-74.838366,41.277286],[-74.834067,41.281111],[-74.830057,41.2872],[-74.821884,41.293838],[-74.815703,41.296151],[-74.812033,41.298157],[-74.806858,41.303155],[-74.792558,41.310628],[-74.791991,41.311639],[-74.792377,41.314088],[-74.795822,41.318516],[-74.79504,41.320407],[-74.792116,41.322465],[-74.789095,41.323281],[-74.781584,41.324229],[-74.774887,41.324326],[-74.771588,41.325079],[-74.766714,41.328558],[-74.763499,41.331568],[-74.760325,41.340325],[-74.755971,41.344953],[-74.753239,41.346122],[-74.735622,41.346518],[-74.730373,41.345983],[-74.720923,41.347384],[-74.708514,41.352734],[-74.704429,41.354043],[-74.700595,41.354553],[-74.694914,41.357423],[-74.641544,41.332879],[-74.607348,41.317774],[-74.499603,41.267344],[-74.457584,41.248225],[-74.378898,41.208994],[-74.365849,41.202999],[-74.320995,41.182394],[-74.301994,41.172594],[-74.234473,41.142883],[-74.21321,41.134192],[-74.18239,41.121595],[-74.096786,41.083796],[-74.092486,41.081896],[-74.041054,41.059088],[-74.041049,41.059086],[-73.91188,41.001297],[-73.907054,40.998476],[-73.90501,40.997591],[-73.90268,40.997297],[-73.893979,40.997197],[-73.896479,40.981697],[-73.90728,40.951498],[-73.91558,40.924898],[-73.91768,40.919498],[-73.917905,40.917577],[-73.918405,40.917477],[-73.919705,40.913478],[-73.926758,40.895355],[-73.929006,40.889578],[-73.933406,40.882078],[-73.933408,40.882075],[-73.938081,40.874699],[-73.948281,40.858399],[-73.953982,40.848],[-73.963182,40.8269],[-73.968082,40.8207],[-73.984822,40.797444],[-73.991568,40.788074],[-74.000223,40.77605],[-74.009184,40.763601],[-74.013784,40.756601],[-74.021117,40.727417],[-74.024543,40.709436],[-74.038538,40.710741],[-74.051185,40.695802],[-74.069885,40.684502],[-74.082786,40.673702],[-74.089986,40.659903],[-74.087397,40.653607],[-74.094086,40.649703],[-74.143387,40.641903],[-74.161397,40.644092],[-74.181083,40.646484],[-74.186027,40.646076],[-74.189106,40.643832],[-74.202223,40.631053],[-74.206731,40.594569],[-74.208988,40.576304],[-74.214788,40.560604],[-74.218189,40.557204],[-74.231589,40.559204],[-74.248641,40.549601],[-74.251441,40.542301],[-74.246237,40.520963],[-74.26829,40.499205],[-74.269998,40.495014],[-74.27269,40.488405],[-74.26759,40.471806],[-74.261889,40.464706],[-74.236689,40.457806],[-74.225035,40.453301],[-74.224047,40.452919],[-74.222959,40.452499],[-74.209788,40.447407],[-74.206188,40.440707],[-74.206419,40.438789],[-74.208655,40.43752],[-74.207205,40.435434],[-74.202128,40.43894],[-74.193908,40.440995],[-74.191309,40.44299],[-74.187787,40.447407],[-74.174787,40.455607],[-74.174893,40.454491],[-74.175074,40.449144],[-74.176842,40.44774],[-74.175346,40.446607],[-74.169977,40.45064],[-74.167009,40.448737],[-74.166193,40.447128],[-74.164029,40.448312],[-74.163314,40.448424],[-74.157787,40.446607],[-74.153611,40.447647],[-74.152686,40.447344],[-74.151952,40.448062],[-74.142886,40.450407],[-74.139886,40.453407],[-74.138415,40.454468],[-74.135823,40.455196],[-74.133727,40.454672],[-74.131135,40.453245],[-74.127466,40.451061],[-74.124692,40.44958],[-74.122327,40.448258],[-74.116863,40.446069],[-74.088085,40.438407],[-74.076185,40.433707],[-74.058984,40.422708],[-74.047884,40.418908],[-74.006383,40.411108],[-73.998505,40.410911],[-73.995486,40.419472],[-73.991682,40.442908],[-74.006077,40.464625],[-74.017783,40.472207],[-74.017917,40.474338],[-74.014031,40.476471],[-74.0071,40.475298],[-73.995683,40.468707],[-73.978282,40.440208],[-73.976982,40.408508],[-73.971381,40.371709],[-73.971381,40.34801],[-73.977442,40.299373],[-73.981681,40.279411],[-73.993292,40.237669],[-74.016017,40.166914],[-74.030181,40.122814],[-74.03408,40.103115],[-74.031861,40.101047],[-74.031318,40.100541],[-74.033546,40.099518],[-74.039421,40.081437],[-74.058798,40.001244],[-74.064135,39.979157],[-74.077247,39.910991],[-74.090945,39.799978],[-74.097071,39.767847],[-74.096906,39.76303],[-74.09892,39.759538],[-74.101443,39.756173],[-74.113655,39.740719],[-74.141733,39.689435],[-74.190974,39.625118],[-74.240506,39.554911],[-74.249043,39.547994],[-74.27737,39.514064],[-74.291585,39.507705],[-74.311037,39.506715],[-74.312451,39.499869],[-74.313689,39.493874],[-74.308344,39.483945],[-74.304778,39.482945],[-74.302184,39.478935],[-74.304343,39.471445],[-74.334804,39.432001],[-74.36699,39.402017],[-74.406692,39.377516],[-74.406792,39.373916],[-74.408237,39.365071],[-74.412692,39.360816],[-74.459894,39.345016],[-74.521797,39.313816],[-74.541443,39.300245],[-74.551151,39.293539],[-74.553439,39.286915],[-74.560957,39.278677],[-74.581008,39.270819],[-74.597921,39.258851],[-74.614481,39.244659],[-74.636306,39.220834],[-74.646595,39.212002],[-74.651443,39.198578],[-74.67143,39.179802],[-74.714341,39.119804],[-74.71532,39.116893],[-74.714135,39.114631],[-74.704409,39.107858],[-74.705876,39.102937],[-74.738316,39.074727],[-74.778777,39.023073],[-74.786356,39.000113],[-74.792723,38.991991],[-74.807917,38.985948],[-74.819354,38.979402],[-74.850748,38.954538],[-74.864458,38.94041],[-74.865198,38.941439],[-74.870497,38.943543],[-74.882309,38.941759],[-74.90705,38.931994],[-74.920414,38.929136],[-74.933571,38.928519],[-74.963463,38.931194],[-74.967274,38.933413],[-74.971995,38.94037],[-74.955363,39.001262],[-74.94947,39.015637],[-74.93832,39.035185],[-74.903664,39.087437],[-74.897784,39.098811],[-74.892547,39.113183],[-74.885914,39.143627],[-74.887167,39.158825],[-74.905181,39.174945],[-74.914936,39.177553],[-74.962382,39.190238],[-74.976266,39.192271],[-74.998002,39.191253],[-75.026179,39.193621],[-75.028885,39.19456],[-75.027824,39.199482],[-75.023586,39.202594],[-75.023437,39.204791],[-75.026376,39.20985],[-75.035672,39.215415],[-75.041663,39.215511],[-75.047797,39.211702],[-75.052326,39.213609],[-75.062506,39.213564],[-75.086395,39.208159],[-75.101019,39.211657],[-75.107286,39.211403],[-75.114748,39.207554],[-75.12707,39.189766],[-75.136548,39.179425],[-75.139136,39.180021],[-75.165979,39.201842],[-75.164798,39.216606],[-75.170444,39.234643],[-75.177506,39.242746],[-75.205857,39.262619],[-75.21251,39.262755],[-75.241639,39.274097],[-75.244056,39.27769],[-75.242881,39.280574],[-75.244357,39.2857],[-75.251806,39.299913],[-75.271629,39.304041],[-75.28262,39.299055],[-75.285333,39.292212],[-75.288898,39.289557],[-75.30601,39.301712],[-75.315201,39.310593],[-75.326754,39.332473],[-75.327463,39.33927],[-75.333743,39.345335],[-75.341969,39.348697],[-75.355558,39.347823],[-75.365016,39.341388],[-75.39003,39.358259],[-75.394331,39.363753],[-75.395181,39.371398],[-75.399304,39.37949],[-75.407294,39.381954],[-75.422099,39.386521],[-75.431803,39.391625],[-75.442393,39.402291],[-75.465212,39.43893],[-75.476279,39.438126],[-75.483572,39.440824],[-75.505672,39.452927],[-75.508383,39.459131],[-75.536431,39.460559],[-75.542894,39.470447],[-75.544368,39.479602],[-75.542693,39.496568],[-75.528088,39.498114],[-75.527141,39.500112],[-75.529368,39.501229],[-75.53014,39.505373],[-75.529978,39.510817],[-75.526654,39.526638],[-75.526787,39.53144],[-75.527676,39.535278],[-75.531575,39.536825],[-75.534014,39.540702],[-75.532342,39.54328],[-75.526003,39.548488],[-75.519026,39.555401],[-75.514756,39.562612],[-75.511932,39.567616],[-75.512732,39.578],[-75.515228,39.580752],[-75.519628,39.583248],[-75.521596,39.583088],[-75.525677,39.584048],[-75.531133,39.587984],[-75.534477,39.590384],[-75.537213,39.592944],[-75.53954,39.594251],[-75.539949,39.594384],[-75.543965,39.596],[-75.545405,39.596784],[-75.553502,39.602],[-75.55587,39.605824],[-75.556734,39.606688],[-75.557502,39.609184],[-75.556878,39.612144],[-75.558446,39.617296],[-75.559614,39.624208],[-75.559102,39.629056],[-75.559446,39.629812],[-75.556246,39.634912],[-75.550645,39.637912],[-75.547197,39.640528],[-75.542045,39.646012],[-75.539245,39.646112],[-75.535144,39.647212],[-75.526744,39.655113],[-75.526844,39.655713],[-75.526344,39.656413],[-75.522343,39.660813],[-75.518343,39.663913],[-75.514643,39.668613],[-75.511743,39.674313],[-75.509342,39.685313],[-75.509742,39.686113],[-75.509042,39.694513],[-75.507162,39.696961],[-75.504042,39.698313],[-75.496241,39.701413],[-75.491341,39.711113],[-75.488553,39.714833],[-75.485241,39.715813],[-75.483141,39.715513],[-75.481741,39.714546],[-75.47894,39.713813],[-75.47764,39.715013],[-75.476888,39.718337],[-75.477432,39.720561],[-75.47724,39.724713],[-75.47544,39.728713],[-75.475384,39.731057],[-75.474168,39.735473],[-75.469239,39.743613],[-75.466263,39.750737],[-75.466249,39.750769],[-75.463039,39.758313],[-75.463339,39.761213],[-75.459439,39.765813],[-75.452339,39.769013],[-75.447339,39.773313],[-75.448135,39.773969],[-75.448639,39.774113],[-75.440909,39.780831],[-75.437938,39.783413],[-75.405337,39.796213],[-75.415041,39.801786],[-75.403737,39.807512],[-75.390536,39.815312],[-75.389764,39.815819],[-75.371835,39.827612],[-75.3544,39.839917],[-75.341765,39.846082],[-75.330433,39.849012],[-75.323232,39.849812],[-75.309674,39.850179],[-75.293376,39.848782],[-75.271159,39.84944],[-75.243431,39.854597],[-75.235026,39.856613],[-75.221025,39.861113],[-75.210876,39.865709]]]},\"properties\":{\"name\":\"New Jersey\",\"nation\":\"USA \"}}]}","contact":"

Director, New Jersey Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
3450 Princeton Pike, Suite 110
Lawrenceville, NJ 08648

Contact Pubs Warehouse

","tableOfContents":"","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":10,"text":"Baltimore PSC"},"publishedDate":"2024-12-11","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2024-12-11","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"McHugh, Amy R. 0000-0002-7745-9886","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7745-9886","contributorId":205491,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McHugh","given":"Amy R.","affiliations":[{"id":470,"text":"New Jersey Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":920589,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Suro, Thomas P. 0000-0002-9476-6829 tsuro@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9476-6829","contributorId":2841,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Suro","given":"Thomas","email":"tsuro@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[{"id":470,"text":"New Jersey Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":502,"text":"Office of Surface Water","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":920590,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Sullivan, Samantha L. 0000-0002-9462-0029","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9462-0029","contributorId":205316,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sullivan","given":"Samantha","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":470,"text":"New Jersey Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":920591,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Williams, Brianna M. 0000-0003-3389-8251","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3389-8251","contributorId":204714,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Williams","given":"Brianna","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":470,"text":"New Jersey Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":920592,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70260706,"text":"sir20245091 - 2024 - Societal benefits of cyanobacteria harmful algal bloom management in Lake Okeechobee in Florida—Potential damages avoided during the 2018 event under U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Harmful Algal Bloom Interception, Treatment, and Transformation System scenarios","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-12-16T14:29:48.135325","indexId":"sir20245091","displayToPublicDate":"2024-12-10T18:50:00","publicationYear":"2024","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2024-5091","displayTitle":"Societal Benefits of Cyanobacteria Harmful Algal Bloom Management in Lake Okeechobee in Florida—Potential Damages Avoided During the 2018 Event Under U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Harmful Algal Bloom Interception, Treatment, and Transformation System Scenarios","title":"Societal benefits of cyanobacteria harmful algal bloom management in Lake Okeechobee in Florida—Potential damages avoided during the 2018 event under U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Harmful Algal Bloom Interception, Treatment, and Transformation System scenarios","docAbstract":"

Freshwater harmful algal blooms (HABs) formed by blue-green algae, or cyanobacteria, have emerged as a global environmental problem. Their negative impacts on aquatic ecosystems can affect the benefits nature provides to human society by reducing water quality; inhibiting aquatic recreation; killing fish, wildlife, and pets; and posing a risk to human health. To manage harmful algal blooms, the Engineer Research and Development Center of the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers is developing an advanced technology called the Harmful Algal Bloom Interception, Treatment, and Transformation System (HABITATS), which has been tested in pilot demonstrations upstream of spillways at HAB-affected waterbodies in Florida.

The U.S. Geological Survey and cooperators from the U.S. Department of the Interior Office of Policy Analysis investigated the societal benefits of HABITATS technology by using data from an actual 2018 harmful algal bloom in Lake Okeechobee to characterize the observed societal impacts and then comparing observed effects to hypothetical scenarios of HABITATS deployment. This study estimated an economic value of $5.5 million in foregone recreation as a result of closed boating ramp facilities and other restrictions on aquatic recreation such as fishing and swimming during the 2018 cyanobacteria harmful algal bloom outbreak. The change in housing sales prices that could have resulted from murky water or bad odor during that outbreak was estimated as $2.3 million. The team also investigated drinking water contamination and human illness but did not find significant societal impacts in this case. If HABITATS had been deployed, the avoided losses less the cost of management could have provided net societal benefits that ranged between negative $2.1 million and positive $0.8 million, depending on the vertical distribution of algae in the water column and the HABITATS version used. The study’s estimated societal benefit is undoubtedly a lower bound estimate because current scientific knowledge is inadequate to characterize, or monetize, all the impacts.

","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20245091","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the U.S. Department of the Interior Office of Policy Analysis","usgsCitation":"Boubacar, I., Pindilli, E., Brown, E., Simon, B., Skrabis, K., and Luby, I., 2024, Societal benefits of cyanobacteria harmful algal bloom management in Lake Okeechobee in Florida—Potential damages avoided during the 2018 event under U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Harmful Algal Bloom Interception, Treatment, and Transformation System scenarios: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2024–5091, 45 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20245091.","productDescription":"viii, 45 p.","numberOfPages":"45","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-150304","costCenters":[{"id":554,"text":"Science and Decisions Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":463780,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2024/5091/coverthb.jpg"},{"id":463781,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2024/5091/sir20245091.pdf","text":"Report","size":"3.84 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"SIR 2024-5091 PDF"},{"id":465046,"rank":3,"type":{"id":39,"text":"HTML Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/publication/sir20245091/full","text":"Report","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"SIR 2024-5091 HTML"},{"id":465047,"rank":4,"type":{"id":31,"text":"Publication XML"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2024/5091/sir20245091.XML","linkFileType":{"id":8,"text":"xml"},"description":"SIR 2024-5091 XML"},{"id":465048,"rank":5,"type":{"id":34,"text":"Image Folder"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2024/5091/images/"}],"country":"United States","state":"Florida","otherGeospatial":"Lake Okeechobee","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -80.71054671420583,\n 26.687775426716726\n ],\n [\n -80.58954039907944,\n 26.917874571459976\n ],\n [\n -80.63426012423493,\n 27.05617802730012\n ],\n [\n -80.68424099352616,\n 27.141653409197076\n ],\n [\n -80.7920944483125,\n 27.21419764747064\n ],\n [\n -80.88416447069157,\n 27.15803848776676\n ],\n [\n -81.13538410318226,\n 26.9729819104991\n ],\n [\n -81.08671851992459,\n 26.83105527322678\n ],\n [\n -80.98412620927402,\n 26.7958392807315\n ],\n [\n -80.8960020449971,\n 26.737121664610214\n ],\n [\n -80.81050845278828,\n 26.686600255683558\n ],\n [\n -80.74737472315748,\n 26.68189945039616\n ],\n [\n -80.71054671420583,\n 26.687775426716726\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"

Center Director, Science and Decisions Center
U.S. Geological Survey
12201 Sunrise Valley Drive
Mail Stop 913
Reston, VA 20192

Contact Pubs Warehouse

","tableOfContents":"","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":9,"text":"Reston PSC"},"publishedDate":"2024-12-10","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2024-12-10","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Boubacar, Inoussa","contributorId":346118,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Boubacar","given":"Inoussa","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":37487,"text":"formerly USGS","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":918150,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Pindilli, Emily 0000-0002-5101-1266 epindilli@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5101-1266","contributorId":140262,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pindilli","given":"Emily","email":"epindilli@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":554,"text":"Science and Decisions Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":918151,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Brown, Ellie 0000-0001-7798-830X ebrown@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7798-830X","contributorId":200491,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brown","given":"Ellie","email":"ebrown@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":554,"text":"Science and Decisions Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":918152,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Simon, Benjamin","contributorId":203554,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Simon","given":"Benjamin","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":36651,"text":"Department of the Interior Office of Policy Analysis","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":918153,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Skrabis, Kristin","contributorId":167394,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Skrabis","given":"Kristin","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":918154,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Luby, Ian","contributorId":346119,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Luby","given":"Ian","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":7041,"text":"The Nature Conservancy","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":918155,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70261486,"text":"70261486 - 2024 - Yellowstone River Compact Commission seventy-second annual report 2023","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-09-10T18:51:46.828463","indexId":"70261486","displayToPublicDate":"2024-12-10T10:22:21","publicationYear":"2024","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":1,"text":"Federal Government Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":5883,"text":"Cooperator Report","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":1}},"title":"Yellowstone River Compact Commission seventy-second annual report 2023","docAbstract":"

No abstract available.

","language":"English","publisher":"Yellowstone River Compact Commission","usgsCitation":"Davidson, S., 2024, Yellowstone River Compact Commission seventy-second annual report 2023: Cooperator Report, v, 38 p.","productDescription":"v, 38 p.","ipdsId":"IP-167219","costCenters":[{"id":5050,"text":"WY-MT Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":465007,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.usgs.gov/media/files/yellowstone-river-compact-commission-seventy-second-annual-report-2023","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":465014,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Montana, North Dakota, Wyoming","otherGeospatial":"Yellowstone River basin","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -103.30202023998697,\n 46.91729828037356\n ],\n [\n -102.86275606887625,\n 47.305932172917124\n ],\n [\n -102.86275606887625,\n 47.721288979115684\n ],\n [\n -103.34594665709811,\n 47.8393587156163\n ],\n [\n -104.66373917043084,\n 47.246327039430156\n ],\n [\n -106.24509018642983,\n 46.82721042008123\n ],\n [\n -107.60680911687372,\n 46.73697132311386\n ],\n [\n -109.27601296709494,\n 46.73697132311386\n ],\n [\n -110.28632056064981,\n 46.94729396432527\n ],\n [\n -111.95552441087104,\n 46.94729396432527\n ],\n [\n -112.79012633598192,\n 46.31385501970888\n ],\n [\n -113.05368483864815,\n 45.611577424913406\n ],\n [\n -112.57049425042628,\n 44.58840676429884\n ],\n [\n -111.73589232531539,\n 44.71340404194632\n ],\n [\n -111.03306965153841,\n 44.21179870462521\n ],\n [\n -110.85736398309392,\n 43.163632537948956\n ],\n [\n -110.59380548042715,\n 42.38983470662791\n ],\n [\n -109.53957146976119,\n 41.77039401552537\n ],\n [\n -106.94791286020732,\n 42.194875226416286\n ],\n [\n -106.11331093509645,\n 42.84239196344987\n ],\n [\n -105.93760526665194,\n 43.73763032826872\n ],\n [\n -105.05907692443046,\n 45.08677944735058\n ],\n [\n -103.91699007954222,\n 46.34418691818388\n ],\n [\n -103.30202023998697,\n 46.91729828037356\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Davidson, Seth 0000-0002-9548-468X","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9548-468X","contributorId":218042,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Davidson","given":"Seth","affiliations":[{"id":5050,"text":"WY-MT Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":920767,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70261458,"text":"70261458 - 2024 - Development of a large-volume concentration method to recover infectious avian influenza virus from the aquatic environment","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-12-11T17:07:27.108447","indexId":"70261458","displayToPublicDate":"2024-12-10T09:59:04","publicationYear":"2024","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3700,"text":"Viruses","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Development of a large-volume concentration method to recover infectious avian influenza virus from the aquatic environment","docAbstract":"

Since late 2021, outbreaks of highly pathogenic avian influenza virus have caused a record number of mortalities in wild birds, domestic poultry, and mammals in North America. Wetlands are plausible environmental reservoirs of avian influenza virus; however, the transmission and persistence of the virus in the aquatic environment are poorly understood. To explore environmental contamination with the avian influenza virus, a large-volume concentration method for detecting infectious avian influenza virus in waterbodies was developed. A variety of filtering, elution, and concentration methods were explored, in addition to testing filtering speeds using artificially amended 20 L water matrices (deionized water with sterile dust, autoclaved wetland water, and wetland water). The optimal protocol was dead-end ultrafiltration coupled with salt solution elution and centrifugation concentration. Using this method, infectious virus was recovered at 1 × 10−1 50% egg infectious dose per milliliter (EID50/mL), whereas viral RNA was detected inconsistently down to 1 × 100 EID50/mL. This method will aid in furthering our understanding of the avian influenza virus in the environment and may be applicable to the environmental detection of other enveloped viruses.

","language":"English","publisher":"MDPI","doi":"10.3390/v16121898","usgsCitation":"Hubbard, L.E., Stelzer, E., Poulson, R., Kolpin, D., Szablewski, C.M., and Givens, C.E., 2024, Development of a large-volume concentration method to recover infectious avian influenza virus from the aquatic environment: Viruses, v. 16, no. 12, 1898, 14 p., https://doi.org/10.3390/v16121898.","productDescription":"1898, 14 p.","ipdsId":"IP-165194","costCenters":[{"id":37947,"text":"Upper Midwest Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":466719,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/v16121898","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":465023,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Ohio","city":"Columbus","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -83.22878762807818,\n 40.153210789628275\n ],\n [\n -83.22878762807818,\n 39.86763424579317\n ],\n [\n -82.75220132092967,\n 39.86763424579317\n ],\n [\n -82.75220132092967,\n 40.153210789628275\n ],\n [\n -83.22878762807818,\n 40.153210789628275\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"16","issue":"12","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2024-12-10","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hubbard, Laura E. 0000-0003-3813-1500 lhubbard@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3813-1500","contributorId":4221,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hubbard","given":"Laura","email":"lhubbard@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":37947,"text":"Upper Midwest Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":920622,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Stelzer, Erin A. 0000-0001-7645-7603","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7645-7603","contributorId":220549,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stelzer","given":"Erin A.","affiliations":[{"id":35860,"text":"Ohio-Kentucky-Indiana Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":920623,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Poulson, Rebecca L.","contributorId":198807,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Poulson","given":"Rebecca L.","affiliations":[{"id":7125,"text":"Southeastern Cooperative Wildlife Disease Study, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA.","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":920624,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Kolpin, Dana W. 0000-0002-3529-6505","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3529-6505","contributorId":204154,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kolpin","given":"Dana W.","affiliations":[{"id":351,"text":"Iowa Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":35680,"text":"Illinois-Iowa-Missouri Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":920625,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Szablewski, Christine M. 0000-0003-4796-7318","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4796-7318","contributorId":331719,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Szablewski","given":"Christine","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":17914,"text":"CDC","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":920626,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Givens, Carrie E. 0000-0003-2543-9610","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2543-9610","contributorId":247691,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Givens","given":"Carrie","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":37947,"text":"Upper Midwest Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":920627,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70262779,"text":"70262779 - 2024 - Using camera traps to estimate site occupancy of invasive Argentine Black and White Tegus (Salvator merianae) in South Florida","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-01-22T15:37:00.008611","indexId":"70262779","displayToPublicDate":"2024-12-10T09:33:01","publicationYear":"2024","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3444,"text":"Southeastern Naturalist","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Using camera traps to estimate site occupancy of invasive Argentine Black and White Tegus (Salvator merianae) in South Florida","docAbstract":"

The introduction of nonnative species is a leading cause of biodiversity loss. Many invasive species are cryptic or elusive in nature and therefore often evade detection, complicating their management. Occupancy modeling can reveal the presence and spread of invasive species over time and therefore has important management implications. Camera traps can be used to estimate occupancy, or the proportion of sites that are occupied by a target species. During a 4-year study (2016–2020), we used camera traps both with and without lures to detect the presence of invasive Salvator merianae (Argentine Black and White Tegu) at sites in Miami-Dade County, FL. Our results from a multi-season occupancy model revealed that a quadratic effect of ordinal day was the best predictor of detection, with a peak in June, while occupancy was correlated with distance to landscape features that may facilitate tegu movement. We did not detect any large-scale changes in occupancy over the course of our study. We also discovered that the use of lures with camera traps did not impact detection, indicating fewer resources would be required from invasive species managers for effective monitoring. Understanding the factors that impact occupancy and detection probabilities can inform surveillance and removal efforts, leading to more efficient management strategies.

","language":"English","publisher":"Eagle Hill Institute","doi":"10.1656/058.023.0402","usgsCitation":"Smith, S., Miller, M.A., Waddle, H., Cooke, S., Yackel Adams, A.A., Currylow, A., Donmoyer, K., and Mazzotti, F., 2024, Using camera traps to estimate site occupancy of invasive Argentine Black and White Tegus (Salvator merianae) in South Florida: Southeastern Naturalist, v. 23, no. 4, p. 425-447, https://doi.org/10.1656/058.023.0402.","productDescription":"23 p.","startPage":"425","endPage":"447","ipdsId":"IP-165744","costCenters":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":17705,"text":"Wetland and Aquatic Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":502427,"rank":0,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"text":"External Repository"},{"id":480922,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Florida","county":"Miami-Dade County","geographicExtents":"{\"type\":\"FeatureCollection\",\"features\":[{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"id\":3199,\"properties\":{\"name\":\"Miami-Dade\",\"state\":\"FL\"},\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"MultiPolygon\",\"coordinates\":[[[[-80.7769,25.9793],[-80.7392,25.9791],[-80.6798,25.9789],[-80.6801,25.9646],[-80.6802,25.9573],[-80.5147,25.9573],[-80.5001,25.9573],[-80.4997,25.9563],[-80.3759,25.9576],[-80.2955,25.9566],[-80.2955,25.9567],[-80.2953,25.9709],[-80.253,25.9717],[-80.2059,25.9728],[-80.1655,25.9736],[-80.1236,25.9748],[-80.1188,25.9749],[-80.1182,25.9732],[-80.118,25.9732],[-80.1185,25.9641],[-80.1188,25.9626],[-80.1184,25.9627],[-80.1185,25.9613],[-80.1188,25.9613],[-80.1188,25.9585],[-80.1184,25.9585],[-80.1188,25.9568],[-80.1185,25.9568],[-80.119,25.9493],[-80.1187,25.9493],[-80.1188,25.9476],[-80.1193,25.9425],[-80.1199,25.9379],[-80.1196,25.9379],[-80.1204,25.9299],[-80.1202,25.9299],[-80.1207,25.9268],[-80.121,25.9218],[-80.1207,25.9218],[-80.1207,25.9205],[-80.121,25.9204],[-80.121,25.9191],[-80.1212,25.9166],[-80.1215,25.9165],[-80.1212,25.9146],[-80.1209,25.9146],[-80.126,25.9049],[-80.1257,25.9049],[-80.1251,25.9157],[-80.125,25.9157],[-80.1285,25.9238],[-80.129,25.9265],[-80.1281,25.9287],[-80.1307,25.9276],[-80.1305,25.9276],[-80.1304,25.9251],[-80.1302,25.9251],[-80.1301,25.9221],[-80.1279,25.919],[-80.1282,25.9159],[-80.1326,25.9129],[-80.1343,25.9129],[-80.1374,25.9118],[-80.1374,25.911],[-80.1374,25.9067],[-80.1421,25.901],[-80.1635,25.8765],[-80.1643,25.8746],[-80.1707,25.8633],[-80.171,25.8575],[-80.1715,25.8532],[-80.1715,25.8517],[-80.1721,25.8487],[-80.1707,25.8479],[-80.1696,25.8479],[-80.1685,25.8499],[-80.1682,25.8499],[-80.1668,25.8505],[-80.1643,25.8493],[-80.161,25.8485],[-80.161,25.8487],[-80.1612,25.8504],[-80.161,25.8504],[-80.1585,25.8554],[-80.1457,25.8546],[-80.146,25.8546],[-80.1318,25.8612],[-80.1291,25.8607],[-80.1349,25.8629],[-80.1385,25.8632],[-80.1385,25.8631],[-80.1427,25.8632],[-80.1387,25.8651],[-80.1349,25.8649],[-80.1349,25.8651],[-80.134,25.8685],[-80.1365,25.8696],[-80.1307,25.8696],[-80.1307,25.8699],[-80.1249,25.871],[-80.1249,25.8721],[-80.1285,25.8724],[-80.1285,25.8721],[-80.1315,25.8727],[-80.1321,25.8735],[-80.141,25.8721],[-80.141,25.8724],[-80.141,25.8738],[-80.1396,25.8741],[-80.1382,25.8749],[-80.1393,25.8754],[-80.1393,25.8787],[-80.1387,25.8804],[-80.1393,25.889],[-80.1391,25.889],[-80.1347,25.8935],[-80.134,25.894],[-80.1318,25.8943],[-80.1318,25.894],[-80.1304,25.891],[-80.129,25.8915],[-80.129,25.8943],[-80.1288,25.8943],[-80.1246,25.899],[-80.1212,25.8897],[-80.1207,25.8846],[-80.121,25.8829],[-80.1207,25.8829],[-80.1204,25.8801],[-80.1202,25.8801],[-80.1207,25.8768],[-80.1204,25.8768],[-80.1199,25.871],[-80.1196,25.871],[-80.1196,25.868],[-80.1193,25.8593],[-80.119,25.8574],[-80.1187,25.8574],[-80.1188,25.8547],[-80.1187,25.8532],[-80.119,25.8512],[-80.1187,25.8513],[-80.119,25.8465],[-80.1187,25.8465],[-80.1193,25.8406],[-80.1188,25.8351],[-80.1184,25.8351],[-80.1187,25.8323],[-80.119,25.8324],[-80.1196,25.8275],[-80.1201,25.8226],[-80.1193,25.8227],[-80.1193,25.8221],[-80.1212,25.8207],[-80.1199,25.8207],[-80.1199,25.8199],[-80.121,25.8151],[-80.1207,25.8151],[-80.1207,25.8135],[-80.121,25.8135],[-80.1293,25.7814],[-80.1302,25.7729],[-80.1304,25.7729],[-80.1432,25.7738],[-80.143,25.7738],[-80.1432,25.7805],[-80.1462,25.7885],[-80.1536,25.7901],[-80.1562,25.7899],[-80.1576,25.7899],[-80.1576,25.7893],[-80.1607,25.7893],[-80.1607,25.7899],[-80.1618,25.7899],[-80.1618,25.7887],[-80.1637,25.7879],[-80.1637,25.7881],[-80.1662,25.7896],[-80.1693,25.7893],[-80.1693,25.789],[-80.1774,25.789],[-80.1798,25.7893],[-80.1799,25.7901],[-80.1768,25.7913],[-80.1746,25.7915],[-80.1746,25.7913],[-80.1674,25.7915],[-80.1674,25.7917],[-80.1579,25.7913],[-80.1577,25.7913],[-80.1565,25.7907],[-80.1565,25.7938],[-80.1562,25.7938],[-80.1543,25.7946],[-80.1543,25.7949],[-80.151,25.791],[-80.151,25.7913],[-80.1476,25.7932],[-80.1476,25.7935],[-80.1482,25.8026],[-80.1435,25.8065],[-80.1435,25.8062],[-80.1413,25.8062],[-80.1413,25.8065],[-80.1418,25.8099],[-80.1499,25.8096],[-80.1499,25.8099],[-80.1535,25.8099],[-80.1535,25.8096],[-80.1651,25.8099],[-80.1651,25.8101],[-80.1718,25.8099],[-80.1718,25.8101],[-80.1804,25.8103],[-80.1851,25.8007],[-80.1868,25.7957],[-80.1843,25.7865],[-80.1851,25.7813],[-80.1848,25.7812],[-80.1831,25.7801],[-80.1774,25.7819],[-80.1751,25.7799],[-80.1721,25.7787],[-80.1668,25.7763],[-80.1618,25.7732],[-80.1618,25.7735],[-80.1562,25.7726],[-80.1562,25.7721],[-80.1474,25.7663],[-80.1474,25.766],[-80.149,25.766],[-80.1491,25.7654],[-80.1515,25.7657],[-80.1515,25.7654],[-80.1521,25.7649],[-80.1565,25.7663],[-80.1565,25.7657],[-80.1585,25.7657],[-80.1585,25.7659],[-80.161,25.7663],[-80.1684,25.7699],[-80.1685,25.7696],[-80.1737,25.7727],[-80.1751,25.7726],[-80.1751,25.7729],[-80.1874,25.7701],[-80.1971,25.7521],[-80.1971,25.7518],[-80.2004,25.7475],[-80.1977,25.7468],[-80.1918,25.7465],[-80.1918,25.7467],[-80.1857,25.7468],[-80.1857,25.7471],[-80.1779,25.7468],[-80.1779,25.7471],[-80.1696,25.7429],[-80.1621,25.7418],[-80.1624,25.7418],[-80.1635,25.7426],[-80.1646,25.7469],[-80.161,25.746],[-80.1518,25.7549],[-80.1479,25.7561],[-80.1465,25.7526],[-80.1463,25.7527],[-80.141,25.7465],[-80.1418,25.7457],[-80.151,25.7381],[-80.154,25.7365],[-80.159,25.7315],[-80.1524,25.7287],[-80.1476,25.7218],[-80.1474,25.7218],[-80.1479,25.7207],[-80.156,25.6976],[-80.1562,25.6976],[-80.1568,25.6921],[-80.1566,25.6921],[-80.1551,25.6807],[-80.1549,25.6807],[-80.1549,25.6787],[-80.1547,25.6787],[-80.1532,25.6712],[-80.1534,25.6712],[-80.1582,25.6657],[-80.1582,25.6659],[-80.1654,25.6768],[-80.1746,25.6873],[-80.1746,25.6871],[-80.1699,25.6985],[-80.1704,25.6996],[-80.1699,25.6996],[-80.1674,25.7026],[-80.1715,25.7071],[-80.1716,25.7073],[-80.1743,25.7096],[-80.164,25.7101],[-80.1637,25.7118],[-80.1637,25.7124],[-80.1646,25.7138],[-80.1637,25.7157],[-80.1562,25.724],[-80.1562,25.7243],[-80.1643,25.7313],[-80.1643,25.7315],[-80.1779,25.7457],[-80.1801,25.7457],[-80.1801,25.746],[-80.1834,25.7457],[-80.1835,25.7454],[-80.1905,25.7454],[-80.2004,25.7455],[-80.2004,25.746],[-80.2018,25.7474],[-80.2129,25.7391],[-80.2165,25.7388],[-80.2165,25.7391],[-80.2185,25.739],[-80.2185,25.7387],[-80.231,25.7232],[-80.2319,25.7235],[-80.234,25.7235],[-80.2365,25.7233],[-80.2382,25.7235],[-80.2401,25.7246],[-80.241,25.7225],[-80.2468,25.7151],[-80.2485,25.7107],[-80.2482,25.7107],[-80.2468,25.7038],[-80.2454,25.7018],[-80.2449,25.6987],[-80.2454,25.6987],[-80.2482,25.6928],[-80.2499,25.6893],[-80.2513,25.6876],[-80.2532,25.6882],[-80.254,25.6882],[-80.2657,25.6876],[-80.2596,25.6871],[-80.2595,25.6869],[-80.2593,25.6785],[-80.2593,25.6779],[-80.2671,25.6593],[-80.2679,25.6544],[-80.2715,25.6402],[-80.2813,25.6276],[-80.2835,25.6332],[-80.2932,25.6285],[-80.2993,25.6247],[-80.299,25.6193],[-80.3036,25.6174],[-80.3068,25.6129],[-80.3082,25.6054],[-80.3085,25.6054],[-80.3076,25.5932],[-80.3073,25.5932],[-80.3074,25.5912],[-80.3071,25.5913],[-80.3076,25.5877],[-80.3071,25.584],[-80.3068,25.584],[-80.3032,25.5729],[-80.3093,25.554],[-80.3129,25.5451],[-80.3121,25.5427],[-80.3132,25.5381],[-80.316,25.536],[-80.3154,25.5393],[-80.3213,25.5321],[-80.3288,25.5318],[-80.3311,25.5271],[-80.3315,25.5204],[-80.3312,25.5204],[-80.3276,25.5196],[-80.3388,25.4929],[-80.3407,25.4904],[-80.3405,25.4905],[-80.3385,25.4895],[-80.3404,25.4882],[-80.3401,25.4761],[-80.3404,25.4737],[-80.3402,25.4737],[-80.3351,25.4701],[-80.3351,25.4704],[-80.3379,25.4693],[-80.3329,25.4629],[-80.3337,25.4629],[-80.336,25.4615],[-80.3371,25.4565],[-80.3369,25.4565],[-80.3354,25.4543],[-80.3315,25.446],[-80.3313,25.446],[-80.3276,25.4404],[-80.3276,25.4401],[-80.3232,25.4379],[-80.3232,25.4376],[-80.3262,25.4224],[-80.3264,25.4224],[-80.3268,25.4199],[-80.3266,25.4199],[-80.3293,25.4054],[-80.3276,25.4032],[-80.3274,25.4032],[-80.3171,25.3871],[-80.3085,25.3826],[-80.3082,25.3827],[-80.3095,25.3779],[-80.3099,25.3779],[-80.3107,25.3713],[-80.3112,25.3713],[-80.3232,25.3607],[-80.326,25.3579],[-80.3313,25.347],[-80.3418,25.3329],[-80.3435,25.3254],[-80.3433,25.3254],[-80.3474,25.3215],[-80.3493,25.3246],[-80.3499,25.3257],[-80.3601,25.3285],[-80.3632,25.3279],[-80.3632,25.3276],[-80.366,25.3251],[-80.3679,25.3245],[-80.3679,25.3243],[-80.3721,25.3201],[-80.3723,25.3191],[-80.3729,25.319],[-80.3754,25.3079],[-80.3779,25.3051],[-80.3771,25.304],[-80.377,25.3013],[-80.3768,25.3013],[-80.3785,25.2971],[-80.3821,25.2949],[-80.3831,25.2949],[-80.3952,25.2935],[-80.3988,25.2899],[-80.4009,25.2873],[-80.4001,25.2817],[-80.3967,25.2797],[-80.3954,25.2763],[-80.3969,25.2723],[-80.4011,25.2697],[-80.4046,25.2683],[-80.4077,25.2675],[-80.4112,25.2687],[-80.4125,25.2709],[-80.4151,25.2705],[-80.4172,25.2673],[-80.4197,25.2661],[-80.4203,25.2643],[-80.4255,25.2607],[-80.4282,25.2543],[-80.4294,25.2497],[-80.4315,25.2461],[-80.4276,25.2419],[-80.4212,25.2411],[-80.4193,25.2397],[-80.4209,25.2365],[-80.424,25.2351],[-80.4255,25.2339],[-80.4261,25.2311],[-80.4257,25.2291],[-80.4328,25.2271],[-80.4381,25.2281],[-80.4447,25.2289],[-80.4491,25.2305],[-80.4495,25.2327],[-80.4464,25.2351],[-80.4419,25.2363],[-80.4388,25.2399],[-80.4381,25.2431],[-80.4411,25.2441],[-80.4464,25.2447],[-80.4526,25.2417],[-80.4582,25.2397],[-80.4622,25.2403],[-80.4634,25.2351],[-80.464,25.2319],[-80.4695,25.2325],[-80.4776,25.2301],[-80.4812,25.2275],[-80.4861,25.2285],[-80.4916,25.2281],[-80.4912,25.2253],[-80.4894,25.2217],[-80.4859,25.2201],[-80.4834,25.2215],[-80.4797,25.2251],[-80.4738,25.2235],[-80.4683,25.2237],[-80.4618,25.2235],[-80.4583,25.2229],[-80.456,25.2215],[-80.4557,25.2139],[-80.4544,25.2097],[-80.4526,25.2073],[-80.45,25.2055],[-80.4468,25.2029],[-80.4448,25.2011],[-80.4397,25.2033],[-80.4358,25.2027],[-80.4354,25.1989],[-80.4359,25.1961],[-80.4381,25.1921],[-80.4388,25.1901],[-80.4383,25.1879],[-80.4365,25.1841],[-80.4387,25.1799],[-80.4437,25.1783],[-80.4492,25.1781],[-80.4507,25.1795],[-80.4476,25.1787],[-80.4476,25.179],[-80.4443,25.1823],[-80.4429,25.1857],[-80.4426,25.1885],[-80.4421,25.1938],[-80.4488,25.1963],[-80.4604,25.2065],[-80.4649,25.2099],[-80.4693,25.2124],[-80.474,25.2118],[-80.4776,25.2126],[-80.4777,25.2129],[-80.4863,25.2107],[-80.4918,25.2074],[-80.4918,25.2073],[-80.4921,25.2062],[-80.4935,25.2057],[-80.496,25.2024],[-80.4957,25.2024],[-80.4957,25.2005],[-80.5018,25.2038],[-80.5018,25.2035],[-80.5107,25.2135],[-80.5107,25.2143],[-80.5168,25.2204],[-80.5168,25.2207],[-80.52,25.2224],[-80.5265,25.2179],[-80.5343,25.2143],[-80.5343,25.214],[-80.5365,25.214],[-80.5365,25.2143],[-80.5384,25.2143],[-80.5393,25.2138],[-80.5407,25.21],[-80.541,25.2085],[-80.5407,25.2085],[-80.539,25.2062],[-80.5379,25.2013],[-80.5396,25.2046],[-80.5399,25.2046],[-80.5494,25.2082],[-80.549,25.211],[-80.5524,25.2132],[-80.5524,25.2135],[-80.5593,25.2118],[-80.5593,25.2121],[-80.5612,25.2121],[-80.5612,25.2123],[-80.559,25.2018],[-80.5588,25.2018],[-80.5582,25.1999],[-80.5638,25.1974],[-80.5638,25.1971],[-80.5718,25.196],[-80.5696,25.2018],[-80.5694,25.2018],[-80.5687,25.204],[-80.5661,25.2043],[-80.5649,25.204],[-80.5649,25.2043],[-80.5713,25.2101],[-80.5786,25.2115],[-80.5837,25.2062],[-80.5871,25.2004],[-80.5871,25.2007],[-80.5906,25.1996],[-80.5962,25.1895],[-80.5982,25.1893],[-80.5982,25.189],[-80.6052,25.1868],[-80.6085,25.1829],[-80.6118,25.1771],[-80.6134,25.176],[-80.6162,25.1757],[-80.6163,25.1759],[-80.6188,25.1759],[-80.6212,25.1757],[-80.6212,25.1759],[-80.6215,25.1782],[-80.6193,25.1782],[-80.6193,25.1785],[-80.6204,25.1815],[-80.624,25.1829],[-80.6221,25.1827],[-80.6221,25.1832],[-80.6251,25.1843],[-80.6174,25.1827],[-80.6174,25.1824],[-80.6143,25.1824],[-80.6093,25.186],[-80.6035,25.1918],[-80.6038,25.1918],[-80.6046,25.1932],[-80.6243,25.1953],[-80.6307,25.1959],[-80.6335,25.1932],[-80.6373,25.1911],[-80.6504,25.1924],[-80.6504,25.1921],[-80.6551,25.1843],[-80.6551,25.184],[-80.6579,25.1849],[-80.6579,25.1846],[-80.664,25.1771],[-80.6637,25.1771],[-80.6585,25.1765],[-80.6526,25.1757],[-80.6526,25.1754],[-80.6504,25.1751],[-80.6504,25.1753],[-80.6446,25.1771],[-80.6446,25.1774],[-80.6413,25.1779],[-80.6413,25.1776],[-80.639,25.1779],[-80.639,25.1781],[-80.6371,25.176],[-80.6371,25.1763],[-80.651,25.1571],[-80.6515,25.1571],[-80.6537,25.1565],[-80.656,25.1523],[-80.6546,25.1457],[-80.6546,25.1454],[-80.6646,25.141],[-80.6682,25.1421],[-80.6682,25.1418],[-80.6695,25.1418],[-80.6746,25.1413],[-80.6743,25.1413],[-80.6693,25.146],[-80.6676,25.1468],[-80.6607,25.1546],[-80.6582,25.1551],[-80.6582,25.1554],[-80.6688,25.1668],[-80.6732,25.1712],[-80.6732,25.1701],[-80.671,25.1671],[-80.672,25.1671],[-80.6801,25.1657],[-80.6798,25.1657],[-80.679,25.1682],[-80.6771,25.1724],[-80.6774,25.1724],[-80.6774,25.1735],[-80.6795,25.174],[-80.6809,25.1735],[-80.6932,25.1673],[-80.6932,25.1671],[-80.6946,25.1646],[-80.6979,25.1588],[-80.7051,25.1462],[-80.7049,25.1463],[-80.7046,25.1404],[-80.7058,25.1415],[-80.7077,25.1424],[-80.7096,25.1501],[-80.7132,25.1517],[-80.7176,25.156],[-80.7176,25.1557],[-80.719,25.1551],[-80.719,25.1554],[-80.7207,25.1551],[-80.7218,25.1543],[-80.7226,25.1543],[-80.724,25.1576],[-80.7282,25.1665],[-80.7304,25.1657],[-80.7288,25.1612],[-80.7285,25.1612],[-80.7307,25.159],[-80.7307,25.1593],[-80.734,25.1607],[-80.734,25.1604],[-80.7357,25.1589],[-80.7379,25.1613],[-80.739,25.1612],[-80.739,25.1615],[-80.7398,25.1621],[-80.7404,25.1621],[-80.7468,25.1632],[-80.7474,25.1618],[-80.7431,25.154],[-80.7332,25.1521],[-80.7315,25.1524],[-80.7259,25.1496],[-80.7257,25.1453],[-80.7376,25.1432],[-80.7387,25.1432],[-80.7387,25.1429],[-80.7426,25.1421],[-80.7437,25.1435],[-80.7443,25.1435],[-80.7513,25.1513],[-80.7576,25.1601],[-80.7576,25.1604],[-80.7596,25.1607],[-80.7678,25.1615],[-80.7701,25.151],[-80.7699,25.151],[-80.7776,25.1374],[-80.7776,25.1377],[-80.7782,25.1387],[-80.776,25.1588],[-80.7758,25.1588],[-80.7768,25.1604],[-80.7787,25.1637],[-80.7799,25.164],[-80.7799,25.1646],[-80.7815,25.1649],[-80.7851,25.1646],[-80.7871,25.164],[-80.7887,25.164],[-80.7888,25.1643],[-80.7904,25.1646],[-80.7943,25.1629],[-80.7982,25.155],[-80.7988,25.1521],[-80.7985,25.1521],[-80.7985,25.1507],[-80.7979,25.1482],[-80.8004,25.1482],[-80.8007,25.1599],[-80.8007,25.1615],[-80.7954,25.1743],[-80.7949,25.1771],[-80.7999,25.1817],[-80.8023,25.1821],[-80.8035,25.1821],[-80.8035,25.1824],[-80.8132,25.179],[-80.8124,25.1665],[-80.8182,25.1643],[-80.8182,25.164],[-80.8229,25.1624],[-80.8229,25.1621],[-80.8268,25.1604],[-80.8268,25.1607],[-80.8288,25.1662],[-80.8315,25.1696],[-80.8446,25.1763],[-80.849,25.1774],[-80.849,25.1771],[-80.852,25.1771],[-80.8553,25.1768],[-80.8598,25.1765],[-80.8624,25.1763],[-80.8624,25.176],[-80.8657,25.176],[-80.8657,25.1763],[-80.8673,25.1763],[-80.8674,25.176],[-80.869,25.1759],[-80.8737,25.1735],[-80.8743,25.1735],[-80.8782,25.1736],[-80.8729,25.1789],[-80.8639,25.1795],[-80.8579,25.1797],[-80.8581,25.1881],[-80.8583,25.2119],[-80.8581,25.2429],[-80.8592,25.2429],[-80.8623,25.2501],[-80.8623,25.3647],[-80.8733,25.3641],[-80.8736,25.3715],[-80.8734,25.5005],[-80.8736,25.5107],[-80.8734,25.6155],[-80.8733,25.6173],[-80.8731,25.8059],[-80.873,25.9795],[-80.8357,25.9793],[-80.8261,25.9795],[-80.7769,25.9793]]],[[[-80.1773,25.4932],[-80.1774,25.4907],[-80.1776,25.4907],[-80.1776,25.4871],[-80.1779,25.4871],[-80.1779,25.4862],[-80.1776,25.4862],[-80.1776,25.486],[-80.1774,25.4843],[-80.1775,25.4843],[-80.178,25.484],[-80.1785,25.4833],[-80.1787,25.4821],[-80.1793,25.4815],[-80.1793,25.4813],[-80.1796,25.4807],[-80.1798,25.4799],[-80.1801,25.4799],[-80.1801,25.4795],[-80.1806,25.4785],[-80.181,25.4779],[-80.1813,25.4779],[-80.1812,25.4771],[-80.1815,25.4771],[-80.1815,25.4764],[-80.1818,25.4759],[-80.1821,25.4754],[-80.1824,25.4748],[-80.1826,25.4743],[-80.1829,25.4743],[-80.1829,25.4738],[-80.1832,25.4737],[-80.1832,25.4735],[-80.1835,25.4735],[-80.1835,25.4733],[-80.184,25.4726],[-80.184,25.4724],[-80.1843,25.4724],[-80.1843,25.4721],[-80.1845,25.4721],[-80.1849,25.4718],[-80.1857,25.4713],[-80.1857,25.4707],[-80.1855,25.4707],[-80.1854,25.4704],[-80.1852,25.4704],[-80.1849,25.4701],[-80.1849,25.4688],[-80.1852,25.4688],[-80.1851,25.4685],[-80.1853,25.4685],[-80.1856,25.4679],[-80.186,25.4676],[-80.1868,25.4677],[-80.1868,25.4674],[-80.187,25.4674],[-80.1874,25.4664],[-80.1877,25.4657],[-80.1876,25.4654],[-80.1878,25.4654],[-80.1882,25.4649],[-80.1881,25.4643],[-80.1885,25.4643],[-80.1888,25.464],[-80.1888,25.4638],[-80.1893,25.4635],[-80.1893,25.4632],[-80.1895,25.4632],[-80.1899,25.4621],[-80.1897,25.4621],[-80.1898,25.4618],[-80.1899,25.461],[-80.19,25.461],[-80.1901,25.4601],[-80.1904,25.4582],[-80.1901,25.4582],[-80.1901,25.4576],[-80.1899,25.4577],[-80.1899,25.4571],[-80.1897,25.4571],[-80.1896,25.4557],[-80.1897,25.4557],[-80.1899,25.4549],[-80.1897,25.4549],[-80.1899,25.4543],[-80.1897,25.4543],[-80.1896,25.4538],[-80.1897,25.4538],[-80.1899,25.4535],[-80.1901,25.4531],[-80.1904,25.4524],[-80.1907,25.4524],[-80.1907,25.4516],[-80.191,25.4508],[-80.1913,25.4498],[-80.1915,25.449],[-80.1917,25.4484],[-80.1924,25.4479],[-80.1924,25.4476],[-80.1926,25.4477],[-80.1926,25.4474],[-80.1929,25.4471],[-80.1935,25.4471],[-80.1935,25.4469],[-80.1937,25.446],[-80.1935,25.446],[-80.1935,25.4449],[-80.1936,25.4449],[-80.1942,25.4446],[-80.1943,25.4445],[-80.1946,25.4443],[-80.1951,25.4438],[-80.1949,25.4438],[-80.1949,25.4435],[-80.1951,25.4435],[-80.1951,25.4432],[-80.1951,25.4429],[-80.1954,25.4424],[-80.1954,25.4411],[-80.1955,25.4407],[-80.1957,25.4407],[-80.1957,25.4404],[-80.196,25.4401],[-80.196,25.4399],[-80.1963,25.4399],[-80.1966,25.4396],[-80.1968,25.4396],[-80.1968,25.4393],[-80.1971,25.4393],[-80.1971,25.4386],[-80.1973,25.4382],[-80.1974,25.4376],[-80.1977,25.4377],[-80.1976,25.4374],[-80.1978,25.4374],[-80.1982,25.436],[-80.1983,25.4354],[-80.1985,25.4349],[-80.1988,25.4349],[-80.1988,25.4344],[-80.199,25.434],[-80.1992,25.4337],[-80.1996,25.4331],[-80.1999,25.4321],[-80.2001,25.4318],[-80.2001,25.4315],[-80.2003,25.4312],[-80.2007,25.431],[-80.2007,25.4307],[-80.2012,25.4307],[-80.2012,25.4304],[-80.2022,25.4304],[-80.2024,25.4302],[-80.2026,25.4295],[-80.2027,25.4293],[-80.2029,25.4293],[-80.2032,25.4291],[-80.2032,25.4285],[-80.2033,25.4285],[-80.2035,25.4282],[-80.2038,25.4268],[-80.2036,25.4268],[-80.2038,25.4257],[-80.2036,25.4257],[-80.2038,25.4243],[-80.204,25.4234],[-80.2043,25.4226],[-80.2041,25.4226],[-80.204,25.4218],[-80.2039,25.4218],[-80.204,25.421],[-80.2041,25.4205],[-80.2043,25.419],[-80.2041,25.4191],[-80.2038,25.4188],[-80.2038,25.4182],[-80.2036,25.4182],[-80.2035,25.4176],[-80.2033,25.4169],[-80.2032,25.4154],[-80.2033,25.4154],[-80.2035,25.415],[-80.2036,25.4146],[-80.2038,25.4143],[-80.204,25.4143],[-80.204,25.414],[-80.2042,25.4137],[-80.2045,25.4132],[-80.2049,25.4129],[-80.2049,25.4122],[-80.2051,25.4118],[-80.2053,25.4115],[-80.2058,25.4112],[-80.2063,25.411],[-80.2068,25.411],[-80.2068,25.4108],[-80.2071,25.4104],[-80.2073,25.4101],[-80.2082,25.4099],[-80.2082,25.4096],[-80.2089,25.4096],[-80.209,25.4095],[-80.2093,25.4093],[-80.2093,25.409],[-80.2095,25.409],[-80.2099,25.4085],[-80.2104,25.4085],[-80.2104,25.4082],[-80.2108,25.4082],[-80.2117,25.4079],[-80.2118,25.4074],[-80.2119,25.4074],[-80.2121,25.4069],[-80.2123,25.4065],[-80.2128,25.4057],[-80.2132,25.4054],[-80.2132,25.4051],[-80.2137,25.4051],[-80.2138,25.4046],[-80.2139,25.4046],[-80.2146,25.4043],[-80.2146,25.404],[-80.215,25.404],[-80.2154,25.4037],[-80.2154,25.4035],[-80.2157,25.4035],[-80.2157,25.4032],[-80.216,25.4032],[-80.2164,25.4029],[-80.2182,25.4021],[-80.2182,25.4018],[-80.2185,25.4018],[-80.2185,25.401],[-80.2183,25.401],[-80.2193,25.4007],[-80.2193,25.4001],[-80.2195,25.4001],[-80.2202,25.3999],[-80.2201,25.3996],[-80.2203,25.3996],[-80.2204,25.3991],[-80.221,25.3988],[-80.2213,25.3988],[-80.2213,25.3983],[-80.2215,25.3979],[-80.2218,25.3979],[-80.2218,25.3974],[-80.222,25.3971],[-80.2224,25.3964],[-80.2226,25.396],[-80.2234,25.396],[-80.2235,25.3957],[-80.2237,25.3949],[-80.2246,25.3949],[-80.2246,25.3946],[-80.225,25.3946],[-80.2253,25.3943],[-80.2257,25.394],[-80.226,25.394],[-80.226,25.3938],[-80.2265,25.3937],[-80.2265,25.3935],[-80.2267,25.3932],[-80.2271,25.3919],[-80.2272,25.3915],[-80.2274,25.3913],[-80.2276,25.3913],[-80.2276,25.391],[-80.2282,25.391],[-80.2282,25.3913],[-80.2284,25.3913],[-80.2288,25.3918],[-80.2293,25.3918],[-80.2293,25.3919],[-80.2296,25.3926],[-80.2296,25.394],[-80.2299,25.394],[-80.2298,25.3946],[-80.2301,25.3946],[-80.2301,25.3951],[-80.2304,25.3951],[-80.2304,25.3955],[-80.231,25.3954],[-80.231,25.3957],[-80.2312,25.3957],[-80.2312,25.396],[-80.2315,25.396],[-80.2315,25.3962],[-80.2318,25.3962],[-80.2318,25.3965],[-80.2315,25.3965],[-80.2315,25.3971],[-80.231,25.3971],[-80.231,25.3973],[-80.2299,25.3976],[-80.2296,25.3976],[-80.2294,25.3979],[-80.229,25.3982],[-80.229,25.3985],[-80.2282,25.3993],[-80.2282,25.3996],[-80.2279,25.3996],[-80.2279,25.3999],[-80.2276,25.3999],[-80.2265,25.4009],[-80.226,25.4013],[-80.2257,25.4019],[-80.2257,25.4021],[-80.2255,25.4021],[-80.2249,25.4024],[-80.2249,25.4026],[-80.2246,25.4026],[-80.2246,25.4029],[-80.2243,25.4029],[-80.2243,25.4032],[-80.2241,25.4032],[-80.224,25.4037],[-80.2238,25.4038],[-80.2237,25.4043],[-80.2235,25.4044],[-80.2235,25.4049],[-80.2232,25.4049],[-80.2232,25.4051],[-80.2229,25.4057],[-80.2224,25.4057],[-80.2223,25.4059],[-80.2193,25.406],[-80.2193,25.4059],[-80.2182,25.4057],[-80.2182,25.4059],[-80.2176,25.4061],[-80.2165,25.4063],[-80.2165,25.4068],[-80.216,25.4068],[-80.216,25.4071],[-80.2158,25.4074],[-80.2157,25.4076],[-80.2154,25.4076],[-80.2154,25.4079],[-80.2151,25.4079],[-80.2151,25.4081],[-80.2147,25.4085],[-80.2143,25.4088],[-80.2143,25.409],[-80.2139,25.409],[-80.2135,25.4101],[-80.2135,25.4107],[-80.2132,25.4107],[-80.2132,25.411],[-80.2129,25.411],[-80.2129,25.4115],[-80.2124,25.4115],[-80.2124,25.4116],[-80.2121,25.4118],[-80.2121,25.4121],[-80.2118,25.4121],[-80.2118,25.4126],[-80.2116,25.4126],[-80.211,25.4129],[-80.2104,25.4131],[-80.2097,25.4137],[-80.2096,25.4142],[-80.2094,25.4146],[-80.209,25.4149],[-80.209,25.4151],[-80.2085,25.4151],[-80.2085,25.4153],[-80.2086,25.4163],[-80.2088,25.4176],[-80.209,25.4176],[-80.209,25.418],[-80.2092,25.4182],[-80.2097,25.4185],[-80.2099,25.419],[-80.2101,25.419],[-80.2101,25.4196],[-80.2104,25.4196],[-80.2104,25.4199],[-80.2101,25.4199],[-80.2101,25.4201],[-80.2099,25.4207],[-80.2099,25.421],[-80.2097,25.4219],[-80.2096,25.4224],[-80.2093,25.4224],[-80.2093,25.4226],[-80.2096,25.424],[-80.2097,25.4249],[-80.2099,25.4255],[-80.2101,25.4254],[-80.2101,25.4262],[-80.2103,25.4265],[-80.2107,25.4268],[-80.2107,25.4271],[-80.2113,25.4271],[-80.2115,25.4279],[-80.211,25.4279],[-80.211,25.4281],[-80.2101,25.4285],[-80.2096,25.4285],[-80.2096,25.4287],[-80.209,25.4287],[-80.209,25.4291],[-80.2085,25.4293],[-80.2085,25.4294],[-80.2083,25.4299],[-80.2079,25.4301],[-80.2076,25.4303],[-80.2069,25.431],[-80.2063,25.4315],[-80.206,25.4315],[-80.2058,25.4318],[-80.2057,25.4322],[-80.2055,25.4327],[-80.2049,25.4335],[-80.2046,25.4335],[-80.2042,25.4337],[-80.204,25.4345],[-80.2038,25.4355],[-80.2036,25.436],[-80.2029,25.4365],[-80.2029,25.4367],[-80.2031,25.4379],[-80.2032,25.4385],[-80.2026,25.4385],[-80.2026,25.4391],[-80.2021,25.439],[-80.2021,25.4393],[-80.2018,25.4396],[-80.2016,25.4399],[-80.2013,25.4404],[-80.2012,25.4409],[-80.2012,25.4421],[-80.2011,25.4421],[-80.201,25.4432],[-80.2011,25.4432],[-80.2012,25.444],[-80.201,25.444],[-80.201,25.4443],[-80.2004,25.4446],[-80.2004,25.4448],[-80.2001,25.4449],[-80.1996,25.4457],[-80.1995,25.4459],[-80.1993,25.4463],[-80.1983,25.4479],[-80.198,25.4485],[-80.1974,25.4502],[-80.1974,25.4503],[-80.1971,25.4512],[-80.1969,25.4518],[-80.1968,25.4529],[-80.1969,25.4529],[-80.1971,25.4532],[-80.1968,25.4532],[-80.1965,25.4538],[-80.1965,25.454],[-80.196,25.4543],[-80.196,25.4549],[-80.1962,25.4549],[-80.196,25.4556],[-80.1958,25.456],[-80.1955,25.4568],[-80.1951,25.4571],[-80.1951,25.4573],[-80.1946,25.458],[-80.1943,25.4585],[-80.1941,25.459],[-80.194,25.4594],[-80.194,25.4607],[-80.1937,25.4607],[-80.1937,25.4609],[-80.1936,25.4615],[-80.1937,25.4624],[-80.1936,25.4624],[-80.1935,25.463],[-80.1933,25.464],[-80.1929,25.4649],[-80.1926,25.4649],[-80.1926,25.4651],[-80.1924,25.4654],[-80.1921,25.4654],[-80.1921,25.4656],[-80.1919,25.4668],[-80.1921,25.4668],[-80.1921,25.4671],[-80.1919,25.4671],[-80.1918,25.4688],[-80.1921,25.4688],[-80.1924,25.4696],[-80.1926,25.4696],[-80.1926,25.4699],[-80.1923,25.4699],[-80.1918,25.4701],[-80.1918,25.4704],[-80.1915,25.4712],[-80.1918,25.4715],[-80.1918,25.4718],[-80.1915,25.4718],[-80.1915,25.4721],[-80.1913,25.4721],[-80.1913,25.4724],[-80.191,25.4724],[-80.191,25.4729],[-80.1904,25.473],[-80.1904,25.4737],[-80.1902,25.4737],[-80.1899,25.4751],[-80.1896,25.4751],[-80.1896,25.4754],[-80.1893,25.4754],[-80.1893,25.476],[-80.189,25.476],[-80.189,25.4762],[-80.1882,25.4776],[-80.188,25.4776],[-80.1882,25.4779],[-80.1882,25.479],[-80.1885,25.479],[-80.1885,25.4793],[-80.1882,25.4793],[-80.1882,25.4796],[-80.188,25.4796],[-80.1869,25.4818],[-80.1868,25.4824],[-80.1862,25.4824],[-80.1862,25.4827],[-80.1857,25.4826],[-80.1857,25.4829],[-80.1855,25.4829],[-80.1852,25.4835],[-80.1849,25.484],[-80.1846,25.484],[-80.1846,25.4843],[-80.1843,25.4843],[-80.1843,25.4845],[-80.1832,25.4854],[-80.1831,25.4859],[-80.1829,25.486],[-80.1826,25.4862],[-80.1826,25.4865],[-80.1824,25.4868],[-80.1824,25.4874],[-80.1822,25.4874],[-80.1818,25.4876],[-80.1818,25.4881],[-80.1815,25.4885],[-80.1812,25.4891],[-80.1813,25.4904],[-80.1809,25.4905],[-80.181,25.4912],[-80.1807,25.4913],[-80.1805,25.4924],[-80.1801,25.4929],[-80.1796,25.4929],[-80.1796,25.4931],[-80.1787,25.4932],[-80.1787,25.4931],[-80.1779,25.4932],[-80.1773,25.4932]]],[[[-80.2415,25.3989],[-80.2412,25.3988],[-80.2412,25.3985],[-80.2409,25.3985],[-80.2407,25.3985],[-80.2407,25.3983],[-80.2406,25.3982],[-80.2404,25.3982],[-80.2404,25.3981],[-80.2399,25.3979],[-80.2399,25.3971],[-80.2396,25.3971],[-80.2396,25.3965],[-80.2399,25.3965],[-80.2399,25.3957],[-80.2404,25.3957],[-80.2404,25.3954],[-80.2408,25.3954],[-80.241,25.3954],[-80.241,25.3953],[-80.2412,25.3951],[-80.2412,25.3941],[-80.2401,25.394],[-80.2401,25.3943],[-80.2393,25.3943],[-80.2393,25.3945],[-80.2387,25.3946],[-80.2379,25.3946],[-80.2379,25.3943],[-80.2376,25.3943],[-80.2376,25.394],[-80.2374,25.394],[-80.2374,25.3927],[-80.2365,25.3926],[-80.2365,25.3925],[-80.2361,25.3924],[-80.236,25.3923],[-80.236,25.3921],[-80.2357,25.3921],[-80.2354,25.3921],[-80.2354,25.3918],[-80.2351,25.3918],[-80.2351,25.3917],[-80.2348,25.3915],[-80.2346,25.3915],[-80.2346,25.3913],[-80.2343,25.3913],[-80.2343,25.391],[-80.2341,25.391],[-80.234,25.391],[-80.234,25.3904],[-80.2338,25.3896],[-80.2337,25.3893],[-80.2335,25.3893],[-80.2335,25.3879],[-80.2336,25.3879],[-80.2337,25.3876],[-80.234,25.3876],[-80.234,25.3874],[-80.2346,25.3874],[-80.2346,25.3871],[-80.2351,25.3871],[-80.2351,25.3868],[-80.2357,25.3868],[-80.2357,25.386],[-80.2351,25.386],[-80.2351,25.3862],[-80.2349,25.3862],[-80.2349,25.3865],[-80.2343,25.3865],[-80.2343,25.3868],[-80.234,25.3868],[-80.234,25.3871],[-80.2337,25.3871],[-80.2337,25.3874],[-80.2324,25.3873],[-80.2324,25.3871],[-80.2315,25.3871],[-80.2315,25.3865],[-80.2313,25.3865],[-80.2312,25.3863],[-80.231,25.3857],[-80.231,25.3849],[-80.2307,25.3849],[-80.2307,25.3846],[-80.2304,25.3846],[-80.2304,25.3843],[-80.2301,25.3843],[-80.2301,25.384],[-80.2298,25.384],[-80.2299,25.3838],[-80.2296,25.3838],[-80.2296,25.3835],[-80.2294,25.3835],[-80.2293,25.3832],[-80.2292,25.3832],[-80.229,25.3832],[-80.229,25.3824],[-80.2293,25.3824],[-80.2293,25.3821],[-80.2295,25.3821],[-80.2296,25.3821],[-80.2296,25.3818],[-80.2301,25.3818],[-80.2301,25.3815],[-80.2303,25.3815],[-80.2304,25.3815],[-80.2304,25.3811],[-80.2306,25.3804],[-80.2307,25.3801],[-80.231,25.3801],[-80.231,25.3792],[-80.2312,25.379],[-80.2312,25.3782],[-80.2313,25.3779],[-80.2315,25.3779],[-80.2315,25.3775],[-80.2316,25.3774],[-80.2318,25.3774],[-80.2318,25.3771],[-80.2321,25.3771],[-80.2321,25.3764],[-80.2321,25.3757],[-80.2324,25.3757],[-80.2324,25.3754],[-80.2325,25.3754],[-80.2326,25.375],[-80.2327,25.3746],[-80.2329,25.3738],[-80.2331,25.3729],[-80.2332,25.3727],[-80.2335,25.3726],[-80.2335,25.3722],[-80.2337,25.3721],[-80.2337,25.3716],[-80.234,25.3715],[-80.234,25.371],[-80.2343,25.371],[-80.2343,25.3704],[-80.2346,25.3704],[-80.2346,25.3701],[-80.2349,25.3701],[-80.2349,25.3699],[-80.2351,25.3699],[-80.2351,25.3693],[-80.2352,25.3691],[-80.2354,25.369],[-80.2354,25.3675],[-80.2355,25.3674],[-80.2357,25.3674],[-80.2357,25.367],[-80.2358,25.3668],[-80.236,25.3668],[-80.236,25.3665],[-80.2361,25.3662],[-80.2363,25.3662],[-80.2363,25.366],[-80.2368,25.366],[-80.2368,25.3655],[-80.2371,25.3654],[-80.2371,25.3642],[-80.2374,25.364],[-80.2374,25.3636],[-80.2376,25.3635],[-80.2376,25.3632],[-80.2379,25.3629],[-80.2379,25.3627],[-80.238,25.3624],[-80.2382,25.3624],[-80.2382,25.362],[-80.2383,25.3618],[-80.2385,25.3618],[-80.2385,25.3617],[-80.2386,25.3615],[-80.2387,25.3614],[-80.2389,25.3612],[-80.239,25.3611],[-80.2391,25.361],[-80.2393,25.361],[-80.2393,25.3602],[-80.2394,25.3599],[-80.2396,25.3596],[-80.2399,25.359],[-80.2399,25.3587],[-80.24,25.3587],[-80.2401,25.3583],[-80.2402,25.3579],[-80.2404,25.3575],[-80.2405,25.3574],[-80.2407,25.3574],[-80.2407,25.3569],[-80.2409,25.3568],[-80.241,25.3565],[-80.2412,25.3565],[-80.2412,25.3563],[-80.2415,25.3563],[-80.2415,25.3549],[-80.2412,25.3549],[-80.2412,25.3546],[-80.2409,25.3546],[-80.241,25.3537],[-80.2406,25.3537],[-80.2407,25.3535],[-80.2404,25.3535],[-80.2404,25.3529],[-80.2401,25.3529],[-80.2401,25.3526],[-80.2398,25.3526],[-80.2399,25.3518],[-80.2396,25.3518],[-80.2396,25.3507],[-80.2393,25.3507],[-80.2393,25.3504],[-80.239,25.3504],[-80.239,25.3501],[-80.2396,25.3502],[-80.2396,25.3499],[-80.2399,25.3499],[-80.2398,25.3502],[-80.2404,25.3501],[-80.2404,25.3504],[-80.241,25.3504],[-80.241,25.3507],[-80.2412,25.3507],[-80.2413,25.351],[-80.2415,25.351],[-80.2416,25.3512],[-80.2421,25.3512],[-80.242,25.3516],[-80.2424,25.3515],[-80.2424,25.3518],[-80.2429,25.3518],[-80.2429,25.3521],[-80.2446,25.3521],[-80.2446,25.3524],[-80.2451,25.3524],[-80.2452,25.3527],[-80.2454,25.3526],[-80.2454,25.3528],[-80.2458,25.3529],[-80.2462,25.3529],[-80.2463,25.3531],[-80.2464,25.3532],[-80.2468,25.3532],[-80.2468,25.3535],[-80.2474,25.3535],[-80.2474,25.3537],[-80.2477,25.3537],[-80.2513,25.3537],[-80.2513,25.354],[-80.2515,25.354],[-80.2515,25.3543],[-80.2518,25.3543],[-80.2518,25.3548],[-80.2519,25.3549],[-80.2521,25.3549],[-80.2521,25.3551],[-80.2524,25.3551],[-80.2524,25.3553],[-80.2526,25.3554],[-80.2529,25.3554],[-80.2529,25.3555],[-80.2531,25.356],[-80.2533,25.3563],[-80.2535,25.3563],[-80.2535,25.3565],[-80.2538,25.3565],[-80.2538,25.3567],[-80.2541,25.3568],[-80.2554,25.3568],[-80.2554,25.3571],[-80.2555,25.3571],[-80.2557,25.3577],[-80.256,25.3576],[-80.2559,25.358],[-80.2562,25.3579],[-80.2562,25.3582],[-80.2565,25.3582],[-80.2565,25.3585],[-80.2568,25.3585],[-80.2568,25.3587],[-80.2576,25.3587],[-80.2576,25.359],[-80.2582,25.359],[-80.2582,25.3592],[-80.2583,25.3596],[-80.2585,25.3601],[-80.2588,25.3601],[-80.2588,25.3615],[-80.2586,25.3615],[-80.2585,25.3615],[-80.2585,25.3624],[-80.2586,25.3624],[-80.2588,25.3624],[-80.2588,25.3629],[-80.2584,25.3629],[-80.2582,25.3629],[-80.2582,25.3632],[-80.2583,25.3632],[-80.2585,25.3646],[-80.2576,25.3646],[-80.2576,25.3649],[-80.2571,25.3649],[-80.257,25.3647],[-80.2571,25.3646],[-80.2554,25.3646],[-80.2554,25.3649],[-80.2553,25.3649],[-80.2551,25.3649],[-80.2551,25.3651],[-80.2548,25.3654],[-80.2546,25.3654],[-80.2546,25.3663],[-80.2543,25.3662],[-80.2543,25.3665],[-80.254,25.3665],[-80.254,25.3667],[-80.2543,25.3668],[-80.2543,25.3679],[-80.2541,25.3679],[-80.254,25.3682],[-80.254,25.369],[-80.2538,25.3691],[-80.2538,25.3693],[-80.2536,25.3701],[-80.2535,25.3701],[-80.2535,25.3704],[-80.2536,25.3704],[-80.2538,25.3704],[-80.2538,25.371],[-80.2536,25.371],[-80.2535,25.371],[-80.2535,25.3715],[-80.2537,25.3715],[-80.2538,25.3715],[-80.2538,25.3718],[-80.254,25.3721],[-80.254,25.3724],[-80.2543,25.3724],[-80.2543,25.3721],[-80.2557,25.3721],[-80.2557,25.3724],[-80.2558,25.3724],[-80.256,25.3724],[-80.256,25.3727],[-80.2561,25.3729],[-80.2562,25.3746],[-80.2561,25.3746],[-80.256,25.3754],[-80.2558,25.3763],[-80.2557,25.3762],[-80.2557,25.3767],[-80.2555,25.3774],[-80.2554,25.3776],[-80.2551,25.3776],[-80.2551,25.3778],[-80.255,25.3779],[-80.2549,25.3786],[-80.2548,25.379],[-80.2546,25.3793],[-80.2547,25.3793],[-80.2549,25.3793],[-80.2549,25.3796],[-80.2551,25.3796],[-80.2551,25.3801],[-80.2554,25.3801],[-80.2554,25.3813],[-80.2551,25.3813],[-80.2551,25.3815],[-80.2549,25.3815],[-80.2549,25.3818],[-80.2546,25.3818],[-80.2546,25.3819],[-80.2543,25.382],[-80.2543,25.3824],[-80.2541,25.3824],[-80.254,25.3827],[-80.2537,25.3829],[-80.2535,25.3829],[-80.2534,25.3831],[-80.2529,25.3832],[-80.2529,25.3834],[-80.2526,25.3835],[-80.2526,25.3838],[-80.2523,25.3838],[-80.2521,25.3838],[-80.2521,25.3839],[-80.2519,25.384],[-80.2515,25.384],[-80.2515,25.3843],[-80.2507,25.3843],[-80.2507,25.3851],[-80.2505,25.3852],[-80.2504,25.3852],[-80.2504,25.3857],[-80.2502,25.3857],[-80.2501,25.3857],[-80.2501,25.3859],[-80.2499,25.386],[-80.2499,25.3861],[-80.2495,25.3863],[-80.2496,25.3868],[-80.2494,25.3868],[-80.2493,25.3868],[-80.2493,25.3874],[-80.2487,25.3874],[-80.2487,25.3877],[-80.2482,25.3876],[-80.2482,25.3879],[-80.2481,25.3879],[-80.2478,25.3879],[-80.2462,25.3879],[-80.2462,25.3881],[-80.2454,25.3882],[-80.2454,25.3881],[-80.2449,25.3879],[-80.2449,25.3876],[-80.2431,25.3876],[-80.2424,25.3876],[-80.2424,25.3875],[-80.2421,25.3874],[-80.2421,25.3871],[-80.2418,25.3871],[-80.2418,25.3868],[-80.2415,25.3868],[-80.2415,25.3862],[-80.2412,25.3863],[-80.2412,25.3851],[-80.241,25.3851],[-80.241,25.3846],[-80.2408,25.3846],[-80.2407,25.3846],[-80.2407,25.3835],[-80.241,25.3835],[-80.241,25.383],[-80.2412,25.3829],[-80.2412,25.3821],[-80.2415,25.3821],[-80.2415,25.3811],[-80.2419,25.381],[-80.242,25.381],[-80.242,25.3807],[-80.2424,25.3807],[-80.2424,25.3787],[-80.2421,25.3787],[-80.2421,25.3785],[-80.2424,25.3785],[-80.2424,25.3776],[-80.2421,25.3777],[-80.2421,25.3774],[-80.2412,25.3774],[-80.2412,25.3777],[-80.2407,25.3776],[-80.2407,25.3779],[-80.2404,25.3779],[-80.2404,25.3782],[-80.2399,25.3782],[-80.2398,25.3784],[-80.2397,25.3785],[-80.2396,25.3785],[-80.2396,25.3799],[-80.2397,25.3799],[-80.2399,25.3799],[-80.2399,25.3807],[-80.2396,25.3807],[-80.2396,25.3808],[-80.2393,25.3818],[-80.2393,25.3819],[-80.2394,25.3832],[-80.2396,25.3832],[-80.2396,25.384],[-80.2399,25.384],[-80.2399,25.3849],[-80.2396,25.3849],[-80.2396,25.385],[-80.2394,25.3854],[-80.2393,25.3854],[-80.2393,25.3855],[-80.2387,25.3857],[-80.2387,25.3863],[-80.239,25.3862],[-80.239,25.3868],[-80.2393,25.3868],[-80.2394,25.3885],[-80.2396,25.3885],[-80.2396,25.3893],[-80.2394,25.3893],[-80.2393,25.3893],[-80.2393,25.391],[-80.2399,25.391],[-80.2399,25.3913],[-80.2401,25.3913],[-80.2401,25.3914],[-80.2403,25.3915],[-80.2407,25.3915],[-80.2407,25.3917],[-80.241,25.3918],[-80.241,25.3917],[-80.2424,25.3915],[-80.2424,25.3918],[-80.2426,25.3918],[-80.2427,25.3921],[-80.2429,25.3921],[-80.2429,25.3926],[-80.2426,25.3927],[-80.2426,25.3928],[-80.2425,25.3932],[-80.2424,25.3935],[-80.2437,25.3935],[-80.2438,25.3932],[-80.2448,25.3931],[-80.2449,25.3929],[-80.2451,25.3929],[-80.2451,25.3931],[-80.246,25.3932],[-80.246,25.3929],[-80.2463,25.3929],[-80.2468,25.3929],[-80.2468,25.3926],[-80.2471,25.3926],[-80.2471,25.3924],[-80.2474,25.3924],[-80.2474,25.3922],[-80.2475,25.3921],[-80.2476,25.3918],[-80.2482,25.3918],[-80.2482,25.3921],[-80.2485,25.3921],[-80.2485,25.3924],[-80.2487,25.3924],[-80.2488,25.3929],[-80.249,25.3929],[-80.2491,25.3935],[-80.2493,25.3935],[-80.2493,25.3937],[-80.2496,25.3937],[-80.2496,25.3949],[-80.2494,25.3949],[-80.2493,25.3949],[-80.2493,25.3951],[-80.2474,25.3951],[-80.2474,25.3957],[-80.2472,25.3957],[-80.2471,25.3957],[-80.2471,25.3964],[-80.247,25.3968],[-80.2465,25.3968],[-80.2465,25.3971],[-80.246,25.3971],[-80.246,25.3974],[-80.2457,25.3974],[-80.2457,25.3975],[-80.2455,25.3976],[-80.2451,25.3976],[-80.2451,25.3979],[-80.2446,25.3979],[-80.2446,25.398],[-80.2443,25.3981],[-80.2443,25.3985],[-80.2437,25.3985],[-80.2435,25.3985],[-80.2434,25.3987],[-80.2429,25.3988],[-80.2429,25.3989],[-80.2415,25.399],[-80.2415,25.3989]]],[[[-80.1762,25.5181],[-80.1762,25.5179],[-80.176,25.5179],[-80.176,25.5176],[-80.1757,25.5176],[-80.1757,25.5174],[-80.1755,25.5174],[-80.1754,25.5174],[-80.1754,25.5171],[-80.1754,25.5165],[-80.1751,25.5165],[-80.1752,25.5163],[-80.1754,25.5163],[-80.1754,25.5157],[-80.1762,25.5157],[-80.1762,25.514],[-80.176,25.5141],[-80.176,25.5135],[-80.1758,25.5135],[-80.1757,25.5135],[-80.1757,25.5121],[-80.1758,25.5121],[-80.176,25.5121],[-80.176,25.511],[-80.176,25.5107],[-80.1762,25.5107],[-80.1762,25.5097],[-80.1763,25.5096],[-80.1765,25.5096],[-80.1765,25.5092],[-80.1765,25.5091],[-80.1768,25.509],[-80.1768,25.5085],[-80.1768,25.5082],[-80.1769,25.5082],[-80.1771,25.5082],[-80.1771,25.5075],[-80.1771,25.5071],[-80.1772,25.5071],[-80.1774,25.5071],[-80.1774,25.5066],[-80.1774,25.5063],[-80.1775,25.5063],[-80.1776,25.5063],[-80.1776,25.5051],[-80.1779,25.5051],[-80.1779,25.5043],[-80.1779,25.5041],[-80.1782,25.504],[-80.1782,25.5029],[-80.178,25.5029],[-80.1779,25.501],[-80.1776,25.501],[-80.1776,25.4999],[-80.1778,25.4999],[-80.1779,25.4999],[-80.1779,25.4996],[-80.1782,25.4996],[-80.1782,25.4982],[-80.178,25.4982],[-80.178,25.4951],[-80.1782,25.4951],[-80.1782,25.4947],[-80.1782,25.4946],[-80.1785,25.4946],[-80.1785,25.4945],[-80.1785,25.4943],[-80.179,25.4943],[-80.179,25.494],[-80.1794,25.494],[-80.1799,25.494],[-80.1799,25.4937],[-80.1801,25.4937],[-80.1801,25.4935],[-80.1815,25.4935],[-80.1815,25.4937],[-80.182,25.4937],[-80.1821,25.4937],[-80.1821,25.4935],[-80.1832,25.4935],[-80.1832,25.4937],[-80.1833,25.4937],[-80.1835,25.4937],[-80.1835,25.4939],[-80.1835,25.494],[-80.1836,25.494],[-80.184,25.494],[-80.184,25.4943],[-80.1846,25.4943],[-80.1846,25.4946],[-80.1849,25.4946],[-80.1849,25.4949],[-80.1849,25.4951],[-80.1855,25.4951],[-80.186,25.4951],[-80.186,25.4953],[-80.186,25.4954],[-80.1862,25.4954],[-80.1868,25.4954],[-80.1868,25.4957],[-80.1879,25.4957],[-80.1879,25.4959],[-80.1881,25.496],[-80.1888,25.496],[-80.1888,25.4963],[-80.1888,25.4965],[-80.1896,25.4966],[-80.1896,25.4988],[-80.1898,25.4988],[-80.1899,25.4991],[-80.1899,25.4993],[-80.1901,25.4993],[-80.1902,25.5001],[-80.1904,25.5001],[-80.1904,25.5012],[-80.1902,25.5013],[-80.1901,25.5018],[-80.1901,25.5032],[-80.19,25.5032],[-80.1899,25.5032],[-80.1899,25.504],[-80.1899,25.5046],[-80.1897,25.5046],[-80.1896,25.5046],[-80.1896,25.505],[-80.1896,25.5054],[-80.1894,25.5054],[-80.1893,25.5054],[-80.1893,25.5055],[-80.1893,25.5057],[-80.1891,25.5057],[-80.1888,25.5057],[-80.1887,25.5059],[-80.1864,25.506],[-80.1862,25.506],[-80.1862,25.5057],[-80.186,25.5057],[-80.186,25.5054],[-80.1857,25.5054],[-80.1857,25.5051],[-80.1843,25.5051],[-80.1843,25.5053],[-80.1843,25.5054],[-80.1841,25.5054],[-80.1837,25.5054],[-80.1837,25.5056],[-80.1837,25.5057],[-80.1834,25.5057],[-80.1832,25.5057],[-80.1832,25.5062],[-80.1832,25.5068],[-80.1829,25.5068],[-80.1829,25.5069],[-80.1829,25.507],[-80.1829,25.5071],[-80.1826,25.5071],[-80.1826,25.5074],[-80.1825,25.5074],[-80.1818,25.5074],[-80.1818,25.5065],[-80.181,25.5065],[-80.181,25.5067],[-80.181,25.5068],[-80.1807,25.5068],[-80.1807,25.507],[-80.1807,25.5076],[-80.1804,25.5077],[-80.1804,25.5079],[-80.1796,25.5079],[-80.1795,25.5085],[-80.1801,25.5085],[-80.1801,25.5088],[-80.1804,25.5088],[-80.1805,25.509],[-80.1807,25.509],[-80.1807,25.5092],[-80.1807,25.5093],[-80.1809,25.5093],[-80.1813,25.5093],[-80.1812,25.5095],[-80.1818,25.5096],[-80.1818,25.5099],[-80.1815,25.5099],[-80.1815,25.5101],[-80.1813,25.5101],[-80.1813,25.5102],[-80.1812,25.5104],[-80.1804,25.5104],[-80.1804,25.5107],[-80.1801,25.5107],[-80.1801,25.511],[-80.1796,25.511],[-80.1796,25.5112],[-80.1794,25.5113],[-80.1793,25.5115],[-80.179,25.5115],[-80.1787,25.5115],[-80.1787,25.5117],[-80.1787,25.5118],[-80.1782,25.5119],[-80.1782,25.5129],[-80.1785,25.5129],[-80.1785,25.5135],[-80.1787,25.5135],[-80.1787,25.5137],[-80.179,25.5137],[-80.179,25.514],[-80.1791,25.5141],[-80.1793,25.514],[-80.1793,25.5149],[-80.179,25.5149],[-80.179,25.515],[-80.179,25.5157],[-80.1787,25.5157],[-80.1787,25.5163],[-80.1785,25.5163],[-80.1785,25.5164],[-80.1785,25.5168],[-80.1782,25.5168],[-80.1782,25.5169],[-80.1782,25.5174],[-80.1779,25.5173],[-80.1779,25.5176],[-80.1776,25.5177],[-80.1776,25.5179],[-80.1773,25.5179],[-80.1771,25.5179],[-80.1771,25.5181],[-80.177,25.5182],[-80.1762,25.5181]]],[[[-80.1429,25.7651],[-80.1429,25.7649],[-80.1427,25.7649],[-80.1426,25.7646],[-80.1423,25.7646],[-80.1424,25.7643],[-80.1418,25.7643],[-80.1418,25.7646],[-80.1387,25.7646],[-80.1387,25.7643],[-80.1376,25.7643],[-80.1376,25.7638],[-80.1375,25.7638],[-80.1371,25.7638],[-80.1371,25.7635],[-80.1369,25.7635],[-80.1368,25.7635],[-80.1368,25.7632],[-80.134,25.7632],[-80.134,25.7629],[-80.1338,25.7629],[-80.1338,25.7631],[-80.1332,25.7632],[-80.1332,25.7631],[-80.1332,25.7629],[-80.1329,25.7629],[-80.1329,25.7626],[-80.1326,25.7626],[-80.1324,25.7626],[-80.1324,25.7625],[-80.1324,25.7624],[-80.1322,25.7624],[-80.1321,25.7624],[-80.1321,25.7621],[-80.1315,25.7621],[-80.1315,25.7618],[-80.1311,25.7618],[-80.131,25.7618],[-80.131,25.7616],[-80.1309,25.7615],[-80.1307,25.7615],[-80.1307,25.7607],[-80.131,25.7607],[-80.131,25.761],[-80.1315,25.761],[-80.1316,25.7613],[-80.1318,25.7612],[-80.1318,25.7614],[-80.1318,25.7615],[-80.1321,25.7615],[-80.1326,25.7615],[-80.1327,25.7617],[-80.1328,25.7618],[-80.1332,25.7618],[-80.1332,25.7621],[-80.1338,25.7621],[-80.1338,25.7618],[-80.134,25.7618],[-80.134,25.7617],[-80.134,25.7615],[-80.1344,25.7615],[-80.1346,25.7615],[-80.1346,25.7612],[-80.1348,25.7612],[-80.1349,25.7611],[-80.1349,25.761],[-80.135,25.761],[-80.1351,25.761],[-80.1351,25.7608],[-80.1351,25.7607],[-80.1353,25.7607],[-80.1354,25.7607],[-80.1354,25.7606],[-80.1354,25.7604],[-80.1356,25.7604],[-80.1357,25.7604],[-80.1357,25.7603],[-80.1357,25.7601],[-80.1359,25.7601],[-80.136,25.7601],[-80.136,25.76],[-80.136,25.7599],[-80.1361,25.7599],[-80.1363,25.7599],[-80.1363,25.7594],[-80.1363,25.7593],[-80.1365,25.7593],[-80.1365,25.7582],[-80.1366,25.7579],[-80.1368,25.7579],[-80.1368,25.7572],[-80.1368,25.7568],[-80.1371,25.7568],[-80.1371,25.7565],[-80.1373,25.7565],[-80.1374,25.7563],[-80.1379,25.7563],[-80.1379,25.756],[-80.1382,25.756],[-80.1382,25.7563],[-80.1385,25.7563],[-80.1385,25.7562],[-80.1385,25.756],[-80.139,25.7559],[-80.139,25.7557],[-80.1393,25.7557],[-80.1393,25.7554],[-80.1396,25.7554],[-80.1399,25.7554],[-80.1399,25.7553],[-80.1399,25.7551],[-80.1404,25.7551],[-80.1404,25.7549],[-80.1407,25.7549],[-80.1407,25.7552],[-80.1413,25.7551],[-80.1413,25.7553],[-80.1413,25.7554],[-80.1415,25.7554],[-80.1415,25.756],[-80.1418,25.756],[-80.1418,25.7564],[-80.1418,25.7565],[-80.1419,25.7565],[-80.1421,25.7565],[-80.1421,25.7567],[-80.1421,25.7568],[-80.1424,25.7568],[-80.1424,25.7574],[-80.1426,25.7574],[-80.1427,25.7576],[-80.1428,25.7576],[-80.1432,25.7576],[-80.1432,25.7579],[-80.1433,25.7579],[-80.1438,25.7579],[-80.1438,25.7582],[-80.1443,25.7582],[-80.1443,25.7585],[-80.1446,25.7585],[-80.1446,25.7588],[-80.1449,25.7588],[-80.1449,25.7593],[-80.1451,25.7593],[-80.1451,25.7596],[-80.1457,25.7596],[-80.1457,25.7599],[-80.1465,25.7599],[-80.1465,25.7601],[-80.1468,25.7601],[-80.1468,25.7604],[-80.147,25.7604],[-80.1476,25.7604],[-80.1476,25.7607],[-80.1477,25.7607],[-80.1479,25.7607],[-80.148,25.7612],[-80.1482,25.7612],[-80.1482,25.7616],[-80.1485,25.7615],[-80.1485,25.7618],[-80.1488,25.7618],[-80.1488,25.7621],[-80.149,25.7621],[-80.149,25.764],[-80.1488,25.764],[-80.1488,25.7639],[-80.1488,25.7638],[-80.1485,25.7638],[-80.1485,25.7635],[-80.1479,25.7635],[-80.1479,25.7632],[-80.1467,25.7632],[-80.1465,25.7631],[-80.1465,25.7629],[-80.1462,25.7629],[-80.1462,25.7626],[-80.1454,25.7627],[-80.1454,25.7632],[-80.1451,25.7632],[-80.1451,25.7635],[-80.145,25.7635],[-80.1449,25.7635],[-80.1449,25.764],[-80.1449,25.7646],[-80.1447,25.7646],[-80.1446,25.7646],[-80.1446,25.7649],[-80.1446,25.7651],[-80.1429,25.7651]]],[[[-80.536,25.1945],[-80.536,25.1943],[-80.5357,25.1943],[-80.5357,25.194],[-80.5354,25.1941],[-80.5354,25.1938],[-80.5351,25.1938],[-80.5351,25.1932],[-80.5349,25.1932],[-80.5349,25.1912],[-80.5347,25.1913],[-80.5346,25.1912],[-80.5346,25.191],[-80.5346,25.1907],[-80.5344,25.1907],[-80.5343,25.1907],[-80.5343,25.1905],[-80.5343,25.1901],[-80.5341,25.1901],[-80.534,25.1901],[-80.534,25.1899],[-80.534,25.1896],[-80.5338,25.1896],[-80.5338,25.1893],[-80.5335,25.1893],[-80.5335,25.189],[-80.5332,25.189],[-80.5332,25.1887],[-80.5329,25.1887],[-80.5329,25.1885],[-80.5327,25.1885],[-80.5326,25.1882],[-80.5324,25.1882],[-80.5324,25.1879],[-80.5318,25.1879],[-80.5318,25.1876],[-80.531,25.1876],[-80.5307,25.1876],[-80.5307,25.1875],[-80.5307,25.1874],[-80.5306,25.1874],[-80.5304,25.1874],[-80.5304,25.1865],[-80.5305,25.1865],[-80.5307,25.1865],[-80.5307,25.1862],[-80.5307,25.186],[-80.5308,25.186],[-80.531,25.186],[-80.531,25.1857],[-80.5308,25.1857],[-80.5307,25.1857],[-80.5307,25.1854],[-80.5309,25.1854],[-80.531,25.1854],[-80.531,25.1851],[-80.5315,25.1851],[-80.5315,25.1849],[-80.5326,25.1849],[-80.5326,25.1846],[-80.5331,25.1846],[-80.5332,25.1845],[-80.5332,25.1843],[-80.5337,25.1843],[-80.5338,25.184],[-80.5343,25.1841],[-80.5343,25.1838],[-80.535,25.1838],[-80.5351,25.1838],[-80.5351,25.1835],[-80.5354,25.1835],[-80.5357,25.1835],[-80.5357,25.1832],[-80.536,25.1832],[-80.536,25.1831],[-80.536,25.1829],[-80.5368,25.1829],[-80.5368,25.1826],[-80.5373,25.1827],[-80.5374,25.1824],[-80.5379,25.1823],[-80.5379,25.1821],[-80.5395,25.1821],[-80.5396,25.1821],[-80.5396,25.1818],[-80.5407,25.1818],[-80.5413,25.1818],[-80.5413,25.1817],[-80.5413,25.1815],[-80.5421,25.1815],[-80.5421,25.1817],[-80.5421,25.1818],[-80.5425,25.1818],[-80.5443,25.1818],[-80.5443,25.1821],[-80.5454,25.1821],[-80.5454,25.1823],[-80.5457,25.1824],[-80.5457,25.1835],[-80.5454,25.1835],[-80.5454,25.1841],[-80.5449,25.184],[-80.5449,25.1844],[-80.5446,25.1843],[-80.5446,25.1845],[-80.5446,25.1846],[-80.544,25.1846],[-80.544,25.1849],[-80.5435,25.1849],[-80.5435,25.1852],[-80.5432,25.1851],[-80.5432,25.1853],[-80.5432,25.1854],[-80.5431,25.1854],[-80.5426,25.1854],[-80.5427,25.1857],[-80.5424,25.1857],[-80.5423,25.1859],[-80.5423,25.186],[-80.5415,25.186],[-80.5415,25.1863],[-80.5401,25.1863],[-80.5401,25.1865],[-80.5371,25.1865],[-80.5371,25.1867],[-80.5371,25.1868],[-80.5369,25.1868],[-80.5362,25.1868],[-80.5362,25.1871],[-80.5357,25.1871],[-80.5357,25.1873],[-80.5356,25.1874],[-80.5355,25.1874],[-80.5354,25.1876],[-80.5351,25.1877],[-80.5351,25.188],[-80.5351,25.1887],[-80.5353,25.1887],[-80.5354,25.1887],[-80.5354,25.189],[-80.5357,25.189],[-80.5357,25.1893],[-80.536,25.1893],[-80.536,25.1896],[-80.5365,25.1896],[-80.5365,25.1898],[-80.5366,25.1899],[-80.5368,25.1899],[-80.5368,25.1906],[-80.5368,25.191],[-80.5369,25.191],[-80.5371,25.191],[-80.5371,25.1918],[-80.5374,25.1918],[-80.5374,25.1935],[-80.5371,25.1935],[-80.5371,25.1938],[-80.5369,25.1938],[-80.5368,25.1938],[-80.5368,25.1939],[-80.5368,25.194],[-80.5367,25.194],[-80.5365,25.194],[-80.5365,25.1942],[-80.5365,25.1943],[-80.5364,25.1943],[-80.5362,25.1943],[-80.5362,25.1946],[-80.536,25.1946],[-80.536,25.1945]]],[[[-80.1646,25.7862],[-80.1646,25.786],[-80.1635,25.786],[-80.1635,25.7857],[-80.1629,25.7857],[-80.1629,25.7854],[-80.1626,25.7854],[-80.1626,25.7851],[-80.1624,25.7851],[-80.1624,25.7854],[-80.1615,25.7854],[-80.1615,25.7851],[-80.161,25.7851],[-80.161,25.7849],[-80.1599,25.7849],[-80.1599,25.7846],[-80.1596,25.7846],[-80.1596,25.7843],[-80.1588,25.7843],[-80.1588,25.7838],[-80.1582,25.7838],[-80.1582,25.7835],[-80.1574,25.7835],[-80.1574,25.7832],[-80.1571,25.7832],[-80.1571,25.7829],[-80.1562,25.7829],[-80.1562,25.7824],[-80.1554,25.7824],[-80.1554,25.7801],[-80.1576,25.7801],[-80.1576,25.7804],[-80.1582,25.7804],[-80.1582,25.7807],[-80.1585,25.7807],[-80.1585,25.781],[-80.159,25.781],[-80.159,25.7813],[-80.1596,25.7813],[-80.1596,25.7815],[-80.1607,25.7815],[-80.1607,25.7813],[-80.161,25.7813],[-80.161,25.781],[-80.1607,25.781],[-80.1607,25.7807],[-80.1604,25.7807],[-80.1604,25.7804],[-80.1601,25.7804],[-80.1601,25.7801],[-80.1596,25.7801],[-80.1596,25.7799],[-80.1593,25.7799],[-80.1593,25.7796],[-80.1588,25.7796],[-80.1588,25.7793],[-80.1579,25.7793],[-80.1579,25.779],[-80.1574,25.779],[-80.1574,25.7787],[-80.1571,25.7787],[-80.1571,25.7785],[-80.1568,25.7785],[-80.1568,25.7779],[-80.1565,25.7779],[-80.1565,25.7774],[-80.1568,25.7774],[-80.1568,25.7771],[-80.1571,25.7771],[-80.1571,25.7765],[-80.1576,25.7765],[-80.1576,25.7768],[-80.1582,25.7768],[-80.1582,25.7771],[-80.1585,25.7771],[-80.1585,25.7774],[-80.1601,25.7774],[-80.1601,25.7776],[-80.1607,25.7776],[-80.1607,25.7779],[-80.1618,25.7779],[-80.1618,25.7782],[-80.1624,25.7782],[-80.1624,25.7779],[-80.1626,25.7779],[-80.1626,25.7774],[-80.1632,25.7774],[-80.1632,25.7776],[-80.1637,25.7776],[-80.1637,25.7779],[-80.164,25.7779],[-80.164,25.7782],[-80.1637,25.7782],[-80.1637,25.7793],[-80.1649,25.7793],[-80.1649,25.7796],[-80.1657,25.7796],[-80.1657,25.7799],[-80.1663,25.7799],[-80.1663,25.7801],[-80.1676,25.7801],[-80.1676,25.7804],[-80.1682,25.7804],[-80.1682,25.7826],[-80.1685,25.7826],[-80.1685,25.7829],[-80.1682,25.7829],[-80.1682,25.7832],[-80.1663,25.7832],[-80.1663,25.7829],[-80.1654,25.7829],[-80.1654,25.7826],[-80.1649,25.7826],[-80.1649,25.7824],[-80.1646,25.7824],[-80.1646,25.7821],[-80.1643,25.7821],[-80.1643,25.7818],[-80.164,25.7818],[-80.164,25.7815],[-80.1635,25.7815],[-80.1635,25.7813],[-80.1632,25.7813],[-80.1632,25.781],[-80.1626,25.781],[-80.1626,25.7813],[-80.1621,25.7813],[-80.1621,25.7815],[-80.1618,25.7815],[-80.1618,25.7826],[-80.1621,25.7826],[-80.1621,25.7829],[-80.1629,25.7829],[-80.1629,25.7832],[-80.1637,25.7832],[-80.1637,25.7835],[-80.1646,25.7835],[-80.1646,25.7838],[-80.1651,25.7838],[-80.1651,25.7843],[-80.1654,25.7843],[-80.1654,25.7846],[-80.1657,25.7846],[-80.1657,25.786],[-80.1651,25.786],[-80.1651,25.7862],[-80.1646,25.7862]]],[[[-80.2935,25.3851],[-80.2935,25.3849],[-80.2932,25.3849],[-80.2932,25.3843],[-80.293,25.3843],[-80.2929,25.3843],[-80.2929,25.3837],[-80.2929,25.3829],[-80.2928,25.3829],[-80.2926,25.3829],[-80.2926,25.3824],[-80.2929,25.3824],[-80.2929,25.3818],[-80.293,25.3818],[-80.2932,25.3818],[-80.2932,25.3813],[-80.293,25.3813],[-80.2929,25.3813],[-80.2929,25.3809],[-80.2929,25.3804],[-80.2928,25.3804],[-80.2926,25.3804],[-80.2926,25.3801],[-80.2928,25.3801],[-80.2929,25.3801],[-80.2929,25.3797],[-80.2929,25.3793],[-80.293,25.3793],[-80.2932,25.3793],[-80.2932,25.3791],[-80.2932,25.3787],[-80.2935,25.3787],[-80.2935,25.3785],[-80.2938,25.3785],[-80.2937,25.3782],[-80.2942,25.3782],[-80.2943,25.3781],[-80.2943,25.3779],[-80.2946,25.3779],[-80.2946,25.3776],[-80.2948,25.3777],[-80.2949,25.3771],[-80.295,25.3771],[-80.2951,25.3771],[-80.2951,25.3769],[-80.2951,25.3768],[-80.2953,25.3768],[-80.2954,25.3768],[-80.2954,25.3767],[-80.2954,25.3765],[-80.2957,25.3765],[-80.2957,25.3768],[-80.2958,25.3768],[-80.2968,25.3768],[-80.2968,25.3771],[-80.2976,25.3771],[-80.2976,25.3774],[-80.2982,25.3774],[-80.2982,25.3771],[-80.299,25.3771],[-80.299,25.3773],[-80.2991,25.3774],[-80.2999,25.3774],[-80.2998,25.3777],[-80.3029,25.3776],[-80.3029,25.3779],[-80.3032,25.3779],[-80.3032,25.3782],[-80.3035,25.3782],[-80.3035,25.379],[-80.3032,25.379],[-80.3032,25.3792],[-80.3032,25.3796],[-80.303,25.3796],[-80.3029,25.3797],[-80.3029,25.3799],[-80.3028,25.3799],[-80.3026,25.3799],[-80.3026,25.3801],[-80.3024,25.3801],[-80.3024,25.3803],[-80.3024,25.3804],[-80.3018,25.3804],[-80.3018,25.3803],[-80.3018,25.3801],[-80.3016,25.3801],[-80.3015,25.3801],[-80.3015,25.38],[-80.3015,25.3793],[-80.3012,25.3793],[-80.3012,25.379],[-80.2996,25.379],[-80.2996,25.3793],[-80.2993,25.3793],[-80.2993,25.3796],[-80.2992,25.3796],[-80.299,25.3796],[-80.299,25.3797],[-80.299,25.3799],[-80.2989,25.3799],[-80.2988,25.3799],[-80.2988,25.38],[-80.2988,25.3801],[-80.2986,25.3801],[-80.2985,25.3801],[-80.2985,25.3808],[-80.2985,25.3818],[-80.2983,25.3818],[-80.2982,25.3818],[-80.2982,25.3819],[-80.2982,25.3821],[-80.2979,25.3821],[-80.2974,25.3821],[-80.2973,25.3823],[-80.2973,25.3824],[-80.2968,25.3824],[-80.2968,25.3827],[-80.2949,25.3826],[-80.2949,25.3829],[-80.2945,25.3829],[-80.2943,25.3829],[-80.2943,25.3832],[-80.294,25.3832],[-80.294,25.3835],[-80.2942,25.3835],[-80.2943,25.3835],[-80.2943,25.3838],[-80.2946,25.3838],[-80.2946,25.3849],[-80.2943,25.3849],[-80.2943,25.3851],[-80.2935,25.3851]]],[[[-80.1785,25.7882],[-80.1785,25.7879],[-80.1774,25.7879],[-80.1774,25.7876],[-80.1768,25.7876],[-80.1768,25.7874],[-80.176,25.7874],[-80.176,25.7871],[-80.1743,25.7871],[-80.1743,25.7874],[-80.1729,25.7874],[-80.1729,25.7871],[-80.1726,25.7871],[-80.1726,25.7868],[-80.1712,25.7868],[-80.1712,25.7874],[-80.1707,25.7874],[-80.1707,25.7876],[-80.1704,25.7876],[-80.1704,25.7874],[-80.1701,25.7874],[-80.1701,25.7871],[-80.1699,25.7871],[-80.1699,25.7865],[-80.1701,25.7865],[-80.1701,25.7862],[-80.1707,25.7862],[-80.1707,25.7857],[-80.1712,25.7857],[-80.1712,25.7862],[-80.1715,25.7862],[-80.1715,25.786],[-80.1718,25.786],[-80.1718,25.7857],[-80.1721,25.7857],[-80.1721,25.7854],[-80.1724,25.7854],[-80.1724,25.7851],[-80.1721,25.7851],[-80.1721,25.784],[-80.1718,25.784],[-80.1718,25.7838],[-80.1721,25.7838],[-80.1721,25.7835],[-80.1718,25.7835],[-80.1718,25.7829],[-80.1715,25.7829],[-80.1715,25.7826],[-80.1712,25.7826],[-80.1712,25.7824],[-80.171,25.7824],[-80.171,25.7821],[-80.1712,25.7821],[-80.1712,25.7815],[-80.171,25.7815],[-80.171,25.781],[-80.1704,25.781],[-80.1704,25.7807],[-80.171,25.7807],[-80.171,25.7801],[-80.1715,25.7801],[-80.1715,25.7804],[-80.1718,25.7804],[-80.1718,25.7807],[-80.1724,25.7807],[-80.1724,25.781],[-80.1726,25.781],[-80.1726,25.7813],[-80.1735,25.7813],[-80.1735,25.7815],[-80.174,25.7815],[-80.174,25.7818],[-80.1751,25.7818],[-80.1751,25.7821],[-80.176,25.7821],[-80.176,25.7824],[-80.1765,25.7824],[-80.1765,25.7826],[-80.1774,25.7826],[-80.1774,25.7829],[-80.1779,25.7829],[-80.1779,25.7832],[-80.1787,25.7832],[-80.1787,25.7835],[-80.1793,25.7835],[-80.1793,25.7838],[-80.1804,25.7838],[-80.1804,25.784],[-80.1807,25.784],[-80.1807,25.7846],[-80.1804,25.7846],[-80.1804,25.7849],[-80.1801,25.7849],[-80.1801,25.7854],[-80.1804,25.7854],[-80.1804,25.7857],[-80.1813,25.7857],[-80.1813,25.7854],[-80.1815,25.7854],[-80.1815,25.7857],[-80.1818,25.7857],[-80.1818,25.7862],[-80.1821,25.7862],[-80.1821,25.7865],[-80.1826,25.7865],[-80.1826,25.7868],[-80.1829,25.7868],[-80.1829,25.7876],[-80.1821,25.7876],[-80.1821,25.7879],[-80.1815,25.7879],[-80.1815,25.7876],[-80.181,25.7876],[-80.181,25.7879],[-80.1807,25.7879],[-80.1807,25.7876],[-80.1804,25.7876],[-80.1804,25.7874],[-80.1801,25.7874],[-80.1801,25.7871],[-80.1799,25.7871],[-80.1799,25.7874],[-80.1796,25.7874],[-80.1796,25.7876],[-80.179,25.7876],[-80.179,25.7879],[-80.1793,25.7879],[-80.1793,25.7882],[-80.1785,25.7882]]],[[[-80.1501,25.781],[-80.1501,25.7807],[-80.1499,25.7807],[-80.1499,25.7799],[-80.1496,25.7799],[-80.1496,25.7787],[-80.1493,25.7787],[-80.1493,25.7771],[-80.149,25.7771],[-80.149,25.7754],[-80.1488,25.7754],[-80.1488,25.7746],[-80.149,25.7746],[-80.149,25.7743],[-80.1496,25.7743],[-80.1496,25.774],[-80.1501,25.774],[-80.1501,25.7738],[-80.1507,25.7738],[-80.1507,25.7729],[-80.151,25.7729],[-80.151,25.7724],[-80.1507,25.7724],[-80.1507,25.7721],[-80.1499,25.7721],[-80.1499,25.7718],[-80.149,25.7718],[-80.149,25.7721],[-80.1485,25.7721],[-80.1485,25.7724],[-80.1476,25.7724],[-80.1476,25.7726],[-80.1468,25.7726],[-80.1468,25.7729],[-80.146,25.7729],[-80.146,25.7732],[-80.1454,25.7732],[-80.1454,25.7729],[-80.1449,25.7729],[-80.1449,25.7724],[-80.1446,25.7724],[-80.1446,25.7718],[-80.144,25.7718],[-80.144,25.771],[-80.1438,25.771],[-80.1438,25.7704],[-80.1435,25.7704],[-80.1435,25.7696],[-80.1438,25.7696],[-80.1438,25.769],[-80.144,25.769],[-80.144,25.7687],[-80.1443,25.7687],[-80.1443,25.7685],[-80.1446,25.7685],[-80.1446,25.7687],[-80.1449,25.7687],[-80.1449,25.769],[-80.1451,25.769],[-80.1451,25.7693],[-80.146,25.7693],[-80.146,25.769],[-80.1465,25.769],[-80.1465,25.7693],[-80.1468,25.7693],[-80.1468,25.7696],[-80.1474,25.7696],[-80.1474,25.7699],[-80.1482,25.7699],[-80.1482,25.7701],[-80.1485,25.7701],[-80.1485,25.7704],[-80.1496,25.7704],[-80.1496,25.771],[-80.1499,25.771],[-80.1499,25.7712],[-80.1507,25.7712],[-80.1507,25.7715],[-80.151,25.7715],[-80.151,25.7718],[-80.1515,25.7718],[-80.1515,25.7721],[-80.1518,25.7721],[-80.1518,25.7732],[-80.1515,25.7732],[-80.1515,25.7749],[-80.1518,25.7749],[-80.1518,25.776],[-80.1521,25.776],[-80.1521,25.7779],[-80.1524,25.7779],[-80.1524,25.7787],[-80.1521,25.7787],[-80.1521,25.7801],[-80.1518,25.7801],[-80.1518,25.7807],[-80.1513,25.7807],[-80.1513,25.781],[-80.1501,25.781]]],[[[-80.2301,25.4025],[-80.2301,25.4024],[-80.2297,25.4024],[-80.2296,25.4023],[-80.2296,25.4021],[-80.2292,25.4021],[-80.2291,25.402],[-80.229,25.4018],[-80.2289,25.4018],[-80.2288,25.4018],[-80.2288,25.4013],[-80.229,25.4013],[-80.229,25.4009],[-80.229,25.4007],[-80.2291,25.4007],[-80.2293,25.4007],[-80.2293,25.4002],[-80.2294,25.4002],[-80.2296,25.4001],[-80.2296,25.3996],[-80.2296,25.3993],[-80.2297,25.3993],[-80.2299,25.3993],[-80.2299,25.3992],[-80.2299,25.399],[-80.2302,25.399],[-80.2304,25.399],[-80.2304,25.3989],[-80.2304,25.3988],[-80.2308,25.3988],[-80.2309,25.3988],[-80.231,25.3988],[-80.231,25.3985],[-80.2312,25.3985],[-80.2312,25.3982],[-80.2318,25.3982],[-80.2321,25.3982],[-80.2321,25.398],[-80.2321,25.3979],[-80.2325,25.3979],[-80.2332,25.3979],[-80.2332,25.3977],[-80.2335,25.3976],[-80.2335,25.3974],[-80.2337,25.3974],[-80.2337,25.3973],[-80.2337,25.3971],[-80.2346,25.3971],[-80.2346,25.3973],[-80.2347,25.3974],[-80.2351,25.3974],[-80.2352,25.3975],[-80.2352,25.3976],[-80.2354,25.3976],[-80.2355,25.3979],[-80.2357,25.3979],[-80.2357,25.3982],[-80.236,25.3982],[-80.236,25.399],[-80.2363,25.399],[-80.2363,25.3996],[-80.236,25.3996],[-80.236,25.3997],[-80.236,25.3998],[-80.236,25.4001],[-80.2357,25.4002],[-80.2357,25.4003],[-80.2357,25.4007],[-80.2355,25.4007],[-80.2354,25.4008],[-80.2354,25.401],[-80.2353,25.401],[-80.2351,25.401],[-80.2351,25.4013],[-80.2349,25.4013],[-80.2349,25.4015],[-80.2346,25.4015],[-80.2346,25.4018],[-80.2344,25.4018],[-80.2343,25.4018],[-80.2343,25.402],[-80.234,25.4021],[-80.234,25.4023],[-80.234,25.4024],[-80.2324,25.4024],[-80.2324,25.4023],[-80.2324,25.4021],[-80.2318,25.4021],[-80.2318,25.4023],[-80.2316,25.4024],[-80.2312,25.4024],[-80.2312,25.4025],[-80.2312,25.4026],[-80.2301,25.4026],[-80.2301,25.4025]]],[[[-80.1399,25.8842],[-80.1399,25.884],[-80.1393,25.884],[-80.1393,25.8838],[-80.1391,25.8838],[-80.139,25.8838],[-80.139,25.8835],[-80.1387,25.8835],[-80.1385,25.8835],[-80.1385,25.8833],[-80.1385,25.8832],[-80.1383,25.8832],[-80.1382,25.8832],[-80.1382,25.8831],[-80.1382,25.8829],[-80.138,25.8829],[-80.1379,25.8829],[-80.1379,25.8823],[-80.1379,25.8821],[-80.1385,25.8821],[-80.1385,25.8818],[-80.1401,25.8818],[-80.1401,25.8815],[-80.1401,25.8811],[-80.1401,25.881],[-80.1404,25.881],[-80.1404,25.8807],[-80.1407,25.8807],[-80.1407,25.8804],[-80.1408,25.8804],[-80.141,25.8804],[-80.141,25.8796],[-80.1407,25.8796],[-80.1407,25.879],[-80.1405,25.8791],[-80.1404,25.879],[-80.1404,25.8782],[-80.1405,25.8782],[-80.1407,25.8782],[-80.1407,25.8778],[-80.1407,25.8774],[-80.1409,25.8774],[-80.141,25.8774],[-80.141,25.8769],[-80.141,25.8768],[-80.1404,25.8768],[-80.1404,25.8757],[-80.1405,25.8757],[-80.1407,25.8757],[-80.1407,25.8752],[-80.1407,25.8749],[-80.1408,25.8749],[-80.141,25.8749],[-80.1409,25.8743],[-80.1413,25.8743],[-80.1418,25.8743],[-80.1418,25.8746],[-80.1421,25.8746],[-80.1421,25.8751],[-80.1424,25.8751],[-80.1424,25.8754],[-80.1422,25.8754],[-80.1421,25.8754],[-80.1421,25.8761],[-80.1421,25.8771],[-80.1419,25.8771],[-80.1418,25.8771],[-80.1418,25.8782],[-80.1419,25.8782],[-80.1421,25.8782],[-80.1421,25.8801],[-80.1419,25.8801],[-80.1418,25.8801],[-80.1418,25.8804],[-80.1421,25.8804],[-80.1421,25.8807],[-80.1418,25.8807],[-80.1418,25.881],[-80.1417,25.881],[-80.1415,25.881],[-80.1415,25.8813],[-80.1415,25.8818],[-80.1413,25.8818],[-80.1413,25.8819],[-80.1413,25.8832],[-80.1415,25.8832],[-80.1415,25.8835],[-80.1413,25.8835],[-80.1413,25.8836],[-80.1413,25.884],[-80.1411,25.884],[-80.141,25.8841],[-80.141,25.8843],[-80.1399,25.8842]]],[[[-80.174,25.5253],[-80.174,25.5251],[-80.1736,25.5251],[-80.1732,25.5251],[-80.1732,25.5249],[-80.1731,25.5249],[-80.1729,25.5249],[-80.1729,25.5243],[-80.1724,25.5243],[-80.1724,25.5241],[-80.1721,25.524],[-80.172,25.5237],[-80.1718,25.5238],[-80.1718,25.5235],[-80.1721,25.5235],[-80.1721,25.5218],[-80.1722,25.5218],[-80.1724,25.5218],[-80.1724,25.5217],[-80.1724,25.5215],[-80.1732,25.5215],[-80.1732,25.5217],[-80.1732,25.5218],[-80.1738,25.5218],[-80.1738,25.5217],[-80.1738,25.5215],[-80.174,25.5215],[-80.174,25.5212],[-80.1743,25.5213],[-80.1743,25.521],[-80.1746,25.521],[-80.1749,25.521],[-80.1749,25.5205],[-80.1749,25.5204],[-80.1757,25.5204],[-80.1757,25.5207],[-80.1758,25.5207],[-80.176,25.5207],[-80.176,25.5211],[-80.176,25.5212],[-80.1761,25.5213],[-80.1762,25.5212],[-80.1762,25.5214],[-80.1762,25.5215],[-80.1766,25.5215],[-80.1771,25.5215],[-80.1771,25.5217],[-80.1771,25.5218],[-80.1774,25.5218],[-80.1774,25.5229],[-80.1771,25.5229],[-80.1771,25.5231],[-80.1771,25.5235],[-80.177,25.5235],[-80.1765,25.5235],[-80.1765,25.5237],[-80.1764,25.5238],[-80.1762,25.5238],[-80.1762,25.5242],[-80.1762,25.5249],[-80.176,25.5249],[-80.176,25.5252],[-80.1759,25.5254],[-80.1749,25.5254],[-80.174,25.5254],[-80.174,25.5253]]],[[[-80.5312,25.21],[-80.5312,25.2099],[-80.531,25.2099],[-80.531,25.2096],[-80.5302,25.2096],[-80.5302,25.2095],[-80.5301,25.2093],[-80.5298,25.2094],[-80.5299,25.209],[-80.5292,25.209],[-80.529,25.209],[-80.529,25.2089],[-80.529,25.2087],[-80.5286,25.2087],[-80.5285,25.2087],[-80.5285,25.2085],[-80.5271,25.2085],[-80.5263,25.2085],[-80.5263,25.2083],[-80.5263,25.2082],[-80.5261,25.2082],[-80.526,25.2082],[-80.526,25.2076],[-80.5261,25.2076],[-80.5263,25.2076],[-80.5263,25.2075],[-80.5263,25.2074],[-80.5269,25.2074],[-80.5274,25.2074],[-80.5274,25.2073],[-80.5274,25.2071],[-80.5287,25.2071],[-80.5287,25.2074],[-80.529,25.2074],[-80.529,25.2076],[-80.5291,25.2076],[-80.5296,25.2076],[-80.5296,25.2079],[-80.5297,25.2079],[-80.5301,25.2079],[-80.5302,25.2081],[-80.5304,25.2082],[-80.5304,25.2085],[-80.5307,25.2085],[-80.5307,25.2088],[-80.531,25.2087],[-80.531,25.209],[-80.5312,25.209],[-80.5312,25.2093],[-80.5313,25.2093],[-80.5315,25.2093],[-80.5316,25.2096],[-80.5318,25.2096],[-80.5318,25.2099],[-80.5315,25.2098],[-80.5315,25.2101],[-80.5312,25.2101],[-80.5312,25.21]]],[[[-80.2182,25.7376],[-80.2182,25.7374],[-80.2176,25.7374],[-80.2176,25.7371],[-80.2171,25.7371],[-80.2171,25.7368],[-80.2168,25.7368],[-80.2168,25.7365],[-80.2165,25.7365],[-80.2165,25.736],[-80.2162,25.736],[-80.2162,25.7357],[-80.2165,25.7357],[-80.2165,25.7351],[-80.2168,25.7351],[-80.2168,25.7349],[-80.2171,25.7349],[-80.2171,25.7346],[-80.2176,25.7346],[-80.2176,25.7343],[-80.2179,25.7343],[-80.2179,25.734],[-80.2182,25.734],[-80.2182,25.7337],[-80.2187,25.7337],[-80.2187,25.7335],[-80.2199,25.7335],[-80.2199,25.7337],[-80.2204,25.7337],[-80.2204,25.7343],[-80.2207,25.7343],[-80.2207,25.7351],[-80.2213,25.7351],[-80.2213,25.7354],[-80.2215,25.7354],[-80.2215,25.7357],[-80.221,25.7357],[-80.221,25.736],[-80.2204,25.736],[-80.2204,25.7362],[-80.2201,25.7362],[-80.2201,25.7365],[-80.2199,25.7365],[-80.2199,25.7368],[-80.2196,25.7368],[-80.2196,25.7374],[-80.2193,25.7374],[-80.2193,25.7376],[-80.2182,25.7376]]]]}}]}","volume":"23","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Smith, Samantha N.","contributorId":349763,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Smith","given":"Samantha N.","affiliations":[{"id":36221,"text":"University of Florida","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":924745,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Miller, Melissa A.","contributorId":57701,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Miller","given":"Melissa","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":39007,"text":"CA Dept of Fish and Wildlife","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":924746,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Waddle, Hardin 0000-0003-1940-2133","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1940-2133","contributorId":201976,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Waddle","given":"Hardin","affiliations":[{"id":17705,"text":"Wetland and Aquatic Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":924747,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Cooke, Sarah","contributorId":349766,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Cooke","given":"Sarah","affiliations":[{"id":83510,"text":"Environmental Resources Management","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":924748,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Yackel Adams, Amy A. 0000-0002-7044-8447 yackela@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7044-8447","contributorId":3116,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Yackel Adams","given":"Amy","email":"yackela@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":924749,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Currylow, Andrea 0000-0003-1631-8964","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1631-8964","contributorId":212747,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Currylow","given":"Andrea","affiliations":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":924750,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Donmoyer, Kevin","contributorId":316354,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Donmoyer","given":"Kevin","affiliations":[{"id":36189,"text":"National Park Service","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":924751,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Mazzotti, Frank J.","contributorId":12358,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Mazzotti","given":"Frank J.","affiliations":[{"id":12604,"text":"Department of Wildlife Ecology and Conservation, Fort Lauderdale Research and Education Center, 3205 College Avenue, University of Florida, Davie, FL 33314, USA","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":924752,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8}]}} ,{"id":70261973,"text":"70261973 - 2024 - Using life history traits to assess climate change vulnerability in understudied species","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-01-07T15:35:26.120248","indexId":"70261973","displayToPublicDate":"2024-12-10T09:22:39","publicationYear":"2024","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":19878,"text":"Integrative Conservation","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Using life history traits to assess climate change vulnerability in understudied species","docAbstract":"

Climate change is a primary threat to biodiversity, but for many species, we still lack information required to assess their relative vulnerability to changes. Climate change vulnerability assessment (CCVA) is a widely used technique to rank relative vulnerability to climate change based on species characteristics, such as their distributions, habitat associations, environmental tolerances, and life-history traits. However, for species that we expect are vulnerable to climate change yet are understudied, like many amphibians, we often lack information required to construct CCVAs using existing methods. We used the CCVA framework to construct trait-based models based on life history theory, using empirical evidence of traits and distributions that reflected sensitivity of amphibians to environmental perturbation. We performed CCVAs for amphibians in 7 states in the north-central USA, focusing on 31 aquatic-breeding species listed as species of greatest conservation need by at least 1 state. Because detailed information on habitat requirements is unavailable for most amphibian species, we used species distributions and information on traits expected to influence vulnerability to a drying climate (e.g., clutch size and habitat breadth). We scored species vulnerability based on changes projected for mid-century (2040−2069) from 2 climate models representing “least-dry” and “most-dry” scenarios for the region. Species characteristics useful for discriminating vulnerability in our models included small range size, small clutch size, inflexible diel activity patterns, and smaller habitat breadth. When projected climate scenarios included a mix of drier and wetter conditions in the future, the exposure of a species to drying conditions was most important to relative rankings. When the scenario was universally drier, species characteristics were more important to relative rankings. Using information typically available even for understudied species and a range of climate projections, our results highlight the potential of using life history traits as indicators of relative climate vulnerability. The commonalities we identified provide a framework that can be used to assess other understudied species threatened by climate change.

","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1002/inc3.77","usgsCitation":"Hinderer, R., Hossack, B., and Eby, L., 2024, Using life history traits to assess climate change vulnerability in understudied species: Integrative Conservation, v. 3, no. 4, p. 368-381, https://doi.org/10.1002/inc3.77.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"368","endPage":"381","ipdsId":"IP-157243","costCenters":[{"id":481,"text":"Northern Rocky Mountain Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":466720,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/inc3.77","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":465753,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Colorado, Kansas, Montana, Nebraska, North Dakota, South Dakota, Wyoming","geographicExtents":"{\"type\":\"FeatureCollection\",\"features\":[{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"Polygon\",\"coordinates\":[[[-111.048974,44.474072],[-111.131379,44.499925],[-111.143557,44.535732],[-111.175747,44.552219],[-111.189617,44.571062],[-111.23018,44.587025],[-111.224161,44.623402],[-111.25268,44.651092],[-111.276956,44.655626],[-111.26875,44.668279],[-111.29626,44.702271],[-111.323669,44.724474],[-111.355768,44.727602],[-111.385005,44.755128],[-111.397805,44.746738],[-111.398575,44.723343],[-111.414271,44.710741],[-111.438793,44.720546],[-111.490228,44.700221],[-111.468833,44.679335],[-111.473178,44.665479],[-111.525764,44.604883],[-111.519126,44.582916],[-111.467736,44.544521],[-111.500792,44.540062],[-111.585763,44.562843],[-111.614405,44.548991],[-111.704218,44.560205],[-111.715474,44.543543],[-111.746401,44.540766],[-111.821488,44.509286],[-111.870504,44.564033],[-111.947941,44.556776],[-111.980833,44.536682],[-112.032707,44.546642],[-112.036943,44.530323],[-112.069011,44.537104],[-112.101564,44.520847],[-112.136454,44.539911],[-112.164597,44.541666],[-112.179703,44.533021],[-112.221698,44.543519],[-112.230117,44.562759],[-112.242785,44.568091],[-112.286187,44.568472],[-112.312899,44.553536],[-112.315008,44.5419],[-112.35421,44.535638],[-112.358926,44.48628],[-112.387389,44.448058],[-112.473207,44.480027],[-112.50031,44.463051],[-112.541989,44.483971],[-112.584197,44.481368],[-112.601863,44.491015],[-112.660696,44.485756],[-112.71911,44.504344],[-112.781294,44.484888],[-112.828191,44.442472],[-112.836034,44.422653],[-112.812608,44.392275],[-112.81324,44.378103],[-112.844859,44.358221],[-112.855395,44.359975],[-112.881769,44.380315],[-112.886041,44.395874],[-112.951146,44.416699],[-113.003544,44.450814],[-113.020917,44.493827],[-113.019777,44.528505],[-113.04282,44.546757],[-113.042363,44.565237],[-113.083819,44.60222],[-113.049349,44.62938],[-113.068306,44.656374],[-113.06776,44.679474],[-113.098064,44.697477],[-113.102138,44.729027],[-113.134824,44.752763],[-113.131453,44.772837],[-113.163806,44.778921],[-113.19436,44.802151],[-113.247166,44.82295],[-113.341704,44.784853],[-113.354034,44.791745],[-113.346692,44.798898],[-113.356062,44.819798],[-113.377153,44.834858],[-113.422376,44.842595],[-113.455071,44.865424],[-113.498745,44.942314],[-113.443782,44.95989],[-113.446884,44.998545],[-113.437726,45.006967],[-113.45197,45.059247],[-113.485278,45.063519],[-113.520134,45.093033],[-113.506638,45.107288],[-113.513342,45.115225],[-113.554744,45.112901],[-113.57467,45.128411],[-113.599506,45.191114],[-113.636889,45.212983],[-113.657027,45.241436],[-113.684946,45.253706],[-113.689359,45.28355],[-113.735601,45.325265],[-113.734402,45.392353],[-113.765203,45.410601],[-113.763368,45.427732],[-113.783272,45.451839],[-113.759986,45.480735],[-113.766022,45.520621],[-113.834555,45.520729],[-113.819868,45.566326],[-113.804796,45.580358],[-113.806729,45.602146],[-113.861404,45.62366],[-113.886006,45.61702],[-113.904691,45.622007],[-113.898883,45.644167],[-113.919752,45.658536],[-113.93422,45.682232],[-113.986656,45.704564],[-114.015633,45.696127],[-114.018731,45.648616],[-114.033456,45.648629],[-114.067619,45.627706],[-114.086584,45.59118],[-114.122322,45.58426],[-114.135249,45.557465],[-114.180043,45.551432],[-114.192802,45.536596],[-114.248121,45.545877],[-114.247824,45.524283],[-114.270717,45.486116],[-114.333218,45.459316],[-114.360719,45.474116],[-114.36562,45.490416],[-114.415804,45.509753],[-114.456764,45.543983],[-114.460542,45.561283],[-114.498176,45.555473],[-114.526075,45.570771],[-114.549508,45.56059],[-114.559038,45.565706],[-114.558253,45.585104],[-114.538132,45.606834],[-114.563652,45.637412],[-114.507645,45.658949],[-114.495421,45.703321],[-114.504869,45.722176],[-114.535634,45.739095],[-114.566172,45.773864],[-114.512973,45.828825],[-114.509303,45.845531],[-114.44868,45.858891],[-114.409477,45.85164],[-114.388243,45.88234],[-114.395059,45.901458],[-114.431159,45.935737],[-114.404708,45.9559],[-114.403712,45.967049],[-114.425843,45.984984],[-114.470965,45.995742],[-114.480241,46.030325],[-114.493418,46.03717],[-114.468529,46.062484],[-114.460049,46.097104],[-114.474415,46.112515],[-114.5213,46.125287],[-114.527096,46.146218],[-114.514706,46.167726],[-114.478333,46.160876],[-114.445928,46.173933],[-114.449819,46.237119],[-114.468254,46.248796],[-114.470479,46.26732],[-114.427309,46.283624],[-114.433478,46.305502],[-114.413758,46.335945],[-114.410682,46.360673],[-114.422458,46.387097],[-114.384756,46.411784],[-114.376413,46.442983],[-114.383051,46.466402],[-114.400068,46.47718],[-114.403019,46.498675],[-114.35874,46.505306],[-114.342072,46.519679],[-114.349208,46.529514],[-114.322519,46.611066],[-114.32456,46.653579],[-114.360709,46.669059],[-114.424424,46.660648],[-114.453239,46.649266],[-114.466902,46.631695],[-114.547321,46.644485],[-114.593292,46.632848],[-114.615036,46.639733],[-114.614716,46.655256],[-114.635713,46.659375],[-114.642713,46.673145],[-114.623198,46.691511],[-114.620859,46.707415],[-114.649388,46.73289],[-114.696656,46.740572],[-114.710425,46.717704],[-114.76689,46.696901],[-114.787065,46.711255],[-114.76718,46.738828],[-114.765106,46.758153],[-114.79004,46.778729],[-114.829117,46.782503],[-114.861376,46.81196],[-114.888146,46.808573],[-114.920459,46.827697],[-114.928615,46.854815],[-114.947413,46.859324],[-114.931608,46.876799],[-114.936805,46.897378],[-114.929997,46.919625],[-114.960597,46.93001],[-115.00091,46.967703],[-115.028386,46.975659],[-115.047857,46.969533],[-115.087806,47.045519],[-115.120917,47.061237],[-115.140375,47.093013],[-115.170436,47.106265],[-115.200547,47.139154],[-115.243707,47.150347],[-115.261885,47.181742],[-115.300504,47.188139],[-115.294785,47.220914],[-115.317124,47.233305],[-115.326903,47.255912],[-115.410685,47.264228],[-115.428359,47.278722],[-115.457077,47.277794],[-115.51186,47.295219],[-115.548658,47.332213],[-115.551079,47.349856],[-115.578619,47.367007],[-115.617247,47.382521],[-115.639186,47.378605],[-115.657681,47.400651],[-115.728801,47.428925],[-115.728801,47.445159],[-115.718247,47.45316],[-115.663867,47.456936],[-115.653044,47.476035],[-115.686704,47.485596],[-115.708748,47.51264],[-115.71034,47.52951],[-115.747263,47.543197],[-115.734674,47.567401],[-115.706473,47.577299],[-115.689404,47.595402],[-115.694284,47.62346],[-115.72993,47.642442],[-115.73627,47.654762],[-115.72377,47.696671],[-115.752349,47.716743],[-115.77177,47.717412],[-115.783504,47.729305],[-115.780441,47.743447],[-115.797299,47.75752],[-115.831755,47.755785],[-115.847487,47.785227],[-115.852291,47.827991],[-115.881522,47.849672],[-115.906409,47.846261],[-115.969076,47.914256],[-115.993678,47.926183],[-116.030751,47.973349],[-116.048421,47.97682],[-116.049193,49.000912],[-97.229039,49.000687],[-97.239209,48.968684],[-97.210541,48.90439],[-97.198857,48.899831],[-97.197982,48.880341],[-97.175618,48.853105],[-97.180028,48.81845],[-97.157093,48.790024],[-97.136083,48.727763],[-97.098697,48.687534],[-97.108276,48.634396],[-97.125887,48.626975],[-97.138246,48.609301],[-97.16309,48.543964],[-97.148874,48.534282],[-97.139276,48.48631],[-97.144116,48.469212],[-97.134229,48.461178],[-97.142066,48.42045],[-97.135012,48.406735],[-97.145201,48.395566],[-97.147748,48.359905],[-97.131722,48.341123],[-97.127236,48.291827],[-97.117726,48.283488],[-97.141254,48.234668],[-97.134372,48.210434],[-97.146233,48.186054],[-97.142279,48.148056],[-97.123135,48.109497],[-97.10395,48.096184],[-97.104697,48.073094],[-97.072257,48.048068],[-97.071911,48.021395],[-97.054945,47.992924],[-97.061854,47.96448],[-97.051054,47.943379],[-97.017754,47.919778],[-97.023156,47.874978],[-97.005356,47.870177],[-96.992963,47.837911],[-96.981725,47.830421],[-96.976176,47.801544],[-96.939179,47.768397],[-96.910144,47.691235],[-96.887126,47.666369],[-96.879496,47.620576],[-96.855421,47.60875],[-96.852826,47.597891],[-96.855092,47.53731],[-96.866363,47.525944],[-96.851653,47.497098],[-96.862924,47.422309],[-96.841767,47.39246],[-96.852417,47.366241],[-96.835845,47.335914],[-96.841003,47.311558],[-96.832884,47.307069],[-96.843922,47.29302],[-96.8432,47.270486],[-96.833589,47.238037],[-96.8368,47.195028],[-96.822091,47.165036],[-96.831547,47.142017],[-96.817984,47.106007],[-96.824097,47.070666],[-96.818557,47.035516],[-96.833504,47.01011],[-96.822043,46.971091],[-96.802749,46.965933],[-96.791621,46.931213],[-96.785126,46.925769],[-96.763257,46.935063],[-96.759241,46.918223],[-96.776558,46.895663],[-96.769758,46.877563],[-96.781358,46.879363],[-96.779347,46.843672],[-96.799336,46.815436],[-96.779899,46.722915],[-96.798823,46.658071],[-96.772457,46.601491],[-96.746442,46.574078],[-96.737798,46.489785],[-96.714861,46.459132],[-96.718074,46.438255],[-96.682008,46.40784],[-96.667189,46.375458],[-96.646532,46.36251],[-96.645959,46.353532],[-96.631586,46.353752],[-96.601048,46.331139],[-96.599729,46.262123],[-96.592375,46.246076],[-96.59755,46.227733],[-96.584899,46.204383],[-96.580408,46.151234],[-96.557952,46.102442],[-96.556907,46.06483],[-96.57794,46.026874],[-96.561334,45.945655],[-96.583085,45.820024],[-96.629426,45.784211],[-96.662595,45.738682],[-96.832659,45.651716],[-96.856657,45.609041],[-96.76528,45.521414],[-96.732739,45.458737],[-96.692541,45.417338],[-96.617726,45.408092],[-96.521787,45.375645],[-96.489065,45.357071],[-96.454094,45.301546],[-96.453049,43.500415],[-96.598928,43.500457],[-96.580997,43.481384],[-96.60286,43.450907],[-96.594254,43.434153],[-96.570224,43.428601],[-96.573579,43.419228],[-96.537116,43.395063],[-96.525453,43.396317],[-96.521572,43.38564],[-96.533101,43.328587],[-96.530392,43.300034],[-96.553087,43.29286],[-96.580346,43.298204],[-96.577588,43.2788],[-96.58522,43.268878],[-96.553217,43.259141],[-96.55203,43.251117],[-96.571194,43.238961],[-96.568505,43.231554],[-96.512458,43.218556],[-96.476697,43.222014],[-96.466537,43.150281],[-96.450361,43.142237],[-96.436589,43.120842],[-96.460516,43.09494],[-96.458201,43.067554],[-96.518431,43.042068],[-96.49167,43.009707],[-96.516724,42.981458],[-96.500308,42.959391],[-96.516419,42.935438],[-96.541098,42.924496],[-96.538555,42.904605],[-96.526357,42.891852],[-96.540116,42.889678],[-96.537851,42.878475],[-96.549659,42.870281],[-96.544321,42.851282],[-96.552092,42.836057],[-96.558584,42.839487],[-96.563058,42.831051],[-96.579772,42.838093],[-96.577813,42.828719],[-96.595664,42.810426],[-96.595283,42.792982],[-96.632142,42.770863],[-96.632212,42.761512],[-96.619494,42.754792],[-96.638621,42.734921],[-96.626317,42.725951],[-96.629777,42.708852],[-96.575299,42.682665],[-96.578148,42.672765],[-96.569194,42.675509],[-96.556244,42.664396],[-96.559962,42.658543],[-96.537877,42.655431],[-96.516338,42.630435],[-96.529894,42.610432],[-96.509468,42.61273],[-96.49545,42.579474],[-96.486606,42.576062],[-96.497186,42.571464],[-96.498439,42.560876],[-96.476952,42.556079],[-96.479809,42.529595],[-96.490802,42.520331],[-96.473339,42.503537],[-96.474409,42.491895],[-96.409408,42.487595],[-96.386007,42.474495],[-96.380107,42.451494],[-96.387608,42.432494],[-96.411808,42.410894],[-96.409153,42.381491],[-96.417786,42.351449],[-96.375307,42.318339],[-96.365792,42.285875],[-96.331331,42.25943],[-96.322868,42.233637],[-96.35987,42.210545],[-96.348066,42.194747],[-96.347752,42.166806],[-96.305884,42.129826],[-96.2689,42.11359],[-96.267636,42.096177],[-96.279079,42.074026],[-96.271427,42.044988],[-96.225656,42.035217],[-96.223611,42.022652],[-96.241932,42.006965],[-96.236487,41.996428],[-96.194556,42.008662],[-96.183568,41.999987],[-96.192141,41.984461],[-96.186265,41.977417],[-96.141228,41.978063],[-96.1289,41.969727],[-96.142597,41.945908],[-96.136743,41.920826],[-96.161756,41.90182],[-96.144483,41.871854],[-96.110246,41.84885],[-96.103749,41.817151],[-96.064879,41.79623],[-96.0783,41.761598],[-96.106425,41.73789],[-96.072321,41.706858],[-96.121401,41.688522],[-96.11812,41.674399],[-96.095415,41.652736],[-96.117558,41.609999],[-96.081152,41.577289],[-96.09409,41.539265],[-96.040701,41.507076],[-96.023182,41.544364],[-96.001161,41.541146],[-95.99267,41.51729],[-96.019817,41.48803],[-96.011757,41.476212],[-95.965481,41.46351],[-95.936801,41.46519],[-95.920281,41.451566],[-95.93689,41.396387],[-95.93099,41.364696],[-95.956791,41.349196],[-95.92569,41.322197],[-95.883089,41.316697],[-95.871489,41.295797],[-95.87689,41.285097],[-95.90249,41.273398],[-95.912491,41.279498],[-95.90429,41.299597],[-95.927491,41.298397],[-95.929591,41.285097],[-95.913991,41.271398],[-95.921291,41.258498],[-95.910891,41.231798],[-95.92599,41.195698],[-95.90969,41.184398],[-95.856788,41.187098],[-95.841288,41.174998],[-95.846188,41.166698],[-95.871912,41.168122],[-95.883489,41.154898],[-95.863268,41.093765],[-95.882415,41.060411],[-95.859102,41.031599],[-95.867286,41.001599],[-95.829074,40.975688],[-95.839743,40.93278],[-95.809474,40.891228],[-95.815933,40.879846],[-95.847785,40.864328],[-95.837186,40.835347],[-95.845342,40.811324],[-95.834215,40.783784],[-95.883643,40.747831],[-95.885349,40.721093],[-95.852615,40.702262],[-95.842801,40.677496],[-95.781909,40.653272],[-95.766823,40.61878],[-95.751271,40.609057],[-95.750053,40.597052],[-95.773549,40.578205],[-95.762857,40.528371],[-95.69721,40.528477],[-95.694147,40.556942],[-95.678718,40.56256],[-95.655848,40.546609],[-95.661687,40.517309],[-95.699969,40.505275],[-95.694651,40.471452],[-95.65819,40.44188],[-95.659134,40.40869],[-95.623728,40.346567],[-95.625204,40.334288],[-95.653729,40.322582],[-95.654294,40.307906],[-95.613479,40.314233],[-95.562157,40.297359],[-95.550966,40.285947],[-95.556275,40.270761],[-95.54716,40.259066],[-95.477501,40.24272],[-95.470061,40.221507],[-95.482319,40.200667],[-95.479193,40.185652],[-95.436348,40.15872],[-95.42478,40.132765],[-95.393347,40.119212],[-95.420643,40.062599],[-95.413588,40.038424],[-95.387195,40.02677],[-95.356876,40.031522],[-95.318015,40.013216],[-95.302507,39.984357],[-95.269886,39.969396],[-95.250254,39.948644],[-95.204428,39.938949],[-95.201935,39.904053],[-95.149657,39.905948],[-95.134747,39.876852],[-95.081534,39.861718],[-95.032053,39.868337],[-95.013152,39.899953],[-94.95154,39.900533],[-94.929574,39.888754],[-94.939767,39.85193],[-94.916918,39.836138],[-94.886933,39.833098],[-94.875944,39.813294],[-94.890292,39.791626],[-94.925605,39.789754],[-94.935782,39.778906],[-94.906244,39.759418],[-94.865243,39.770094],[-94.862943,39.742994],[-94.899316,39.724042],[-94.944741,39.744377],[-94.965318,39.739065],[-94.971317,39.68641],[-95.024595,39.668485],[-95.053367,39.630347],[-95.049277,39.589583],[-95.069315,39.576218],[-95.103228,39.577783],[-95.113077,39.559133],[-95.109304,39.542285],[-95.052177,39.499996],[-95.04078,39.466387],[-94.982144,39.440552],[-94.972952,39.421705],[-94.947864,39.408604],[-94.942039,39.389499],[-94.92311,39.384492],[-94.894979,39.393565],[-94.880979,39.383899],[-94.88136,39.370383],[-94.910641,39.348335],[-94.905329,39.311952],[-94.887056,39.28648],[-94.831471,39.256273],[-94.825663,39.241729],[-94.834896,39.223842],[-94.823791,39.209874],[-94.781518,39.206146],[-94.763138,39.179903],[-94.741938,39.170203],[-94.669135,39.182003],[-94.662435,39.157603],[-94.601733,39.159603],[-94.589933,39.140403],[-94.607354,39.113444],[-94.61808,36.998135],[-100.115722,37.002206],[-102.04224,36.993083],[-102.814616,37.000783],[-106.869796,36.992426],[-106.877292,37.000139],[-109.045223,36.999084],[-109.041762,38.16469],[-109.060062,38.275489],[-109.050076,41.000659],[-111.046723,40.997959],[-111.048974,44.474072]]]},\"properties\":{\"name\":\"Colorado\",\"nation\":\"USA \"}}]}","volume":"3","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2024-12-10","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hinderer, Ross K","contributorId":347816,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Hinderer","given":"Ross K","affiliations":[{"id":36523,"text":"University of Montana","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":922504,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hossack, Blake R. 0000-0001-7456-9564","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7456-9564","contributorId":229347,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hossack","given":"Blake R.","affiliations":[{"id":481,"text":"Northern Rocky Mountain Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":922505,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Eby, Lisa A","contributorId":251751,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Eby","given":"Lisa A","affiliations":[{"id":36523,"text":"University of Montana","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":922506,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70261673,"text":"70261673 - 2024 - Pragmatically mapping Phragmites with unoccupied aerial systems: A comparison of invasive species land cover classification using RGB and multispectral imagery","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-12-18T17:41:00.129411","indexId":"70261673","displayToPublicDate":"2024-12-09T11:26:24","publicationYear":"2024","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3250,"text":"Remote Sensing","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Pragmatically mapping Phragmites with unoccupied aerial systems: A comparison of invasive species land cover classification using RGB and multispectral imagery","docAbstract":"

Unoccupied aerial systems (UASs) are increasingly being deployed in coastal environments to rapidly map and monitor changes to geomorphology, vegetation, and infrastructure, particularly in difficult to access areas. UAS data, relative to airplane or satellite data, typically have higher spatial resolution, sensor customization, and increased flexibility in temporal resolution, which benefits monitoring applications. UAS data have been used to map and monitor invasive species occurrence and expansion, such as Phragmites australis, a reed species in wetlands throughout the eastern United States. To date, the work on this species has been largely opportunistic or ad hoc. Here, we statistically and qualitatively compare results from several sensors and classification workflows to develop baseline understanding of the accuracy of different approaches used to map Phragmites. Two types of UAS imagery were collected in a Phragmites-invaded salt marsh setting—natural color red-green-blue (RGB) imagery and multispectral imagery spanning visible and near infrared wavelengths. We evaluated whether one imagery type provided significantly better classification results for mapping land cover than the other, also considering trade-offs like overall accuracy, financial costs, and effort. We tested the transferability of classification workflows that provided the highest thematic accuracy to another barrier island environment with known Phragmites stands. We showed that both UAS sensor types were effective in classifying Phragmites cover, with neither resulting in significantly better classification results than the other for Phragmites detection (overall accuracy up to 0.95, Phragmites recall up to 0.86 at the pilot study site). We also found the highest accuracy workflows were transferrable to sites in a barrier island setting, although the quality of results varied across these sites (overall accuracy up to 0.97, Phragmites recall up to 0.90 at the additional study sites).

","language":"English","publisher":"MDPI","doi":"10.3390/rs16244691","usgsCitation":"Evans, A.D., Cramer, J.M., Scholl, V.M., and Lentz, E.E., 2024, Pragmatically mapping Phragmites with unoccupied aerial systems: A comparison of invasive species land cover classification using RGB and multispectral imagery: Remote Sensing, v. 16, no. 24, 4691, 29 p., https://doi.org/10.3390/rs16244691.","productDescription":"4691, 29 p.","ipdsId":"IP-169125","costCenters":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":466721,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs16244691","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":465289,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Massachusetts","otherGeospatial":"Dog Head Marsh","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -70.5,\n 41.5556\n ],\n [\n -70.5,\n 41.551111\n ],\n [\n -70.505556,\n 41.551111\n ],\n [\n -70.505556,\n 41.5556\n ],\n [\n -70.5,\n 41.5556\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"16","issue":"24","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2024-12-16","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Evans, Alexandra Danielle 0000-0001-8224-2318","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8224-2318","contributorId":303770,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Evans","given":"Alexandra","email":"","middleInitial":"Danielle","affiliations":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":921387,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Cramer, Jennifer Marie 0000-0002-5899-8809","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5899-8809","contributorId":303769,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cramer","given":"Jennifer","email":"","middleInitial":"Marie","affiliations":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":921388,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Scholl, Victoria Mary 0000-0002-2085-1449","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2085-1449","contributorId":295713,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Scholl","given":"Victoria","email":"","middleInitial":"Mary","affiliations":[{"id":318,"text":"Geosciences and Environmental Change Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":921389,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Lentz, Erika E. 0000-0002-0621-8954 elentz@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0621-8954","contributorId":173964,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lentz","given":"Erika","email":"elentz@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":921390,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70262441,"text":"70262441 - 2024 - Mixed responses of tenebrionid beetles to solar energy development in the Mojave Desert","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-01-22T17:28:24.98367","indexId":"70262441","displayToPublicDate":"2024-12-09T10:20:59","publicationYear":"2024","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2183,"text":"Journal of Arid Environments","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Mixed responses of tenebrionid beetles to solar energy development in the Mojave Desert","docAbstract":"

Solar energy development causes land-use change and habitat alteration that may affect desert ecosystems. Tenebrionid beetles have evolved to exploit desert environments and heavily contribute to ecosystem functionality in aridlands, yet their species-specific, ecological responses to solar energy development are unknown. Our objective was to elucidate effects of solar energy development decisions at a solar power facility (392 MW) on a tenebrionid beetle community in the Mojave Desert. Seven years post-construction, we used pitfall traps to collect tenebrionid beetles for one month in treatments representing variably intense site preparation practices and conservation measures, including blading (i.e., bulldozing), mowing, and establishment of undeveloped patches in solar fields, replicated across three power blocks comprising the facility and in undeveloped control sites surrounding the facility. Blading caused significant, deleterious effects on tenebrionid beetle abundance, species richness, and diversity. Ordination revealed apparent overlap of non-bladed treatments and controls, suggesting that intermediate levels of disturbance from less intensive solar energy development decisions may serve to minimize negative effects of solar energy development on tenebrionid communities. Anepsius delicatulus and Triorophus laevis, the two most commonly collected tenebrionids, were significantly more abundant in non-bladed treatments in the solar facility than in undeveloped controls; thus, solar facilities with minimized disturbance to vegetation may provide preferred habitat for certain tenebrionid species. Our results demonstrate the value of understanding variable responses of insects to solar energy development decisions in deserts to inform real-world adaptive management of natural resources during the renewable energy transition.

","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.jaridenv.2024.105243","usgsCitation":"Grodsky, S.M., Campbell, J., Roeder, K., Waite, E., Wright, E., and Johnston, M., 2024, Mixed responses of tenebrionid beetles to solar energy development in the Mojave Desert: Journal of Arid Environments, v. 225, 105243, 8 p., https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaridenv.2024.105243.","productDescription":"105243, 8 p.","ipdsId":"IP-161035","costCenters":[{"id":199,"text":"Coop Res Unit Leetown","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":480941,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","county":"San Bernardino County","otherGeospatial":"Mojave Desert","geographicExtents":"{\"type\":\"FeatureCollection\",\"features\":[{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"Polygon\",\"coordinates\":[[[-115.6513,35.8111],[-115.648,35.8111],[-115.6283,35.7954],[-115.5913,35.7661],[-115.5356,35.7229],[-115.5215,35.7115],[-115.4268,35.6375],[-115.4148,35.6279],[-115.2207,35.4744],[-115.2099,35.4658],[-115.2066,35.463],[-115.1563,35.4234],[-115.1093,35.3858],[-115.091,35.371],[-115.0732,35.3567],[-115.0441,35.3338],[-115.0273,35.3204],[-114.9816,35.2837],[-114.9498,35.2584],[-114.9352,35.2469],[-114.8283,35.1609],[-114.7736,35.1165],[-114.7527,35.0997],[-114.7425,35.0905],[-114.7218,35.0742],[-114.7123,35.0668],[-114.6949,35.0527],[-114.6769,35.0378],[-114.675,35.0363],[-114.6591,35.0234],[-114.6329,35.0021],[-114.6315,35.0002],[-114.6289,34.9937],[-114.6287,34.9875],[-114.6283,34.9855],[-114.6313,34.9761],[-114.6338,34.9674],[-114.6328,34.9626],[-114.6324,34.9606],[-114.6313,34.9556],[-114.6292,34.9489],[-114.6284,34.9412],[-114.6299,34.9342],[-114.6312,34.9261],[-114.6309,34.9237],[-114.6305,34.9202],[-114.6296,34.9146],[-114.629,34.9112],[-114.63,34.9053],[-114.6326,34.8997],[-114.6342,34.893],[-114.635,34.8867],[-114.6347,34.8802],[-114.632,34.8734],[-114.6258,34.8667],[-114.6164,34.8607],[-114.6155,34.8602],[-114.6036,34.8535],[-114.5925,34.8463],[-114.5919,34.8456],[-114.5857,34.839],[-114.5803,34.8307],[-114.5782,34.8231],[-114.5778,34.8219],[-114.5748,34.8128],[-114.5739,34.8102],[-114.571,34.8013],[-114.5645,34.7896],[-114.5585,34.7796],[-114.5495,34.7699],[-114.5417,34.7627],[-114.5325,34.757],[-114.5264,34.7539],[-114.5206,34.7482],[-114.5176,34.7435],[-114.5152,34.7413],[-114.5135,34.7397],[-114.5067,34.7372],[-114.4999,34.735],[-114.4925,34.732],[-114.4908,34.7294],[-114.489,34.7266],[-114.4878,34.7244],[-114.4813,34.7198],[-114.4804,34.7196],[-114.4765,34.7187],[-114.4708,34.7152],[-114.4672,34.708],[-114.4652,34.7022],[-114.4649,34.7008],[-114.4628,34.6936],[-114.4581,34.6864],[-114.4545,34.6787],[-114.451,34.6733],[-114.4498,34.6707],[-114.4516,34.6681],[-114.4536,34.6665],[-114.4557,34.6637],[-114.4551,34.6619],[-114.4539,34.6592],[-114.452,34.6576],[-114.4493,34.6552],[-114.4436,34.6507],[-114.4417,34.6463],[-114.4404,34.6386],[-114.4386,34.6323],[-114.4373,34.6268],[-114.4343,34.6233],[-114.4303,34.6206],[-114.4246,34.6171],[-114.4217,34.6135],[-114.4211,34.6099],[-114.4232,34.6076],[-114.4265,34.6053],[-114.4298,34.6034],[-114.4331,34.601],[-114.4338,34.6],[-114.4347,34.5987],[-114.434,34.596],[-114.431,34.5925],[-114.4253,34.5885],[-114.4135,34.5812],[-114.4093,34.5781],[-114.4055,34.5754],[-114.4029,34.572],[-114.4001,34.5674],[-114.3963,34.5613],[-114.3937,34.5569],[-114.3896,34.5524],[-114.3872,34.5468],[-114.3827,34.5398],[-114.3789,34.5304],[-114.377,34.5227],[-114.3765,34.5145],[-114.3786,34.5049],[-114.3789,34.5037],[-114.3814,34.492],[-114.3814,34.4856],[-114.3815,34.4831],[-114.3819,34.4761],[-114.3843,34.4689],[-114.3849,34.4639],[-114.383,34.4588],[-114.3783,34.4536],[-114.3723,34.4511],[-114.3665,34.4513],[-114.3655,34.4513],[-114.3582,34.4531],[-114.3571,34.4533],[-114.346,34.4556],[-114.3399,34.4557],[-114.3354,34.4544],[-114.3325,34.4522],[-114.3301,34.4477],[-114.3274,34.4445],[-114.3234,34.4416],[-114.3226,34.4411],[-114.3183,34.4392],[-114.3103,34.4359],[-114.3035,34.4324],[-114.2974,34.4287],[-114.2943,34.4248],[-114.2913,34.4197],[-114.2896,34.4145],[-114.2869,34.4104],[-114.2832,34.408],[-114.2782,34.4074],[-114.2727,34.4071],[-114.266,34.4063],[-114.2609,34.4037],[-114.2558,34.3995],[-114.2517,34.3965],[-114.2442,34.3899],[-114.2425,34.3886],[-114.2358,34.3832],[-114.2311,34.376],[-114.2281,34.3728],[-114.2265,34.3713],[-114.2225,34.3685],[-114.2217,34.3681],[-114.2173,34.367],[-114.2163,34.3667],[-114.2092,34.3646],[-114.2001,34.363],[-114.1993,34.3627],[-114.1906,34.36],[-114.1845,34.3585],[-114.1802,34.356],[-114.177,34.3521],[-114.173,34.347],[-114.1685,34.3411],[-114.1668,34.3391],[-114.1637,34.3355],[-114.1568,34.3293],[-114.1517,34.3251],[-114.1449,34.3186],[-114.1414,34.3127],[-114.1378,34.3081],[-114.1373,34.3051],[-114.1366,34.3012],[-114.1363,34.2979],[-114.136,34.2944],[-114.1336,34.2888],[-114.134,34.2824],[-114.1332,34.2779],[-114.1317,34.2751],[-114.1302,34.2711],[-114.1295,34.2672],[-114.1306,34.2652],[-114.1339,34.2638],[-114.1381,34.264],[-114.143,34.2646],[-114.1469,34.2644],[-114.1511,34.2639],[-114.1556,34.2638],[-114.1586,34.2631],[-114.1594,34.2629],[-114.1611,34.2619],[-114.1612,34.2597],[-114.1612,34.2587],[-114.1626,34.2564],[-114.1642,34.2546],[-114.1661,34.2534],[-114.1686,34.2527],[-114.1713,34.2508],[-114.174,34.2476],[-114.1756,34.2453],[-114.1783,34.2425],[-114.1874,34.2348],[-114.198,34.2262],[-114.206,34.2188],[-114.2112,34.2152],[-114.2129,34.2145],[-114.2135,34.214],[-114.2174,34.2112],[-114.2207,34.209],[-114.2227,34.2069],[-114.2232,34.2042],[-114.2242,34.2006],[-114.2239,34.1973],[-114.2248,34.1948],[-114.2259,34.1929],[-114.2284,34.1912],[-114.2292,34.191],[-114.2327,34.19],[-114.2374,34.187],[-114.2405,34.1854],[-114.2421,34.1842],[-114.245,34.1819],[-114.2521,34.1784],[-114.2569,34.1775],[-114.2642,34.1764],[-114.2688,34.1755],[-114.2698,34.1755],[-114.2748,34.1757],[-114.2793,34.1762],[-114.2815,34.1758],[-114.285,34.1742],[-114.2886,34.1727],[-114.2942,34.1678],[-114.3004,34.1601],[-114.3087,34.152],[-114.3164,34.1455],[-114.3226,34.1415],[-114.3307,34.1394],[-114.3385,34.1379],[-114.3453,34.1383],[-114.3503,34.1369],[-114.3518,34.1355],[-114.3523,34.1349],[-114.3556,34.1314],[-114.3592,34.1274],[-114.3648,34.1229],[-114.3708,34.1207],[-114.3791,34.1186],[-114.384,34.1162],[-114.3895,34.1147],[-114.3947,34.1149],[-114.3985,34.1154],[-114.3995,34.1156],[-114.4018,34.1158],[-114.4041,34.1152],[-114.41,34.1134],[-114.4149,34.1096],[-114.4188,34.1063],[-114.423,34.1008],[-114.4273,34.0962],[-114.4298,34.0928],[-114.4326,34.0879],[-114.4331,34.0856],[-114.447,34.0849],[-114.4698,34.0845],[-114.5054,34.0842],[-114.5415,34.0839],[-114.5593,34.0838],[-114.6637,34.0836],[-114.6809,34.0834],[-114.787,34.0828],[-114.8225,34.0833],[-114.8637,34.0827],[-114.9436,34.0831],[-114.9791,34.0832],[-114.9969,34.0834],[-115.094,34.084],[-115.1229,34.0837],[-115.1928,34.084],[-115.193,34.0813],[-115.2107,34.0815],[-115.2979,34.0811],[-115.3157,34.0813],[-115.3162,34.0708],[-115.3152,34.038],[-115.3674,34.0381],[-115.4578,34.0381],[-115.4761,34.0383],[-115.526,34.0382],[-115.5605,34.0375],[-115.5954,34.0373],[-115.6315,34.0376],[-115.6659,34.037],[-115.6842,34.0367],[-115.7718,34.0372],[-115.7902,34.0369],[-115.8207,34.037],[-115.8761,34.0369],[-115.8773,34.0369],[-115.8955,34.0371],[-115.9316,34.0368],[-115.9755,34.0363],[-115.9832,34.0366],[-116.0009,34.0367],[-116.0375,34.0373],[-116.0681,34.0364],[-116.1391,34.0367],[-116.159,34.0368],[-116.2045,34.0367],[-116.2123,34.0369],[-116.2611,34.0369],[-116.301,34.0367],[-116.3006,34.033],[-116.3532,34.0345],[-116.4581,34.0336],[-116.4753,34.0341],[-116.493,34.0341],[-116.5113,34.0341],[-116.5285,34.0332],[-116.5462,34.0337],[-116.564,34.0332],[-116.5817,34.0332],[-116.6156,34.0336],[-116.717,34.0338],[-116.8251,34.0354],[-116.8556,34.0357],[-116.9299,34.0346],[-116.9303,34.0051],[-117.2269,34.0045],[-117.227,34.0186],[-117.3767,34.0191],[-117.3774,34.0328],[-117.5598,34.0328],[-117.5592,33.9887],[-117.6117,33.9718],[-117.6112,33.9254],[-117.6566,33.9244],[-117.6564,33.888],[-117.6757,33.8887],[-117.6687,33.8809],[-117.6744,33.8737],[-117.7,33.8909],[-117.7306,33.9073],[-117.7851,33.9454],[-117.7852,33.9455],[-117.7851,33.9455],[-117.7943,33.9533],[-117.7946,33.9675],[-117.804,33.9681],[-117.8037,33.9711],[-117.8033,33.9762],[-117.7942,33.9908],[-117.793,33.9928],[-117.7866,34.0032],[-117.772,34.0041],[-117.7694,34.0043],[-117.7693,34.0084],[-117.7707,34.0221],[-117.7607,34.0229],[-117.7513,34.0223],[-117.733,34.0211],[-117.7299,34.0382],[-117.7087,34.0893],[-117.6968,34.125],[-117.6837,34.1644],[-117.6731,34.1969],[-117.6675,34.2141],[-117.6499,34.2761],[-117.6474,34.2875],[-117.648,34.3043],[-117.6559,34.3967],[-117.6563,34.4049],[-117.662,34.4477],[-117.6638,34.5581],[-117.6693,34.5591],[-117.6695,34.6463],[-117.6697,34.6574],[-117.6698,34.6608],[-117.6699,34.6664],[-117.6702,34.6903],[-117.6699,34.7044],[-117.6704,34.7776],[-117.6704,34.8221],[-117.6519,34.8227],[-117.6351,34.8233],[-117.6357,34.985],[-117.6361,35.015],[-117.6357,35.0295],[-117.6356,35.0581],[-117.6358,35.0727],[-117.636,35.0872],[-117.6352,35.0981],[-117.6329,35.098],[-117.6331,35.1126],[-117.6333,35.1271],[-117.6336,35.1417],[-117.6338,35.1562],[-117.6334,35.1707],[-117.6336,35.1861],[-117.6338,35.2011],[-117.634,35.2157],[-117.6342,35.2302],[-117.6339,35.2447],[-117.6341,35.2588],[-117.6343,35.2742],[-117.6345,35.2874],[-117.6341,35.3028],[-117.6343,35.3174],[-117.6351,35.3319],[-117.6353,35.3464],[-117.6352,35.3755],[-117.6346,35.4472],[-117.6351,35.5639],[-117.6356,35.5666],[-117.6352,35.5807],[-117.6354,35.6233],[-117.6353,35.6487],[-117.6166,35.6493],[-117.6176,35.6775],[-117.6527,35.6776],[-117.6537,35.7085],[-117.6355,35.7086],[-117.6362,35.7958],[-117.4224,35.7945],[-117.4162,35.7944],[-117.4031,35.7946],[-117.3844,35.7948],[-117.3685,35.7945],[-117.3504,35.7946],[-117.259,35.7947],[-117.0917,35.7946],[-116.9453,35.7957],[-116.9357,35.7959],[-116.9232,35.7961],[-116.6071,35.7965],[-116.6021,35.7964],[-116.5346,35.7956],[-116.5068,35.7954],[-116.4444,35.7943],[-116.3588,35.7929],[-116.3474,35.7931],[-116.3389,35.7929],[-116.2952,35.793],[-116.2765,35.793],[-116.2549,35.7933],[-116.2095,35.7934],[-116.1891,35.7938],[-116.1766,35.7939],[-116.1221,35.7946],[-116.0795,35.7952],[-116.0619,35.7952],[-116.0353,35.7953],[-115.8968,35.7952],[-115.8786,35.7952],[-115.8605,35.7951],[-115.8423,35.7954],[-115.7975,35.7949],[-115.7532,35.7953],[-115.7362,35.7953],[-115.7359,35.8116],[-115.7013,35.8114],[-115.6513,35.8111]]]},\"properties\":{\"name\":\"San Bernardino\",\"state\":\"CA\"}}]}","volume":"225","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Grodsky, Steven Mark 0000-0003-0846-7230","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0846-7230","contributorId":328517,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Grodsky","given":"Steven","email":"","middleInitial":"Mark","affiliations":[{"id":199,"text":"Coop Res Unit Leetown","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":924219,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Campbell, Joshua W.","contributorId":349317,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Campbell","given":"Joshua W.","affiliations":[{"id":37009,"text":"USDA Agricultural Research Service","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":924220,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Roeder, Karl A.","contributorId":349318,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Roeder","given":"Karl A.","affiliations":[{"id":37009,"text":"USDA Agricultural Research Service","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":924221,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Waite, Evan","contributorId":349319,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Waite","given":"Evan","affiliations":[{"id":6607,"text":"Arizona State University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":924222,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Wright, Ethan R.","contributorId":349780,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Wright","given":"Ethan R.","affiliations":[{"id":6607,"text":"Arizona State University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":924787,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Johnston, M. Andrew","contributorId":349320,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Johnston","given":"M. Andrew","affiliations":[{"id":6607,"text":"Arizona State University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":924223,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70266852,"text":"70266852 - 2024 - Hydrological Simulation Program - FORTRAN (HSPF)","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2026-02-24T16:14:38.788439","indexId":"70266852","displayToPublicDate":"2024-12-09T10:13:08","publicationYear":"2024","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":2,"text":"State or Local Government Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":9141,"text":"Final Report","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":2}},"chapter":"6.3","title":"Hydrological Simulation Program - FORTRAN (HSPF)","docAbstract":"

No abstract available.

","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"Clear Lake watershed and lake remediation","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":2,"text":"State or Local Government Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"University of California, Davis","usgsCitation":"Stern, M.A., and Alpers, C.N., 2024, Hydrological Simulation Program - FORTRAN (HSPF): Final Report, 28 p.","productDescription":"p. 1-17, 288-289","ipdsId":"IP-172984","costCenters":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":485817,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://clearlakerehabilitation.ucdavis.edu/publications","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":485819,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Clear Lake","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -122.51766944044962,\n 39.01811466542517\n ],\n [\n -122.92290493933564,\n 39.29176637298582\n ],\n [\n -123.08888700714496,\n 39.09823308058171\n ],\n [\n -123.00514830626823,\n 38.98441457956528\n ],\n [\n -122.56402479272039,\n 38.806351958905026\n ],\n [\n -122.51766944044962,\n 39.01811466542517\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2024-12-09","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Cortes, Alicia","contributorId":293333,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Cortes","given":"Alicia","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":7214,"text":"University of California, Davis","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":true,"id":936967,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1}],"authors":[{"text":"Stern, Michelle A. 0000-0003-3030-7065 mstern@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3030-7065","contributorId":4244,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stern","given":"Michelle","email":"mstern@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":936916,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Alpers, Charles N. 0000-0001-6945-7365 cnalpers@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6945-7365","contributorId":411,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Alpers","given":"Charles","email":"cnalpers@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":936917,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ]}