The great Alaska earthquake of March 27, 1964, brought into sharp focus the need for engineering geologic studies in seismically active regions. As a result, nine communities in southeastern Alaska were selected for reconnaissance investigations as an integral part of an overall program to evaluate earthquake and other geologic hazards in most of the larger Alaska coastal communities. This report gives background information on the regional and other general factors that bear on these evaluations.
Southeastern Alaska, about 525 miles long and averaging about 125 miles in width, consists of a narrow mainland strip and numerous islands. For the most part, it is a region of rugged relief with numerous glaciers capping many of the higher mountainous areas and with long linear fiords forming the inland waterways. A maritime climate prevails with mild winters and cool summers. The southeastern part of the region receives the highest precipitation in the continental United States. Ketchikan, with a population of 6,994 in 1970, is the largest city. Geology and structure of the area are complex. Igneous, metamorphic, and sedimentary rocks crop out and range in age from Paleozoic to Tertiary. Surficial deposits of Pleistocene and Holocene age mantle many areas.
All of southeastern Alaska, except probably the highest peaks, was covered by glacier ice advances of late Pleistocene age. Major deglaciation was well advanced by 10,000 years ago--a time which approximately marks the end of the Pleistocene and the beginning of the Holocene. There followed a period of warm climate called the Hypsithermal, which in southeastern Alaska began 7,000-8,000 years ago and ended about 4,800-3,500 years ago. Glaciers in most places receded back of their present positions. The Hypsithermal was followed by an interval (termed Neoglaciation) of cooler climate and resurgence of glacier ice which continues to the present, although most glaciers are now rapidly receding.
During the past 10,000 years worldwide sea level has risen about 100 feet, but during the past 4,000 years it has risen only about 10 feet or about 0.03 inch per year. With sea level used as a datum, the amount of sea-level rise must be added to the apparent uplift of land for the time under consideration to determine the actual amount of land uplift.
The widespread presence of emergent marine deposits, several hundred feet above sea level, demonstrates that the land in southeastern Alaska has been uplifted since the last major deglaciation. The greatest known has been uplifted since the last major deglaciation. The greatest known uplift is in the vicinity of Juneau where glaciomarine deposits are present 750 feet above present sea level. Part of southeastern Alaska is presently undergoing one of the most rapid rates of uplift of any place in the world. The fastest emergence is occurring in the Glacier Bay area where the land is being uplifted relative to sea level approximately 3.9 cm per year. Most or all of the uplift appears to be due to rebound as a result of deglaciation.
Southeastern Alaska lies within the circum-Pacific earthquake belt, one of the world's greatest zones of seismic activity. During historic time, there have been five earthquakes in the region with magnitudes of 8 or greater, three with magnitudes of 7 to 8, eight with magnitudes of 6 to 7, more than 15 with magnitudes of 5 to 6, and about 140 recorded earthquakes with magnitudes smaller than 5 or of unassigned magnitudes. All of the earthquakes with magnitudes 8 or greater, and a large proportion of the others, appear to be related to the active Fairweather- Queen Charlotte Islands fault system or its western extension, the Chugach-St. Elias fault. Earthquake epicenters on the Denali fault system, the other major fault system in southeastern Alaska, are few in comparison. However, because high microearthquake activity has been recorded recently on this system and earthquakes of moderate size have occurred on some of its segments, the Denali fault system probably should not be dismissed as a relict fault system of no current tectonic importance. There are numerous other known faults, as well as lineaments that may be faults of varying degrees of tectonic activity in southeastern Alaska, adjacent Canada, and eastern Alaska. One of these elements is the Totschunda fault system, which connects with the Denali fault system in eastern Alaska; it has been very active during Holocene time but few historical earthquake epicenters appear to be related to it.
Both historical seismicity and geologic conditions, such as frequency and recency of faulting, must be considered together to permit an assessment of the future earthquake probability of an area. Data are too few for both factors for an accurate evaluation to be made of earthquake probability in southeastern Alaska. However, information compiled in the form of strain-release and seismic-zone maps permit some generalizations. Thus, it is tentatively concluded that most, if not all, of southeastern Alaska should be placed in seismic zone 3, a zone in which earthquakes of magnitude greater than 6 will occur from time to time and where there may be major damage to manmade structures.
Inferred effects from future earthquakes in southeastern Alaska include: (1) surface displacement along faults and other tectonic land-level changes, (2) ground shaking, (3) compaction, (4) liquefaction in cohesionless materials, (5) reaction of sensitive and quick clays, (6) water-sediment ejection and associated subsidence and ground fracturing, (7) earthquake-induced sub aerial slides and slumps, (8) earthquake induced subaqueous slides, (9) effects on glaciers and related features, (10) effects on ground water and stream flow, and (11) tsunamis, seiches, and other abnormal water waves. Because of the reconnaissance nature of our studies in the coastal communities and the sparsity of laboratory data on physical properties of geologic units in each area studied, the inferred effects must be largely empirical and generalized. Therefore, the inferences are based in large part upon the effects of past major earthquakes in Alaska and elsewhere, particularly upon the well-documented effects of the Alaska earthquake of March 27, 1964.
Buildings, highways, bridges, tunnels, harbor facilities, pipelines, canals, and other manmade structures may be severely damaged or destroyed by fault displacement or related tectonic land-level changes in southeastern Alaska. Direct damage from fault rupture would be restricted virtually to structures built directly athwart the fault. In California and Nevada, fault rupture almost always accompanies shocks of magnitude 6.5 or greater. The Alaska earthquake of March 27, 1964, and the Chilean earthquake of May 22, 1960, dramatically illustrated the severe adverse effects that can result from uplift or subsidence over a wide area.
The variable most responsible for the degree of shaking at any epicentral distance is the type of ground. Generally, shaking is considerably greater in poorly consolidated deposits than in hard bedrock, particularly if the deposits are water saturated. Severe shaking of alluvial deposits and manmade fill, with resultant heavy damage, is well documented from the records of many past earthquakes.
Damage commonly has been heavy as a result of ground settlement caused by compaction of loose sediments by shaking during an earthquake. This has been especially true where compaction was accompanied by tectonic downdrop of land, such as occurred during the Chilean earthquake of 1960 and the Alaska earthquake of 1964. Loosely emplaced manmade fill, deltaic deposits, beach deposits, and alluvial deposits may be susceptible to compaction in southeastern Alaska during a severe earthquake.
Liquefaction of sand and silt is a fairly common effect of large earthquakes. It was well illustrated at Niigata, Japan, during the earthquake of June 16, 1964, and resulted in extensive damage. When part of a sloping soil mass liquefies, the entire mass can undergo catastrophic failure and can flow as a high-density liquid. In southeastern Alaska, deltaic deposits probably would be most susceptible to liquefaction.
Sensitive and quick clays, which lose a considerable part of their strength when shaken, commonly fail during an earthquake and become rapid earthflows. Extensive studies were made of the sensitivity of the Bootlegger Cove Clay at Anchorage because of the marked loss of shear strength and dramatic failures of the deposits during the Alaska earthquake of 1964. If similar sensitive clays are present in some places in southeastern Alaska, they most likely are in some of the emergent fine-grained marine deposits; supporting data to confirm their presence, however, are largely lacking.
Records of some 50 major earthquakes show that in at least half of the instances water and sediment have been ejected from surficial deposits Water-sediment ejection and associated subsidence and ground fracturing commonly cause extensive damage to the works of man. Ejecta may fill basements and other low-lying parts of buildings. Agricultural land can be covered with a blanket of infertile soils, and small ponds can be filled or made shallow. In southeastern Alaska these phenomena are most likely to occur on valley floors, deltas, tidal flats, alluvial fans, swamps, and lakeshores.
Earthquake-induced sliding on land generally is confined to steep slopes but may take place in fine-grained deposits on moderately to nearly flat surfaces if the deposits are subject to liquefaction. A large rockslide triggered by the Lituya Bay, Alaska, earthquake of July 10, 1958, generated a wave that surged up the opposite wall of the inlet to a record height of 1,740 feet. During the Hebgen Lake, Montana, earthquake of August 17, 1959, a spectacular rockslide plunged into the Madison River canyon, buried 28 people, dammed the river, and created a large lake. Earthquake-records are replete with accounts of sliding of surficial deposits during moderate to large earthquakes. Most or all of the general factors that favor subaerial landsliding are present in southeastern Alaska.
Earthquake-induced subaqueous slides can produce adverse effects both nearshore and some distance offshore. Nearshore sliding may progress shoreward and destroy harbor facilities and other structures, commonly with substantial loss of life. Disastrous large submarine slides occurred along the fronts of deltas in Seward and Valdez during the Alaska earthquake of 1964. In similar fashion, the largest submarine slides in southeastern Alaska likely will be triggered along the larger delta fronts. Sliding farther offshore can constitute a threat to navigation because of changes in water depths. Also underwater sliding can break communication cables.
Glaciers were not greatly affected by the Alaska earthquake of 1964 despite the fact that about 20 percent of the area that underwent strong shaking is covered by ice. In contrast, the cataclysmic avalanche of ice and rock that fell from a high glacier-covered peak in Peru during the earthquake of May 31, 1970, produced devastating effects downvalley on man and his works in the form of mudflows. Most towns in southeastern Alaska are sufficiently distant from glaciers so as not be to directly affected.
Both the Alaska earthquake of 1964 and the Hebgen Lake, Montana, earthquake of 1959 significantly affected ground- and surface-water regimens. Water levels in some wells declined whereas in others flow increased. Some springs discharged at a rate three times as much as normal; flow of others decreased or stopped. Discharge of many streams increased markedly. Most or all of the effects described above could occur in parts of southeastern Alaska during future large earthquakes.
Tsunamis, seiches, and other abnormal water waves associated with large earthquakes commonly cause vast property damage and heavy loss of life. Tsunami effects can be devastating to coastal areas as far as many thousands of miles from their generation source. Seiche effects generally are confined to inland bodies of water or to relatively enclosed coastal bodies of water. Abnormal waves generated by submarine sliding or by subaerial sliding into water generally produce only local effects but may be highly devastating. Tsunami waves resulting from the Chilean earthquake of 1960 inflicted extensive damage and loss of life on coastal communities throughout a large part of southern Chile, and significant runups and damage were recorded in many places throughout the Pacific Ocean area. The tsunami waves generated by the Alaska earthquake of 1964 struck with devastating force along a broad stretch of the Alaska coast and produced heavy property damage and loss of life as far away as Crescent City, Calif. Seiche waves generated by that earthquake reached runup heights of 20-30 feet on some lakes in Alaska, and water-level fluctuations were recorded on streams, reservoirs, lakes, and swimming pools in States bordering the Gulf of Mexico. Waves generated by submarine sliding struck violently at a number of places during or immediately after the quake and were the major cause of loss of life and damage to property. Slide-generated waves probably would have a higher destructive potential in southeastern Alaska than either tsunami waves or seiche waves because of their possibly higher local runups and because they can hit the shores almost without warning during or immediately after an earthquake.
Nonearthquake-related geologic hazards, although generally far less dramatic than those related to earthquakes, tend to occur so much more frequently or persistently that their aggregate effects can be significant. Three kinds of geologic hazards of this type are discussed: (1) nonearthquake-induced landsliding and subaqueous sliding, (2) flooding, and (3) land uplift.
The potential for nonearthquake-triggered landsliding in southeastern Alaska ranges widely from place to place. Past sliding generally furnishes the clue in the prediction of where and in what materials future sliding will occur. Fast-moving rockslides, debris slides, and mudflows can be expected to occur from time to time on steep slopes and be highly destructive to highways, power plants, pipelines, buildings, and other facilities located on a slope or at its base. Present slow downslope movement of talus can be expected to continue at the same general rate unless conditions are changed by man or there are climatic changes. Snow and debris avalanches can be especially hazardous during winter months. Long-inactive landslides may be triggered into renewed activity or new slides may be created by man-induced modifications. Accelerated slope erosion and debris flows may follow large-scale clearing and cutting of timber. Subaqueous sliding can be expected to occur periodically along fronts of deltas and on other oversteepened underwater slopes.
Floods have been common in parts of southeastern Alaska because of heavy precipitation and rapid runoff from steep slopes with resulting heavy damage to roads and other facilities. Continued damage can be expected in the future unless more remedial measures are taken.
Current uplift of land in southeastern Alaska, although probably not affecting man significantly in a short period of time, may have some adverse long-term effects. These long-term effects should be borne in mind when facilities such as docks and boat harbors are constructed on or near the shore, where there is a critical relation between height of land and water.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr72230","usgsCitation":"Lemke, R.W., and Yehle, L.A., 1972, Regional and other general factors bearing on evaluation of earthquake and other geologic hazards to coastal communities of southeastern Alaska: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 72-230, ii, 99 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr72230.","productDescription":"ii, 99 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":425551,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1972/0230/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":147832,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1972/0230/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United 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Richard Walter","contributorId":105280,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lemke","given":"Richard","email":"","middleInitial":"Walter","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":169813,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Yehle, Lynn A. yehle@usgs.gov","contributorId":3794,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Yehle","given":"Lynn","email":"yehle@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":169812,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":12783,"text":"ofr7249 - 1972 - Geology and hydrology of the Carlsbad potash area, Eddy and Lea Counties, New Mexico","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-12-02T19:26:33.600758","indexId":"ofr7249","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1972","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File 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","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr7249","usgsCitation":"Brokaw, A.L., 1972, Geology and hydrology of the Carlsbad potash area, Eddy and Lea Counties, New Mexico: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 72-49, Report: vi, 86 p.; 8 Figures: 34.79 x 16.69 inches or smaller; 1 Table, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr7249.","productDescription":"Report: vi, 86 p.; 8 Figures: 34.79 x 16.69 inches or smaller; 1 Table","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":112962,"rank":3,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1972/0049/plate-figure_04_a.pdf","text":"Figure 4A","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":112963,"rank":4,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1972/0049/plate-figure_05.pdf","text":"Figure 5","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":112964,"rank":5,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1972/0049/plate-figure_07.pdf","text":"Figure 7","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":112965,"rank":6,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1972/0049/plate-figure_10.pdf","text":"Figure 10","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":112966,"rank":7,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1972/0049/plate-figure_12.pdf","text":"Figure 12","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":112967,"rank":8,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1972/0049/plate-figure_16.pdf","text":"Figure 16","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":112968,"rank":9,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1972/0049/plate-figure_17.pdf","text":"Figure 17","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":112961,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1972/0049/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":144794,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1972/0049/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":464637,"rank":12,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_8737.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":112969,"rank":10,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1972/0049/plate-figure_18.pdf","text":"Figure 18","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":112970,"rank":11,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1972/0049/plate-table_3.pdf","text":"Table 3","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"New Mexico","county":"Eddy County, Lea County","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -104.5,\n 33\n ],\n [\n -104.5,\n 32\n ],\n [\n -103,\n 32\n ],\n [\n -103,\n 33\n ],\n [\n -104.5,\n 33\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b32e4b07f02db6b4664","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Brokaw, Arnold Leslie","contributorId":11205,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brokaw","given":"Arnold","email":"","middleInitial":"Leslie","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":166701,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":14245,"text":"ofr72179 - 1972 - Report of the field trip, February 24 to April 2, 1965 in part of the northeastern Hijaz quadrangle, Saudi Arabia","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:06:38","indexId":"ofr72179","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1972","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"72-179","title":"Report of the field trip, February 24 to April 2, 1965 in part of the northeastern Hijaz quadrangle, Saudi Arabia","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey],","doi":"10.3133/ofr72179","usgsCitation":"Hummel, C.L., and Hakim, H., 1972, Report of the field trip, February 24 to April 2, 1965 in part of the northeastern Hijaz quadrangle, Saudi Arabia: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 72-179, 2 leaves ;27 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr72179.","productDescription":"2 leaves ;27 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":144417,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a5ee4b07f02db633ae6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hummel, C. L.","contributorId":53798,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hummel","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":169144,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hakim, Hashim","contributorId":103284,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hakim","given":"Hashim","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":169145,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":49252,"text":"ofr72247 - 1972 - Annual compilation and analysis of hydrologic data for North Creek, Trinity River basin, Texas, 1970","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-06-14T14:14:51","indexId":"ofr72247","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1972","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"72-247","title":"Annual compilation and analysis of hydrologic data for North Creek, Trinity River basin, Texas, 1970","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr72247","usgsCitation":"Maderak, M., and Lucero, E., 1972, Annual compilation and analysis of hydrologic data for North Creek, Trinity River basin, Texas, 1970: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 72-247, 32 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr72247.","productDescription":"32 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":583,"text":"Texas Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":175683,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ac8e4b07f02db67bba5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Maderak, M.L.","contributorId":41452,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Maderak","given":"M.L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":239380,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lucero, E.","contributorId":98798,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lucero","given":"E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":239381,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":14383,"text":"ofr72200 - 1972 - Geochemistry of selected areas in the southern Black Hills, Fall River County, South Dakota","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-03-01T21:57:54.960363","indexId":"ofr72200","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1972","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"72-200","title":"Geochemistry of selected areas in the southern Black Hills, Fall River County, South Dakota","docAbstract":"Geologic and radiometric studies and chemical analyses of soils, rocks, and water were made north of an area between Edgemont and Hot Springs, South Dakota.
The soil is shallow, poorly developed, and not present in some areas. The median pH of the soil from three areas ranges from 6.7 to 7.0. Rocks are more alkaline and have a median pH from several areas of 7.3 to 8.9 and some mineralized rocks have a pH of 9.4.
The pH of shallow perched high-radon bearing waters varies from 3.5 to 6.8 as contrasted to deeply originating low-radon bearing thermal waters with very small ranges of from 6.9 to 7.0.
Sediments are oxidized down to the perched water table, a depth of more than 50 feet below the surface of the ground. The uranium deposits are mostly in this zone of oxidation and are characterized by the minerals carnotite and tyuyamunite. In the oxidized zone sandstones are most commonly colored a very pale orange in contrast to the underlying yellowish gray colored sandstones. Mudstones, in the oxidized zone, are most commonly colored a grayish orange in contrast to the underlying olive gray colored mudstones. The characteristic mineral in the oxidized zone is hematite, and below, pyrite.
Sediments in the oxidized zone contain not only less iron and uranium than do the underlying sediments but also the joints and contacts between strata in this oxidized zone contain relative large amounts of arsenic, barium, calcium, chromium, cobalt, copper, manganese, nickel, vanadium, and zinc.
No pattern was apparent in the size and position of mineralized zones with respect to ground water levels: Highly uraniferous beds occurred above, at, and below the uppermost perched water levels.
Gamma ray logs were made of 43 drill holes that totalled about 4,300 feet. The number and intensity of radioactivity peaks was a function of increasing grain size in the sediments. About 60 percent of the gamma ray radioactivity peaks occurred within beds rather than at their contacts. Contacts between coarser-grained beds contained a higher incidence of radioactivity peaks than contacts between finer-grained beds. Between beds of dissimilar lithology such as between mudstones and sandstones or very fine-grained sandstones and medium-grained sandstones, the coarser the bed at the contact in relation to the other bed at the contact the greater the chance for a radioactivity peak. An apparently impermeable bed above or below a contact seemed to have little influence on the number and magnitude of radioactivity peaks. Over 70 percent of the radioactivity peaks occurred, not as isolated peaks, but in groups containing from two to ten peaks. Most of these groups were in sandstones rather than in mudstones. The average vertical range of each group of radioactivity peaks is 15 feet, and for isolated peaks, one foot.
Radiometric anomalies apparently are not detected by hand-carried scintillometers unless there is a subsurface anomaly greater than about 1,000 counts per second within a few feet of the surface of the ground. Larger radioactivity anomalies occurred in the higher sloping areas. The chances for uranium anomalies in soil were best where the soil was underlain by an uraniferous coarse non-calcareous sandstone which was intersected by joint or faults.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr72200","usgsCitation":"Jones, R.S., 1972, Geochemistry of selected areas in the southern Black Hills, Fall River County, South Dakota: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 72-200, Report: vi, 124 p.; 13 Plates: 19.57 x 23.68 inches or smaller; 4 Figures: 25.12 x 31.01 inches or smaller; 14 Tables: 29.91 x 7.73 inches or smaller, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr72200.","productDescription":"Report: vi, 124 p.; 13 Plates: 19.57 x 23.68 inches or smaller; 4 Figures: 25.12 x 31.01 inches or smaller; 14 Tables: 29.91 x 7.73 inches or smaller","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":426212,"rank":33,"type":{"id":27,"text":"Table"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1972/0200/Table-19.pdf","text":"Table 19","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":426210,"rank":31,"type":{"id":27,"text":"Table"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1972/0200/Table-17-2.pdf","text":"Table 17-2","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":426209,"rank":30,"type":{"id":27,"text":"Table"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1972/0200/Table-17-1.pdf","text":"Table 17-1","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":426206,"rank":27,"type":{"id":27,"text":"Table"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1972/0200/Table-12.pdf","text":"Table 12","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":426205,"rank":26,"type":{"id":27,"text":"Table"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1972/0200/Table-11.pdf","text":"Table 11","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":426204,"rank":25,"type":{"id":27,"text":"Table"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1972/0200/Table-10.pdf","text":"Table 10","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":426203,"rank":24,"type":{"id":27,"text":"Table"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1972/0200/Table-9.pdf","text":"Table 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1 sheet, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr7233.","productDescription":"[61] leaves :ill. ;28 cm.; 1 sheet","costCenters":[{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":143722,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1972/0033/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":41048,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1972/0033/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":41049,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1972/0033/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"South Carolina","county":"Kershaw County, Lancaster County","otherGeospatial":"Haile-Brewer area","geographicExtents":"{\"type\":\"FeatureCollection\",\"features\":[{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"Polygon\",\"coordinates\":[[[-80.4168,34.6162],[-80.4079,34.613],[-80.3951,34.603],[-80.3791,34.5865],[-80.3814,34.5761],[-80.3742,34.5679],[-80.3743,34.5597],[-80.3715,34.5506],[-80.3566,34.5346],[-80.3534,34.5205],[-80.3456,34.5146],[-80.3378,34.5145],[-80.3289,34.5081],[-80.3273,34.499],[-80.3304,34.4731],[-80.3272,34.4522],[-80.3318,34.4409],[-80.3224,34.4272],[-80.3141,34.4226],[-80.3108,34.4144],[-80.3053,34.4089],[-80.2993,34.3975],[-80.2871,34.3929],[-80.2867,34.3711],[-80.3365,34.3469],[-80.3299,34.3386],[-80.3638,34.3402],[-80.3672,34.3252],[-80.3546,34.3124],[-80.3535,34.3038],[-80.3813,34.3053],[-80.4087,34.2932],[-80.422,34.2914],[-80.4343,34.2842],[-80.4347,34.2288],[-80.4521,34.2102],[-80.4595,34.1785],[-80.4801,34.169],[-80.5804,34.0999],[-80.6043,34.1018],[-80.6187,34.1091],[-80.6159,34.0995],[-80.6359,34.0978],[-80.6509,34.0928],[-80.6581,34.0892],[-80.6593,34.086],[-80.6626,34.086],[-80.6776,34.0834],[-80.6953,34.0811],[-80.7048,34.0812],[-80.7176,34.0676],[-80.7502,34.0931],[-80.7906,34.125],[-80.846,34.171],[-80.8699,34.1824],[-80.8264,34.2686],[-80.7699,34.3771],[-80.7838,34.389],[-80.7843,34.3994],[-80.7821,34.4031],[-80.7832,34.4067],[-80.7937,34.4135],[-80.811,34.4149],[-80.8255,34.4118],[-80.8333,34.415],[-80.8678,34.445],[-80.8794,34.4582],[-80.8883,34.4682],[-80.8961,34.4841],[-80.8961,34.4936],[-80.8821,34.5004],[-80.8754,34.5336],[-80.8776,34.5436],[-80.8787,34.5463],[-80.8765,34.569],[-80.8781,34.5813],[-80.8831,34.5886],[-80.8921,34.5976],[-80.8892,34.6185],[-80.8909,34.624],[-80.8959,34.6295],[-80.897,34.6358],[-80.8886,34.6631],[-80.8774,34.683],[-80.8606,34.6957],[-80.86,34.7003],[-80.8617,34.7034],[-80.8662,34.7062],[-80.8684,34.7153],[-80.8684,34.7234],[-80.8745,34.7316],[-80.8778,34.7434],[-80.8784,34.7593],[-80.8761,34.7857],[-80.8839,34.7948],[-80.8901,34.8052],[-80.8951,34.8125],[-80.8979,34.8207],[-80.899,34.8247],[-80.8979,34.8279],[-80.8755,34.8374],[-80.8665,34.8483],[-80.8687,34.8556],[-80.8766,34.8597],[-80.8788,34.8624],[-80.8799,34.8751],[-80.8782,34.8888],[-80.8793,34.8983],[-80.8782,34.9038],[-80.8748,34.9065],[-80.8681,34.9124],[-80.8652,34.9224],[-80.8658,34.9264],[-80.8691,34.9314],[-80.873,34.96],[-80.877,34.9614],[-80.8848,34.9601],[-80.887,34.9619],[-80.8859,34.9791],[-80.8971,34.9946],[-80.8999,35.005],[-80.8988,35.0109],[-80.9027,35.0105],[-80.9055,35.0127],[-80.9032,35.0259],[-80.8982,35.0364],[-80.906,35.0495],[-80.9016,35.0716],[-80.8854,35.0535],[-80.8604,35.0246],[-80.8405,35.0016],[-80.7828,34.9349],[-80.7888,34.8809],[-80.796,34.8175],[-80.6779,34.8166],[-80.5614,34.8157],[-80.5559,34.8013],[-80.5437,34.7853],[-80.5303,34.7798],[-80.5247,34.7707],[-80.5141,34.7666],[-80.5153,34.7593],[-80.4904,34.7229],[-80.4871,34.7061],[-80.476,34.6983],[-80.4599,34.6787],[-80.4516,34.6759],[-80.4488,34.6682],[-80.4394,34.6604],[-80.4332,34.6599],[-80.4305,34.6576],[-80.4344,34.6477],[-80.4339,34.6404],[-80.4228,34.6344],[-80.4122,34.6271],[-80.4168,34.6162]]]},\"properties\":{\"name\":\"Kershaw\",\"state\":\"SC\"}}]}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b23e4b07f02db6ae3c7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bell, H. B. III","contributorId":75151,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bell","given":"H.","suffix":"III","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":166479,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"McElveen, A.J.","contributorId":50901,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McElveen","given":"A.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":166478,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":15833,"text":"ofr72330 - 1972 - A quick transcribing technique for oral data","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-04-09T11:37:14","indexId":"ofr72330","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1972","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"72-330","title":"A quick transcribing technique for oral data","docAbstract":"Stenographic techniques offer a means for transcribing oral data accurately and efficiently. In one such application, during five Appolo lunar missions, a rough but helpful transcript was produced within minutes. Similarly, lectures, conferences, and audio tapes can be accurately transcribed as promptly as necessary. Computer programs for translating shorthand notes are being developed; they will increase both speed and accuracy of translation.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr72330","usgsCitation":"Schleicher, D., 1972, A quick transcribing technique for oral data: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 72-330, 5 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr72330.","productDescription":"5 p.","numberOfPages":"6","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":149768,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1972/0330/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":285952,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1972/0330/report.pdf"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b1ae4b07f02db6a8716","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Schleicher, David","contributorId":49350,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schleicher","given":"David","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":171814,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":24791,"text":"ofr72441 - 1972 - Test-observation well near Odessa, Washington: description and preliminary results","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-05-29T07:28:57","indexId":"ofr72441","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1972","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"72-441","title":"Test-observation well near Odessa, Washington: description and preliminary results","docAbstract":"The test-observation well drilled near Odessa, Wash., provides information on the area's aquifer characteristics which is not otherwise available from existing deep irrigation wells. The information is of value to the State of Washington Department of Ecology in its management decisions in this area where heavy ground-water withdrawals have resulted in increasing annual water-level declines.
\nThe 10-inch well is 750 feet deep and penetrates six aquifer zones (A through F) in basalt. The upper 60 feet of the well is cased while the remainder of the hole is open in the basalt. The well was test pumped during drilling and showed specific capacities of (1) 0.65 gpm (gallon per minute) per foot of drawdown when at the 258-foot depth and open to aquifers A and B. (2) 0.62 gpm per foot of drawdown when at the 540-foot depth and open to aquifers A through D, and (3) 22 gpm foot of drawdown when at full 750-foot depth and open to all six aquifers.
\nTo supplement the driller's log of the well, borehole geophysical logging provided information on natural gamma radiation, water temperature and resistivity, downhole movement (via flowmeter) of the water, and borehole diameter (via caliper log). Upon completion of the well each aquifer zone was isolated from the others by cement seals, and piezometer pipes were installed to each zone to allow definition of the vertical hydraulic gradient and an estimate of the vertical ground-water movement in the area, along with chemical-quality sampling of the various zones and monitoring of any changes in water quality with time. The initial measurements of water levels showed that the levels generally decrease with aquifer depth, with about 200 feet of head difference existing between the uppermost and lowermost aquifer zones. Another pipe, installed for providing thermometer access, permits recording the geothermal gradient with depth in the well, and provides another basis for estimating vertical ground-water movement in the area.
\nPrior to isolation of the various aquifer zones, the composite water level was recovering from the cessation of pumping at the end of the 1970 irrigation season. On April 6, 1971, this composite water level had begun declining, presumably as a result of p[umping of an irrigation well 1 mile to the northwest, By May 6, after the aquifer zones had been isolated and piezometer pieces installed, water levels in aquifers E and F had declined 11 feet in 15 days, in response to pumping for irrigation in the area. Water levels in aquifers B, C, and D declined somewhat, but mostly in response to the draining of these aquifers to deeper aquifers down the many deep-well boreholes in the area.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Tacoma, WA","doi":"10.3133/ofr72441","issn":"0094-9140","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the State of Washington Department of Ecology","usgsCitation":"Walters, K., Cline, D., and Luzier, J., 1972, Test-observation well near Odessa, Washington: description and preliminary results: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 72-441, iii, 25 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr72441.","productDescription":"iii, 25 p.","numberOfPages":"28","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":287750,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":287749,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1972/0441/report.pdf"}],"country":"United States","state":"Washington","city":"Odessa","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -124.0,46.0 ], [ -124.0,49.0 ], [ -117.0,49.0 ], [ -117.0,46.0 ], [ -124.0,46.0 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ad9e4b07f02db684ad4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Walters, Kenneth L.","contributorId":104099,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Walters","given":"Kenneth L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":192573,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Cline, D.R.","contributorId":45655,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cline","given":"D.R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":192572,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Luzier, J. E.","contributorId":7687,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Luzier","given":"J. E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":192571,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":40281,"text":"ofr72297 - 1972 - Complete Bouguer gravity anomaly map of parts of Beaver, Iron, and Millard counties, southwestern Utah","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":40281,"text":"ofr72297 - 1972 - Complete Bouguer gravity anomaly map of parts of Beaver, Iron, and Millard counties, southwestern Utah","indexId":"ofr72297","publicationYear":"1972","noYear":false,"title":"Complete Bouguer gravity anomaly map of parts of Beaver, Iron, and Millard counties, southwestern Utah"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":70046195,"text":"70046195 - 1975 - Simple Bouguer gravity anomaly map of Utah","indexId":"70046195","publicationYear":"1975","noYear":false,"title":"Simple Bouguer gravity anomaly map of Utah"},"id":1}],"supersededBy":{"id":70046195,"text":"70046195 - 1975 - Simple Bouguer gravity anomaly map of Utah","indexId":"70046195","publicationYear":"1975","noYear":false,"title":"Simple Bouguer gravity anomaly map of Utah"},"lastModifiedDate":"2022-06-14T13:35:22.314169","indexId":"ofr72297","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1972","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"72-297","title":"Complete Bouguer gravity anomaly map of parts of Beaver, Iron, and Millard counties, southwestern Utah","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr72297","usgsCitation":"Peterson, D.L., 1972, Complete Bouguer gravity anomaly map of parts of Beaver, Iron, and Millard counties, southwestern Utah: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 72-297, 1 Plate: 21.96 x 27.10 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr72297.","productDescription":"1 Plate: 21.96 x 27.10 inches","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":402142,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_8695.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":172482,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1972/0297/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":402109,"rank":2,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1972/0297/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"scale":"250000","country":"United States","state":"Utah","county":"Beaver County, Iron County, Millard County","otherGeospatial":"southwestern Utah","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -114.01611328125,\n 37.709899354855125\n ],\n [\n -112.401123046875,\n 37.709899354855125\n ],\n [\n -112.401123046875,\n 39.977120098439634\n ],\n [\n -114.01611328125,\n 39.977120098439634\n ],\n [\n -114.01611328125,\n 37.709899354855125\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b1be4b07f02db6a917e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Peterson, Donald L.","contributorId":28597,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Peterson","given":"Donald","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":223218,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":13519,"text":"ofr72113 - 1972 - Availability of low-sulphur coal in Greenbrier County, West Virginia","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:06:38","indexId":"ofr72113","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1972","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"72-113","title":"Availability of low-sulphur coal in Greenbrier County, West Virginia","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/ofr72113","usgsCitation":"Englund, K.J., and Windolph, J.F., 1972, Availability of low-sulphur coal in Greenbrier County, West Virginia: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 72-113, ii, 21 leaves :ill., maps (1 folded) ;29 cm.; 18 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr72113.","productDescription":"ii, 21 leaves :ill., maps (1 folded) ;29 cm.; 18 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":144655,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a9ae4b07f02db65d852","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Englund, Kenneth John","contributorId":59023,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Englund","given":"Kenneth","email":"","middleInitial":"John","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":167936,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Windolph, John F. Jr.","contributorId":86343,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Windolph","given":"John","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":167937,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":23465,"text":"ofr72192 - 1972 - Stream depletion factors, Arkansas River valley, southeastern Colorado; A basis for evaluating plans for conjunctive use of ground and surface water","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-02-06T13:25:21","indexId":"ofr72192","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1972","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"72-192","title":"Stream depletion factors, Arkansas River valley, southeastern Colorado; A basis for evaluating plans for conjunctive use of ground and surface water","docAbstract":"The Arkansas River valley is a stream-aquifer system that consists of the Arkansas River and the associated valley-fill deposits. The hydrology, geology, and water-resources development in the valley have been described by Moore and Wood (1967). The history of delivery of irrigation water by canals indicates that the supply has been inadequate during some seasons and some years. The shortage can be reduced by carefully designed conjunctive use of ground and surface water. An analog model of the Arkansas River valley in Colorado was constructed to facilitate such designs (Moore and Wood, 1967).
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr72192","issn":"0094-9140","usgsCitation":"Jenkins, C., and Taylor, O., 1972, Stream depletion factors, Arkansas River valley, southeastern Colorado; A basis for evaluating plans for conjunctive use of ground and surface water: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 72-192, Report: ii, 8 p.; 4 Plates: 40.92 x 22.26 inches or smaller, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr72192.","productDescription":"Report: ii, 8 p.; 4 Plates: 40.92 x 22.26 inches or smaller","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":52776,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1972/0192/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":157451,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1972/0192/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":52777,"rank":401,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1972/0192/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":52778,"rank":402,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1972/0192/plate-3.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":52779,"rank":403,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1972/0192/plate-4.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":52780,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1972/0192/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Colorado","otherGeospatial":"Arkansas River Valley","geographicExtents":"{\"type\":\"FeatureCollection\",\"features\":[{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"Polygon\",\"coordinates\":[[[-102.7445,37.6428],[-103.0766,37.6417],[-103.183,37.6424],[-103.2917,37.6426],[-103.4039,37.6423],[-103.5092,37.6432],[-103.5778,37.6432],[-103.6016,37.6437],[-103.8109,37.644],[-103.8929,37.644],[-103.9661,37.6439],[-104.0591,37.6436],[-104.0597,37.7316],[-104.3518,37.8148],[-104.3889,37.8248],[-104.4978,37.8556],[-104.6074,37.886],[-104.6527,37.8982],[-104.7175,37.8949],[-104.9375,37.8834],[-104.9545,37.8822],[-104.9737,37.881],[-105.0017,37.8794],[-105.0041,37.8794],[-105.0093,37.879],[-105.0122,37.8799],[-105.0209,37.8859],[-105.0313,37.8919],[-105.0295,37.8964],[-105.03,37.9],[-105.0346,37.9055],[-105.0468,37.9115],[-105.0474,37.9967],[-105.0481,38.0855],[-105.0481,38.173],[-105.0483,38.202],[-105.0487,38.2582],[-104.9391,38.2587],[-104.9402,38.3448],[-104.9392,38.4178],[-104.939,38.43],[-104.9397,38.5003],[-104.9427,38.5003],[-104.943,38.5175],[-104.8295,38.5183],[-104.736,38.5183],[-104.7171,38.5186],[-104.6071,38.5187],[-104.4971,38.5192],[-104.3759,38.52],[-104.2836,38.5201],[-104.2794,38.5205],[-104.2759,38.5204],[-104.1629,38.5215],[-104.054,38.523],[-103.9411,38.523],[-103.8328,38.523],[-103.7228,38.5223],[-103.6116,38.5225],[-103.6118,38.5171],[-103.5089,38.5159],[-103.508,38.4366],[-103.5066,38.3409],[-103.5019,38.3408],[-103.5004,38.2646],[-103.3972,38.2647],[-103.2787,38.2649],[-103.1691,38.2647],[-103.0571,38.2647],[-102.741,38.2654],[-102.6154,38.2661],[-102.5075,38.2662],[-102.396,38.2662],[-102.2858,38.2665],[-102.1749,38.2668],[-102.0443,38.2676],[-102.0443,38.2627],[-102.0432,37.7384],[-102.043,37.6429],[-102.089,37.643],[-102.199,37.6429],[-102.3071,37.6435],[-102.4182,37.6432],[-102.5281,37.6432],[-102.6363,37.6435],[-102.7445,37.6428]]]},\"properties\":{\"name\":\"Bent\",\"state\":\"CO\"}}]}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b16e4b07f02db6a52cf","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Jenkins, C.T.","contributorId":106099,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jenkins","given":"C.T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":190153,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Taylor, O.J.","contributorId":71584,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Taylor","given":"O.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":190152,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":23460,"text":"ofr72191 - 1972 - Radiochemical analyses of surface water from U.S. Geological Survey hydrologic bench-mark stations","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-09-04T11:41:15","indexId":"ofr72191","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1972","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"72-191","title":"Radiochemical analyses of surface water from U.S. Geological Survey hydrologic bench-mark stations","docAbstract":"The U.S. Geological Survey's program for collecting and analyzing surface-water samples for radiochemical constituents at hydrologic bench-mark stations is described. Analytical methods used during the study are described briefly and data obtained from 55 of the network stations in the United States during the period from 1967 to 1971 are given in tabular form.
Concentration values are reported for dissolved uranium, radium, gross alpha and gross beta radioactivity. Values are also given for suspended gross alpha radioactivity in terms of natural uranium. Suspended gross beta radioactivity is expressed both as the equilibrium mixture of strontium-90/yttrium-90 and as cesium-137.
Other physical parameters reported which describe the samples include the concentrations of dissolved and suspended solids, the water temperature and stream discharge at the time of the sample collection.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr72191","issn":"0094-9140","usgsCitation":"Janzer, V., and Saindon, L., 1972, Radiochemical analyses of surface water from U.S. Geological Survey hydrologic bench-mark stations: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 72-191, 41 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr72191.","productDescription":"41 p.","numberOfPages":"44","costCenters":[{"id":610,"text":"Utah Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":156794,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1972/0191/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":113005,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1972/0191/report.pdf","size":"1482","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a80e4b07f02db649c73","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Janzer, V.J.","contributorId":31777,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Janzer","given":"V.J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":190144,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Saindon, L.G.","contributorId":103281,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Saindon","given":"L.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":190145,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":12777,"text":"ofr7248 - 1972 - Evaluation of the Um Gerad barite deposits near Rabigh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-07-10T09:40:58","indexId":"ofr7248","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1972","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"72-48","title":"Evaluation of the Um Gerad barite deposits near Rabigh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey],","doi":"10.3133/ofr7248","usgsCitation":"Brobst, D.A., 1972, Evaluation of the Um Gerad barite deposits near Rabigh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 72-48, 7 leaves ;27 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr7248.","productDescription":"7 leaves ;27 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":145016,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1972/0048/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":289704,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1972/0048/report.pdf"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a08e4b07f02db5fa5f7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Brobst, Donald Albert","contributorId":36117,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brobst","given":"Donald","email":"","middleInitial":"Albert","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":166690,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":12882,"text":"ofr7260 - 1972 - A preliminary study of peat resources in eastern Maine","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2026-04-22T16:51:58.002549","indexId":"ofr7260","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1972","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"72-60","title":"A preliminary study of peat resources in eastern Maine","docAbstract":"Nineteen peat deposits in southeastern Aroostook County (fig. 1) contain an estimated 4,987,000 tons of peat. The location, size and quality data for each deposit are given in tables 1, 2 and 3. Thirty-eight deposits in Washington County (fig. 2) contain an estimated 20,041,000 tons of peat. The location, size and quality data for each deposit are given in tables 4, 5 and 6. Twenty additional deposits containing estimated 3,802,000 tons in Washington County (fig. 2) were not sampled in detail but are described in tables 7 and 8. In addition to the deposits studied, it is estimated that there are at least as many more deposits of similiar size and quality in the area studied.
Data in this study were obtained by conducting pace and compass traverses across swamps, marshes and heaths. Auger holes were put down by hand using a Davis sampler and Macaulay peat borer along the traverses to collect samples of the peat and to determine the thickness and stratigraphy of the deposits and the configuration of the depression in which they lie. The amount of peat was estimated from auger hole data and from the surface area measured on topographic and air photo maps. In calculating tonnages, 1 acre-foot of peat in place was considered equivalent to 200 tons of air-dried peat. Samples from all of the deposits were analyzed under the supervision of Irving May in the laboratories of the U.S. Geological Survey for moisture, ash, organic content, water-holding capacity, fiber size (exceeding 0.15mm),and acidity.
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\"}}]}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b1de4b07f02db6a9dc3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cameron, Cornelia Clermont","contributorId":20737,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cameron","given":"Cornelia","email":"","middleInitial":"Clermont","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":166889,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":12415,"text":"ofr722 - 1972 - Iron resources of Turkey","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:06:30","indexId":"ofr722","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1972","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"72-2","title":"Iron resources of Turkey","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey],","doi":"10.3133/ofr722","usgsCitation":"Albers, J.P., and Capan, U., 1972, Iron resources of Turkey: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 72-2, 12 leaves :ill., map ;27 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr722.","productDescription":"12 leaves :ill., map ;27 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":144333,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4aa6e4b07f02db6666e4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Albers, John Patrick","contributorId":26669,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Albers","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"Patrick","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":166102,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Capan, Ussal","contributorId":106123,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Capan","given":"Ussal","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":166103,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":8894,"text":"ofr70129 - 1972 - Distribution of copper and other metals in gully sediments of part of Okanogan County, Washington","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":8894,"text":"ofr70129 - 1972 - Distribution of copper and other metals in gully sediments of part of Okanogan County, Washington","indexId":"ofr70129","publicationYear":"1972","noYear":false,"title":"Distribution of copper and other metals in gully sediments of part of Okanogan County, Washington"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":70047772,"text":"70047772 - 1972 - Distribution of copper and other metals in gully sediments of part of Okanogan County, Washington","indexId":"70047772","publicationYear":"1972","noYear":false,"title":"Distribution of copper and other metals in gully sediments of part of Okanogan County, Washington"},"id":1}],"supersededBy":{"id":70047772,"text":"70047772 - 1972 - Distribution of copper and other metals in gully sediments of part of Okanogan County, Washington","indexId":"70047772","publicationYear":"1972","noYear":false,"title":"Distribution of copper and other metals in gully sediments of part of Okanogan County, Washington"},"lastModifiedDate":"2013-08-22T14:56:56","indexId":"ofr70129","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1972","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"70-129","title":"Distribution of copper and other metals in gully sediments of part of Okanogan County, Washington","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"Washington Department of Natural Resources","doi":"10.3133/ofr70129","usgsCitation":"Fox, K.F., and Rinehart, C.D., 1972, Distribution of copper and other metals in gully sediments of part of Okanogan County, Washington: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 70-129, 60 p. ill. ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr70129.","productDescription":"60 p. ill. ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":141680,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a7fe4b07f02db6486a8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Fox, Kenneth F. Jr.","contributorId":82269,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fox","given":"Kenneth","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":158506,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Rinehart, C. Dean","contributorId":88326,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rinehart","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"Dean","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":158507,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":48169,"text":"ofr73166 - 1972 - Shallow ground water in the Zamin Dawar area, Helmand Province, Afghanistan","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:10:07","indexId":"ofr73166","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1972","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"73-166","title":"Shallow ground water in the Zamin Dawar area, Helmand Province, Afghanistan","docAbstract":"The Zamin Dawar area lies between Kajakai Reservoir and Musa Qala Rud (river) in southcentral Afghanistan, about 90 km (kilometers) northeast of Lashkar Gab. The area comprises two main stream drainage areas: that of Gulmesh Mandeh (ephemeral stream) to the east which includes mostly plains with low hills on the east and north slopes and a high limestone scarp on the west slope; and Baghni Rud to the west which drains a mountainous area to the north and spreads onto a large alluvial fan with distributaries leading both to Helmand Rud to the southeast and Musa Qala Rud to the west. Most of the cultivated lands in the Zamin Dawar area lie in the southern part of the Gulmesh plains and in the Baghni alluvial fan, as well as a ribbon of cultivation on the flood plain of Baghni Rud in the mountains. The southern end of the Zamin Dawar area with high terraces and sharply incised ephemeral stream valleys is uninhabited. \r\n\r\nKarezes provide the chief source of water in the plains. Some 80 were examined and inventoried during the course of the present investigation. Several springs and one large-yield well also contribute to the water supply on the plains. In Baghni valley, developed springs provide the main source of water supply. \r\n\r\nDuring the present investigation, conducted in 1971,. it was found that the karezes yield a total of about 20,000 ac-ft (acre-feet) (25 million cu m (cubic meters)) of water The springs on the plains yield about 3,000 ac-ft (4 million cu m) per year, and the wells yield about 300 ac-ft (375,000 cu m) per year. The inventoried springs in Baghni valley yield about 6,500 ac-ft (8 million cu m) per year, and probably supply about 70 percent of the total water used in the valley. Therefore,the total amount of water used in the Zamin Dawar area in 1971 was about 32,000 ac-ft (40 million cu m). This amount of water was used to irrigate about i0,000 jiribs (approximately 5,000 acres or 2,000 hectares) of cultivated land and served a population of about 40,000 people. \r\n\r\nTwenty years ago the water supply was more than double the 1971 flow from karezes and springs, and the population of the area was probably 60,000 to 70,000 people. During the past 10 years and particularly during the last 3 years, the water table has been declining as a direct result of a dry-weather cycle which has affected much of Afghanistan. Concurrently, the population of the area has declined. Rainfall, based on data from the Kajakai Camp weather station, has declined from a 27-year annual average of about 200 mm (millimeters) to about 160 mm per year, which is the annual average for the last 5 years and equivalent to a reduction of approximately 70,000 ac-ft (88 million cu m) of precipitation per year over the entire area. To compensate for the declining water levels many karezes have been deepened or lengthened at great financial cost to the people.\r\n\r\nThis report evaluates present ground-water conditions in the area and suggests ways-and means by which more water can be obtained for local requirements.","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/ofr73166","usgsCitation":"McClymonds, N.E., 1972, Shallow ground water in the Zamin Dawar area, Helmand Province, Afghanistan: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 73-166, 112 p. ill., maps (2 fold. col. in pocket) ; 27 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr73166.","productDescription":"112 p. ill., maps (2 fold. col. in pocket) ; 27 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":162307,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1973/0166/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":84903,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1973/0166/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":84904,"rank":401,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1973/0166/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":84905,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1973/0166/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49d6e4b07f02db5ddf05","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"McClymonds, N. E.","contributorId":94653,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McClymonds","given":"N.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":236907,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ]}