No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/fs09598","usgsCitation":"Essaid, H.I., and Bekins, B.A., 1998, Modeling solute-transport and biodegradation with BIOMOC: U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 095-98, 4 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/fs09598.","productDescription":"4 p.","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":118752,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/fs_095_98.jpg"},{"id":1813,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://water.usgs.gov/software/biomoc.html","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b05e4b07f02db699811","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Essaid, Hedeff I. 0000-0003-0154-8628 hiessaid@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0154-8628","contributorId":2284,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Essaid","given":"Hedeff","email":"hiessaid@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"I.","affiliations":[{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":193207,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bekins, Barbara A. 0000-0002-1411-6018 babekins@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1411-6018","contributorId":1348,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bekins","given":"Barbara","email":"babekins@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":36183,"text":"Hydro-Ecological Interactions Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":436,"text":"National Research Program - Eastern Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":193206,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":25799,"text":"wri984134 - 1998 - A tool for the generation and analysis of model simulation scenarios for watersheds (GenScn)","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:28","indexId":"wri984134","displayToPublicDate":"2001-12-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"98-4134","title":"A tool for the generation and analysis of model simulation scenarios for watersheds (GenScn)","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"[Aqua Terra Consultants] ;\r\nU.S. Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nBranch of Information Services [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/wri984134","usgsCitation":"Kittle, J.L., Lumb, A., Hummel, P., Duda, P., and Gray, M., 1998, A tool for the generation and analysis of model simulation scenarios for watersheds (GenScn): U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 98-4134, vi, 152 p. :ill. ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri984134.","productDescription":"vi, 152 p. :ill. ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":95561,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1998/4134/report.pdf","size":"29671","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":157895,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1998/4134/report-thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b17e4b07f02db6a5b00","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kittle, John L. Jr.","contributorId":101690,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kittle","given":"John","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":195126,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lumb, A.M.","contributorId":70019,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lumb","given":"A.M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":195124,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hummel, P.R.","contributorId":73642,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hummel","given":"P.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":195125,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Duda, P.B.","contributorId":8892,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Duda","given":"P.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":195122,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Gray, M.H.","contributorId":21584,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gray","given":"M.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":195123,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":23222,"text":"ofr98625 - 1998 - Elevation maps of the San Francisco Bay region, California, a digital database","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-10T00:10:07","indexId":"ofr98625","displayToPublicDate":"2001-11-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"98-625","title":"Elevation maps of the San Francisco Bay region, California, a digital database","docAbstract":"PREFACE: Topography, the configuration of the land surface, plays a major role in various natural processes that have helped shape the ten-county San Francisco Bay region and continue to affect its development. Such processes include a dangerous type of landslide, the debris flow (Ellen and others, 1997) as well as other modes of slope failure that damage property but rarely threaten life directly?slumping, translational sliding, and earthflow (Wentworth and others, 1997). Different types of topographic information at both local and regional scales are helpful in assessing the likelihood of slope failure and the mapping the extent of its past activity, as well as addressing \r\nother issues in hazard mitigation and land-use policy. The most useful information is quantitative. \r\n","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"The Survey,","doi":"10.3133/ofr98625","issn":"0094-9140","usgsCitation":"Graham, S.E., and Pike, R.J., 1998, Elevation maps of the San Francisco Bay region, California, a digital database (Version 1.0): U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 98-625, Digital data files; 17 p. explanatory pamphlet, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr98625.","productDescription":"Digital data files; 17 p. explanatory pamphlet","costCenters":[{"id":647,"text":"Western Earth Surface Processes","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":1346,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1998/of98-625/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":154411,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"scale":"275000","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -123.5,36.5 ], [ -123.5,39 ], [ -121,39 ], [ -121,36.5 ], [ -123.5,36.5 ] ] ] } } ] }","edition":"Version 1.0","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a19e4b07f02db6055a7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Graham, Scott E. sgraham@usgs.gov","contributorId":2907,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Graham","given":"Scott","email":"sgraham@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":189668,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Pike, Richard J. rpike@usgs.gov","contributorId":5753,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pike","given":"Richard","email":"rpike@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":189669,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":26834,"text":"wri984185 - 1998 - Surface-water/ground-water relations in the Lemhi River Basin, east-central Idaho","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-12-09T18:19:20","indexId":"wri984185","displayToPublicDate":"2001-07-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"98-4185","title":"Surface-water/ground-water relations in the Lemhi River Basin, east-central Idaho","docAbstract":"This report summarizes work carried out in cooperation with the Bureau of Reclamation to provide hydrologic information to help Federal, State, and local agencies meet the goals of the Lemhi River Model Watershed Project. The primary goal of the project is to maintain, enhance, and restore anadromous and resident fish habitat in the Lemhi River, while maintaining a balance between resource protection and established water uses. The main objectives of the study were to carry out seepage measurements to determine seasonal distributed gains and losses in the Lemhi River and to estimate annual ground-water underflow from the basin to the Salmon River. In 1997, seepage measurements were made during and after the irrigation season along a 60-mile reach of the Lemhi River between Leadore and Salmon. Except for one 4-mile reach that lost 1.3 cubic feet per second per mile, the river gained from ground water in early August when ground-water levels were high. Highest flows in the Lemhi River in early August were about 400 cubic feet per second. In October, when ground-water levels were low, river losses to ground water were about 1 to 16 cubic feet per second per mile. In October, highest flows in the Lemhi River were about 500 cubic feet per second, near the river's mouth. Annual ground-water underflow from the Lemhi River Basin to the Salmon River was estimated by using a simplified water budget and by using Darcy's equation. The water-budget method contained large uncertainties associated with estimating precipitation and evapotranspiration. Results of both methods indicate that the quantity of ground water leaving the basin as underflow is small, probably less than 2 percent of the basin's total annual water yield.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/wri984185","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Bureau of Reclamation","usgsCitation":"Donato, M.M., 1998, Surface-water/ground-water relations in the Lemhi River Basin, east-central Idaho: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 98-4185, iv, 25 p.; Appendix 2, https://doi.org/10.3133/wri984185.","productDescription":"iv, 25 p.; Appendix 2","numberOfPages":"34","temporalStart":"1993-01-01","temporalEnd":"1997-12-31","costCenters":[{"id":343,"text":"Idaho Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":262327,"rank":800,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1998/4185/report.pdf"},{"id":262328,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1998/4185/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Idaho","city":"Leadore;Lemhi;Tendoy;Salmon","otherGeospatial":"Salmon River","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -114.0038,44.3964 ], [ -114.0038,45.1977 ], [ -112.9929,45.1977 ], [ -112.9929,44.3964 ], [ -114.0038,44.3964 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a0de4b07f02db5fd438","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Donato, Mary M.","contributorId":30962,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Donato","given":"Mary","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":197088,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":30612,"text":"wri984061 - 1998 - Hydrogeology, water quality, water budgets, and simulated responses to hydrologic changes in Santa Rosa and San Simeon Creek ground-water basins, San Luis Obispo County, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:59","indexId":"wri984061","displayToPublicDate":"2001-04-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"98-4061","title":"Hydrogeology, water quality, water budgets, and simulated responses to hydrologic changes in Santa Rosa and San Simeon Creek ground-water basins, San Luis Obispo County, California","docAbstract":"Santa Rosa and San Simeon Creeks are underlain by thin, narrow ground-water basins that supply nearly all water used for local agricultural and municipal purposes. The creeks discharge to the Pacific Ocean near the northwestern corner of San Luis Obispo County, California. The basins contain heterogeneous, unconsolidated alluvial deposits and are underlain by relatively impermeable bedrock. Both creeks usually stop flowing during the summer dry season, and most of the pumpage during that time is derived from ground-water storage. Annual pumpage increased substantially during 1956?88 and is now a large fraction of basin storage capacity. Consequently, dry-season water levels are lower and the water supply is more vulnerable to drought.\r\nThe creeks are the largest source of ground-water recharge, and complete basin recharge can occur within the first few weeks of winter streamflow. Agricultural and municipal pumpages are the largest outflows and cause dry-season water-level declines throughout the San Simeon Basin. Pumping effects are more localized in the Santa Rosa Basin because of subsurface flow obstructions. Even without pumpage, a large quantity of water naturally drains out of storage at the upper ends of the basins during the dry season.\r\nGround water is more saline in areas close to the coast than in inland areas. Although seawater intrusion has occurred in the past, it probably was not the cause of high salinity in 1988?89. Ground water is very hard, and concentrations of dissolved solids, chloride, iron, and manganese exceed drinking-water standards in some locations.\r\nProbability distributions of streamflow were estimated indirectly from a 120-year rainfall record because the periods of record for local stream-gaging stations were wetter than average. Dry-season durations with recurrence intervals between 5 and 43 years are likely to dry up some wells but not cause seawater intrusion. A winter with no streamflow is likely to occur about every 32 years and to result in numerous dry wells, seawater intrusion, and subsidence.\r\nDigital ground-water-flow models were used to estimate several items in the ground-water budgets and to investigate the effects of pumpage and drought. The models also were used to investigate the hydrologic effects of selected water-resources management alternatives. Selection of alternatives was not constrained by issues related to water rights, which were under dispute during the study. Increases in the area and intensity of irrigation could increase agricultural water demand by 26 to 35 percent, an increase that would lower water levels by as much as 10 feet and possibly cause subsidence in the lower Santa Rosa Basin. An additional municipal well in the lower Santa Rosa Basin could withdraw 100 acre-feet per year without causing seawater intrusion, but subsidence might occur. Transferring 270 acre-feet per year of treated wastewater from a percolation area near the coast to an area about 0.5 mile upstream of the municipal well field in the San Simeon Basin could raise upstream water levels by as much as 12 feet without causing significant water-table mounding or seawater intrusion. Decreases in agricultural pumping after a winter without streamflow could prevent seawater intrusion while allowing municipal pumping to continue at normal rates.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nInformation Services [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/wri984061","usgsCitation":"Yates, E.B., and Van Konyenburg, K.M., 1998, Hydrogeology, water quality, water budgets, and simulated responses to hydrologic changes in Santa Rosa and San Simeon Creek ground-water basins, San Luis Obispo County, California: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 98-4061, vii, 103 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri984061.","productDescription":"vii, 103 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":95851,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1998/4061/report.pdf","size":"10695","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":160140,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1998/4061/report-thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a2de4b07f02db614833","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Yates, Eugene B.","contributorId":10844,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Yates","given":"Eugene","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":203540,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Van Konyenburg, Kathryn M.","contributorId":100895,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Van Konyenburg","given":"Kathryn","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":203541,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":6801,"text":"fs16898 - 1998 - Evaluation of a method for comparing phosphorus loads from barnyards and croplands in Otter Creek Watershed, Wisconsin","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-09-28T14:49:29","indexId":"fs16898","displayToPublicDate":"2001-04-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":313,"text":"Fact Sheet","code":"FS","onlineIssn":"2327-6932","printIssn":"2327-6916","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"168-98","title":"Evaluation of a method for comparing phosphorus loads from barnyards and croplands in Otter Creek Watershed, Wisconsin","docAbstract":"Control of phosphorus from rural nonpoint sources is a major focus of current efforts to improve and protect water resources in Wisconsin and is recommended in almost every priority watershed plan prepared for the State's Nonpoint Source (NFS) Program. Barnyards and crop- lands usually are identified as the primary rural sources of phosphorus. Numerous questions have arisen about which of these two sources to control and about the method currently being used by the NFS program to compare phosphorus loads from barnyards and croplands. To evaluate the method, the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS). in cooperation with the Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources, used phosphorus-load and sediment-load data from streams and phosphorus concentrations in soils from the Otter Creek Watershed (located in the Sheboygan River Basin: fig. 1) in conjunction with two computer-based models.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/fs16898","usgsCitation":"Wierl, J.A., Giddings, E.M., and Bannerman, R.T., 1998, Evaluation of a method for comparing phosphorus loads from barnyards and croplands in Otter Creek Watershed, Wisconsin: U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 168-98, 4 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/fs16898.","productDescription":"4 p.","numberOfPages":"4","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":677,"text":"Wisconsin Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":815,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://wi.water.usgs.gov/pubs/FS-168-98/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":118174,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/1998/0168/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":34147,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/1998/0168/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Wisconsin","otherGeospatial":"Otter Creek, Sheboygan","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -88.10005187988281,\n 43.61619382369188\n ],\n [\n -88.10005187988281,\n 43.872158236415416\n ],\n [\n -87.76290893554688,\n 43.872158236415416\n ],\n [\n -87.76290893554688,\n 43.61619382369188\n ],\n [\n -88.10005187988281,\n 43.61619382369188\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a09e4b07f02db5faf80","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wierl, Judy A.","contributorId":106110,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wierl","given":"Judy","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":153367,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Giddings, Elise M. P.","contributorId":55819,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Giddings","given":"Elise","email":"","middleInitial":"M. P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":153366,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Bannerman, Roger T. 0000-0001-9221-2905 rbannerman@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9221-2905","contributorId":5560,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bannerman","given":"Roger","email":"rbannerman@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[{"id":677,"text":"Wisconsin Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":153365,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":29393,"text":"wri984072 - 1998 - Evaluation of the surface-water sampling design in the Western Lake Michigan Drainages in relation to environmental factors affecting water quality at base flow","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-02-06T12:33:31","indexId":"wri984072","displayToPublicDate":"2001-03-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"98-4072","title":"Evaluation of the surface-water sampling design in the Western Lake Michigan Drainages in relation to environmental factors affecting water quality at base flow","docAbstract":"Eight stream sites (Fixed Sites) were chosen to describe the variability in the water quality of the Western Lake Michigan Drainages (WMIC) Study Unit of the National Water-Quality Assessment program. These sites were chosen in areas (Relatively Homogeneous Units) dominated by unique combinations of the environmental factors thought to be most important in influencing water quality; namely, land use, surficial deposits, and bedrock type. A study was designed to determine (1) the applicability of streamflow, nutrient, and suspended sediment data regularly collected at these eight sites describing the variability in these characteristics throughout the Study Unit during base-flow conditions and (2) the applicability of the interpretive results made from data collected at these few sites to streams throughout the Study Unit. This was done by sampling the Fixed Sites and an additional 83 sites in Relatively Homogeneous Units throughout the Study Unit during summer base-flow conditions.
\nData collected at the Fixed Sites described the range in water-quality characteristics (stream-flow and concentrations of nutrients and suspended sediment) in the WMIC Study Unit and, in general, represented the water quality from the Relatively Homogeneous Units from which they were chosen. The result from the eight Fixed Sites agreed with those found for all of the sites; namely, that these water-quality characteristics in streams throughout the WMIC Study Unit during base-flow conditions are influenced primarily by the land use and surficial deposits in their drainage basins. General basin characteristics (bedrock information, topographic gradient, and basin size) were not important factors in explaining the variability in these water-quality characteristics during base-flow conditions, but may be important factors for other characteristics measured at Fixed Sites, such as major ions, and may be important during higher flow. In general, streams in agricultural areas had the poorest water quality; that is, they contained the highest concentrations of total phosphorus, total Kjeldahl nitrogen, and suspended sediment. Streams in urban and mixed agriculture/forested areas had moderate water quality, exhibiting the highest concentrations of total phosphorus, total Kjeldahl nitrogen, and suspended sediment, and the lowest base flow. In general, water quality in streams in areas with sandy/sand and gravel deposits and loamy deposits were very similar. Within the forested areas, streams in areas with a higher percentage of forested wetlands had lower base flow, higher concentrations of total Kjeldahl nitrogen, and lower concentrations of dissolved nitrite plus nitrate than streams in areas with a lower percentage of forested wetlands.
\nThe variability in water quality throughout the WMIC Study Unit during base-flow conditions could be described very well by subdividing the area into Relatively Homogeneous Units and sampling a few streams with drainage basins completely within these homogeneous units. This subdivision and sampling scheme enabled the differences in water quality to be directly related to the differences in the environmental characteristics that exist throughout the Study Unit.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Middleton, WI","doi":"10.3133/wri984072","usgsCitation":"Robertson, D.M., 1998, Evaluation of the surface-water sampling design in the Western Lake Michigan Drainages in relation to environmental factors affecting water quality at base flow: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 98-4072, vii, 53 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri984072.","productDescription":"vii, 53 p.","numberOfPages":"63","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":382,"text":"Michigan Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":677,"text":"Wisconsin Water Science 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dzrobert@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6799-0596","contributorId":150760,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Robertson","given":"Dale","email":"dzrobert@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":37947,"text":"Upper Midwest Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":201457,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":29854,"text":"wri984211 - 1998 - Base (100-year) flood elevations for selected sites in Marion County, Missouri","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:58","indexId":"wri984211","displayToPublicDate":"2001-02-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"98-4211","title":"Base (100-year) flood elevations for selected sites in Marion County, Missouri","docAbstract":"The primary requirement for community participation in the National Flood Insurance Program is the adoption and enforcement of floodplain management requirements that minimize the potential for flood damages to new construction and avoid aggravating existing flooding conditions. This report provides base flood elevations (BFE) for a 100-year recurrence flood for use in the management and regulation of 14 flood-hazard areas designated by the Federal Emergency Management Agency as approximate Zone A areas in Marion County, Missouri.\r\n\r\nThe one-dimensional surface-water flow model, HEC-RAS, was used to compute the base (100-year) flood elevations for the 14 Zone A sites. The 14 sites were located at U.S., State, or County road crossings and the base flood elevation was determined at the upstream side of each crossing. The base (100-year) flood elevations for BFE 1, 2, and 3 on the South Fork North River near Monroe City, Missouri, are 627.7, 579.2, and 545.9 feet above sea level. The base (100-year) flood elevations for BFE 4, 5, 6, and 7 on the main stem of the North River near or at Philadelphia and Palmyra, Missouri, are 560.5, 539.7, 504.2, and 494.4 feet above sea level. BFE 8 is located on Big Branch near Philadelphia, a tributary to the North River, and the base (100-year) flood elevation at this site is 530.5 feet above sea level. One site (BFE 9) is located on the South River near Monroe City, Missouri. The base (100-year) flood elevation at this site is 619.1 feet above sea level. Site BFE 10 is located on Bear Creek near Hannibal, Missouri, and the base (100-year) elevation is 565.5 feet above sea level. The four remaining sites (BFE 11, 12, 13, and 14) are located on the South Fabius River near Philadelphia and Palmyra, Missouri. The base (100-year) flood elevations for BFE 11, 12, 13, and 14 are 591.2, 578.4, 538.7, and 506.9 feet above sea level.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nBranch of Information Services [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/wri984211","usgsCitation":"Southard, R.E., and Wilson, G.L., 1998, Base (100-year) flood elevations for selected sites in Marion County, Missouri: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 98-4211, iv, 30 p. :maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri984211.","productDescription":"iv, 30 p. :maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":2384,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://mo.water.usgs.gov/Reports/98-4211-Southard/index.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":160082,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a80e4b07f02db649312","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Southard, Rodney E. 0000-0001-8024-9698 southard@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8024-9698","contributorId":3880,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Southard","given":"Rodney","email":"southard@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":202248,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wilson, Gary L. gwilson@usgs.gov","contributorId":3078,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wilson","given":"Gary","email":"gwilson@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":202247,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":27212,"text":"wri984242 - 1998 - Evaluation and comparison of four one-dimensional unsteady flow models","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:43","indexId":"wri984242","displayToPublicDate":"2001-02-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"98-4242","title":"Evaluation and comparison of four one-dimensional unsteady flow models","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nBranch of Information Services [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/wri984242","usgsCitation":"Fulford, J.M., 1998, Evaluation and comparison of four one-dimensional unsteady flow models: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 98-4242, iv, 33 p. :ill., map ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri984242.","productDescription":"iv, 33 p. :ill., map ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":95628,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1998/4242/report.pdf","size":"2422","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":158986,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1998/4242/report-thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a09e4b07f02db5fb05a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Fulford, Janice M. jfulford@usgs.gov","contributorId":991,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fulford","given":"Janice","email":"jfulford@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":502,"text":"Office of Surface Water","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":197742,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":27155,"text":"wri984241 - 1998 - Factors affecting Escherichia coli concentrations at Lake Erie public bathing beaches","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:26","indexId":"wri984241","displayToPublicDate":"2001-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"98-4241","title":"Factors affecting Escherichia coli concentrations at Lake Erie public bathing beaches","docAbstract":"The environmental and water-quality factors that affect concentrations of Escherichia coli (E. coli) in water and sediment were investigated at three public bathing beachesEdgewater Park, Villa Angela, and Sims Parkin the Cleveland, Ohio metropolitan area. This study was done to aid in the determination of safe recreational use and to help water- resource managers assess more quickly and accurately the degradation of recreational water quality.\r\nWater and lake-bottom sediments were collected and ancillary environmental data were compiled for 41 days from May through September 1997. Water samples were analyzed for E. coli concentrations, suspended sediment concentrations, and turbidity. Lake- bottom sediment samples from the beach area were analyzed for E. coli concentrations and percent dry weight. Concentrations of E. coli were higher and more variable at Sims Park than at Villa Angela or Edgewater Park; concentrations were lowest at Edgewater Park. Time-series plots showed that short-term storage (less than one week) of E. coli in lake-bottom sediments may have occurred, although no evidence for long-term storage was found during the sampling period. E. coli concentrations in water were found to increase with increasing wave height, but the resuspension of E. coli from lake-bottom sediments by wave action could not be adequately assessed; higherwave heights were often associated with the discharge of sewage containing E. coli during or after a rainfall and wastewater-treatment plant overflow.\r\n\r\nMultiple linear regression (MLR) was used to develop models to predict recreational water quality at the in water. The related variables included turbidity, antecedent rainfall, antecedent weighted rainfall, volumes of wastewater-treatment plant overflows and metered outfalls (composed of storm-water runoff and combined-sewer overflows), a resuspension index, and wave heights. For the beaches in this study, wind speed, wind direction, water temperature, and the prswimmers were not included in the model because they were shown to be statistically unrelated to E. coli concentrations.\r\n\r\nFrom the several models developed, one model was chosen that accounted for 58 percent of the variability in E. coli concentrations. The chosen MLR model contained weighted categorical rainfall, beach-specific turbidity, wave height, and terms to correct for the different magnitudes of E. coli concentrations among the three beaches. For 1997, the MLR model predicted the recreational water quality as well as, and in some cases better than, antecedent E. coli concentrations (the current method). The MLR model improved the sensitivity of the prediction and the percentage of correct predictions over the current method; however, the MLR model predictions still erred to a similar degree as the current method with regard to false negatives. A false negative would allow swimming when, in fact, the bathing water standard was exceeded.\r\n\r\nMore work needs to be done to validate the MLR model with data collected during other recreational seasons, especially during a season with a greater frequency and intensity of summer rains. Studies could focus on adding to the MLR model other environmental and water-quality variables that improve the predictive ability of the model. These variables might include concentrations of E. coli in deeper sediments outside the bathing area, the direction of lake currents, site-specific-rainfall amounts, time-of-day information on overflows and metered outfalls, concentrations of E. coli in treated wastewater-treatment plant effluents, and occurrences of sewage-line breaks. Rapid biological or chemical methods for determination of recreational water quality could also be used as variables in model refinements. Possible methods include the use of experimental rapid assay methods for determination of E. coli concentrations or other fecal indicators and the use of chemical tracers for fecal contamination, such as coprostanol (a degradation ","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nBranch of Information Services [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/wri984241","usgsCitation":"Francy, D.S., and Darner, R.A., 1998, Factors affecting Escherichia coli concentrations at Lake Erie public bathing beaches: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 98-4241, v, 41 p. :ill., map ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri984241.","productDescription":"v, 41 p. :ill., map ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":126388,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1998/4241/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":56034,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1998/4241/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a06e4b07f02db5f89e6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Francy, Donna S. 0000-0001-9229-3557 dsfrancy@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9229-3557","contributorId":1853,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Francy","given":"Donna","email":"dsfrancy@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":35860,"text":"Ohio-Kentucky-Indiana Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":513,"text":"Ohio Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":197653,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Darner, Robert A. 0000-0003-1333-8265 radarner@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1333-8265","contributorId":1972,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Darner","given":"Robert","email":"radarner@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":35860,"text":"Ohio-Kentucky-Indiana Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":513,"text":"Ohio Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":197654,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":27599,"text":"wri984121 - 1998 - Simulated response to pumping stress in the Sparta aquifer of southeastern Arkansas and north-central Louisiana, 1998-2027","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:39","indexId":"wri984121","displayToPublicDate":"2001-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"98-4121","title":"Simulated response to pumping stress in the Sparta aquifer of southeastern Arkansas and north-central Louisiana, 1998-2027","docAbstract":"The Sparta aquifer in southeastern Arkansas and north-central Louisiana is a major water resource for municipal, industrial, and agricultural uses. In recent years, the demand for water in some areas has resulted in withdrawals from the Sparta that significantly exceed recharge to the aquifer. Considerable drawdown has occurred in the potentiometric surface, and water users and managers alike have begun to question the ability of the aquifer to supply water for the long term. Large cones of depression are centered beneath the Grand Prairie area and the cities of Pine Bluff and El Dorado in Arkansas, and Monroe in Louisiana. Water levels in the aquifer have declined at rates greater than 1 foot per year for more than a decade in much of southern Arkansas and northern Louisiana and are now below the top of the formation in parts of Union and Columbia Counties, Arkansas, and in several areas of Louisiana. Problems related to over draft in the Sparta could result in increased drilling and pumping costs, loss of yield, salt-water intrusion, and decrease in water quality in areas of large drawdown. The effects of current ground-water withdrawals and potential future withdrawals on water availability are major concerns of water managers and users as well as the general public in the two States.\r\nThe Sparta model-a regional scale, digital ground-water flow model-was first calibrated in the mid-1980's. The model was updated and reverified using 1995-97 data. Visual inspection of the observed (1996-97) and simulated potentiometric surfaces, statistical analysis of the error for the original calibration and current reverification, and comparison of observed versus simulated hydro graphs indicates that the model is simulating conditions in the aquifer within acceptable error, and the quality of current (1998) model results is similar to the original model calibration results. When stressed with current withdrawal volumes and distributions, the model is able to simulate currently observed heads effectively as heads were simulated in the original calibration period.\r\nFive pumping scenarios were simulated over a 30-year period based on (1) current pumping rates, (2) current rates of change in pumping, (3) decreased pumping in selected areas, (4) increased pumping in selected areas, and (5) redistribution and increase of pumping in selected areas.\r\nModel results show that although continued pumping at current rates will result in relatively minor declines in water levels (scenario 1 above), continued pumping at currently observed rates of change will result in drastic declines across large areas of focused withdrawals (scenario 2). Under the first scenario-in which current pumping rates are input to the model for the 30-year simulation period-water levels in the middle of the cones of depression centered on El Dorado and Monroe decrease less than 10 feet. In the second scenario-in which the current rate of change in pumpage is applied to the model-substantial declines occur in the proximity of most major pumpage centers. During the 1998-2027 model period, predicted water levels decline from 307 feet below sea level to 438 feet below sea level near El Dorado, from 58 feet below sea level to 277 feet below sea level near Pine Bluff, but only by about 25 feet-from 202 feet below sea level to 225 feet below sea level near Monroe.\r\nIn the third scenario-in which minimum predicted water use figures supplied by selected facilities in Arkansas and decreased pumping estimates for Louisiana are applied to the model-simulated water levels are substantially higher at cones of depression around the major pumping centers of Monroe and El Dorado as compared to initial (1997) values. During the 1998-2027 model period, predicted water levels near Monroe increase from 202 feet below sea level to 133 feet below sea level; water levels near El Dorado increase from 307 feet below sea level to 123 feet below sea level.\r\nFor the fourth scenario-in which maxi mum pr","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nBranch of Information Services [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/wri984121","usgsCitation":"Hays, P.D., Lovelace, J.K., and Reed, T., 1998, Simulated response to pumping stress in the Sparta aquifer of southeastern Arkansas and north-central Louisiana, 1998-2027: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 98-4121, vi, 25 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri984121.","productDescription":"vi, 25 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":95646,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1998/4121/report.pdf","size":"3329","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":95647,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1998/4121/plate-1.pdf","size":"471","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":95648,"rank":401,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1998/4121/plate-2.pdf","size":"1098","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":95649,"rank":402,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1998/4121/plate-3.pdf","size":"1045","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":95650,"rank":403,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1998/4121/plate-4.pdf","size":"413","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":95651,"rank":404,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1998/4121/plate-5.pdf","size":"442","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":95652,"rank":405,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1998/4121/plate-6.pdf","size":"400","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":95653,"rank":406,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1998/4121/plate-7.pdf","size":"431","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":95654,"rank":407,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1998/4121/plate-8.pdf","size":"1167","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":95655,"rank":408,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1998/4121/plate-9.pdf","size":"437","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":158872,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1998/4121/report-thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49f9e4b07f02db5f3145","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hays, Phillip D. 0000-0001-5491-9272 pdhays@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5491-9272","contributorId":4145,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hays","given":"Phillip","email":"pdhays@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":129,"text":"Arkansas Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":24708,"text":"Lower Mississippi-Gulf Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":369,"text":"Louisiana Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":198391,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lovelace, John K. 0000-0002-8532-2599 jlovelac@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8532-2599","contributorId":999,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lovelace","given":"John","email":"jlovelac@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[{"id":24708,"text":"Lower Mississippi-Gulf Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":369,"text":"Louisiana Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":198390,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Reed, Thomas B.","contributorId":76704,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reed","given":"Thomas B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":198392,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":26513,"text":"wri984146 - 1998 - Water resources of Mellette and Todd counties, South Dakota","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:27","indexId":"wri984146","displayToPublicDate":"2000-12-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"98-4146","title":"Water resources of Mellette and Todd counties, South Dakota","docAbstract":"Mellette and Todd Counties are located in south-central South Dakota and have a combined area of 2,694 square miles. The White River and its tributaries, which include the Little White River, drain Mellette County and about one-half of Todd County. Tributaries to the Niobrara River, which include the Keya Paha River, drain the other one-half of Todd County. The average discharge of the Little White River is about 56 cubic feet per second as the river enters Todd County and is about 131 cubic feet per second as it discharges to the White River in northern Mellette County. The average discharge of the Keya Paha River just outside Todd County is about 39 cubic feet per second. The average annual runoff for Mellette and Todd Counties ranges from 0.94 to 2.36 inches based on records from nine streamflow-gaging stations in and near the counties. The average annual runoff is 1.62 inches, which compares with the average annual precipitation of about 19 inches.\r\n\r\nIn Todd County, shallow wells completed in the alluvial, Ogallala, Arikaree, and White River aquifers generally can supply water that has low concentrations of dissolved solids, is fresh, and is soft to moderately hard. Ground water from shallow aquifers is limited in Mellette County; therefore, deep wells, often greater than 1,000 feet, are sometimes installed. The Pierre Shale often is used to supply rural domestic and stock wells in Mellette County even though well yields are low and the water has high dissolved solids, is moderately saline, and is very hard.\r\n\r\nAlluvial aquifers are present in both counties and store an estimated 1.6 million acre-feet of water. The water quality of the alluvial aquifers is dependent on the underlying deposits, and generally the water has low concentrations of dissolved solids, is fresh, and is soft to moderately hard where underlain by the Ogallala and Arikaree Formations; has moderate concentrations of dissolved solids, is slightly saline, and is hard where underlain by the White River Group; and has high concentrations of dissolved solids, is saline, and is very hard where underlain by the Pierre Shale. Also, yields often are lower where the alluvial aquifers are underlain by the Pierre Shale.\r\n\r\nThe Ogallala aquifer is present in only Todd County, and the Arikaree aquifer is present throughout most of Todd County and southwestern and south-central Mellette County. The Ogallala aquifer contains an estimated 17 million acre-feet of water in storage, and the Arikaree aquifer contains an estimated 50 million acre-feet of water in storage. Both aquifers generally are suitable for irrigation, and yields from these aquifers are sometimes greater than 1,000 gallons per minute. Nitrate concentrations in 13 out of 92 water samples collected from the Ogallala aquifer exceeded the Primary Drinking Water Maximum Contaminant Level (MCL) of 10 milligrams per liter. In 11 out of 46 samples collected from the Arikaree aquifer, arsenic concentrations exceeded the MCL of 50 micrograms per liter.\r\n\r\nThe White River aquifer, where present, is usually the shallowest source of ground water in Mellette County. The White River aquifer also is used in northern Todd County where the Ogallala and Arikaree aquifers are not present. The White River aquifer contains an estimated 50 million acre-feet of water in storage. Reported yields from the aquifer range from 1 to 30 gallons per minute, which generally is insufficient to support irrigation in most areas. However, yields are sufficient for livestock-watering and rural-domestic purposes.\r\n\r\nIn both counties, the Pierre Shale is the shallowest bedrock aquifer and is exposed at the land surface throughout most of Mellette County. This aquifer is used primarily in Mellette County. Although the aquifer contains an estimated maximum of 1.5 million acre-feet of water in storage, it is not a viable source of ground water because the aquifer is relatively impermeable, yields are low, and water usually can be obtained from","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nBranch of Information Services [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/wri984146","usgsCitation":"Carter, J., 1998, Water resources of Mellette and Todd counties, South Dakota: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 98-4146, iv, 68 p. :ill., maps (some col.) ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri984146.","productDescription":"iv, 68 p. :ill., maps (some col.) ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":2094,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/wri984146","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":157856,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e478ee4b07f02db489d2b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Carter, Janet M. 0000-0002-6376-3473","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6376-3473","contributorId":17637,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Carter","given":"Janet M.","affiliations":[{"id":34685,"text":"Dakota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":196523,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":28034,"text":"wri984234 - 1998 - An implicit dispersive transport algorithm for the US Geological Survey MOC3D solute-transport model","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-10-08T14:45:06","indexId":"wri984234","displayToPublicDate":"2000-12-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"98-4234","title":"An implicit dispersive transport algorithm for the US Geological Survey MOC3D solute-transport model","docAbstract":"This report documents an extension to the U.S. Geological Survey MOC3D transport model that incorporates an implicit-in-time difference approximation for the dispersive transport equation, including source/sink terms. The original MOC3D transport model (Version 1) uses the method of characteristics to solve the transport equation on the basis of the velocity field. The original MOC3D solution algorithm incorporates particle tracking to represent advective processes and an explicit finite-difference formulation to calculate dispersive fluxes. The new implicit procedure eliminates several stability criteria required for the previous explicit formulation. This allows much larger transport time increments to be used in dispersion-dominated problems. The decoupling of advective and dispersive transport in MOC3D, however, is unchanged. With the implicit extension, the MOC3D model is upgraded to Version 2. A description of the numerical method of the implicit dispersion calculation, the data-input requirements and output options, and the results of simulator testing and evaluation are presented. Version 2 of MOC3D was evaluated for the same set of problems used for verification of Version 1. These test results indicate that the implicit calculation of Version 2 matches the accuracy of Version 1, yet is more efficient than the explicit calculation for transport problems that are characterized by a grid Peclet number less than about 1.0.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/wri984234","usgsCitation":"Kipp, K., Konikow, L.F., and Hornberger, G., 1998, An implicit dispersive transport algorithm for the US Geological Survey MOC3D solute-transport model: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 98-4234, vii, 54 p. , https://doi.org/10.3133/wri984234.","productDescription":"vii, 54 p. ","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":125157,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/wri_98_4234.jpg"},{"id":2119,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://water.usgs.gov/nrp/gwsoftware/moc3d/doc/moc3dv2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b1be4b07f02db6a8eb4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kipp, K.L. Jr.","contributorId":31024,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kipp","given":"K.L.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":199101,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Konikow, Leonard F. 0000-0002-0940-3856 lkonikow@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0940-3856","contributorId":158,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Konikow","given":"Leonard","email":"lkonikow@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[{"id":436,"text":"National Research Program - Eastern Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":199102,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hornberger, G.Z.","contributorId":71582,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hornberger","given":"G.Z.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":199103,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":25450,"text":"wri984147 - 1998 - Dissolved organic carbon concentrations and compositions, and trihalomethane formation potentials in waters from agricultural peat soils, Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta, California; implications for drinking-water quality","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-01-13T21:26:08.412896","indexId":"wri984147","displayToPublicDate":"2000-12-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"98-4147","title":"Dissolved organic carbon concentrations and compositions, and trihalomethane formation potentials in waters from agricultural peat soils, Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta, California; implications for drinking-water quality","docAbstract":"Water exported from the Sacramento-San Joaquin River delta (Delta) is an important drinking-water source for more than 20 million people in California. At times, this water contains elevated concentrations of dissolved organic carbon and bromide, and exceeds the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's maximum contaminant level for trihalomethanes of 0.100 milligrams per liter if chlorinated for drinking water. About 20 to 50 percent of the trihalomethane precursors to Delta waters originates from drainage water from peat soils on Delta islands. This report elucidates some of the factors and processes controlling and affecting the concentration and quality of dissolved organic carbon released from peat soils and relates the propensity of dissolved organic carbon to form trihalomethanes to its chemical composition.
Soil water was sampled from near-surface, oxidized, well-decomposed peat soil (upper soil zone) and deeper, reduced, fibrous peat soil (lower soil zone) from one agricultural field in the west central Delta over 1 year. Concentrations of dissolved organic carbon in the upper soil zone were highly variable, with median concentrations ranging from 46.4 to 83.2 milligrams per liter. Concentrations of dissolved organic carbon in samples from the lower soil zone were much less variable and generally slightly higher than samples from the upper soil zone, with median concentrations ranging from 49.3 to 82.3 milligrams per liter.
The dissolved organic carbon from the lower soil zone had significantly higher aromaticity (as measured by specific ultraviolet absorbance) and contained significantly greater amounts of aromatic humic substances (as measured by XAD resin fractionation and carbon-13 nuclear magnetic resonance analysis of XAD isolates) than the dissolved organic carbon from the upper soil zone. These results support the conclusion that more aromatic forms of dissolved organic carbon are produced under anaerobic conditions compared to aerobic conditions. Dissolved organic carbon concentration, trihalomethane formation potential, and ultraviolet absorbance were all highly correlated, showing that trihalomethane precursors increased with increasing dissolved organic carbon and ultraviolet absorbance for whole water samples. Contrary to the generally accepted conceptual model for trihalomethane formation that assumes that aromatic forms of carbon are primary precursors to trihalomethanes, results from this study indicate that dissolved organic carbon aromaticity appears unrelated to trihalomethane formation on a carbon-normalized basis. Thus, dissolved organic carbon aromaticity alone cannot fully explain or predict trihalomethane precursor content, and further investigation of aromatic and nonaromatic forms of carbon will be needed to better identify trihalomethane precursors.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri984147","usgsCitation":"Fujii, R., Ranalli, A.J., Aiken, G.R., and Bergamaschi, B., 1998, Dissolved organic carbon concentrations and compositions, and trihalomethane formation potentials in waters from agricultural peat soils, Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta, California; implications for drinking-water quality: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 98-4147, vi, 75 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri984147.","productDescription":"vi, 75 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":411922,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_49001.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":1832,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/wri984147","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":157314,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -121.6575,\n 38.1083\n ],\n [\n -121.6575,\n 38.1028\n ],\n [\n -121.6444,\n 38.1028\n ],\n [\n -121.6444,\n 38.1083\n ],\n [\n -121.6575,\n 38.1083\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a81e4b07f02db64a23f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Fujii, Roger rfujii@usgs.gov","contributorId":553,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fujii","given":"Roger","email":"rfujii@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":193743,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ranalli, Anthony J. tranalli@usgs.gov","contributorId":1195,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ranalli","given":"Anthony","email":"tranalli@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":193744,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Aiken, George R. 0000-0001-8454-0984 graiken@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8454-0984","contributorId":1322,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Aiken","given":"George","email":"graiken@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":191,"text":"Colorado Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":193745,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Bergamaschi, Brian A. 0000-0002-9610-5581","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9610-5581","contributorId":73241,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bergamaschi","given":"Brian A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":193746,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":30643,"text":"wri984157 - 1998 - A demonstration of the instream flow incremental methodology, Shenandoah River, Virginia","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-12-14T22:46:19.915735","indexId":"wri984157","displayToPublicDate":"2000-12-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"98-4157","title":"A demonstration of the instream flow incremental methodology, Shenandoah River, Virginia","docAbstract":"Current and projected demands on the water resources of the Shenandoah River have increased concerns for the potential effect of these demands on the natural integrity of the Shenandoah River system. The Instream Flow Incremental Method (IFIM) process attempts to integrate concepts of water-supply planning, analytical hydraulic engineering models, and empirically derived habitat versus flow functions to address water-use and instream-flow issues and questions concerning life-stage specific effects on selected species and the general well being of aquatic biological populations.
The demonstration project also sets the stage for the identification and compilation of the major instream-flow issues in the Shenandoah River Basin, development of the required multidisciplinary technical team to conduct more detailed studies, and development of basin specific habitat and flow requirements for fish species, species assemblages, and various water uses in the Shenandoah River Basin. This report presents the results of an IFIM demonstration project, conducted on the main stem Shenandoah River in Virginia, during 1996 and 1997, using the Physical Habitat Simulation System (PHABSIM) model.
Output from PHABSIM is used to address the general flow requirements for water supply and recreation and habitat for selected life stages of several fish species. The model output is only a small part of the information necessary for effective decision making and management of river resources. The information by itself is usually insufficient for formulation of recommendations regarding instream-flow requirements. Additional information, for example, can be obtained by analysis of habitat time-series data, habitat duration data, and habitat bottlenecks. Alternative-flow analysis and habitat-duration curves are presented.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/wri984157","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Lord Fairfax Planning District Commission, Virginia","usgsCitation":"Zappia, H., and Hayes, D.C., 1998, A demonstration of the instream flow incremental methodology, Shenandoah River, Virginia: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 98-4157, 30 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri984157.","productDescription":"30 p.","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":614,"text":"Virginia Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":423596,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_49006.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":2973,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1998/4157//wri19984157.pdf","text":"Report","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"WRI 1998-4157"},{"id":159968,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1998/4157/coverthb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Virginia","otherGeospatial":"Shenandoah River basin","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -79.33658905603875,\n 38.41456174951526\n ],\n [\n -79.02504592132267,\n 37.933177982833385\n ],\n [\n -78.79944572032089,\n 37.87384164252218\n ],\n [\n -78.45567398546105,\n 38.37246240208174\n ],\n [\n -78.1978451843162,\n 38.742094621667945\n ],\n [\n -77.49955884788277,\n 39.24306997440718\n ],\n [\n -77.8111019825995,\n 39.367759204355025\n ],\n [\n -78.34824531831737,\n 39.168149842222135\n ],\n [\n -78.71350278660594,\n 38.90112041345566\n ],\n [\n -78.88538865403584,\n 38.77560324636198\n ],\n [\n -79.035788788037,\n 38.867670816954984\n ],\n [\n -79.22916038889504,\n 38.46504860450605\n ],\n [\n -79.33658905603875,\n 38.41456174951526\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Director, Virginia Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
1730 East Parham Road
Richmond, VA 23228
Water-quality and geohydrologic data were collected from 19 monitor wells and a stream in an agricultural area in southeastern Wisconsin. These sites were located along a 2,700-ft transect from a local ground-water high to the stream. The transect is approximately parallel to the horizontal direction of ground-water flow at the water table. Most of the wells were installed in unconsolidated deposits at five locations along the transect and include an upgradient well nest, a midgradient well nest, a downgradient well nest, wells in the lowland area near the stream, and wells installed in the stream bottom. The data collected from this study site were used to describe the water quality and geohydrology of the area and to explain and model the variations in water chemistry along selected ground-water flowpaths.
\nWater samples from most wells and the stream were analyzed for major ions, nutrients, pesticides, dissolved organic carbon, aluminum, tritium, CFCs, 15N, 18O, and dissolved gases. Measurements of temperature, pH, specific conductance, and dissolved oxygen were made in the field. Concentrations of all dissolved constituents were below Wisconsin ground-water quality enforcement standards. The concentrations of both nitrate and ammonium in precipitation concentrated by evapotranspiration are roughly equal to the concentrations of either in the shallow ground waters. The nitrogen and oxygen isotope data, however, indicate that soil ammonium, ammonium fertilizer, and animal waste are possible nitrate sources. Concentrated precipitation can also supply dissolved sulfate to the shallow ground waters and may be a principal source of pesticides to the ground water. However, some input of dissolved chloride to the ground water from mineral or anthropogenic sources is necessary.
\nX-ray diffraction analyses of samples from 2 cores show the most abundant mineral to be dolomite, with subordinate quartz, microclme, and plagioclase, and minor amounts of mica, hornblende, and chlorite. Hydraulic conductivities determined from slug tests at selected wells range from 0.006 to 55 feet per day, with most values between 0.4 and 12 feet per day.
\nA cross-sectional ground-water flow model, representing the water-table flow system, was developed for the site and was used to identify possible ground-water flowpaths for geocli^mical modeling. The model was calibrated against measured water levels and was most sensitive to variation in recharge and hydraulic conductivity. The calibrated model shows that downward flow from shallow to deeper wells within a nest may occur at the upgradient and midgradient well nests, but that flow from each well nest travels beneath downgradient nests to the stream. Pathline and travel-time analysis performed on the calibrated flow-model output yielded travel times to well screens that range from 5.8 to 59 years with a recharge of 4 inches per yr. Recharge dates based on tritium and CFC concentrations range from pre-1955 to 1986 and are consistent with flowpaths1 and travel times in the calibrated flow model.
\nChanges in water quality along ground-water flowpaths were evaluated using the geochemical model PHREEQC. Geochemical mole balance models of shallow ground-water formation show that the principal reaction, by an order of magnitude, is dissolution of dolomite with CO2 . Concentration factors in the mole-balance models range from 1 to 11, with most values between 5 and 10, which provides independent support for the concentration factor of 8 based on recharge estimates used in the flow model.
\nGround water recharging at mid- and downgradient wells is oxic and contains dissolved nitrate, whereas the ground water discharging to the stream is anoxic and contains dissolved ammonium. Redox environments were defined at each well on the basis of relative concentrations of various dissolved redox-active species. Chemically permissible flowpaths inferred from the observed sequence of redox environments at well sites are consistent with flowpaths in the ground-water flow model. The transition from nitrate in recharging ground water to ammonium in ground water discharging to the stream suggests the possibility of nitrate reduction along the flowpath. None of the techniques employed in this study, however, were able to prove the occurrence of this reaction.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri984179","usgsCitation":"Saad, D.A., and Thorstenson, D., 1998, Flow and geochemistry along shallow ground-water flowpaths in an agricultural area in southeastern Wisconsin: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 98-4179, viii, 62 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri984179.","productDescription":"viii, 62 p.","numberOfPages":"72","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":677,"text":"Wisconsin Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":58348,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1998/4179/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":2498,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/wri984179","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":122219,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1998/4179/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Michigan, Wisconsin","county":"Sheboygan County","otherGeospatial":"Lake Michigan","geographicExtents":"{\"type\":\"FeatureCollection\",\"features\":[{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"Polygon\",\"coordinates\":[[[-88.0416,43.892],[-87.9223,43.892],[-87.862,43.8913],[-87.8017,43.8919],[-87.7318,43.8928],[-87.7352,43.886],[-87.7373,43.8792],[-87.738,43.8733],[-87.7363,43.866],[-87.7327,43.8582],[-87.731,43.8522],[-87.7299,43.8449],[-87.7309,43.8317],[-87.7284,43.8057],[-87.7242,43.7975],[-87.718,43.791],[-87.7175,43.7846],[-87.7107,43.7773],[-87.7072,43.769],[-87.7047,43.7658],[-87.6978,43.763],[-87.6972,43.7607],[-87.7004,43.7594],[-87.7056,43.7558],[-87.7046,43.7462],[-87.7092,43.7381],[-87.71,43.7313],[-87.7039,43.7007],[-87.7055,43.687],[-87.707,43.6798],[-87.7116,43.6703],[-87.7143,43.6653],[-87.7209,43.6567],[-87.7288,43.6445],[-87.7412,43.6292],[-87.7523,43.6143],[-87.7561,43.6121],[-87.762,43.6045],[-87.7718,43.5918],[-87.7758,43.5864],[-87.7797,43.581],[-87.7856,43.5738],[-87.7908,43.5671],[-87.793,43.5534],[-87.7933,43.5434],[-87.8009,43.543],[-87.9215,43.5436],[-88.0402,43.5423],[-88.1608,43.5431],[-88.1601,43.6132],[-88.1597,43.6305],[-88.1599,43.7197],[-88.1608,43.8044],[-88.1622,43.8914],[-88.0416,43.892]]]},\"properties\":{\"name\":\"Sheboygan\",\"state\":\"WI\"}}]}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49d8e4b07f02db5df587","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Saad, D. A.","contributorId":85212,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Saad","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":201623,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Thorstenson, D.C.","contributorId":47377,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thorstenson","given":"D.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":201622,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":30156,"text":"wri984007 - 1998 - Determining discharge-coefficient ratings for selected coastal control structures in Broward and Palm Beach counties, Florida","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:50","indexId":"wri984007","displayToPublicDate":"2000-11-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"98-4007","title":"Determining discharge-coefficient ratings for selected coastal control structures in Broward and Palm Beach counties, Florida","docAbstract":"Discharges through 10 selected coastal control structures in Broward and Palm Beach Counties, Florida, are presently computed using the theoretical discharge-coefficient ratings developed from scale modeling, theoretical discharge coefficients, and some field calibrations whose accuracies for specific sites are unknown. To achieve more accurate discharge-coefficient ratings for the coastal control structures, field discharge measurements were taken with an Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler at the coastal control structures under a variety of flow conditions. These measurements were used to determine computed discharge-coefficient ratings for the coastal control structures under different flow regimes: submerged orifice flow, submerged weir flow, free orifice flow, and free weir flow. Theoretical and computed discharge-coefficient ratings for submerged orifice and weir flows were determined at seven coastal control structures, and discharge ratings for free orifice and weir flows were determined at three coastal control structures. The difference between the theoretical and computed discharge-coefficient ratings varied from structure to structure. The theoretical and computed dischargecoefficient ratings for submerged orifice flow were within 10 percent at four of seven coastal control structures; however, differences greater than 20 percent were found at two of the seven structures. The theoretical and computed discharge-coefficient ratings for submerged weir flow were within 10 percent at three of seven coastal control structures; however, differences greater than 20 percent were found at four of the seven coastal control structures. The difference between theoretical and computed discharge-coefficient ratings for free orifice and free weir flows ranged from 5 to 32 percent. Some differences between the theoretical and computed discharge-coefficient ratings could be better defined with more data collected over a greater distribution of measuring conditions.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nBranch of Information Services [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/wri984007","usgsCitation":"Tillis, G., and Swain, E., 1998, Determining discharge-coefficient ratings for selected coastal control structures in Broward and Palm Beach counties, Florida: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 98-4007, iv, 37 p. :ill. (some col.) ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri984007.","productDescription":"iv, 37 p. :ill. (some col.) ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":2397,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/wri984007/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":159258,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4aa8e4b07f02db667418","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Tillis, G.M.","contributorId":53840,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tillis","given":"G.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":202782,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Swain, E.D. 0000-0001-7168-708X","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7168-708X","contributorId":29007,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Swain","given":"E.D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":202781,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":26039,"text":"wri984149 - 1998 - Lake Hickory, North Carolina: Analysis of ambient conditions and simulation of hydrodynamics, constituent transport, and water-quality characteristics, 1993-94","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-02-03T22:42:42.462927","indexId":"wri984149","displayToPublicDate":"2000-10-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"98-4149","title":"Lake Hickory, North Carolina: Analysis of ambient conditions and simulation of hydrodynamics, constituent transport, and water-quality characteristics, 1993-94","docAbstract":"From January 1993 through March 1994, circulation patterns and water- quality characteristics in Lake Hickory varied seasonally and were strongly influenced by inflows from Rhodhiss Dam. The upper, riverine portion of Lake Hickory was unstratified during much of the study period. Downstream from the headwaters to Oxford Dam, Lake Hickory thermally stratified during the summer of 1993. During stratification, releases from Rhodhiss Dam plunged beneath the warmer surface waters of Lake Hickory and moved through the reservoir as interflow. During fall and winter, Lake Hickory was characterized by alternating periods of mixing and weak stratification.\r\n\r\nWater-quality conditions in the headwaters of Lake Hickory were largely driven by conditions in water being released from Rhodhiss Dam. In general, water clarity increased, and concentrations of suspended solids, phosphorus, and summertime chlorophyll a decreased in a downstream direction from the headwaters of Lake Hickory to Oxford Dam. Two chlorophyll a samples from the upper portion of Lake Hickory exceeded the North Carolina water-quality standard of 40 micrograms per liter during the investigation. Downstream from the headwaters, dissolved oxygen was rapidly depleted from Lake Hickory bottom waters beginning in May 1993, and anoxic conditions persisted in the hypolimnion throughout the summer. During summer stratification, concentrations of nitrite plus nitrate, ammonia, and orthophosphate were low in the epilimnion, but concentrations of ammonia near the bottom of the reservoir increased as the hypolimnion became anoxic.\r\n\r\nConcentrations of fecal coliform bacteria exceeded 200 colonies per 100 milliliters in only one of 60 samples collected from Lake Hickory. In contrast, concentrations of fecal coliform bacteria exceeded 200 colonies per 100 milliliters in 40 percent of samples collected from the Upper Little River, and in 60 percent of samples collected from the Middle Little River, two tributaries to Lake Hickory.\r\n\r\nLoad estimates for the period April 1993 through March 1994 indicated that releases from Rhodhiss Dam accounted for most of the suspended solids, nitrogen, and phosphorus entering the headwaters of Lake Hickory. Loads of nitrogen and phosphorus from point-source discharges were potentially important, but loads of suspended solids from these discharges were insignificant relative to other sources.\r\n\r\nThe CE-QUAL-W2 model was applied to Lake Hickory from the U.S. Highway 321 bridge to Oxford Dam?a distance of 22 kilometers?and was calibrated by using data collected from April 1993 through March 1994. During the simulation period, measured water levels varied a total of 1.14 meters, and water temperatures ranged from 4 to 31 degrees Celsius. The calibrated model provided good agreement between measured and simulated water levels at Oxford Dam. Likewise, simulated water temperatures were generally within 1 degree Celsius of measured values; however, water temperatures were oversimulated for the fall of 1993. Simulated dissolved oxygen concentrations generally agreed with measurements; however, the model tended to oversimulate dissolved oxygen concentrations during the late summer and early fall. There was good agreement between simulated and measured frequency of occurrence of dissolved oxygen concentrations less than 4 milligrams per liter.\r\n\r\nSimulations of tracer dye releases demonstrated the effects of stratification on dilution and rate of transport in Lake Hickory. Simulations were made of the effects of changes in nutrient loads from inflows and from bottom sediments. A simulated 30-percent reduction in inflow concentrations of orthophosphate, ammonia, and nitrate at the U.S. Highway 321 bridge delayed the initial springtime pulse of algal growth by about 2 weeks, but had little effect on dissolved oxygen concentrations. Likewise, a reduction in the release rate of orthophosphate and ammonia from bottom sediments had very little effect on simulated algae","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri984149","usgsCitation":"Bales, J., and Giorgino, M., 1998, Lake Hickory, North Carolina: Analysis of ambient conditions and simulation of hydrodynamics, constituent transport, and water-quality characteristics, 1993-94: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 98-4149, vi, 62 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri984149.","productDescription":"vi, 62 p.","costCenters":[{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":395424,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_49002.htm"},{"id":158471,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1998/4149/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":95576,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1998/4149/report.pdf","size":"20471","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"North Carolina","otherGeospatial":"Lake Hickory, Rhodhiss Dam","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -81.7657470703125,\n 35.567980458012094\n ],\n [\n -81.8756103515625,\n 35.536696378395035\n ],\n [\n -82.0074462890625,\n 35.572448615622804\n ],\n [\n -82.0623779296875,\n 35.585851593232356\n ],\n [\n -82.16812133789062,\n 35.54060755592023\n ],\n [\n -82.22579956054688,\n 35.59255224089235\n ],\n [\n -82.24159240722656,\n 35.65729624809628\n ],\n [\n -82.20794677734374,\n 35.74818410650582\n ],\n [\n -82.08915710449219,\n 35.801664652427895\n ],\n [\n -82.02598571777344,\n 35.81001773806242\n ],\n [\n -81.96418762207031,\n 35.821153818963175\n ],\n [\n -81.95594787597656,\n 35.92019610057511\n ],\n [\n -81.95182800292969,\n 35.98078444581272\n ],\n [\n -81.903076171875,\n 36.053540128339755\n ],\n [\n -81.8536376953125,\n 36.05798104702501\n ],\n [\n -81.76712036132812,\n 36.055760619006755\n ],\n [\n -81.71905517578125,\n 36.04021586880111\n ],\n [\n -81.66824340820312,\n 35.98245135784044\n ],\n [\n -81.5679931640625,\n 35.9157474194997\n ],\n [\n -81.31393432617188,\n 35.95911138558121\n ],\n [\n -81.26998901367188,\n 36.03244234269516\n ],\n [\n -81.19171142578125,\n 36.0779620797358\n ],\n [\n -81.08322143554688,\n 36.06353184297193\n ],\n [\n -80.79620361328125,\n 35.89350026142572\n ],\n [\n -80.71929931640624,\n 35.69299463209881\n ],\n [\n -80.7275390625,\n 35.53110865111194\n ],\n [\n -80.8978271484375,\n 35.46514408578589\n ],\n [\n -81.12648010253906,\n 35.460669951495305\n ],\n [\n -81.2384033203125,\n 35.567980458012094\n ],\n [\n -81.3922119140625,\n 35.58138418324621\n ],\n [\n -81.595458984375,\n 35.59925232772949\n ],\n [\n -81.7657470703125,\n 35.567980458012094\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b27e4b07f02db6b0f3c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bales, J. D.","contributorId":21569,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bales","given":"J. D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":195689,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Giorgino, M. J.","contributorId":97149,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Giorgino","given":"M.","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":195690,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":29173,"text":"wri984080 - 1998 - Documentation of UCODE; a computer code for universal inverse modeling","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:49","indexId":"wri984080","displayToPublicDate":"2000-09-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"98-4080","title":"Documentation of UCODE; a computer code for universal inverse modeling","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey :\r\nBranch of Information Services [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/wri984080","usgsCitation":"Poeter, E.P., and Hill, M.C., 1998, Documentation of UCODE; a computer code for universal inverse modeling: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 98-4080, vi, 116 p. :ill. ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri984080.","productDescription":"vi, 116 p. :ill. ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":2345,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/wri984080","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":95749,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1998/4080/report.pdf","size":"7409","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":159363,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1998/4080/report-thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a6be4b07f02db63d783","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Poeter, E. P.","contributorId":63851,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Poeter","given":"E.","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":201082,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hill, M. C.","contributorId":48993,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hill","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":201081,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":26133,"text":"wri984081 - 1998 - Hydrogeology, water quality, and geochemistry of the Rush Springs aquifer, western Oklahoma","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:29","indexId":"wri984081","displayToPublicDate":"2000-09-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"98-4081","title":"Hydrogeology, water quality, and geochemistry of the Rush Springs aquifer, western Oklahoma","docAbstract":"The Rush Springs aquifer, in western Oklahoma, is equivalent to the Permian-age Rush Springs Formation. It is composed of very fine-grained to fine-grained sandstone that is massive to highly cross-bedded and is underlain by less-permeable Marlow Formation. Reported irrigation well yields exceed 1,000 gallons per minute; yields reported on 89 drillers' logs ranged from 11 to 850 gallons per minute. Transmissivities range from 670 to 1,870 feet squared per day. Specific yields for core samples range from 0.13 to 0.34. Estimates of hydraulic conductivities at one site ranged from 1.05 to 5.62 feet per day. The Rush Springs aquifer is recharged by infiltration of precipitation, ranging from 0.2 to more than 2 inches per year. Discharge is primarily to streams and rivers where the Rush Springs aquifer crops. Estimated total withdrawal was 54.7 million gallons per day in 1990. Over 42 million gallons per day, or 77.8 percent of water withdrawn, was used for irrigation of crops.\r\nThirty-five of the 64 wells sampled produced nitrate concentration that equaled or exceeded drinking water standards. Sulfate concentration also exceeds the drinking water standards in some areas. Two major water types occur in the aquifer, a calcium-magnesium bicarbonate type and a calcium sulfate type. Dissolved solids concentrations in water samples from the aquifer ranged from 52 to 1,840 milligrams per liter. \r\n\r\nThe chemical composition of ground water in the Rush Springs aquifer is the result of chemical reactions between the recharge waters and minerals in the overlying soils and rocks in the Rush Springs and Marlow Formations. Saturation indices of minerals were calculated for 64 water-quality analyses using the geochemical computer model WATEQF. Mass transfer rates were calculated using the mass-balance model NETPATH.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey, Water Resources Division ;\r\nBranch of Information Services [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/wri984081","usgsCitation":"Becker, M., and Runkle, D., 1998, Hydrogeology, water quality, and geochemistry of the Rush Springs aquifer, western Oklahoma: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 98-4081, iv, 37 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri984081.","productDescription":"iv, 37 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":95585,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1998/4081/report.pdf","size":"3456","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":158228,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1998/4081/report-thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ad6e4b07f02db68423c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Becker, M.F.","contributorId":103708,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Becker","given":"M.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":195870,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Runkle, D. L.","contributorId":57081,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Runkle","given":"D. L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":195869,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":28818,"text":"wri984089 - 1998 - Effects of hydrologic, biological, and environmental processes on sources and concentrations of fecal bacteria in the Cuyahoga River, with implications for management of recreational waters in Summit and Cuyahoga Counties, Ohio","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-11-07T10:26:55","indexId":"wri984089","displayToPublicDate":"2000-09-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"98-4089","title":"Effects of hydrologic, biological, and environmental processes on sources and concentrations of fecal bacteria in the Cuyahoga River, with implications for management of recreational waters in Summit and Cuyahoga Counties, Ohio","docAbstract":"Discharges of fecal bacteria (fecal coliform bacteria and Escherichia coli ) to the middle main stem of the Cuyahoga River from storm water, combined sewers, and incompletely disinfected wastewater have resulted in frequent exceedances of bacteriological water-quality standards in a 23-mile reach of the river that flows through the Cuyahoga Valley National Recreation Area. Contamination of the middle main stem of the Cuyahoga River by bacteria of fecal origin and subsequent transport to downstream areas where water-contact recreation is an important use of the river are a concern because of the potential public-health risk from the presence of enteric pathogens.
Independent field investigations of bacterial decay, dilution, dispersion, transport, and sources, and bacterial contamination of streambed sediments, were completed in 1991-93 during periods of rainfall and runoff. The highest concentration of fecal coliform bacteria observed in the middle main stem during three transport studies exceeded the single-sample fecal coliform standard applicable to primary-contact recreation by a factor of approximately 1,300 and exceeded the Escherichia coli standard by a factor of approximately 8,000. The geometric-mean concentrations of fecal bacteria in the middle main stem were 6.7 to 12.3 times higher than geometric-mean concentrations in the monitored tributaries, and 1.8 to 7.0 times larger than the geometric-mean concentrations discharged from the Akron Water Pollution Control Station.
Decay rates of fecal bacteria measured in field studies in 1992 ranged from 0.0018 per hour to 0.0372 per hour for fecal coliform bacteria and from 0.0022 per hour to 0.0407 per hour for Escherichia coli. Most of the decay rates measured in June and August were significantly higher than decay rates measured in April and October. Results of field studies demonstrated that concentrations of fecal coliform bacteria were 1.2 to 58 times higher in streambed sediments than in the overlying water. Sediments are likely to be a relatively less important source of fecal bacteria during rainfall and runoff in the middle main stem relative to bacterial loading from point sources.
Numerical streamflow and transport simulation models were calibrated and verified with data collected during field studies. Of the constituents modeled, bacteria exhibited the poorest correspondence between observed and simulated values. The simulation results for a dye tracer indicated that the model reasonably reproduced the timing of dissolved constituents as well as dilution and dispersion effects. Calibrated and verified models for 1991 and 1992 data sets were used to simulate the improvements to bacteriological water quality that might result from reductions in concentrations of fecal bacteria discharged from two major sources.
The model simulation resulting in the greatest improvement in bacteriological water-quality was one in which concentrations of fecal coliform bacteria and Escherichia coli were reduced by 90 percent in the Cuyahoga River at the Old Portage gaging station, and to geometric-mean bathing-water standards in the effluent of the Akron Water Pollution Control Station (BWS/90 scenario). Compared to the results of the base-simulation, when the BWS/90 scenario was applied in the 1991 model simulation, Escherichia coli concentrations were reduced 98.5 percent at Botzum, 97.5 percent at Jaite, and 91.1 percent at Independence. For 1992 model simulations, similar percent reductions in the concentrations of Escherichia coli were predicted at the three stream sites when the same reductions were applied to sources. None of the model simulations resulted in attainment of bacteriological water-quality standards.
The potential benefits of source reductions to human health and recreational uses were estimated by comparing the number of illnesses per 1,000 people from concentrations of Escherichia coli associated with the BWS/90 simulation, with the base simulation, and with the geometric-mean standard for Escherichia coli. The predicted 22 to 26 illnesses per 1,000 people predicted by the E. coli concentrations resulting from BWS/90 simulation are 2.8 to 3.3 times higher than the 8 illnesses per 1,000 people associated with the geometric-mean primary-contact water-quality standard for Escherichia coli. Risks associated with the base simulation are 4.6 to 4.9 times higher than that associated with the geometric-mean primary- contact water-quality standard for Escherichia coli. The illness risks predicted from the BWS/90 scenario, although larger than acceptable, would nevertheless be an improvement over conditions that were encountered during field studies in 1991-93.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Columbus, OH","doi":"10.3133/wri984089","usgsCitation":"Myers, D.N., Koltun, G., and Francy, D.S., 1998, Effects of hydrologic, biological, and environmental processes on sources and concentrations of fecal bacteria in the Cuyahoga River, with implications for management of recreational waters in Summit and Cuyahoga Counties, Ohio: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 98-4089, v, 45 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri984089.","productDescription":"v, 45 p.","numberOfPages":"56","costCenters":[{"id":513,"text":"Ohio Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":159628,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":330804,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1998/4089/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Ohio","county":"Cuyahoga County, Summit County","geographicExtents":"{\"type\":\"FeatureCollection\",\"features\":[{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"Polygon\",\"coordinates\":[[[-81.3908,41.57],[-81.391,41.4452],[-81.3756,41.4455],[-81.3746,41.4337],[-81.3747,41.4247],[-81.3919,41.4248],[-81.3914,41.4144],[-81.3915,41.4116],[-81.3919,41.3485],[-81.392,41.3413],[-81.3918,41.1983],[-81.3932,41.0663],[-81.3932,40.9887],[-81.4164,40.9889],[-81.4201,40.9064],[-81.648,40.9145],[-81.6477,40.9884],[-81.6885,40.9887],[-81.6845,41.2772],[-81.7848,41.2765],[-81.8777,41.2747],[-81.877,41.3505],[-81.9713,41.3513],[-81.9697,41.4784],[-81.9683,41.5047],[-81.9591,41.5006],[-81.9469,41.496],[-81.9395,41.4946],[-81.9316,41.4923],[-81.9144,41.4895],[-81.8807,41.4862],[-81.8709,41.4857],[-81.863,41.4861],[-81.8501,41.4869],[-81.8427,41.4901],[-81.8354,41.49],[-81.8249,41.4936],[-81.8145,41.4954],[-81.7985,41.4976],[-81.7911,41.4966],[-81.7807,41.4952],[-81.7685,41.4924],[-81.7489,41.4887],[-81.7391,41.4913],[-81.7385,41.4913],[-81.7243,41.4967],[-81.7163,41.4998],[-81.7101,41.5052],[-81.7033,41.5079],[-81.6953,41.5124],[-81.6879,41.5164],[-81.6824,41.5196],[-81.6743,41.5223],[-81.6676,41.5249],[-81.6602,41.5281],[-81.6521,41.5325],[-81.6348,41.5433],[-81.6212,41.5514],[-81.6151,41.5536],[-81.6076,41.5595],[-81.6027,41.5631],[-81.5959,41.5676],[-81.5891,41.5716],[-81.5841,41.5756],[-81.5705,41.5837],[-81.563,41.5891],[-81.5581,41.5936],[-81.5512,41.599],[-81.5432,41.6044],[-81.5364,41.6094],[-81.5314,41.6143],[-81.5234,41.617],[-81.5129,41.6205],[-81.5017,41.625],[-81.4919,41.6294],[-81.4888,41.6317],[-81.4878,41.5699],[-81.3908,41.57]]]},\"properties\":{\"name\":\"Cuyahoga\",\"state\":\"OH\"}}]}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a29e4b07f02db611ef1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Myers, Donna N. 0000-0001-6359-2865 dnmyers@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6359-2865","contributorId":512,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Myers","given":"Donna","email":"dnmyers@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[{"id":503,"text":"Office of Water Quality","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":200446,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Koltun, G. F. 0000-0003-0255-2960","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0255-2960","contributorId":49817,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Koltun","given":"G. F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":200445,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Francy, Donna S. 0000-0001-9229-3557 dsfrancy@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9229-3557","contributorId":1853,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Francy","given":"Donna","email":"dsfrancy@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":513,"text":"Ohio Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":35860,"text":"Ohio-Kentucky-Indiana Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":200447,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":29616,"text":"wri974136 - 1998 - Areas contributing ground water to the Peconic Estuary, and ground-water budgets for the north and south forks and Shelter Island, eastern Suffolk County, New York","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:58","indexId":"wri974136","displayToPublicDate":"2000-09-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"97-4136","title":"Areas contributing ground water to the Peconic Estuary, and ground-water budgets for the north and south forks and Shelter Island, eastern Suffolk County, New York","docAbstract":"The Peconic Estuary, at the eastern end of Long Island, has been plagued by a recurrent algal bloom, locally referred to as ?Brown Tide,? that has caused the severe decline of local marine resources. Although the factors that trigger Brown Tide blooms remain uncertain, groundwater discharge has previously been shown to affect surface-water quality in the western part of the estuary. A U.S. Geological Survey groundwater- flow model of the main body of Long Island indicates that a total of about 7.5 x 106 ft3/d (cubic feet per day) of freshwater discharges to the western part of the estuary, but the model does not include the ground-water flow systems on the North and South Forks and Shelter Island, which contribute significant amounts of freshwater to the central and eastern parts of the estuary. The need for information on freshwater discharge to the entire estuary prompted the U.S. Geological Survey to evaluate ground-water discharge from the North and South Forks and Shelter Island. Source areas that contribute ground water to the Peconic Estuary were delineated, and groundwater budgets for these areas were developed, to evaluate the distribution and magnitude of ground-water discharge to the central and eastern parts of the estuary. Contributing-area boundaries that were delineated coincide with the hydraulic boundaries of the fresh ground-water-flow systems of the North and South Forks and Shelter Island; these boundaries are of two types? external (saltwater bodies) and internal (groundwater divides). Hydrologic components that were evaluated include recharge from precipitation, public-supply withdrawal and return flow, and agricultural withdrawal. Values for each of these components were calculated or estimated for the individual freshwater flow subsystems that form each ground-water-budget area, then summed to obtain the total discharge of fresh ground water to tidewater. Ground-water discharge to the Peconic Estuary is about 3.8 x 106 ft3/d from the North Fork, 11 x 106 ft3/d from the South Fork, and 1.7 x 106 ft3/d from Shelter Island. The total contribution to the estuary from these areas is about 16 x 106 ft3/d?roughly twice the total contribution from the main body of Long Island. In contrast to the freshwater contribution from the main body of Long Island, which is concentrated near the head of the estuary, the contributions from the North and South Forks and Shelter Island are distributed along the east-west length of the estuary. Changes in water-table altitude and the resulting changes in total discharge to the Peconic Estuary were estimated from the relative changes in annual mean water level at observation wells. The 1985-95 interval included 7 years (1985-88, 1991- 92, 1995) of generally below-average water-table altitudes that presumably caused similar decreases in ground-water discharge to the estuary; intense Brown Tide blooms coincided with six of these years (1985-88, 1991, 1995), and localized blooms coincided with the remaining year (1992). Watertable altitudes in the remaining 4 years of the 1985-95 interval (1989-90, 1993-94) were nearly average or above average, and presumably produced comparably near-average or increased amounts of ground-water discharge to the estuary; none of these years saw any widespread Brown Tide blooms. Fluctuations in the amounts of ground-water discharge to the estuary appear to affect the occurrence of Brown Tide blooms, although the factors that trigger the blooms have not been determined.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nBranch of Information Services [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/wri974136","usgsCitation":"Schubert, C., 1998, Areas contributing ground water to the Peconic Estuary, and ground-water budgets for the north and south forks and Shelter Island, eastern Suffolk County, New York: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 97-4136, iv, 36 p. ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri974136.","productDescription":"iv, 36 p. ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":125106,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1997/4136/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":58440,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1997/4136/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4abce4b07f02db673127","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Schubert, C.E.","contributorId":87576,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schubert","given":"C.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":201821,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":28845,"text":"wri984088 - 1998 - Estimate of aquifer properties by numerically simulating ground-water/surface-water interactions, Fort Wainwright, Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-01-10T20:13:38.455276","indexId":"wri984088","displayToPublicDate":"2000-09-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"98-4088","title":"Estimate of aquifer properties by numerically simulating ground-water/surface-water interactions, Fort Wainwright, Alaska","docAbstract":"MODFLOW, a finite-difference model of ground-water flow, was used to simulate the flow of water between the aquifer and the Chena River at Fort Wainwright, Alaska. The model was calibrated by comparing simulated ground-water hydrographs to those recorded in wells during periods of fluctuating river levels. The best fit between simulated and observed hydrographs occurred for the following: 20 feet per day for vertical hydraulic conductivity, 400 feet per day for horizontal hydraulic conductivity, 1:20 for anisotropy (vertical to horizontal hydraulic conductivity), and 350 per feet for riverbed conductance. These values include a 30 percent adjustment for geometry effects. The estimated values for hydraulic conductivities of the alluvium are based on assumed values of 0.25 for specific yield and 0.000001 per foot for specific storage of the alluvium; the values assumed for bedrock are 0.1 foot per day horizontal hydraulic conductivity, 0.005 foot per day vertical hydraulic conductivity, and 0.0000001 per foot for specific storage. The resulting diffusivity for the alluvial aquifer is 1,600 feet per day. The estimated values of these hydraulic properties are nearly proportional to the assumed value of specific yield. These values were not found to be sensitive to the assumed values for bedrock. The hydrologic parameters estimated using the cross-sectional model are only valid when taken in context with the other values (both estimated and assumed) used in this study. The model simulates horizontal and vertical flow directions near the river during periods of varying river stage. This information is useful for interpreting bank-storage effects, including the flow of contaminants in the aquifer near the river.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri984088","usgsCitation":"Nakanishi, A.S., and Lilly, M.R., 1998, Estimate of aquifer properties by numerically simulating ground-water/surface-water interactions, Fort Wainwright, Alaska: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 98-4088, iv, 35 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri984088.","productDescription":"iv, 35 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":411659,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_48962.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":95729,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1998/4088/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":158940,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1998/4088/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Fort Wainwright","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -147.6667,\n 64.8558\n ],\n [\n -147.6667,\n 64.8144\n ],\n [\n -147.5667,\n 64.8144\n ],\n [\n -147.5667,\n 64.8558\n ],\n [\n -147.6667,\n 64.8558\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a0ee4b07f02db5fdd09","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Nakanishi, Allen S.","contributorId":70022,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nakanishi","given":"Allen","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":200497,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lilly, Michael R.","contributorId":65494,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lilly","given":"Michael","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":200496,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ]}