The U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with the U.S. Department of Energy, has maintained a water-level monitoring program at the Idaho National Laboratory (INL) since 1949 to systematically measure water levels to provide long-term information on groundwater recharge, discharge, movement, and storage in the eastern Snake River Plain (ESRP) aquifer. During 2014, water levels in the ESRP aquifer reached all-time lows for the period of record, prompting this study to assess the effect that future water-level declines may have on pumps and wells. Water-level data were compared with pump-setting depth to determine the hydraulic head above the current pump setting. Additionally, geophysical logs were examined to address changes in well productivity with water-level declines. Furthermore, hydrologic factors that affect water levels in different areas of the INL were evaluated to help understand why water-level changes occur.
\nReview of pump intake placement and 2014 water-level data indicates that 40 wells completed within the ESRP aquifer at the INL have 20 feet (ft) or less of head above the pump. Nine of the these wells are located in the northeastern and northwestern areas of the INL where recharge is predominantly affected by irrigation, wet and dry cycles of precipitation, and flow in the Big Lost River. Water levels in northeastern and northwestern wells generally show water-level fluctuations of as much as 4.5 ft seasonally and show declines as much as 25 ft during the past 14 years.
\nIn the southeastern area of the INL, seven wells were identified as having less than 20 ft of water remaining above the pump. Most of the wells in the southeast show less decline over the period of record compared with wells in the northeast; the smaller declines are probably attributable to less groundwater withdrawal from pumping of wells for irrigation. In addition, most of the southeastern wells show only about a 1–2 ft fluctuation seasonally because they are less influenced by groundwater withdrawals for irrigation.
\nIn the southwestern area of the INL, 24 wells were identified as having less than 20 ft of water remaining above the pump. Wells in the southwest also only show small 1–2 ft fluctuations seasonally because of a lack of irrigation influence. Wells show larger fluctuation in water levels closer to the Big Lost River and fluctuate in response to wet and dry cycles of recharge to the Big Lost River.
\nGeophysical logs indicate that most of the wells evaluated will maintain their current production until the water level declines to the depth of the pump. A few of the wells may become less productive once the water level gets to within about 5 ft from the top of the pump. Wells most susceptible to future drought cycles are those in the northeastern and northwestern areas of the INL.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20155085","collaboration":"U.S. Department of Energy","usgsCitation":"Bartholomay, R.C., and Twining, B.V., 2015, Hydrologic influences on water-level changes in the Eastern Snake River Plain aquifer at and near the Idaho National Laboratory, Idaho, 1949-2014: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2015-5085, Report: v, 37 p.; 1 Appendix, https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20155085.","productDescription":"Report: v, 37 p.; 1 Appendix","numberOfPages":"47","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-060008","costCenters":[{"id":343,"text":"Idaho Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":303220,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sir20155085.jpg"},{"id":303174,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2015/5085/"},{"id":303175,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2015/5085/pdf/sir2015-5085.pdf","text":"Report","size":"2.8 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Report"},{"id":303176,"rank":3,"type":{"id":3,"text":"Appendix"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2015/5085/pdf/sir2015-5085_appendixa.pdf","text":"Appendix A","size":"1.4 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Appendix A"}],"country":"United States","state":"Idaho","otherGeospatial":"Eastern Snake River Plain","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -114.32373046875,\n 43.08092540794885\n ],\n [\n -114.32373046875,\n 43.97700467496408\n ],\n [\n -111.97265625,\n 43.97700467496408\n ],\n [\n -111.97265625,\n 43.08092540794885\n ],\n [\n -114.32373046875,\n 43.08092540794885\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":12,"text":"Tacoma PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"558e69abe4b0b6d21dd658fe","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bartholomay, Roy C. 0000-0002-4809-9287 rcbarth@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4809-9287","contributorId":1131,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bartholomay","given":"Roy","email":"rcbarth@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":343,"text":"Idaho Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":548651,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Twining, Brian V. 0000-0003-1321-4721 btwining@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1321-4721","contributorId":2387,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Twining","given":"Brian","email":"btwining@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"V.","affiliations":[{"id":343,"text":"Idaho Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":548652,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70173907,"text":"70173907 - 2015 - An empirical evaluation of landscape energetic models: Mallard and American black duck space use during the non-breeding period","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-06-15T11:16:51","indexId":"70173907","displayToPublicDate":"2015-06-26T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2508,"text":"Journal of Wildlife Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"An empirical evaluation of landscape energetic models: Mallard and American black duck space use during the non-breeding period","docAbstract":"Bird conservation Joint Ventures are collaborative partnerships between public agencies and private organizations that facilitate habitat management to support waterfowl and other bird populations. A subset of Joint Ventures has developed energetic carrying capacity models (ECCs) to translate regional waterfowl population goals into habitat objectives during the non-breeding period. Energetic carrying capacity models consider food biomass, metabolism, and available habitat to estimate waterfowl carrying capacity within an area. To evaluate Joint Venture ECCs in the context of waterfowl space use, we monitored 33 female mallards (Anas platyrhynchos) and 55 female American black ducks (A. rubripes) using global positioning system satellite telemetry in the central and eastern United States. To quantify space use, we measured first-passage time (FPT: time required for an individual to transit across a circle of a given radius) at biologically relevant spatial scales for mallards (3.46 km) and American black ducks (2.30 km) during the non-breeding period, which included autumn migration, winter, and spring migration. We developed a series of models to predict FPT using Joint Venture ECCs and compared them to a biological null model that quantified habitat composition and a statistical null model, which included intercept and random terms. Energetic carrying capacity models predicted mallard space use more efficiently during autumn and spring migrations, but the statistical null was the top model for winter. For American black ducks, ECCs did not improve predictions of space use; the biological null was top ranked for winter and the statistical null was top ranked for spring migration. Thus, ECCs provided limited insight into predicting waterfowl space use during the non-breeding season. Refined estimates of spatial and temporal variation in food abundance, habitat conditions, and anthropogenic disturbance will likely improve ECCs and benefit conservation planners in linking non-breeding waterfowl habitat objectives with distribution and population parameters. Published 2015. This article is a U.S. Government work and is in the public domain in the USA.
","language":"English","publisher":"Washington Wildlife Society","doi":"10.1002/jwmg.920","usgsCitation":"Beatty, W.S., Webb, E.B., Kesler, D.C., Naylor, L.W., Raedeke, A.H., Humburg, D.D., Coluccy, J.M., and Soulliere, G., 2015, An empirical evaluation of landscape energetic models: Mallard and American black duck space use during the non-breeding period: Journal of Wildlife Management, v. 79, no. 7, p. 1141-1151, https://doi.org/10.1002/jwmg.920.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"1141","endPage":"1151","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-058474","costCenters":[{"id":198,"text":"Coop Res Unit Atlanta","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":323669,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Canada, United States","state":"Arkansas, Delaware, Louisiana, Michigan, New Jersey, New York, Ohio, Oklahoma, Saskatchewan, Virginia","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -93.251953125,\n 31.914867503276223\n ],\n [\n -94.39453125,\n 36.20882309283712\n ],\n [\n -107.0068359375,\n 49.95121990866206\n ],\n [\n -84.55078125,\n 44.653024159812\n ],\n [\n -80.9912109375,\n 41.73852846935917\n ],\n [\n -74.091796875,\n 44.84029065139799\n ],\n [\n -75.5419921875,\n 38.92522904714054\n ],\n [\n -77.95898437499999,\n 37.055177106660814\n ],\n [\n -93.251953125,\n 31.914867503276223\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"79","issue":"7","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":8,"text":"Raleigh PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2015-06-26","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"57627c2de4b07657d19a69c0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Beatty, William S. 0000-0003-0013-3113","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0013-3113","contributorId":146301,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Beatty","given":"William","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":638980,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Webb, Elisabeth B. 0000-0003-3851-6056 ewebb@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3851-6056","contributorId":3981,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Webb","given":"Elisabeth","email":"ewebb@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[{"id":199,"text":"Coop Res Unit Leetown","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":638981,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Kesler, Dylan C.","contributorId":14358,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Kesler","given":"Dylan","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":6769,"text":"University of Missouri, Columbia, MO","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":638982,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Naylor, Luke W.","contributorId":145840,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Naylor","given":"Luke","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":638983,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Raedeke, Andrew H.","contributorId":94083,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Raedeke","given":"Andrew","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":638984,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Humburg, Dale D.","contributorId":79357,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Humburg","given":"Dale","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":13073,"text":"Ducks Unlimited, Inc.","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":638985,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Coluccy, John M.","contributorId":111382,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Coluccy","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":638986,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Soulliere, G.","contributorId":31107,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Soulliere","given":"G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":638987,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8}]}} ,{"id":70159797,"text":"70159797 - 2015 - Detection of snake fungal disease due to Ophidiomyces ophiodiicola in Virginia, USA","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-01-02T15:06:26","indexId":"70159797","displayToPublicDate":"2015-06-26T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2507,"text":"Journal of Wildlife Diseases","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Detection of snake fungal disease due to Ophidiomyces ophiodiicola in Virginia, USA","docAbstract":"Snake fungal disease (SFD) is an emerging disease of wildlife believed to be caused by Ophidiomyces ophiodiicola. Although geographic and host ranges have yet to be determined, this disease is characterized by crusty scales, superficial pustules, and subcutaneous nodules, with subsequent morbidity and mortality in some snake species. To confirm the presence of SFD and O. ophiodiicola in snakes of eastern Virginia, USA, we clinically examined 30 free-ranging snakes on public lands from April to October 2014. Skin biopsy samples were collected from nine snakes that had gross lesions suggestive of SFD; seven of these biopsies were suitable for histologic interpretation, and eight were suitable for culture and PCR detection of O. ophiodiicola. Seven snakes had histologic features consistent with SFD and were positive for O. ophiodiicola by PCR or fungal culture.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wildlife Disease Association","doi":"10.7589/2015-04-093.1","usgsCitation":"Guthrie, A.L., Knowles, S., Ballmann, A., and Lorch, J.M., 2015, Detection of snake fungal disease due to Ophidiomyces ophiodiicola in Virginia, USA: Journal of Wildlife Diseases, v. 52, no. 1, p. 143-149, https://doi.org/10.7589/2015-04-093.1.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"143","endPage":"149","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-064847","costCenters":[{"id":456,"text":"National Wildlife Health Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":311660,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Virginia","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -76.13456726074219,\n 36.910372213522535\n ],\n [\n -76.13182067871094,\n 36.84226271217676\n ],\n [\n -75.97869873046874,\n 36.852702785393014\n ],\n [\n -75.99929809570312,\n 36.92629228365366\n ],\n [\n -76.0645294189453,\n 36.91641125204138\n ],\n [\n -76.11740112304688,\n 36.91147025609033\n ],\n [\n -76.12907409667969,\n 36.915313280602795\n ],\n [\n -76.13456726074219,\n 36.910372213522535\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -75.94024658203124,\n 36.71026542647845\n ],\n [\n -75.92445373535155,\n 36.662360301266546\n ],\n [\n -75.90248107910156,\n 36.558187766360675\n ],\n [\n -75.86265563964844,\n 36.559842397523944\n ],\n [\n -75.92445373535155,\n 36.71026542647845\n ],\n [\n -75.92857360839844,\n 36.71301768775457\n ],\n [\n -75.94024658203124,\n 36.71026542647845\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -76.30828857421875,\n 36.90103821354626\n ],\n [\n -76.17851257324219,\n 36.90103821354626\n ],\n [\n -76.1627197265625,\n 36.76584198280488\n ],\n [\n -76.27532958984374,\n 36.767492156196745\n ],\n [\n -76.30966186523438,\n 36.89170307169378\n ],\n [\n -76.30828857421875,\n 36.90103821354626\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"52","issue":"1","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":6,"text":"Columbus PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"565446bde4b071e7ea53d4a9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Guthrie, Amanda L.","contributorId":70271,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Guthrie","given":"Amanda","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":580487,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Knowles, Susan 0000-0002-0254-6491 sknowles@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0254-6491","contributorId":5254,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Knowles","given":"Susan","email":"sknowles@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":456,"text":"National Wildlife Health Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":580486,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Ballmann, Anne 0000-0002-0380-056X aballmann@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0380-056X","contributorId":140319,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ballmann","given":"Anne","email":"aballmann@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":456,"text":"National Wildlife Health Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":580488,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Lorch, Jeffrey M. 0000-0003-2239-1252 jlorch@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2239-1252","contributorId":5565,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lorch","given":"Jeffrey","email":"jlorch@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":456,"text":"National Wildlife Health Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":580489,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70148397,"text":"sim3331 - 2015 - Geologic map of the Orchard 7.5' quadrangle, Morgan County, Colorado","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-05-28T12:25:56","indexId":"sim3331","displayToPublicDate":"2015-06-22T15:30:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":333,"text":"Scientific Investigations Map","code":"SIM","onlineIssn":"2329-132X","printIssn":"2329-1311","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"3331","title":"Geologic map of the Orchard 7.5' quadrangle, Morgan County, Colorado","docAbstract":"The Orchard 7.5' quadrangle is located along the South Platte River corridor on the semi-arid plains of eastern Colorado, and contains surficial deposits that record alluvial, eolian, and hillslope processes that have operated through environmental changes from the Pleistocene to the present. The South Platte River, originating high in the Colorado Front Range, has played a major role in shaping the geology of the quadrangle, which is situated downstream of where the last of the major headwater tributaries (St. Vrain, Big Thompson, and Cache la Poudre) join the river. Recurrent glaciation (and deglaciation) of basin headwaters affected river discharge and sediment supply far downstream, influencing alluvium deposition and terrace formation in the Orchard quadrangle. Kiowa and Bijou Creeks, unglaciated tributaries originating east of the Front Range also have played a major role by periodically delivering large volumes of sediment to the river during flood events, which may have temporarily dammed the river. Eolian sand deposits of the Greeley (north of river) and Fort Morgan (south of river) dune fields cover much of the quadrangle and record past episodes of sand mobilization during times of drought. With the onset of irrigation during historic times, the South Platte River has changed from a broad, shallow, and sandy braided river with highly seasonal discharge to a much narrower, deeper river with braided-meandering transition morphology and more uniform discharge. Along this reach, the river has incised into Upper Cretaceous Pierre Shale, which, although buried by alluvial deposits in Orchard quadrangle, is locally exposed downstream along the South Platte River bluff near the Bijou Creek confluence, in some of the larger draws, and along Wildcat Creek.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sim3331","usgsCitation":"Berry, M.E., Slate, J.L., Hanson, P.R., and Brandt, T.R., 2015, Geologic map of the Orchard 7.5' quadrangle, Morgan County, Colorado: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Map 3331, Report: 1 p.; 1 Plate: 54.41 x 34.02 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/sim3331.","productDescription":"Report: 1 p.; 1 Plate: 54.41 x 34.02 inches","numberOfPages":"1","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-056624","costCenters":[{"id":318,"text":"Geosciences and Environmental Change Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":354903,"rank":7,"type":{"id":22,"text":"Related Work"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.3133/sim3396","text":"Scientific Investigations Map 3396 —","linkHelpText":"Geologic map of the Weldona 7.5' quadrangle, Morgan County, Colorado"},{"id":301694,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sim3331.jpg"},{"id":301629,"rank":3,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sim/3331/pdf/SIM3331_map_geo.pdf","text":"Map Georeferenced","size":"179 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"SIM 3331 Map_Geo","linkHelpText":"Contains: Georeferenced pdf for users' convenience."},{"id":354902,"rank":6,"type":{"id":22,"text":"Related Work"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.3133/sim3344","text":"Scientific Investigations Map 3344 —","linkHelpText":"Geologic map of the Masters 7.5' quadrangle, Weld and Morgan Counties, Colorado"},{"id":301630,"rank":4,"type":{"id":7,"text":"Companion Files"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sim/3331/downloads/","text":"Downloads Directory","description":"SIM 3331 Downloads Directory","linkHelpText":"Contains: geospatial database. 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These elements are enriched in ultramafic rocks (primarily serpentinite) and the soils derived from them (1700–10,000 mg Cr per kg soil and 1300–3900 mg Ni per kg soil) in the Coast Range ophiolite. Chromium and Ni have been transported eastward from the Coast Range into the western Sacramento Valley and as a result, valley soil is enriched in Cr (80–1420 mg kg−1) and Ni (65–224 mg kg−1) compared to median values of U.S. soils of 50 and 15 mg kg−1, respectively. Nickel in ultramafic source rocks and soils is present in serpentine minerals (lizardite, antigorite, and chrysotile) and is more easily weathered compared to Cr, which primarily resides in highly refractory chromite ([Mg,Fe2+][Cr3+,Al,Fe3+]2O4). Although the majority of Cr and Ni in soils are in refractory chromite and serpentine minerals, the etching and dissolution of these minerals, presence of Cr- and Ni-enriched clay minerals and development of nanocrystalline Fe (hydr)oxides is evidence that a significant fractions of these elements have been transferred to potentially more labile phases.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.apgeochem.2015.05.018","usgsCitation":"Morrison, J.M., Goldhaber, M.B., Mills, C., Breit, G.N., Hooper, R.L., Holloway, J.M., Diehl, S.F., and Ranville, J.F., 2015, Weathering and transport of chromium and nickel from serpentinite in the Coast Range ophiolite to the Sacramento Valley, California, USA: Applied Geochemistry, v. 62, p. 72-86, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apgeochem.2015.05.018.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"72","endPage":"86","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-033273","costCenters":[{"id":211,"text":"Crustal Geophysics and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":301274,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Sacramento Valley","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -122.48657226562499,\n 37.68382032669382\n ],\n [\n -119.5751953125,\n 38.71980474264239\n ],\n [\n -119.981689453125,\n 38.93377552819722\n ],\n [\n -120.0146484375,\n 39.64799732373418\n ],\n [\n -123.71704101562499,\n 38.882481197550774\n ],\n [\n -122.48657226562499,\n 37.68382032669382\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"62","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":2,"text":"Denver PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"55828c25e4b023124e8f3fb6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Morrison, Jean M. 0000-0002-6614-8783 jmorrison@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6614-8783","contributorId":994,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Morrison","given":"Jean","email":"jmorrison@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":211,"text":"Crustal Geophysics and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":548795,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Goldhaber, Martin B. 0000-0002-1785-4243 mgold@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1785-4243","contributorId":1339,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Goldhaber","given":"Martin","email":"mgold@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[{"id":211,"text":"Crustal Geophysics and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":171,"text":"Central Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":548796,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Mills, Christopher T. cmills@usgs.gov","contributorId":141191,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mills","given":"Christopher T.","email":"cmills@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":211,"text":"Crustal Geophysics and Geochemistry Science 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F.","contributorId":141192,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Ranville","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[{"id":13709,"text":"Colorrado School of Mines, Golden","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":548797,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8}]}} ,{"id":70148016,"text":"ofr20151098 - 2015 - California State Waters Map Series — Offshore of Salt Point, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-04-18T20:29:14.829189","indexId":"ofr20151098","displayToPublicDate":"2015-06-17T10:00:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2015-1098","title":"California State Waters Map Series — Offshore of Salt Point, California","docAbstract":"In 2007, the California Ocean Protection Council initiated the California Seafloor Mapping Program (CSMP), designed to create a comprehensive seafloor map of high-resolution bathymetry, marine benthic habitats, and geology within the 3-nautical-mile limit of California’s State Waters. The CSMP approach is to create highly detailed seafloor maps through collection, integration, interpretation, and visualization of swath sonar data, acoustic backscatter, seafloor video, seafloor photography, high-resolution seismic-reflection profiles, and bottom-sediment sampling data. The map products display seafloor morphology and character, identify potential marine benthic habitats, and illustrate both the surficial seafloor geology and shallow (to about 100 m) subsurface geology.
\nThe Offshore of Salt Point map area is located in northern California, about 110 km north of San Francisco and 50 km south of Point Arena. The map area includes three California Marine Protected Areas: the southern portion of the Stewarts Point State Marine Reserve, the Salt Point State Marine Conservation Area, and the Gerstle Cove State Marine Reserve. The coast and shoreline are rugged and scenic, characterized by rocky promontories, steep bluffs capped by bare to forested marine terraces, kelp-rich coves, and nearshore rocks and pinnacles. The largely undeveloped onshore part of the map area is used primarily for grazing and recreation. U.S. Highway 1 extends along the coast through the map area, passing through Salt Point State Park, Kruse Rhododendron State Natural Reserve, and Stillwater Cove Regional Park. Sandy beaches are uncommon, present only in relatively protected coves.
\nThe seafloor in the map area extends from the shoreline to water depths of about 90 to 100 m. The nearshore to inner shelf area (to water depths of about 50 to 60 m) typically dips seaward about 1.0° to 1.5° and is underlain by bedrock and sand-sized to coarser grained sediment. The midshelf, underlain predominantly by muddy sediments, slopes more gently (less than 0.5°). Surficial and shallow sediments were deposited in the last about 21,000 years during the approximately 125-m sea-level rise that followed the last major lowstand associated with the Last Glacial Maximum, at which time the entire Offshore of Salt Point map area was emergent and the shoreline was about 20 km west of the present-day shoreline.
\nTectonic influences that impact the shelf morphology and geology in the map area are related to local faulting, folding, uplift, and subsidence. The onshore part of the map area is cut by the northwest-striking San Andreas Fault—the right-lateral transform boundary between the North American and Pacific tectonic plates with an estimated slip rate of about 17 to 25 mm/yr in this area. The region between Fort Ross and Point Arena, west of the San Andreas Fault, is the known as the “Gualala Block” on the basis of its distinctive geology. The Gualala Block consists of a thick, discontinuous Upper Cretaceous to Miocene stratigraphic section, however, only the submarine fan deposits of the Paleocene and Eocene German Rancho Formation are exposed along the coast in the Offshore of Salt Point map area. The German Rancho Formation also forms all of the rugged seafloor bedrock outcrops in the map area. The western boundary of the Gualala Block lies 3 to 5 km offshore, perhaps at the shore-parallel Gualala Fault. High-resolution seismic-reflection data reveal shallow folding and faulting in inferred upper Pleistocene strata along the Gualala Fault trend, suggesting this structure is now or has been recently active. The last ground rupture in the map area occurred during the devastating great 1906 California earthquake (M7.8, 4/18/1906), thought to have nucleated on the San Andreas Fault about 100 kilometers to the south offshore of San Francisco.
\nCirculation over the continental shelf in the map area is dominated by the southward-flowing California Current, the eastern limb of the North Pacific Gyre. Associated upwelling brings cool, nutrient-rich waters to the surface, resulting in high biological productivity. The current flow generally is southeastward during the spring and summer; however, during the fall and winter, the otherwise persistent northwest winds are sometimes weak or absent, causing the California Current to move farther offshore and the Davidson Current, a weaker, northward-flowing countercurrent, to become active.
\nThroughout the year, this part of the central California coast is exposed to four wave climate regimes: the north Pacific swell, the southern swell, northwest wind waves, and local wind waves. The north Pacific swell dominates in winter months, with wave heights at offshore buoys ranging from 2 to 10 m and wave periods ranging from 10 to 25 s. During summer months, the largest waves come from the southern swell, generated by storms in the south Pacific and offshore Central America. Characteristically, these swells have smaller wave heights (0.3 to 3 m) and similarly long periods (range 10 to 25 s). Northwest wind waves affect the coast throughout the year, while local wind waves are most common from October to April. These two wind-wave regimes typically have wave heights of 1 to 4 m and short periods (3 to 10 s).
\nPotential marine benthic habitats in the Offshore of Salt Point map area include unconsolidated continental shelf sediments, mixed continental shelf substrate, and hard continental shelf substrate. Rocky-shelf outcrops and rubble are considered to be promising potential habitats for rockfish and lingcod, both of which are recreationally and commercially important species.
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Johnson, Stephen R. Hartwell, and Janet T. Watt (45.5\" x 36\", 6.8 MB)"},{"id":301256,"rank":12,"type":{"id":26,"text":"Sheet"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2015/1098/pdf/ofr20151098_sheet10.pdf","text":"Sheet 10","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Sheet 10","linkHelpText":"Offshore and Onshore Geology and Geomorphology, Offshore of Salt Point Map Area, California By Stephen R. Hartwell, Samuel Y. Johnson, and Michael W. Manson (47\" x 36\", 12.8 MB)"},{"id":301261,"rank":14,"type":{"id":7,"text":"Companion Files"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/ds/781/OffshoreSaltPoint/data_catalog_OffshoreSaltPoint.html","text":"Data Catalog - Offshore Salt Point and Vicinity, California","description":"Data Catalog - Offshore Salt Point and Vicinity, California","linkHelpText":"Each GIS data file is listed with a brief description, a small image, and links to the metadata files and the downloadable data files."},{"id":301249,"rank":5,"type":{"id":26,"text":"Sheet"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2015/1098/pdf/ofr20151098_sheet3.pdf","text":"Sheet 3","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Sheet 3","linkHelpText":"Acoustic Backscatter, Offshore of Salt Point Map Area, California By Peter Dartnell, Mercedes D. Erdey, and Rikk G. Kvitek (39\" x 36\", 19.4 MB)"},{"id":301253,"rank":9,"type":{"id":26,"text":"Sheet"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2015/1098/pdf/ofr20151098_sheet7.pdf","text":"Sheet 7","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Sheet 7","linkHelpText":"Potential Marine Benthic Habitats, Offshore of Salt Point Map Area, California By Charles A. Endris, H. Gary Greene, Bryan E. Dieter, Mercedes D. Erdey, and Erik N. Lowe (46\" x 36\", 6.2 MB)"},{"id":301254,"rank":10,"type":{"id":26,"text":"Sheet"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2015/1098/pdf/ofr20151098_sheet8.pdf","text":"Sheet 8","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Sheet 8","linkHelpText":"Seismic-Reflection Profiles, Offshore of Salt Point Map Area, California By Samuel Y. Johnson, Ray W. Sliter, Stephen R. Hartwell, and John L. 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We evaluated the effectiveness of standardized repeated count surveys coordinated across 8 agencies to estimate the abundance of American Oystercatcher (Haematopus palliatus) breeding pairs in the southeastern United States. Breeding season surveys were conducted across coastal North Carolina (90 plots) and the Eastern Shore of Virginia (3 plots). Plots were visited on 1–5 occasions during April–June 2013. N-mixture models were used to estimate abundance and detection probability in relation to survey date, tide stage, plot size, and plot location (coastal bay vs. barrier island). The estimated abundance of oystercatchers in the surveyed area was 1,048 individuals (95% credible interval: 851–1,408) and 470 pairs (384–637), substantially higher than estimates that did not account for detection probability (maximum counts of 674 individuals and 316 pairs). Detection probability was influenced by a quadratic function of survey date, and increased from mid-April (~0.60) to mid-May (~0.80), then remained relatively constant through June. Detection probability was also higher during high tide than during low, rising, or falling tides. Abundance estimates from N-mixture models were validated at 13 plots by exhaustive productivity studies (2–5 surveys wk−1). Intensive productivity studies identified 78 breeding pairs across 13 productivity plots while the N-mixture model abundance estimate was 74 pairs (62–119) using only 1–5 replicated surveys season−1. Our results indicate that standardized replicated count surveys coordinated across multiple agencies and conducted during a relatively short time window (closure assumption) provide tremendous potential to meet both agency-level (e.g., state) and regional-level (e.g., flyway) objectives in large-scale shorebird monitoring programs.
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With increased runoff in the past few decades, phosphorus flux (the amount of phosphorus transported by the river) has increased. This is a concern, especially with respect to Lake Winnipeg, an important inland fishery and recreational destination. There is pressure at the State and International levels to reduce phosphorus flux, an expensive proposition. Depending on the method (controlling sources, settling ponds, buffer strips), control of phosphorus flux is not always effective during spring runoff. This work represents a first step in developing a causal model for phosphorus flux by examining available data and changes in concentration over time. Total phosphorus concentration data for the Red River at Emerson, Manitoba, and at Fargo, North Dakota-Moorhead, Minnesota, were summarized and then analyzed using WRTDS (Weighted Regressions on Time, Discharge, and Season) to describe total phosphorus changes over time in two analysis periods: 1970-1993 and 1993-2012. Total phosphorus concentration increased in the first period at Emerson, Manitoba, indicating phosphorus was likely being transported to streams during runoff events. A very different pattern occurred at Fargo-Moorhead with declines in concentration, except at high discharge. While concentration continually changes, during the second period it decreased during spring runoff at Emerson and Fargo-Moorhead and during the growing season at Fargo-Moorhead, perhaps because of improved agricultural practices and declines in some uses of phosphorus.
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Adnan","contributorId":140760,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Akyuz","given":"F.","email":"","middleInitial":"Adnan","affiliations":[{"id":13555,"text":"North Dakota Climate Office","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":546847,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Lin, Wei","contributorId":93805,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lin","given":"Wei","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":546848,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70190121,"text":"70190121 - 2015 - Celestine-bearing geodes from Wayne and Emery counties, southeastern Utah: Genesis and mineralogy","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-08-12T08:38:54","indexId":"70190121","displayToPublicDate":"2015-06-16T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3307,"text":"Rocks & Minerals","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Celestine-bearing geodes from Wayne and Emery counties, southeastern Utah: Genesis and mineralogy","docAbstract":"Geodes containing celestine with associated quartz, calcite, chlorite, and other minerals occur in the Jurassic Curtis Formation of Emery and Wayne counties off the east and south flanks of the San Rafael Swell in southeastern Utah. The two areas discussed in this article produce geodes to 25 cm wide containing bladed to tabular celestine crystals that are as much as 4.5 cm in length. An evaporative littoral system resulting in the formation of anhydrite nodules is proposed as the initial environment for this deposit. Subsequent silicification of the nodules and, in some cases, the formation of hollow spaces within the silicified nodules, provided a geode structure for the eventual crystallization of celestine and associated minerals.","language":"English","publisher":"Taylor and Francis","doi":"10.1080/00357529.2015.1034489","usgsCitation":"Kile, D.E., Dayvault, R.D., Hood, W.C., and Hatch, H.S., 2015, Celestine-bearing geodes from Wayne and Emery counties, southeastern Utah: Genesis and mineralogy: Rocks & Minerals, v. 90, no. 4, p. 314-337, https://doi.org/10.1080/00357529.2015.1034489.","productDescription":"24 p.","startPage":"314","endPage":"337","ipdsId":"IP-062037","costCenters":[{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":344781,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Utah","county":"Emery County, Wayne County","volume":"90","issue":"4","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":2,"text":"Denver PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2015-06-17","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"59901399e4b09fa1cb17892f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kile, Daniel E. dekile@usgs.gov","contributorId":1286,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kile","given":"Daniel","email":"dekile@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":707567,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Dayvault, Richard D.","contributorId":195593,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Dayvault","given":"Richard","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":707568,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hood, William C.","contributorId":100946,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hood","given":"William","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":707569,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Hatch, H. Steven","contributorId":195595,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Hatch","given":"H.","email":"","middleInitial":"Steven","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":707570,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70146914,"text":"sim3328 - 2015 - Geologic map of the Vashon 7.5' quadrangle and selected areas, King County, Washington","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-04-18T20:14:38.961466","indexId":"sim3328","displayToPublicDate":"2015-06-12T08:00:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":333,"text":"Scientific Investigations Map","code":"SIM","onlineIssn":"2329-132X","printIssn":"2329-1311","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"3328","title":"Geologic map of the Vashon 7.5' quadrangle and selected areas, King County, Washington","docAbstract":"This map is an interpretation of a 6-ft-resolution lidar-derived digital elevation model combined with geology by Derek B. Booth and Kathy Goetz Troost. Field work by Booth and Troost was located on the 1:24,000-scale topographic map of the Vashon and Des Moines 7.5' quadrangles that were published in 1997 and 1995, respectively. Much of the geology was interpreted from landforms portrayed on the topographic maps, supplemented by field exposures, where available. In 2001, the Puget Sound Lidar Consortium (see http://pugetsoundlidar.org/) obtained a lidar-derived digital elevation model (DEM) for Vashon Island and the Des Moines quadrangle. For a brief description of lidar and this data acquisition program, see Haugerud and others (2003). This new DEM has a horizontal resolution of 6 ft (1.83 m) and mean vertical accuracy of about 1 ft (about 0.3 m). The greater resolution and accuracy of the lidar DEM facilitated a much-improved interpretation of many aspects of the surficial geology, especially the distribution and relative age of landforms and the materials inferred to comprise them. Booth and Troost were joined by Tabor to interpret the new lidar DEM but have done no futher field work for this map.
\nThis map, the Vashon quadrangle and selected adjacent areas, encompasses most of Vashon Island, Maury Island, and Three Tree Point in the south-central Puget Sound. One small area in the Vashon quadrangle on the east side of Puget Sound is excluded from this map but included on the adjacent Seattle quadrangle (Booth and others, 2005). The map displays a wide variety of surficial geologic deposits, which reflect many geologic environments and processes. Multiple ice-sheet glaciations and intervening nonglacial intervals have constructed a complexly layered sequence of deposits that underlie both islands to a depth of more than 300 m below sea level. These deposits not only record glacial and nonglacial history but also control the flow and availability of ground water, determine the susceptibility of the slopes to landslides, and provide economic reserves of sand and gravel. The islands are surrounded by channels of Puget Sound, some as deep as the islands are high (>600 ft (~200 m)). The shorelines provide many kilometers of well-exposed coastal outcrops that reveal abundant lithologic and stratigraphic details not ordinarily displayed in the heavily vegetated Puget Lowland.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sim3328","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with King County, Washington","usgsCitation":"Booth, D.B., Troost, K.G., and Tabor, R.W., 2015, Geologic map of the Vashon 7.5' quadrangle and selected areas, King County, Washington: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Map 3328, Pamphlet: ii, 11 p.; 1 Plate: 29.01 x 36.67 inches; Database; Readme; Metadata, https://doi.org/10.3133/sim3328.","productDescription":"Pamphlet: ii, 11 p.; 1 Plate: 29.01 x 36.67 inches; Database; Readme; Metadata","numberOfPages":"13","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-049122","costCenters":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":301167,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sim3328.gif"},{"id":301150,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sim/3328/"},{"id":301165,"type":{"id":16,"text":"Metadata"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sim/3328/downloads/vashgeol-genmd.txt","linkFileType":{"id":2,"text":"txt"}},{"id":301164,"type":{"id":20,"text":"Read Me"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sim/3328/sim_3328_readme.txt","linkFileType":{"id":2,"text":"txt"}},{"id":301161,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sim/3328/downloads/sim_3328_map.pdf","text":"Map","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Map"},{"id":301163,"type":{"id":9,"text":"Database"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sim/3328/downloads/sim3328_database.zip","text":"Database","linkFileType":{"id":6,"text":"zip"},"description":"Database","linkHelpText":"Contains: geospatial database. Refer to the Readme and Metadata files for more information."},{"id":301162,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sim/3328/downloads/sim_3328_pamphlet.pdf","text":"Pamphlet","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Pamphlet"},{"id":398999,"rank":8,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_103699.htm"}],"scale":"24000","projection":"Lambert Conformal Conic projection","datum":"North American Datum of 1983","country":"United States","state":"Washington","county":"King County","otherGeospatial":"Maury Island, Puget Sound, Three Tree Point, Vashon Island","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -122.5,\n 47.375\n ],\n [\n -122.5,\n 47.5125\n ],\n [\n -122.3708,\n 47.5125\n ],\n [\n -122.3708,\n 47.375\n ],\n [\n -122.5,\n 47.375\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":14,"text":"Menlo Park PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"557bf4aae4b023124e8eddeb","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Booth, Derek B.","contributorId":100873,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Booth","given":"Derek","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[{"id":6934,"text":"University of Washington","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":548564,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Troost, Kathy Goetz","contributorId":127391,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Troost","given":"Kathy","email":"","middleInitial":"Goetz","affiliations":[{"id":6934,"text":"University of Washington","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":548565,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Tabor, Rowland W. rtabor@usgs.gov","contributorId":3816,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tabor","given":"Rowland","email":"rtabor@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":548563,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70147324,"text":"sir20155059 - 2015 - Water levels and water quality in the Mississippi River Valley alluvial aquifer in eastern Arkansas, 2012","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-06-11T15:47:35","indexId":"sir20155059","displayToPublicDate":"2015-06-11T15:30:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2015-5059","title":"Water levels and water quality in the Mississippi River Valley alluvial aquifer in eastern Arkansas, 2012","docAbstract":"During the spring of 2012, the U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with the Arkansas Natural Resources Commission and the Arkansas Geological Survey, measured water levels in 342 wells completed in the Mississippi River Valley alluvial aquifer in eastern Arkansas. The Arkansas Natural Resources Commission measured water levels in 11 wells, and the U.S. Department of Agriculture-Natural Resources Conservation Service measured water levels in 239 wells completed in the alluvial aquifer and provided these data to the Arkansas Natural Resources Commission. In 2010, estimated water withdrawals from the alluvial aquifer in Arkansas totaled about 7,592 million gallons per day. Withdrawals more than doubled between 1985 and 2010, about a 115-percent increase.
\nThe regional direction of groundwater flow is generally to the south and east except where flow is affected by groundwater withdrawals. East of Crowleys Ridge, water flows from north to south along Crowleys Ridge and northeast to southwest along the Mississippi River. West of Crowleys Ridge, water flows from northeast to southwest along Crowleys Ridge from Clay County to Craighead County. From Craighead County to Monroe County, a depression redirects groundwater flow from all directions. A depression in Arkansas, Lonoke, and Prairie Counties alters groundwater flow from all directions. South of the Arkansas River, the flow is towards the southeast, except near depressions in Lincoln and Desha Counties and Desha and Chicot Counties where flow is towards the depression. In 2012, the lowest water-level altitude was 73 feet (ft) in Arkansas County. The highest water-level altitude was 288 ft in northeastern Clay County on the western side of Crowleys Ridge.
\nThe 2012 potentiomentric-surface map shows eight depressions, two large depressions and six small depressions. One large depression begins in southeastern Arkansas County, at the Arkansas and Desha County line, extends north into Prairie County, west into Lonoke County, and east into the westernmost part of Monroe County. The area in Lonoke, Prairie, and White Counties in the northwestern half of the depression has a water-level altitude measurement of 90 ft and has expanded into the northern third of Prairie County.
\nThe 2012 potentiometric-surface map shows a general north-south depression with the southern end in central Monroe County through western Lee, St. Francis, Cross, Poinsett, and Craighead Counties and eastern Woodruff and Jackson Counties. There are two deeper areas in this depression, one at the Monroe and Lee County line, with a low water-level altitude measurement of 123 ft, and the second in Poinsett County, with a low water-level altitude measurement of 113 ft. The six small depressions are located in northern Ashley County, in southern Desha and northern Chicot Counties, in eastern Lincoln and western Chicot Counties, at the Arkansas and Desha County line, in northern Phillips County, and in southeastern Greene County.
\nA map showing the difference in water levels was constructed using 541 differences in water levels measured during 2008 and 2012. The difference in measured water levels from 2008 to 2012 ranged from -27.4 ft to 18.7 ft, with a mean of -1.0 ft. The largest decline of -27.4 ft occurred in Lonoke County, and the largest rise of 18.7 ft occurred in Prairie County. Four areas were predominated by declines—west of Crowleys Ridge from Greene County south to Lee County, including Lawrence and southern Woodruff Counties; east of Crowleys Ridge from Clay County south to Poinsett County and Mississippi County; Lonoke and Jefferson Counties; and Ashley, Chicot, Desha, and Drew Counties. Three areas are predominated by rises in measured water levels—east of Crowleys Ridge in Crittenden, Cross, Lee, and St. Francis Counties; Jackson and northern Woodruff Counties; and Arkansas, Monroe, Phillips, Prairie, and White Counties.
\nLong-term water-level changes were evaluated using hydrographs from 319 wells in the alluvial aquifer for the period from 1988 to 2012. The annual rise or decline in water level for the entire study area was -0.45 feet per year (ft/yr) with a range from -2.08 to 0.84 ft/yr. Arkansas County had two different rates of annual decline for the two hydrographs shown, about 0.97 ft/yr and about 0.26 ft/yr.
\nIn Craighead, Cross, Lee, Poinsett, and St. Francis Counties, water levels are declining at a greater rate in areas west of Crowleys Ridge than in areas east of Crowleys Ridge. Two hydrographs are shown in each of Craighead, Cross, Lee, Poinsett, and St. Francis Counties, one on the west side of Crowleys Ridge and one on the east side of Crowleys Ridge. The hydrographs west of Crowleys Ridge have annual water-level declines from -0.91 to -1.24 ft/yr. The hydrographs east of Crowleys Ridge have annual water-level declines from -0.07 to -0.40 ft/yr. The mean county annual water-level declines for these counties range from -0.55 to -0.87 ft/yr.
\nWater samples were collected in the summer of 2012 from142 wells completed in the alluvial aquifer and measured onsite for specific conductance, temperature, and pH. Samples were collected from 94 wells for dissolved chloride analysis. Specific conductance ranged from 91 microsiemens per centimeter at 25 degrees Celsius (μS/cm at 25 °C) in Drew County to 984 μS/cm at 25 °C in Monroe County. The mean specific conductance was 547 μS/cm at 25 °C. Temperature ranged from 18.1 degrees Celsius (°C) in Crittenden County to 22.4 °C in Prairie County. The mean temperature was 22.1 °C. The pH ranged from 8.3 in Randolph County to 6.2 in Drew County and had a median of 7.3. Dissolved chloride concentrations ranged from 3.34 milligrams per liter (mg/L) in Randolph County to 182 mg/L in Lincoln County. The mean chloride concentration was 27.6 mg/L.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20155059","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Arkansas Natural Resources Commission and the Arkansas Geological Survey","usgsCitation":"Schrader, T.P., 2015, Water levels and water quality in the Mississippi River Valley alluvial aquifer in eastern Arkansas, 2012: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2015-5059, Report: iv, 63 p.; 2 Plates: 15.0 x 19.0 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20155059.","productDescription":"Report: iv, 63 p.; 2 Plates: 15.0 x 19.0 inches","numberOfPages":"70","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","temporalStart":"2008-01-01","temporalEnd":"2012-12-31","ipdsId":"IP-056983","costCenters":[{"id":129,"text":"Arkansas Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":301158,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sir20155059.jpg"},{"id":301144,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2015/5059/"},{"id":301154,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2015/5059/pdf/sir2015-5059.pdf","text":"Report","size":"1.41 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Report"},{"id":301155,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2015/5059/downloads/sir2015-5059-pl1.pdf","text":"Plate 1","size":"1.86 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Plate 1"},{"id":301156,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2015/5059/downloads/sir2015-5059-pl2.pdf","text":"Plate 2","size":"1.33 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Plate 2"}],"projection":"Universal Transverse Mercator projection, zone 15","datum":"North American Datum of 1927","country":"United States","state":"Arkansas","otherGeospatial":"Mississippi River Valley alluvial aquifer","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -92.06954956054688,\n 33.00808767987181\n ],\n [\n -92.14302062988281,\n 33.09786930351166\n ],\n [\n -92.12928771972656,\n 33.20824398778792\n ],\n [\n -91.97479248046875,\n 33.30987251398259\n ],\n [\n -91.99058532714844,\n 33.39762556684172\n ],\n [\n -91.73103332519531,\n 33.395332495793745\n ],\n [\n -91.95419311523436,\n 34.09588492955209\n ],\n [\n -92.18490600585938,\n 34.49354133080471\n ],\n [\n -92.25151062011719,\n 34.74330519389396\n ],\n [\n -92.00637817382812,\n 35.068783155653904\n ],\n [\n -91.48521423339844,\n 35.44053326772722\n ],\n [\n -91.62940979003906,\n 35.753756674845675\n ],\n [\n -91.24832153320312,\n 35.888493789015975\n ],\n [\n -91.07734680175781,\n 36.12789245231783\n ],\n [\n -90.78140258789062,\n 36.49804547361385\n ],\n [\n -90.15037536621094,\n 36.49804547361385\n ],\n [\n -90.06179809570312,\n 36.37817351148144\n ],\n [\n -90.06317138671875,\n 36.295204533693536\n ],\n [\n -90.37353515625,\n 35.99578538642032\n ],\n [\n -89.73358154296875,\n 36.005784428799934\n ],\n [\n -89.63607788085938,\n 35.905736972317364\n ],\n [\n -89.91897583007811,\n 35.51881428123057\n ],\n [\n -90.098876953125,\n 35.33977430038646\n ],\n [\n -90.1153564453125,\n 35.110921809704756\n ],\n [\n -90.560302734375,\n 34.58347505599177\n ],\n [\n -90.582275390625,\n 34.420504880133834\n ],\n [\n -90.9283447265625,\n 34.129994745824746\n ],\n [\n -90.9063720703125,\n 34.02990029603907\n ],\n [\n -91.1920166015625,\n 33.4955977448657\n ],\n [\n -91.0821533203125,\n 33.463525475613785\n ],\n [\n -91.0601806640625,\n 33.250172902093894\n ],\n [\n -91.175537109375,\n 33.00405687168934\n ],\n [\n -92.06954956054688,\n 33.00808767987181\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":5,"text":"Lafayette PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"557aa31ae4b0c350d7b9a969","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Schrader, Tony P. tpschrad@usgs.gov","contributorId":3027,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schrader","given":"Tony","email":"tpschrad@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[{"id":129,"text":"Arkansas Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":548520,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70154933,"text":"70154933 - 2015 - Restoration of oyster reefs in an estuarine lake: population dynamics and shell accretion","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-07-20T14:07:27","indexId":"70154933","displayToPublicDate":"2015-06-10T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2663,"text":"Marine Ecology Progress Series","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Restoration of oyster reefs in an estuarine lake: population dynamics and shell accretion","docAbstract":"Restoration activities inherently depend on understanding the spatial and temporal variation in basic demographic rates of the species of interest. For species that modify and maintain their own habitat such as the eastern oyster Crassostrea virginica, understanding demographic rates and their impacts on population and habitat success are crucial to ensuring restoration success. We measured oyster recruitment, density, size distribution, biomass, mortality and Perkinsus marinus infection intensity quarterly for 3 yr on shallow intertidal reefs created with shell cultch in March 2009. All reefs were located within Sister Lake, LA. Reefs were placed in pairs at 3 different locations within the lake; pairs were placed in low and medium energy sites within each location. Restored reefs placed within close proximity (<8 km) experienced very different development trajectories; there was high inter-site and inter-annual variation in recruitment and mortality of oysters, with only slight variation in growth curves. Despite this high variation in population dynamics, all reefs supported dense oyster populations (728 ± 102 ind. m-2) and high live oyster biomass (>14.6 kg m-2) at the end of 3 yr. Shell accretion, on average, exceeded estimated rates required to keep pace with local subsidence and shell loss. Variation in recruitment, growth and survival drives local site-specific population success, which highlights the need to understand local water quality, hydrodynamics, and metapopulation dynamics when planning restoration.
","language":"English","publisher":"Inter-Research","doi":"10.3354/meps11198","usgsCitation":"Casas, S.M., La Peyre, J.F., and La Peyre, M., 2015, Restoration of oyster reefs in an estuarine lake: population dynamics and shell accretion: Marine Ecology Progress Series, v. 524, p. 171-184, https://doi.org/10.3354/meps11198.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"171","endPage":"184","ipdsId":"IP-057172","costCenters":[{"id":198,"text":"Coop Res Unit Atlanta","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":472024,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.3354/meps11198","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":344146,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Louisiana","otherGeospatial":"Sister Lake","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -91.00250244140624,\n 29.165053325564653\n ],\n [\n -90.79479217529297,\n 29.165053325564653\n ],\n [\n -90.79479217529297,\n 29.284602230535242\n ],\n [\n -91.00250244140624,\n 29.284602230535242\n ],\n [\n -91.00250244140624,\n 29.165053325564653\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"524","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":8,"text":"Raleigh PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5971c1c4e4b0ec1a4885dae0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Casas, Sandra M.","contributorId":145452,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Casas","given":"Sandra","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":705871,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"La Peyre, Jerome F.","contributorId":34697,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"La Peyre","given":"Jerome","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":705872,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"La Peyre, Megan 0000-0001-9936-2252 mlapeyre@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9936-2252","contributorId":79375,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"La Peyre","given":"Megan","email":"mlapeyre@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":198,"text":"Coop Res Unit Atlanta","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":369,"text":"Louisiana Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":564379,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70148471,"text":"sir20155045 - 2015 - Hydrologic model of the Modesto Region, California, 1960-2004","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-06-09T08:50:49","indexId":"sir20155045","displayToPublicDate":"2015-06-09T10:00:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2015-5045","title":"Hydrologic model of the Modesto Region, California, 1960-2004","docAbstract":"Strategies for managing water supplies and groundwater quality in the Modesto region of the eastern San Joaquin Valley, California, are being formulated and evaluated by the Stanislaus and Tuolumne Rivers Groundwater Basin Association. Management issues and goals in the basin include an area in the lower part of the basin that requires drainage of the shallow water table to sustain agriculture, intra- and inter-basin migration of poor-quality groundwater, and efficient management of surface and groundwater supplies. To aid in the evaluation of water-management strategies, the U.S. Geological Survey and the Stanislaus and Tuolumne Rivers Groundwater Basin Association have developed a hydrologic model that simulates monthly groundwater and surface-water flow as governed by aquifer-system properties, annual and seasonal variations in climate, surface-water flow and availability, water use, and land use. The model was constructed by using the U.S. Geological Survey groundwater-modeling software MODFLOW-OWHM with the Farm Process.
\nAvailable measurements of groundwater pumped for municipal, irrigation, and drainage purposes are specified in the model, as are deliveries of surface water. Private irrigation pumping and recharge associated with agricultural land use were estimated by using the Farm Process in MODFLOW-OWHM, which simulates landscape processes associated with irrigated agriculture and other land uses. The distribution of hydraulic conductivity in the aquifer system was constrained by using data from more than 3,500 drillers' logs. The model was calibrated to 4,061 measured groundwater levels in 109 wells and 2,739 mean monthly surface-water flows measured at 6 streamgages during 1960-2004 by using a semi-automated method of parameter estimation.
\nThe model fit to groundwater levels was good, with an absolute mean residual of 0.8 feet; 74 percent of simulated heads were within 10 feet of those observed. The model fit to streamflow was biased low, but reasonable overall; the absolute mean residual of streamflow was 780 cubic feet per second, and 68 percent of simulated streamflows were within 500 cubic feet per second of observed. Hydrographs both of groundwater levels and streamflow indicated overall an acceptable fit to observed trends.
\nSimulated private agricultural pumpage ranged from about 780,000 to 1,380,000 acre-feet per year and averaged about 1,000,000 acre-feet per year from 1960 to 2004. Simulated deep percolation, or groundwater recharge from precipitation and irrigation, varied with climate and land use from about 1,100,000 to 1,700,000 acre-feet per year, averaging 1,360,000 acre-feet per year. Key limitations of the model with respect to estimating these large components of the water budget are the uncertainty associated with actual irrigation deliveries and irrigation efficiencies and the lack of metered data for private agricultural groundwater pumping. Different assumptions with respect to irrigation deliveries and efficiencies, and other model input, would result in different estimates of private agricultural groundwater use.
\nThe simulated exchange between groundwater and surface water was a small percentage of streamflow, typically ranging within a loss or gain of about 2 cubic feet per second per mile. The simulated exchange compared reasonably with limited independent estimates available, but substantial uncertainty is associated with these estimates.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20155045","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Stanislaus and Tuolumne Rivers Groundwater Basin Association","usgsCitation":"Phillips, S.P., Rewis, D.L., and Traum, J.A., 2015, Hydrologic model of the Modesto Region, California, 1960-2004: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2015-5045, x, 69 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20155045.","productDescription":"x, 69 p.","numberOfPages":"84","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-014014","costCenters":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":301085,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sir20155045.jpg"},{"id":301082,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2015/5045/"},{"id":301084,"type":{"id":7,"text":"Companion Files"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2015/5045/downloads/sir2015-5045_fig21supplement.xls","text":"Supplement to figure 21","size":"3.1 MB","linkFileType":{"id":3,"text":"xlsx"},"description":"SIR 2015-5045 Supplement to figure 21"},{"id":301083,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2015/5045/pdf/sir2015-5045.pdf","text":"Report","size":"9 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"SIR 2015-5045 Report"}],"projection":"Albers equal area conic projection","datum":"North American Datum of 1983","country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Modesto","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -121.38381958007812,\n 37.56308554496544\n ],\n [\n -121.38381958007812,\n 37.565262680889965\n ],\n [\n -121.34948730468749,\n 37.565262680889965\n ],\n [\n -121.34948730468749,\n 37.56308554496544\n ],\n [\n -121.38381958007812,\n 37.56308554496544\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -121.33575439453126,\n 37.57505900514994\n ],\n [\n -120.838623046875,\n 37.9051994823157\n ],\n [\n -120.39093017578125,\n 37.470498470798724\n ],\n [\n -120.96633911132812,\n 37.11543110112874\n ],\n [\n -121.33575439453126,\n 37.57505900514994\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":1,"text":"Sacramento PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5578001de4b032353cbeb6b3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Phillips, Steven P. 0000-0002-5107-868X sphillip@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5107-868X","contributorId":1506,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Phillips","given":"Steven","email":"sphillip@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":548351,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Rewis, Diane L. dlrewis@usgs.gov","contributorId":1511,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rewis","given":"Diane","email":"dlrewis@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":548352,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Traum, Jonathan A. 0000-0002-4787-3680 jtraum@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4787-3680","contributorId":4780,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Traum","given":"Jonathan","email":"jtraum@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":548353,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70154932,"text":"70154932 - 2015 - Effects of oyster harvest activities on Louisiana reef habitat and resident nekton communities","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-02-27T18:16:26","indexId":"70154932","displayToPublicDate":"2015-06-09T09:15:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1663,"text":"Fishery Bulletin","printIssn":"0090-0656","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Effects of oyster harvest activities on Louisiana reef habitat and resident nekton communities","docAbstract":"Oysters are often cited as “ecosystem engineers” because they modify their environment. Coastal Louisiana contains extensive oyster reef areas that have been harvested for decades, and whether differences in habitat functions exist between those areas and nonharvested reefs is unclear. We compared reef physical structure and resident community metrics between these 2 subtidal reef types. Harvested reefs were more fragmented and had lower densities of live eastern oysters (Crassostrea virginica) and hooked mussels (Ischadium recurvum) than the nonharvested reefs. Stable isotope values (13C and 15N) of dominant nekton species and basal food sources were used to compare food web characteristics. Nonpelagic source contributions and trophic positions of dominant species were slightly elevated at harvested sites. Oyster harvesting appeared to have decreased the number of large oysters and to have increased the percentage of reefs that were nonliving by decreasing water column filtration and benthopelagic coupling. The differences in reef matrix composition, however, had little effect on resident nekton communities. Understanding the thresholds of reef habitat areas, the oyster density or oyster size distribution below which ecosystem services may be compromised, remains key to sustainable management.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration ","doi":"10.7755/FB.113.3.8","usgsCitation":"Beck, S., and LaPeyre, M.K., 2015, Effects of oyster harvest activities on Louisiana reef habitat and resident nekton communities: Fishery Bulletin, v. 113, no. 3, p. 327-340, https://doi.org/10.7755/FB.113.3.8.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"327","endPage":"340","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-039257","costCenters":[{"id":198,"text":"Coop Res Unit Atlanta","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":472025,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.7755/fb.113.3.8","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":324972,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Louisiana","otherGeospatial":"Calcasieu Lake, Sabine Lake, Sister Lake","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -94.06494140625,\n 29.036960648558267\n ],\n [\n -94.06494140625,\n 30.221101852485987\n ],\n [\n -90.802001953125,\n 30.221101852485987\n ],\n [\n -90.802001953125,\n 29.036960648558267\n ],\n [\n -94.06494140625,\n 29.036960648558267\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"113","issue":"3","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":8,"text":"Raleigh PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5780ceb6e4b081161682231e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Beck, Steve","contributorId":172773,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Beck","given":"Steve","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":25282,"text":"School of Renewable Natural Resources, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":641996,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"LaPeyre, Megan K. 0000-0001-9936-2252 mlapeyre@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9936-2252","contributorId":585,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"LaPeyre","given":"Megan","email":"mlapeyre@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[{"id":17705,"text":"Wetland and Aquatic Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":198,"text":"Coop Res Unit Atlanta","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":564378,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70148286,"text":"ofr20151108 - 2015 - Sixth International Limnogeology Congress: field trip guidebook, Reno, Nevada, June 15-19, 2015","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-06-08T11:58:36","indexId":"ofr20151108","displayToPublicDate":"2015-06-08T11:15:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2015-1108","title":"Sixth International Limnogeology Congress: field trip guidebook, Reno, Nevada, June 15-19, 2015","docAbstract":"Limnogeology is the study of modern lakes and lake deposits in the geologic record. Limnogeologists have been active since the 1800s, but interest in Limnogeology became prevalent in the early 1990s when it became clear that lake deposits contain continental environmental and climate records. A society that is focused on Limnogeology would allow greater communication and access to research on these important subjects and contribute to providing sound science used to understand rapid global changes in our modern world; thus the International Association of Limnogeology was founded in 1995 at the first International Limnogeology Congress (ILIC) held in Copenhagen, Denmark.
\nThe Sixth International Limnogeology Congress (ILIC6) was held in Reno, Nevada, from June 15–19, 2015. The ILIC meetings have been held every 4 years since the first meeting in1995 and were subsequently convened in Brest, France (1999), Tucson, USA (2003), Barcelona, Spain (2007), and Konstanz, Germany (2011). The Congress in Reno, USA marks the second time the Congress has been held in the United States and more than 150 scientists from every part of the world participated.
\nAs part of the Congress, ILIC6 included pre- and post- Congress field trips, the descriptions of which are included as separate trips in this Open-File Report. Trip 1 provides information on the pluvial and post-glacial Lakes of the eastern Great Basin, led by Paul Jewell, University of Utah, Ben Laabs, State University of New York-Geneseo, Jeff Munroe, Middlebury College, and Jack Oviatt, Kansas State University. Trip 2 contains information on the lake sequences of closed-basin lakes in the Eocene Green River Formation in Wyoming, led by Michael Smith, Northern Arizona University and Jennifer Scott, Mount Royal University. Trip 3 provides the background for the field trip to Pleistocene and modern lakes in the Great Basin of North America that was led by Susan Zimmerman, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Ken Adams, Desert Research Institute, and Michael Rosen, U.S. Geological Survey. Trip 4 contains the information for a trip to the modern lakes in Lassen National Park that was led by Paula Noble and Kerry Howard, both from the University of Nevada, Reno.
\nThe U.S. Geological Survey has sponsored each ILIC that has been held in the United States because of the importance of understanding paleoclimate and contaminant histories of lakes, two main themes of the Congress. This field trip guide provides a permanent record of some of the wide variety of studies that are being conducted in modern lakes and ancient lake deposits in western North America, and it provides a starting point for any one desiring to visit these exceptional sites or begin work in these areas.
","conferenceTitle":"Sixth International Limnogeology Congress","conferenceDate":"June 15-19, 2015","conferenceLocation":"Reno, NV","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20151108","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the International Association of Limnogeology","usgsCitation":"2015, Sixth International Limnogeology Congress: field trip guidebook, Reno, Nevada, June 15-19, 2015: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2015-1108, vi, 100 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20151108.","productDescription":"vi, 100 p.","numberOfPages":"110","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-064866","costCenters":[{"id":509,"text":"Office of the Associate Director for Water","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":301074,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr20151108.jpg"},{"id":301072,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2015/1108/pdf/ofr2015-1108.pdf","text":"Report","size":"7.9 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Report"},{"id":301073,"rank":3,"type":{"id":22,"text":"Related Work"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3133/ofr20151092","text":"Open-File Report 2015-1092","description":"Open-File Report 2015-1092","linkHelpText":"Sixth International Limnogeology Congress: abstract volume, Reno, Nevada, June 15-19, 2015"},{"id":301071,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2015/1108/"}],"country":"United States","state":"California, Nevada, Utah, Wyoming","otherGeospatial":"Great Basin, Lassen Volcanic National Park","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -115.0872802734375,\n 41.04828819952275\n ],\n [\n -115.521240234375,\n 40.18516846826054\n ],\n [\n -115.48828125000001,\n 40.13899044275822\n ],\n [\n -115.24383544921875,\n 40.327701904195926\n ],\n [\n -115.10650634765625,\n 40.67647212850004\n ],\n [\n -114.02297973632812,\n 40.74517613004631\n ],\n [\n -113.65768432617188,\n 40.959159772134896\n ],\n [\n -113.84033203125,\n 41.00373905329032\n ],\n [\n -114.18228149414062,\n 40.826280356677124\n ],\n [\n -115.01586914062499,\n 40.950862628132775\n ],\n [\n -115.0872802734375,\n 41.04828819952275\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -110.54168701171875,\n 41.000629848685385\n ],\n [\n -110.54168701171875,\n 41.76926321969369\n ],\n [\n -109.10522460937499,\n 41.76926321969369\n ],\n [\n -109.10522460937499,\n 41.000629848685385\n ],\n [\n -110.54168701171875,\n 41.000629848685385\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -119.47906494140624,\n 39.58240712203527\n ],\n [\n -119.59030151367188,\n 39.56970506644249\n ],\n [\n -119.84161376953125,\n 39.317300373271024\n ],\n [\n -119.84298706054688,\n 39.235444275770554\n ],\n [\n -119.14672851562499,\n 37.85750715625203\n ],\n [\n -118.93798828125,\n 37.91170058826019\n ],\n [\n -118.72100830078125,\n 38.63189092902837\n ],\n [\n -118.740234375,\n 38.77549900381297\n ],\n [\n -118.8006591796875,\n 38.982897808179985\n ],\n [\n -118.795166015625,\n 39.26203141523749\n ],\n [\n -118.6248779296875,\n 39.3831409542565\n ],\n [\n -118.63037109375,\n 39.48920467334085\n ],\n [\n -118.87069702148436,\n 39.552765371831015\n ],\n [\n -119.47906494140624,\n 39.58240712203527\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -121.57745361328125,\n 40.550330732028456\n ],\n [\n -121.36974334716795,\n 40.550330732028456\n ],\n [\n -121.37042999267577,\n 40.5855387460858\n ],\n [\n -121.2839126586914,\n 40.583974338791805\n ],\n [\n -121.25198364257811,\n 40.540156079737145\n ],\n [\n -121.25164031982422,\n 40.5302408293016\n ],\n [\n -121.51359558105469,\n 40.42368991675518\n ],\n [\n -121.57814025878906,\n 40.529979881843865\n ],\n [\n -121.57745361328125,\n 40.550330732028456\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":12,"text":"Tacoma PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5576ae9de4b032353cb4a453","contributors":{"compilers":[{"text":"Rosen, Michael R. 0000-0003-3991-0522 mrosen@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3991-0522","contributorId":495,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rosen","given":"Michael","email":"mrosen@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":548270,"contributorType":{"id":3,"text":"Compilers"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70148452,"text":"70148452 - 2015 - Landscape disturbance from unconventional and conventional oil and gas development in the Marcellus Shale region of Pennsylvania, USA","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-11-14T17:34:28.469263","indexId":"70148452","displayToPublicDate":"2015-06-08T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":5021,"text":"Environments","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Landscape disturbance from unconventional and conventional oil and gas development in the Marcellus Shale region of Pennsylvania, USA","docAbstract":"The spatial footprint of unconventional (hydraulic fracturing) and conventional oil and gas development in the Marcellus Shale region of the State of Pennsylvania was digitized from high-resolution, ortho-rectified, digital aerial photography, from 2004 to 2010. We used these data to measure the spatial extent of oil and gas development and to assess the exposure of the extant natural resources across the landscape of the watersheds in the study area. We found that either form of development: (1) occurred in ~50% of the 930 watersheds that defined the study area; (2) was closer to streams than the recommended safe distance in ~50% of the watersheds; (3) was in some places closer to impaired streams and state-defined wildland trout streams than the recommended safe distance; (4) was within 10 upstream kilometers of surface drinking water intakes in ~45% of the watersheds that had surface drinking water intakes; (5) occurred in ~10% of state-defined exceptional value watersheds; (6) occurred in ~30% of the watersheds with resident populations defined as disproportionately exposed to pollutants; (7) tended to occur at interior forest locations; and (8) had >100 residents within 3 km for ~30% of the unconventional oil and gas development sites. Further, we found that exposure to the potential effects of landscape disturbance attributable to conventional oil and gas development was more prevalent than its unconventional counterpart.
","language":"English","publisher":"MDPI","publisherLocation":"Basel, Switzerland","doi":"10.3390/environments2020200","usgsCitation":"Slonecker, T.E., and Milheim, L., 2015, Landscape disturbance from unconventional and conventional oil and gas development in the Marcellus Shale region of Pennsylvania, USA: Environments, v. 2, no. 2, p. 200-220, https://doi.org/10.3390/environments2020200.","productDescription":"21 p.","startPage":"200","endPage":"220","numberOfPages":"21","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-060471","costCenters":[{"id":242,"text":"Eastern Geographic Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":472026,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/environments2020200","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":306663,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Pennsylvania","otherGeospatial":"Marcellus Shale region","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -76.53700943985835,\n 39.858770491692525\n ],\n [\n -75.94119467051401,\n 40.343724405280796\n ],\n [\n -74.31416203114968,\n 41.136613984593424\n ],\n [\n -75.42940506094872,\n 41.98252460542756\n ],\n [\n -79.77579741680867,\n 42.02225947674938\n ],\n [\n -79.89037718014443,\n 42.20358852900213\n ],\n [\n -80.53202385482297,\n 41.97684616967814\n ],\n [\n -80.54730115660134,\n 39.73552379388724\n ],\n [\n -78.82096605567959,\n 39.70614679531755\n ],\n [\n -78.69874764145489,\n 40.425182945651585\n ],\n [\n -78.04946231588691,\n 41.021453137217605\n ],\n [\n -76.71269841030623,\n 41.2573156562668\n ],\n [\n -76.84255547541991,\n 40.894543228560565\n ],\n [\n -76.52937078896939,\n 40.923407813957596\n ],\n [\n -78.25570588989113,\n 39.89980363356864\n ],\n [\n -78.28626049344695,\n 39.676757283700994\n ],\n [\n -77.69044572410263,\n 39.73552379388724\n ],\n [\n -77.04116039853469,\n 40.16883881318182\n ],\n [\n -76.51409348719147,\n 40.81943634649028\n ],\n [\n -76.04049713207142,\n 40.73845679874668\n ],\n [\n -76.84255547541991,\n 40.11044319933444\n ],\n [\n -76.53700943985835,\n 39.858770491692525\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"2","issue":"2","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":9,"text":"Reston PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2015-06-08","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"55cdbfb6e4b08400b1fe140c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Slonecker, Terry E. tslonecker@usgs.gov","contributorId":446,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Slonecker","given":"Terry","email":"tslonecker@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":242,"text":"Eastern Geographic Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":548237,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Milheim, Lesley E. lmilheim@usgs.gov","contributorId":2560,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Milheim","given":"Lesley E.","email":"lmilheim@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":242,"text":"Eastern Geographic Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":548239,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70156221,"text":"70156221 - 2015 - Dynamic rupture models of earthquakes on the Bartlett Springs Fault, Northern California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-08-18T08:06:12","indexId":"70156221","displayToPublicDate":"2015-06-05T01:00:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1807,"text":"Geophysical Research Letters","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Dynamic rupture models of earthquakes on the Bartlett Springs Fault, Northern California","docAbstract":"The Bartlett Springs Fault (BSF), the easternmost branch of the northern San Andreas Fault system, creeps along much of its length. Geodetic data for the BSF are sparse, and surface creep rates are generally poorly constrained. The two existing geodetic slip rate inversions resolve at least one locked patch within the creeping zones. We use the 3-D finite element code FaultMod to conduct dynamic rupture models based on both geodetic inversions, in order to determine the ability of rupture to propagate into the creeping regions, as well as to assess possible magnitudes for BSF ruptures. For both sets of models, we find that the distribution of aseismic creep limits the extent of coseismic rupture, due to the contrast in frictional properties between the locked and creeping regions.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1002/2015GL063802","usgsCitation":"Lozos, J.C., Harris, R.A., Murray, J.R., and Lienkaemper, J.J., 2015, Dynamic rupture models of earthquakes on the Bartlett Springs Fault, Northern California: Geophysical Research Letters, v. 42, no. 11, p. 4343-4349, https://doi.org/10.1002/2015GL063802.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"4343","endPage":"4349","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-060677","costCenters":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":306828,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Bartlett Springs Fault, Northern California","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -124.5025634765625,\n 37.931200459333716\n ],\n [\n -124.5025634765625,\n 40.29628651711716\n ],\n [\n -120.83312988281249,\n 40.29628651711716\n ],\n [\n -120.83312988281249,\n 37.931200459333716\n ],\n [\n -124.5025634765625,\n 37.931200459333716\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"42","issue":"11","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":14,"text":"Menlo Park PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2015-06-05","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"55d4572fe4b0518e354694ba","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lozos, Julian C.","contributorId":146525,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Lozos","given":"Julian","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":6986,"text":"Stanford University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":568111,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Harris, Ruth A. 0000-0002-9247-0768 harris@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9247-0768","contributorId":786,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Harris","given":"Ruth","email":"harris@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":568108,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Murray, Jessica R. 0000-0002-6144-1681 jrmurray@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6144-1681","contributorId":2759,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Murray","given":"Jessica","email":"jrmurray@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":568109,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Lienkaemper, James J. 0000-0002-7578-7042 jlienk@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7578-7042","contributorId":1941,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lienkaemper","given":"James","email":"jlienk@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":568110,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70136054,"text":"70136054 - 2015 - Accounting for groundwater in stream fish thermal habitat responses to climate change","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-07-01T16:18:39","indexId":"70136054","displayToPublicDate":"2015-06-04T10:00:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1450,"text":"Ecological Applications","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Accounting for groundwater in stream fish thermal habitat responses to climate change","docAbstract":"Forecasting climate change effects on aquatic fauna and their habitat requires an understanding of how water temperature responds to changing air temperature (i.e., thermal sensitivity). Previous efforts to forecast climate effects on brook trout habitat have generally assumed uniform air-water temperature relationships over large areas that cannot account for groundwater inputs and other processes that operate at finer spatial scales. We developed regression models that accounted for groundwater influences on thermal sensitivity from measured air-water temperature relationships within forested watersheds in eastern North America (Shenandoah National Park, USA, 78 sites in 9 watersheds). We used these reach-scale models to forecast climate change effects on stream temperature and brook trout thermal habitat, and compared our results to previous forecasts based upon large-scale models. Observed stream temperatures were generally less sensitive to air temperature than previously assumed, and we attribute this to the moderating effect of shallow groundwater inputs. Predicted groundwater temperatures from air-water regression models corresponded well to observed groundwater temperatures elsewhere in the study area. Predictions of brook trout future habitat loss derived from our fine-grained models were far less pessimistic than those from prior models developed at coarser spatial resolutions. However, our models also revealed spatial variation in thermal sensitivity within and among catchments resulting in a patchy distribution of thermally suitable habitat. Habitat fragmentation due to thermal barriers therefore may have an increasingly important role for trout population viability in headwater streams. Our results demonstrate that simple adjustments to air-water temperature regression models can provide a powerful and cost-effective approach for predicting future stream temperatures while accounting for effects of groundwater.
The Belt–Purcell Supergroup, northern Idaho, western Montana, and southern British Columbia, is a thick succession of Mesoproterozoic sedimentary rocks with an age range of about 1470–1400 Ma. Stratigraphic layers within several sedimentary units were sampled to apply the new technique of U–Pb dating of xenotime that sometimes forms as rims on detrital zircon during burial diagenesis; xenotime also can form epitaxial overgrowths on zircon during hydrothermal and metamorphic events. Belt Supergroup units sampled are the Prichard and Revett Formations in the lower Belt, and the McNamara and Garnet Range Formations and Pilcher Quartzite in the upper Belt. Additionally, all samples that yielded xenotime were also processed for detrital zircon to provide maximum age constraints for the time of deposition and information about provenances; the sample of Prichard Formation yielded monazite that was also analyzed. Ten xenotime overgrowths from the Prichard Formation yielded a U–Pb age of 1458 ± 4 Ma. However, because scanning electron microscope – backscattered electrons (SEM–BSE) imagery suggests complications due to possible analysis of multiple age zones, we prefer a slightly older age of 1462 ± 6 Ma derived from the three oldest samples, within error of a previous U–Pb zircon age on the syn-sedimentary Plains sill. We interpret the Prichard xenotime as diagenetic in origin. Monazite from the Prichard Formation, originally thought to be detrital, yielded Cretaceous metamorphic ages. Xenotime from the McNamara and Garnet Range Formations and Pilcher Quartzite formed at about 1160– 1050 Ma, several hundred million years after deposition, and probably also experienced Early Cretaceous growth. These xenotime overgrowths are interpreted as metamorphic–diagenetic in origin (i.e., derived during greenschist facies metamorphism elsewhere in the basin, but deposited in sub-greenschist facies rocks). Several xenotime grains are older detrital grains of igneous derivation. A previous study on the Revett Formation at the Spar Lake Ag–Cu deposit provides data for xenotime overgrowths in several ore zones formed by hydrothermal processes; herein, those results are compared with data from newly analyzed diagenetic, metamorphic, and magmatic xenotime overgrowths. The origin of a xenotime overgrowth is reflected in its rareearth element (REE) pattern. Detrital (i.e., igneous) xenotime has a large negative Eu anomaly and is heavy rare-earth element (HREE)-enriched (similar to REE in igneous zircon). Diagenetic xenotime has a small negative Eu anomaly and flat HREE (Tb to Lu). Hydrothermal xenotime is depleted in light rare-earth element (LREE), has a small negative Eu anomaly, and decreasing HREE. Metamorphic xenotime is very LREE-depleted, has a very small negative Eu anomaly, and is strongly depleted in HREE (from Gd to Lu). Because these characteristics seem to be process related, they may be useful for interpretation of xenotime of unknown origin. The occurrence of 1.16–1.05 Ga metamorphic xenotime, in the apparent absence of pervasive deformation structures, suggests that the heating may be related to poorly understood regional heating due to broad regional underplating of mafic magma. These results may be additional evidence (together with published ages from metamorphic titanite, zircon, monazite, and garnet) for an enigmatic, Grenville-age metamorphic event that is more widely recognized in the southwestern and eastern United States
","language":"English","publisher":"NRC Research Press","doi":"10.1139/cjes-2014-0239","usgsCitation":"Aleinikoff, J.N., Lund, K., and Fanning, C.M., 2015, SHRIMP U–Pb and REE data pertaining to the origins of xenotime in Belt Supergroup rocks: evidence for ages of deposition, hydrothermal alteration, and metamorphism: Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, v. 52, no. 9, p. 722-745, https://doi.org/10.1139/cjes-2014-0239.","productDescription":"24 p. ","startPage":"722","endPage":"745","ipdsId":"IP-056309","costCenters":[{"id":171,"text":"Central Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":472032,"rank":0,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"http://www.nrcresearchpress.com/doi/abs/10.1139/cjes-2014-0239","text":"External Repository"},{"id":342886,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Canada, United States","state":"Alberta, British Columbia, Idaho, Montana, Oregon, Washington, Wyoming","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -107.75390625,\n 44.008620115415354\n ],\n [\n -107.5341796875,\n 46.76996843356982\n ],\n [\n -111.02783203125,\n 46.93526088057719\n ],\n [\n -113.4228515625,\n 49.05227025601607\n ],\n [\n -113.84033203125,\n 50.52739681329302\n ],\n [\n -114.43359375,\n 51.57706953722565\n ],\n [\n -117.6416015625,\n 53.44880683542759\n ],\n [\n -121.59667968749999,\n 52.77618568896171\n ],\n [\n -120.58593749999999,\n 51.08282186160978\n ],\n [\n -119.68505859375,\n 49.36806633482156\n ],\n [\n -119.3115234375,\n 47.916342040161155\n ],\n [\n -118.7841796875,\n 45.90529985724799\n ],\n [\n -118.037109375,\n 44.29240108529005\n ],\n [\n -107.75390625,\n 44.008620115415354\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"52","issue":"9","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":2,"text":"Denver PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"59521d22e4b062508e3c3698","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Aleinikoff, John N. 0000-0003-3494-6841 jaleinikoff@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3494-6841","contributorId":1478,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Aleinikoff","given":"John","email":"jaleinikoff@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[{"id":171,"text":"Central Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":700477,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lund, Karen 0000-0002-4249-3582 klund@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4249-3582","contributorId":1235,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lund","given":"Karen","email":"klund@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":171,"text":"Central Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":387,"text":"Mineral Resources Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":700478,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Fanning, C. Mark","contributorId":193462,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Fanning","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"Mark","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":700479,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70148368,"text":"70148368 - 2015 - Application of U-Th-Pb phosphate geochronology to young orogenic gold deposits: New age constraints on the formation of the Grass Valley gold district, Sierra Foothills province, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-06-03T09:44:17","indexId":"70148368","displayToPublicDate":"2015-06-03T10:30:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1472,"text":"Economic Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Application of U-Th-Pb phosphate geochronology to young orogenic gold deposits: New age constraints on the formation of the Grass Valley gold district, Sierra Foothills province, California","docAbstract":"The Grass Valley orogenic gold district in the Sierra Nevada foothills province, central California, the largest historic gold producer of the North American Cordillera, comprises both steeply dipping east-west (E-W) veins located along lithologic contacts in accreted ca. 300 and 200 Ma oceanic rocks and shallowly dipping north-south (N-S) veins hosted by the Grass Valley granodiorite; the latter have yielded about 70 percent of the 13 million ounces of historic lode gold production in the district. The oceanic host rocks were accreted to the western margin of North America between 200 and 170 Ma, metamorphosed to greenschist and amphibolite facies, and uplifted between 175 and 160 Ma. Large-scale magmatism in the Sierra Nevada occurred between 170-140 Ma and 120-80 Ma, with the Grass Valley granodiorite being emplaced during the older episode of magmatism. Uranium-lead isotopic dating of hydrothermal xenotime yielded the first absolute age of 162±5 Ma for the economically more significant N-S veins. The vein-hosted xenotime, as well as associated monazite, are unequivocally of hydrothermal origin as indicated by textural and chemical characteristics, including grain shape, lack of truncated growth banding, lack of a Eu anomaly, and low U and Th concentrations. Furthermore, the crack-seal texture of the veins, with abundant wallrock slivers, suggests their formation as a result of episodic fluid flow possibly related to reoccurring seismic events, rather than a period of fluid exsolution from an evolving magma. The N-S veins are temporally distinct from a younger 153-151 Ma gold event that was previously reported for the E-W veins. Overlapping U-Pb zircon (159.9±2.2 Ma) and 40Ar/39Ar biotite and hornblende (159.7±0.6 to 161.9±1.4 Ma) ages and geothermobarometric calculations indicate that the Grass Valley granodiorite was emplaced at ca. 160 Ma at elevated temperatures (~800°C) within approximately 3 km of the paleosurface and rapidly cooled to the ambient temperature of the surrounding country rocks (<300°C). The age of the granodiorite is indistinguishable from that of the N-S veins, as recorded by the U-Pb age of xenotime in those veins. Consequently, the N-S veins must have formed between 162 and 157 Ma, the maximum permissive age of magma emplacement and the youngest permissive xenotime U-Pb age, respectively, during an E- to ENE-directed compressional regime. The geochemistry of the Grass Valley granodiorite is consistent with it being the product of arc magmatism. It served as a receptive host for mineralization, but it is has no direct genetic relationship to gold mineralization. Initial uplift of the intrusive mass correlates with the initial voluminous fluid flow event and vein formation at depths of no greater than 3 km. The E-W gold-bearing veins hosted within greenschist-facies country rocks adjacent to the intrusion formed during a second hydrothermal event 5-10 million years later than the magmatism and were contemporaneous with a shift to a transtensional deformation denoted by sinistral strike-slip faulting.
","language":"English","publisher":"Society of Economic Geologists","doi":"10.2113/econgeo.110.5.1313","collaboration":"RJ Goldfarb; T Monecke; IR Fletcher; MA Cosca; NM Kelly","usgsCitation":"Taylor, R.D., Goldfarb, R.J., Monecke, T., Fletcher, I.R., Cosca, M.A., and Kelly, N.M., 2015, Application of U-Th-Pb phosphate geochronology to young orogenic gold deposits: New age constraints on the formation of the Grass Valley gold district, Sierra Foothills province, California: Economic Geology, v. 110, no. 5, p. 1313-1337, https://doi.org/10.2113/econgeo.110.5.1313.","productDescription":"25 p.","startPage":"1313","endPage":"1337","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-059612","costCenters":[{"id":171,"text":"Central Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":300999,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Grass Valley gold district, Sierra Nevada foothills province","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -121.73950195312499,\n 39.00211029922512\n ],\n [\n -121.73950195312499,\n 39.83385008019448\n ],\n [\n -120.44311523437499,\n 39.83385008019448\n ],\n [\n -120.44311523437499,\n 39.00211029922512\n ],\n [\n -121.73950195312499,\n 39.00211029922512\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"110","issue":"5","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":2,"text":"Denver PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2015-05-22","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5570171ae4b0d9246a9fd149","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Taylor, Ryan D. 0000-0002-8845-5290 rtaylor@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8845-5290","contributorId":3412,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Taylor","given":"Ryan","email":"rtaylor@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":171,"text":"Central Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":547875,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Goldfarb, Richard J. goldfarb@usgs.gov","contributorId":1205,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Goldfarb","given":"Richard","email":"goldfarb@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":171,"text":"Central Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":547876,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Monecke, Thomas","contributorId":50423,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Monecke","given":"Thomas","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":547877,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Fletcher, Ian R.","contributorId":140990,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Fletcher","given":"Ian","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":13639,"text":"Curtin University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":547878,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Cosca, Michael A. 0000-0002-0600-7663 mcosca@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0600-7663","contributorId":1000,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cosca","given":"Michael","email":"mcosca@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":171,"text":"Central Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":35995,"text":"Geology, Geophysics, and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":547879,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Kelly, Nigel M.","contributorId":140991,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Kelly","given":"Nigel","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":6713,"text":"University of Colorado, Boulder CO","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":547880,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70146944,"text":"ofr20151073 - 2015 - Southern Salish Sea Habitat Map Series: Admiralty Inlet","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-06-05T08:29:44","indexId":"ofr20151073","displayToPublicDate":"2015-06-03T10:30:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2015-1073","subseriesTitle":"Southern Salish Sea Habitat Map Series","title":"Southern Salish Sea Habitat Map Series: Admiralty Inlet","docAbstract":"In 2010 the Environmental Protection Agency, Region 10 initiated the Puget Sound Scientific Studies and Technical Investigations Assistance Program, designed to support research in support of implementing the Puget Sound Action Agenda. The Action Agenda was created in response to Puget Sound having been designated as one of 28 estuaries of national significance under section 320 of the U.S. Clean Water Act, and its overall goal is to restore the Puget Sound Estuary's environment by 2020. The Southern Salish Sea Mapping Project was funded by the Assistance Program request for proposals process, which also supports a large number of coastal-zone- and ocean-management issues. The issues include the recommendations of the Marine Protected Areas Work Group to the Washington State Legislature (Van Cleve and others, 2009), which endorses a Puget Sound and coast-wide marine conservation needs assessment, gap analysis of existing Marine Protected Areas (MPA) and recommendations for action. This publication is the first of four U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigation Maps that make up the Southern Salish Sea Mapping Project. The remaining three map blocks to be published in the future, located south of Admiralty Inlet, are shown in figure 1.
\nPuget Sound is a deep, fjord-type estuary covering an area of 2,330 km2 in the Pacific Northwest region of the United States (fig. 1). It is connected to the ocean by the Strait of Juan de Fuca, a turbulent passage approximately 160 km in length and 22 km wide at its west end, expanding to over 40 km wide at its east end (Thomson, 1994). During the Pleistocene, the area was occupied several times by lobes of continental ice, resulting in a complex basin-fill of glacial and interglacial deposits that are locally as thick as 1100 m (Johnson and others, 2001). The last glaciation, called the Fraser glaciation, began after 28,800±740 14C yr B.P. when ice started a slow expansion (Clague, 1981). At peak advance the westward Juan de Fuca lobe reached the edge of the continental shelf through the Juan de Fuca Strait shortly before 14,460±200 14C yr B.P. (Herzer and Bornhold, 1982). The southward Puget lobe advanced to its terminal position in Puget Sound by around 14,150 14C yr B.P. (Porter and Swanson, 1998). Ice retreated from its maximum to northern Whidbey Island by 13,650±350 14C yr B.P. (Dethier and others, 1995). Retreating glaciers resulted in a thick sequence of ice-contact, glacial-marine sediment, and early post-glacial sediments (Linden and Schurrer, 1988). These deposits have experienced the effects of a marine transgression followed by regression, resulting in a sea-level several tens of meters lower than the present day (Linden and Schurrer, 1988). A second transgression brought sea level to about the present level by around 5,470±120 14C yr B.P. (Clague and others, 1982) establishing the present oceanographic and geologic environment
\nPuget Sound is separated into four interconnected basins; Whidbey, Central (Main), Hood Canal, and South (Thomson, 1994). The Whidbey, Central, and Hood Canal basins are the three main branches of the Puget Sound estuary and are separated from the Strait of Juan de Fuca by a double sill at Admiralty Inlet. The Admiralty Inlet map area includes the Inlet and a portion of the Whidbey Basin (fig. 1). The shallower South Basin is separated by a sill at Tacoma Narrows and is highly branched with numerous finger inlets. Flow within Puget Sound is dominated by tidal currents of as much as 1 m/s at Admiralty Inlet, reducing to approximately 0.5 m/s in the Central Basin (Lavelle and others, 1988). The lack of silt and clay-sized sediments in the Admiralty Inlet map area is likely a result of the strong currents (see Ground-Truth Studies for the Admiralty Inlet Map Area, sheet 3). The subtidal component of flow reaches approximately 0.1 m/s and is driven by density gradients arising from the contrast in salty ocean water at the entrance and freshwater inputs from stream flow (Lavelle and others, 1988). The total freshwater input to Puget Sound is approximately 3.4 x 106 m3/day, primarily from the Skagit River (Cannon, 1983). The subtidal circulation mostly consists of a two-layered flow in the basins with fresher water exiting at the surface and saltier water entering at depth (Ebbesmeyer and Cannon, 2001). In general, surface waters flow north and deeper waters flow south; variations arise from wind effects that can drive a surface current in the same direction as the wind, and a baroclinic response in the lower layer to about 100-m depth (Matsuura and Cannon, 1997). Oceanographic properties are influenced by temporal forcing parameters such as reduced stream flow during the 2000-01 drought that increased surface salinity and decreased differences between surface and bottom waters (Newton and others, 2003).
\nOn offshore seismic-reflection profiles, Pleistocene strata (excluding latest Pleistocene glacial and post-glacial deposits) form a distinct seismic unit, bounded below by pre-Tertiary or Tertiary basement and above by typically flat-lying latest Pleistocene to Holocene deposits that fill in erosional or depositional relief (Johnson and others, 2001). Cores from central Puget Sound have accumulation rates that range from 85 to 1200 mg/cm2/yr, or 0.12 to 2.4 cm/yr; the highest accumulation rates are near the southern end of central Puget Sound (Carpenter and others, 1985). Carpenter and others (1985) un-weighted arithmetic mean of accumulation rates for central Puget Sound deeper stations is 480±340 (± one standard deviation) mg/cm2/yr. Lavelle and others (1985) also found rates as high as 1200 mg/cm2/yr over the past approximately 70 years in cores in the Central Basin off of and north and south of Elliott Bay. Puget Sound basin rates are comparable to rates in midshelf silt deposits on the Washington coast north of the Columbia River (Nittrouer and others, 1979).
\nThe deep subtidal (in other words, below SCUBA depths) habitats of Puget Sound are relatively poorly known. A few subtidal surveys exist for several habitat types from the 1960s and 1970s (reviewed in Dethier, 1990), using grab and box core data. The Dethier (1990) review divides habitat up into Coast and Marine Ecological Classification Standard (CMECS) substrate, water column energy, and depth zones but does not attempt to map these habitats, rather it is an inventory of habitats found in the area and the flora and fauna associated with each habitat.
\nThe approach of the Southern Salish Sea Mapping project is to create highly detailed seafloor maps through collection, integration, interpretation, and visualization of swath sonar data (the undersea equivalent of satellite remote-sensing data in terrestrial mapping), acoustic backscatter, seafloor video, seafloor photography, and bottom-sediment sampling data. This approach is based in part on methods presented and data collection and product needs identified at the Washington State Seafloor Mapping Workshop (Washington State Seafloor Mapping Workshop Steering Committee, 2008), attended by coastal and marine managers and scientists. The map products display seafloor geomorphology and substrate, and identify potential marine benthic habitats. It is emphasized that the more interpretive habitat and geology maps rely on the integration of multiple, new high-resolution datasets and that mapping at small scales would not be possible without such data. Oceanographic current and wave data is not included in this analysis, however, the accompanying geographic information system (GIS) data set is designed and intended to be combined with oceanographic and biologic data sets assembled by others in the future and some of the GIS data has already been incorporated in the unpublished Nature Conservancy Benthic Habitats of Puget Sound database.
\nThis publication includes four map sheets, explanatory text, and a descriptive pamphlet. Each map sheet is published as a portable document format (PDF) file. ESRI ArcGIS compatible geotiffs (for example, bathymetry) and shapefiles (for example video observation points) will be available for download in the data catalog associated with this publication (Cochrane, 2015). An ArcGIS Project File with the symbology used to generate the map sheets is also provided. For those who do not own the full suite of ESRI GIS and mapping software, the data can be read using ESRI ArcReader, a free viewer that is available at http://www.esri.com/software/arcgis/arcreader/index.html.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20151073","usgsCitation":"Cochrane, G.R., Dethier, M.N., Hodson, T.O., Kull, K.K., Golden, N., Ritchie, A.C., Moegling, C., and Pacunski, R.E., 2015, Southern Salish Sea Habitat Map Series: Admiralty Inlet: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2015-1073, Report: iv, 34 p.; 4 Plates: 40 x 36 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20151073.","productDescription":"Report: iv, 34 p.; 4 Plates: 40 x 36 inches","numberOfPages":"38","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-054193","costCenters":[{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":300998,"rank":6,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr20151073.jpg"},{"id":300985,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2015/1073/"},{"id":300995,"rank":7,"type":{"id":7,"text":"Companion Files"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/ds/935/downloads/AdmiraltyInlet/ds935_AdmiraltyInlet.html","text":"Data Catalog—Admiralty Inlet, Washington","linkHelpText":"Each GIS data file is listed with a brief description, a small image, and links to the metadata files and the downloadable data files."},{"id":300989,"rank":9,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2015/1073/pdf/ofr20151073_pamphlet.pdf","text":"Pamphlet","size":"2.8 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"OF 2015-1073 Pamphlet"},{"id":300990,"rank":2,"type":{"id":26,"text":"Sheet"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2015/1073/pdf/ofr20151073_sheet1.pdf","text":"Sheet 1","size":"159 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"OF 2015-1073 Sheet 1","linkHelpText":"Bathymetry Map of the of Admiralty Inlet Map Area, Washington By Andrew C. Ritchie, Guy R. Cochrane, and Crescent Moegling"},{"id":300991,"rank":3,"type":{"id":26,"text":"Sheet"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2015/1073/pdf/ofr20151073_sheet2.pdf","text":"Sheet 2","size":"121 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"OF 2015-1073 Sheet 2","linkHelpText":"CMECS Geoform Component Map of the Admiralty Inlet Map Area, Washington By Timothy O. Hodson, Guy R. Cochrane, Andrew C. Ritchie, and Crescent Moegling"},{"id":300994,"rank":8,"type":{"id":7,"text":"Companion Files"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2015/1073/ofr2015-1073_metadata.html","text":"Metadata"},{"id":300992,"rank":4,"type":{"id":26,"text":"Sheet"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2015/1073/pdf/ofr20151073_sheet3.pdf","text":"Sheet 3","size":"121 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"OF 2015-1073 Sheet 3","linkHelpText":"CMECS Substrate Component Map of the Admiralty Inlet Map Area, Washington By Timothy O. Hodson, Guy R. Cochrane, Andrew C. Ritchie, and Crescent Moegling"},{"id":300993,"rank":5,"type":{"id":26,"text":"Sheet"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2015/1073/pdf/ofr20151073_sheet4.pdf","text":"Sheet 4","size":"112 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"OF 2015-1073 Sheet 4","linkHelpText":"CMECS Biotope Component Map of the Admiralty Inlet Map Area, Washington By Megan N. Dethier, Guy R. Cochrane, Timothy O. Hodson, Kristine K. 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2015 - Little Galloo Island, Lake Ontario: Two decades of studies on the diet, fish consumption, and management of double-crested cormorants","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-12-30T14:24:35","indexId":"70160781","displayToPublicDate":"2015-06-01T15:30:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2330,"text":"Journal of Great Lakes Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Little Galloo Island, Lake Ontario: Two decades of studies on the diet, fish consumption, and management of double-crested cormorants","docAbstract":"The double-crested cormorant (Phalacrocorax auritus) colony at Little Galloo Island, Lake Ontario has been a Great Lakes focal point of controversy regarding cormorant–fish interactions for over two decades. We examined cormorant diet and fish consumption at the colony from 1992 to 2013. During this time period, two events, management actions and round goby (Neogobius melanostomus) invasion, occurred that affected the number of fish consumed by cormorants and their diet composition. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of round goby on the feeding ecology of cormorants and evaluate the efficacy of management actions on meeting cormorant population targets at the colony. Round goby first appeared in the diet in 2004 (0.8%) and within one year were the primary prey (29.3%). The presence of round goby in the diet of cormorants: (1) eliminated seasonal variability in diet composition, (2) reversed seasonal trends in the number of fish consumed daily, (3) increased daily fish consumption, and (4) significantly reduced the consumption of other species including yellow perch and smallmouth bass. Management actions, such as egg oiling and culling, were also effective in reducing nesting activity and the number of cormorant feeding days at the Little Galloo Island colony. There is evidence that the combination of management actions and round goby may have allowed some population recovery of yellow perch and smallmouth bass in eastern Lake Ontario.
","language":"English","publisher":"International Association for Great Lakes Research","publisherLocation":"Toronto","doi":"10.1016/j.jglr.2015.03.030","usgsCitation":"Johnson, J.H., McCullough, R.D., Farquhar, J., and Mazzocchi, I., 2015, Little Galloo Island, Lake Ontario: Two decades of studies on the diet, fish consumption, and management of double-crested cormorants: Journal of Great Lakes Research, v. 41, no. 2, p. 652-658, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jglr.2015.03.030.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"652","endPage":"658","numberOfPages":"7","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-062478","costCenters":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":313074,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"New York","otherGeospatial":"Little Galloo Island","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -76.39223098754883,\n 43.88849081589606\n ],\n [\n -76.39278888702393,\n 43.88861453047109\n ],\n [\n -76.39394760131836,\n 43.8884289585122\n ],\n [\n -76.3978099822998,\n 43.886078330323436\n ],\n [\n -76.39793872833252,\n 43.885738100137736\n ],\n [\n -76.39862537384033,\n 43.88518135564224\n ],\n [\n -76.39892578125,\n 43.88419157480226\n ],\n [\n -76.39785289764404,\n 43.88323270893103\n ],\n [\n -76.39566421508789,\n 43.88298525716862\n ],\n [\n -76.3945484161377,\n 43.88326364032908\n ],\n [\n -76.39386177062988,\n 43.88416064388602\n ],\n [\n -76.39424800872803,\n 43.88471739792115\n ],\n [\n -76.39321804046631,\n 43.886356699029974\n ],\n [\n -76.3925313949585,\n 43.886820643983434\n ],\n [\n -76.39223098754883,\n 43.88849081589606\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"41","issue":"2","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":6,"text":"Columbus PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"56850ec7e4b0a04ef4933a06","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Johnson, James H. 0000-0002-5619-3871 jhjohnson@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5619-3871","contributorId":389,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnson","given":"James","email":"jhjohnson@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":583881,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"McCullough, Russell D.","contributorId":98154,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McCullough","given":"Russell","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":583882,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Farquhar, James F.","contributorId":150982,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Farquhar","given":"James F.","affiliations":[{"id":13678,"text":"New York State Department of Environmental Conservation","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":583883,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Mazzocchi, Irene","contributorId":150832,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Mazzocchi","given":"Irene","affiliations":[{"id":13678,"text":"New York State Department of Environmental Conservation","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":583884,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70157065,"text":"70157065 - 2015 - Synthesis on Quaternary aeolian research in the unglaciated eastern United States","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-09-09T11:37:12","indexId":"70157065","displayToPublicDate":"2015-06-01T12:45:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":666,"text":"Aeolian Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Synthesis on Quaternary aeolian research in the unglaciated eastern United States","docAbstract":"Late-middle and late Pleistocene, and Holocene, inland aeolian sand and loess blanket >90,000 km2 of the unglaciated eastern United States of America (USA). Deposits are most extensive in the Lower Mississippi Valley (LMV) and Atlantic Coastal Plain (ACP), areas presently lacking significant aeolian activity. They provide evidence of paleoclimate intervals when wind erosion and deposition were dominant land-altering processes. This study synthesizes available data for aeolian sand deposits in the LMV, the Eastern Gulf Coastal Plain (EGCP) and the ACP, and loess deposits in the Middle Atlantic Coastal Plain (MACP). Data indicate: (a) the most recent major aeolian activity occurred in response to and coincident with growth and decay of the Laurentide Ice Sheet (LIS); (b) by ∼40 ka, aeolian processes greatly influenced landscape evolution in all three regions; (c) aeolian activity peaked in OIS2; (d) OIS3 and OIS2 aeolian records are in regional agreement with paleoecological records; and (e) limited aeolian activity occurred in the Holocene (EGCP and ACP). Paleoclimate and atmospheric-circulation models (PCMs/ACMs) for the last glacial maximum (LGM) show westerly winter winds for the unglaciated eastern USA, but do not resolve documented W and SW winds in the SEACP and WNW and N winds in the MACP. The minimum areal extent of aeolian deposits in the EGCP and ACP is ∼10,000 km2. For the LMV, it is >80,000 km2. Based on these estimates, published PCMs/ACMs likely underrepresent the areal extent of LGM aeolian activity, as well as the extent and complexity of climatic changes during this interval.
","language":"English","publisher":"International Society of Aeolian Research","publisherLocation":"Amsterdam","doi":"10.1016/j.aeolia.2015.01.011","usgsCitation":"Markewich, H.W., Litwin, R.J., Wysocki, D., and Pavich, M.J., 2015, Synthesis on Quaternary aeolian research in the unglaciated eastern United States: Aeolian Research, v. 17, p. 139-191, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aeolia.2015.01.011.","productDescription":"53 p.","startPage":"139","endPage":"191","numberOfPages":"53","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-062506","costCenters":[{"id":243,"text":"Eastern Geology and Paleoclimate Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":308016,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"17","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":9,"text":"Reston PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"55f15833e4b0dacf699eb983","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Markewich, Helaine W. 0000-0001-9656-3243 helainem@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9656-3243","contributorId":2008,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Markewich","given":"Helaine","email":"helainem@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":40020,"text":"Florence Bascom Geoscience Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":571450,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Litwin, Ronald J. 0000-0002-8661-1296 rlitwin@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8661-1296","contributorId":2478,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Litwin","given":"Ronald","email":"rlitwin@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":243,"text":"Eastern Geology and Paleoclimate Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":40020,"text":"Florence Bascom Geoscience Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":571453,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Wysocki, Douglas A.","contributorId":61320,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wysocki","given":"Douglas A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":571452,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Pavich, Milan J. mpavich@usgs.gov","contributorId":2348,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pavich","given":"Milan","email":"mpavich@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":243,"text":"Eastern Geology and Paleoclimate Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":571451,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70155261,"text":"70155261 - 2015 - The leading mode of observed and CMIP5 ENSO-residual sea surface temperatures and associated changes in Indo-Pacific climate","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-03-27T13:00:12","indexId":"70155261","displayToPublicDate":"2015-06-01T12:30:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2216,"text":"Journal of Climate","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The leading mode of observed and CMIP5 ENSO-residual sea surface temperatures and associated changes in Indo-Pacific climate","docAbstract":"SSTs in the western Pacific Ocean have tracked closely with CMIP5 simulations despite recent hiatus cooling in the eastern Pacific. This paper quantifies these similarities and associated circulation and precipitation variations using the first global 1900–2012 ENSO-residual empirical orthogonal functions (EOFs) of 35 variables: observed SSTs; 28 CMIP5 SST simulations; Simple Ocean Data Assimilation (SODA) 25-, 70-, and 171-m ocean temperatures and sea surface heights (SSHs); and Twentieth Century Reanalysis, version 2 (20CRv2), surface winds and precipitation.
\nWhile estimated independently, these leading EOFs across all variables fit together in a meaningful way, and the authors refer to them jointly as the west Pacific warming mode (WPWM). WPWM SST EOFs correspond closely in space and time. Their spatial patterns form a “western V” extending from the Maritime Continent into the extratropical Pacific. Their temporal principal components (PCs) have increased rapidly since 1990; this increase has been primarily due to radiative forcing and not natural decadal variability.
\nWPWM circulation changes appear consistent with a Matsuno–Gill-like atmospheric response associated with an ocean–atmosphere dipole structure contrasting increased (decreased) western (eastern) Pacific precipitation, SSHs, and ocean temperatures. These changes have enhanced the Walker circulation and modulated weather on a global scale. An AGCM experiment and the WPWM of global boreal spring precipitation indicate significant drying across parts of East Africa, the Middle East, the southwestern United States, southern South America, and Asia. Changes in the WPWM have tracked closely with precipitation and the increase in drought frequency over the semiarid and water-insecure areas of East Africa, the Middle East, and southwest Asia.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Meteorological Society","publisherLocation":"Boston, MA","doi":"10.1175/JCLI-D-14-00334.1","usgsCitation":"Funk, C.C., and Hoell. Andrew, 2015, The leading mode of observed and CMIP5 ENSO-residual sea surface temperatures and associated changes in Indo-Pacific climate: Journal of Climate, v. 28, no. 11, p. 4309-4329, https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-14-00334.1.","productDescription":"21 p.","startPage":"4309","endPage":"4329","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-056779","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":306492,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"28","issue":"11","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":4,"text":"Rolla PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2015-05-27","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"57f7ef1ae4b0bc0bec09eee2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Funk, Christopher C. 0000-0002-9254-6718 cfunk@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9254-6718","contributorId":721,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Funk","given":"Christopher","email":"cfunk@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":223,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center (Geography)","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":565415,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hoell. Andrew","contributorId":145831,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Hoell. Andrew","affiliations":[{"id":13549,"text":"UC Santa Barbara Climate Hazards Group","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":565416,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70148702,"text":"70148702 - 2015 - Looking beyond rare species as umbrella species: Northern Bobwhites (Colinus virginianus) and conservation of grassland and shrubland birds","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-06-22T10:53:44","indexId":"70148702","displayToPublicDate":"2015-06-01T12:00:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1015,"text":"Biological Conservation","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Looking beyond rare species as umbrella species: Northern Bobwhites (Colinus virginianus) and conservation of grassland and shrubland birds","docAbstract":"Changes in land use and land cover throughout the eastern half of North America have caused substantial declines in populations of birds that rely on grassland and shrubland vegetation types, including socially and economically important game birds such as the Northern Bobwhite (Colinus virginianus; hereafter bobwhites). As much attention is focused on habitat management and restoration for bobwhites, they may act as an umbrella species for other bird species with similar habitat requirements. We quantified the relationship of bobwhites to the overall bird community and evaluated the potential for bobwhites to act as an umbrella species for grassland and shrubland birds. We monitored bobwhite presence and bird community composition within 31 sample units on selected private lands in the south-central United States from 2009 to 2011. Bobwhites were strongly associated with other grassland and shrubland birds and were a significant positive predictor for 9 species. Seven of these, including Bell's Vireo (Vireo bell), Dicksissel (Spiza americana), and Grasshopper Sparrow (Ammodramus savannarum), are listed as species of conservation concern. Species richness and occupancy probability of grassland and shrubland birds were higher relative to the overall bird community in sample units occupied by bobwhites. Our results show that bobwhites can act as an umbrella species for grassland and shrubland birds, although the specific species in any given situation will depend on region and management objectives. These results suggest that efficiency in conservation funding can be increased by using public interest in popular game species to leverage resources to meet multiple conservation objectives.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier Science Ltd.","publisherLocation":"Kidlington, Oxford","doi":"10.1016/j.biocon.2015.03.018","collaboration":"Oklahoma Department of Wildlife Conservation at Oklahoma State University; Oklahoma Agricultural Experiment Station at Oklahoma State University; The Nature Conservancy's Weaver Grant Program; Oklahoma Ornithological Society; Michigan State Univ, Dept Fisheries & Wildlife; Oklahoma State Univ, Dept Nat Resource Ecol & ManagementPayne County Audubon Society","usgsCitation":"Crosby, A.D., Elmore, R., Leslie, D.M., and Will, R.E., 2015, Looking beyond rare species as umbrella species: Northern Bobwhites (Colinus virginianus) and conservation of grassland and shrubland birds: Biological Conservation, v. 186, p. 233-240, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2015.03.018.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"233","endPage":"240","numberOfPages":"8","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-058135","costCenters":[{"id":198,"text":"Coop Res Unit Atlanta","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":301473,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"186","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":8,"text":"Raleigh PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"558931cfe4b0b6d21dd61bf9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Crosby, Andrew D.","contributorId":141455,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Crosby","given":"Andrew","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":549581,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Elmore, R.D.","contributorId":64450,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Elmore","given":"R.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":549582,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Leslie, David M. Jr. 0000-0002-3884-1484 cleslie@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3884-1484","contributorId":2483,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Leslie","given":"David","suffix":"Jr.","email":"cleslie@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":198,"text":"Coop Res Unit Atlanta","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":549069,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Will, Rodney E.","contributorId":141456,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Will","given":"Rodney","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":549583,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ]}