At the request of the Bureau of Land Management, the U.S. Geological Survey assessed the Lake Valley Area of Critical Environmental Concern (ACEC), which includes the historic Lake Valley townsite and silver-manganese mining district, for undiscovered mineral resources. The Lake Valley ACEC is along the southeastern margin of the Black Range of western Sierra County, New Mexico. The Black Range contains eleven mining districts from which silver, lead, zinc, manganese, copper, gold, and tin have been recovered. As part of the study, an area of over 75 square mi (195 square km) in the area of the Lake Valley ACEC was mapped to understand ore controls and to assess mineral-resource potential. Lake Valley mining district is in Mississippian Lake Valley Formation carbonate rocks, but much of the surrounding terrane consists of volcanic rocks on the southeastern edge of the Emory cauldron which formed about 34.9 Ma. Volcanic rocks are part of the Mogollon-Datil volcanic province which include flows, breccias, ash-flow tuffs, and intrusive rhyolites. The Lake Valley mining district is located about 20 mi (32 km) south of the Late Cretaceous Laramide copper-gold porphyry intrusion at Hillsboro. It is also located at the western boundary of the Rio Grande rift basin.The Lake Valey fault is the major structural feature of the study area. Geological and geophysical data suggest the fault is composed of two segments: a southern, northwest-striking segment that may have a pre-Tertiary history and a northerly-striking segment that is part of the Emory cauldron ring fracture. The mining district is bounded by the southern, northwest-striking segment of the fault which may have up to 800 ft (240m) of normal offset. Deposit types identified in the Black Range, and for which we assess mineral potential, are Laramide porphyry, Laramide skarns, Laramide veins, gold placer, carbonate-hosted, volcanic-epithermal, and rhyolite tin; no Rio Grande Rift baritefluorite-galena deposits are known, but they are included in the assessment. The most likely deposits to be discovered in the Lake Valley district are carbonate-hosted silver-manganese deposits. These deposits could be deposited by hydrothermal fluids or be related to intrusion of Oligocene rhyolite or Laramide porphyry. An aeromagnetic high south of the district probably reflects a small felsic intrusion of unknown age. We assess the Lake Valley ACEC as having low to moderate potential for undiscovered carbonate-hosted deposits associated with volcanic rocks or Laramide porphyry plutons, and low potential for gold placer and rhyolite tin deposits.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr98347","usgsCitation":"Nutt, C., O’Neill, J., McLemore, V., Lindsey, D.A., Ratte, J., Hedlund, D.C., Klein, D.P., and Kleinkopf, M.D., 1998, Geology and mineral resources of the Lake Valley area, Sierra County, New Mexico: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 98-347, Report: 70 p.; 1 Plate: 34.99 x 42.51 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr98347.","productDescription":"Report: 70 p.; 1 Plate: 34.99 x 42.51 inches","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":153574,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1998/0347/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":399846,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1998/0347/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":399847,"rank":3,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1998/0347/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"scale":"24000","country":"United States","state":"New Mexico","county":"Sierra County","otherGeospatial":"Lake Valley area","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -107.6381,\n 32.875\n ],\n [\n -107.5,\n 32.875\n ],\n [\n -107.5,\n 32.6928\n ],\n [\n -107.6381,\n 32.6928\n ],\n [\n -107.6381,\n 32.875\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b32e4b07f02db6b471c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Nutt, C.J.","contributorId":52577,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nutt","given":"C.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":185866,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"O’Neill, J.M.","contributorId":85562,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"O’Neill","given":"J.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":185867,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"McLemore, V. T.","contributorId":15225,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McLemore","given":"V. T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":185864,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Lindsey, David A. 0000-0002-9466-0899 dlindsey@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9466-0899","contributorId":773,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lindsey","given":"David","email":"dlindsey@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":171,"text":"Central Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":880095,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Ratte, J.C.","contributorId":10416,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ratte","given":"J.C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":185863,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Hedlund, D. C.","contributorId":101624,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hedlund","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":185868,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Klein, D. P.","contributorId":36555,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Klein","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":185865,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Kleinkopf, M. D.","contributorId":10036,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kleinkopf","given":"M.","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":185862,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8}]}} ,{"id":23369,"text":"ofr98362 - 1998 - Experimental investigations regarding the use of sand as an inhibitor of air convection in deep seismic boreholes","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-07-10T11:12:36","indexId":"ofr98362","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-10T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"98-362","title":"Experimental investigations regarding the use of sand as an inhibitor of air convection in deep seismic boreholes","docAbstract":"Tilt has been the nemesis of horizontal long period seismology since its inception. Modern horizontal long period seismometers with their long natural periods are incredibly sensitive to tilt. They can sense tilts smaller than 10-11 radians. To most readers, this is just a very very small number, so we will begin with an example, which should help to illustrate just how small 10-11 radians is.
Suppose we have an absolutely rigid rod which is approximately 4170 kilometers long; this just happens to be the Rand McNally map scaled crow flight distance between Los Angeles and Boston. Tilting this rod 10-11 radians corresponds to raising one end of the rod 0.0000417 meters. Alas, this is just another very very small number! However, this corresponds to slipping a little less than one third a sheet of ordinary copying paper under one end of this perfectly rigid rod. To clarify, we mean, take a sheet of paper just like the paper this report is printed on and split it a little less than one third in the thickness direction, then put it under the end of the 4170 kilometer long rod! This will tilt the rod 10-11 radians.
Real world seismometers are nowhere near the length of this rod. A KS-54000 is about two meters long. Tilting a rod only two meters long 10~n radians corresponds to moving one end of this rod a mere 0.00000000002 meters or 0.02 millimicrons. As one of the authors old math teachers used to say, \"That's PDS\" (PDS = Pretty Damn Small). Unfortunately, the long period seismologist does not have the luxury of ignoring PDS numbers when it suits him as the mathematician frequently does. He must live in the real world in which tilts this small create severe contamination of long period seismic data.
At periods longer than 20 seconds, tilt noise contaminates the long period data from all instruments installed on or near the earth's surface. Many years of experimentation revealed that installing the sensors at depth in deep mines drastically reduced the level of tilt noise in long period data. However, low levels of tilt noise persisted even at great depth; this noise was caused by air convection in the vault in which the sensors were installed. Over the years, methods were developed to control the air motion with mechanical barriers (boxes) around the sensors and by stratifying (creating a situation in which the air temperature increases with height) the air in the vault near the seismometer. These methods decreased tilt noise in deep mines to very low levels. However, deep mines, that are economically and environmentally suitable and accessible to seismology, are not plentiful and are not evenly distributed over the earth's surface. Therefore, the borehole deployable Teledyne Geotech KS-36000 and later the KS-54000 sensor systems were developed to fulfill the need for instruments that could be installed at depth wherever high quality long period data was desired. Early in the development program, it became evident to the Teledyne Geotech personnel that air convection within the borehole was going to be a significant problem in KS deployments. Experimental and theoretical investigations conducted by Teledyne Geotech (see Douze and Sherwin, 1975, and Sherwin and Cook, 1976) produced a list of recommended installation procedures for reducing the effects of air convection. These procedures consisted of wrapping the sensor in a relatively thin layer of foam insulation, filling the free space volume in the vicinity of the centralizer-bail assembly with foam insulation, and the installation of styrofoam hole plugs immediately above the cable strain relief assembly at the top of the sensor package and at the top of the borehole. This technology has performed quite satisfactorily for over 20 years but evidence of tilt noise in the system output has persisted throughout the KS deployment program (the evidence was that the horizontal components were usually noisier than the vertical components) even in deep boreholes. Some deep borehole sites have been plagued by quite high levels of horizontal noise. Therefore, there has been a definite need for a new technique for controlling low level tilt noise in deep boreholes and the use of sand has been under consideration for several years.
Figure 1 contains conceptual illustrations of both the conventional holelock installed KS sensor system and the same sensor installed in sand. This figure demonstrates the major differences between the two installation methods. The curved arrows in the borehole on the left in the figure denote possible air convection cells which are believed to be the source of tilt noise in some of the conventional installations. This air motion is eliminated in a sand installation by filling most of the free air volume surrounding the seismometer with sand as shown in the right hand portion of the figure. The sand actually performs two functions; it prevents air motion and provides a remarkably ridgid clamping of the seismometer in the borehole.
This report presents the results of quantitative experimental investigations into the effectiveness of controlling low level air convection in seismic borehole installations with sand. The main body of the experimental effort consisted of installing two KS-540001 sensor systems in closely spaced shallow boreholes, allowing the sensors to reach equilibrium operation, and then pouring sand into both boreholes to observe any changes caused by pouring sand into the holes. The hypothesis of the experiment was that the sand would fill up the entire free air volume between the sensor package and the borehole walls thereby preventing movement of the air in the vicinity of the sensor package. The validity of this hypothesis had been qualitatively proven by earlier experiments at ASL and by the sand installations at the IRIS/ASL stations ANMO in 1995 and COLA in 1996. This experiment documents the degree of improved noise levels to be expected if KS instruments are installed in sand instead of in the conventional manner.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr98362","issn":"0094-9140","usgsCitation":"Holcomb, L.G., Sandoval, L., and Hutt, B., 1998, Experimental investigations regarding the use of sand as an inhibitor of air convection in deep seismic boreholes: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 98-362, iii, 53 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr98362.","productDescription":"iii, 53 p.","costCenters":[{"id":122,"text":"Albuquerque Seismological Laboratory","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":156751,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1998/0362/coverthb.jpg"},{"id":52658,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1998/0362/ofr98-362.pdf","text":"Report","size":"3.57 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"OFR 1998-0362"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a07e4b07f02db5f93e1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Holcomb, L. Gary","contributorId":26308,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Holcomb","given":"L.","email":"","middleInitial":"Gary","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":189990,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Sandoval, Leo","contributorId":11251,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sandoval","given":"Leo","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":189989,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hutt, Bob","contributorId":44951,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hutt","given":"Bob","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":189991,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":27473,"text":"wri974278 - 1998 - Ground-water flow in the surficial aquifer system and potential movement of contaminants from selected waste-disposal sites at Cecil Field Naval Air Station, Jacksonville, Florida","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:26","indexId":"wri974278","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-10T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"97-4278","title":"Ground-water flow in the surficial aquifer system and potential movement of contaminants from selected waste-disposal sites at Cecil Field Naval Air Station, Jacksonville, Florida","docAbstract":"As part of the Installation Restoration Program, Cecil Field Naval Air Station, Jacksonville, Florida, is considering remedialaction alternatives to control the possible movement of contaminants from sites that may discharge to the surface. This requires a quantifiable understanding of ground-water flow through the surficial aquifer system and how the system will respond to any future stresses. The geologic units of interest in the study area consist of sediments of Holocene to Miocene age that extend from land surface to the base of the Hawthorn Group. The hydrogeology within the study area was determined from gamma-ray and geologists? logs. Ground-water flow through the surficial aquifer system was simulated with a seven-layer, finite-difference model that extended vertically from the water table to the top of the Upper Floridan aquifer. Results from the calibrated model were based on a long-term recharge rate of 6 inches per year, which fell in the range of 4 to 10 inches per year, estimated using stream hydrograph separation methods. More than 80 percent of ground-water flow circulates within the surficial-sand aquifer, which indicates that most contaminant movement also can be expected to move through the surficial-sand aquifer alone. The surficial-sand aquifer is the uppermost unit of the surficial aquifer system. Particle-tracking results showed that the distances of most flow paths were 1,500 feet or less from a given site to its discharge point. For an assumed effective porosity of 20 percent, typical traveltimes are 40 years or less. At all of the sites investigated, particles released 10 feet below the water table had shorter traveltimes than those released 40 feet below the water table. Traveltimes from contaminated sites to their point of discharge ranged from 2 to 300 years. The contributing areas of the domestic supply wells are not very extensive. The shortest traveltimes for particles to reach the domestic supply wells from their respective contributing areas ranged from 70 to 200 years. ","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nBranch of Information Services [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/wri974278","usgsCitation":"Halford, K.J., 1998, Ground-water flow in the surficial aquifer system and potential movement of contaminants from selected waste-disposal sites at Cecil Field Naval Air Station, Jacksonville, Florida: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 97-4278, vi, 68 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri974278.","productDescription":"vi, 68 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":2131,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/wri974278","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":124170,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/wri_97_4278.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4aaae4b07f02db66908b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Halford, K. J. 0000-0002-7322-1846","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7322-1846","contributorId":61077,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Halford","given":"K.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":198181,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":21886,"text":"ofr98440 - 1998 - Implementation of the century ecosystem model for an eroding hillslope in Mississippi","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:07:44","indexId":"ofr98440","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-10T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"98-440","title":"Implementation of the century ecosystem model for an eroding hillslope in Mississippi","docAbstract":"The objective of this study was to parameterize and implement the Century ecosystem model for an eroding, cultivated site near Senatobia, in Panola County, Mississippi, in order to understand the loss and replacement of soil organic carbon on an eroding cropland. The sites chosen for this study are located on highly eroded loess soils where USDA has conducted studies on rates of soil erosion. We used USDA sediment data from the study site and historical erosion estimates from the nearby area as model input for soil loss; in addition, inputs for parametization include particle-size data, climate data, and rainfall/runoff data that were collected and reported in companion papers. A cropping scenario was implemented to simulate a research site at the USDA watershed 2 at the Nelson Farm. Model output was compiled for comparison with data collected and reported in companion reports; interpretive comparisons are reported in Harden et al, in press.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/ofr98440","issn":"0566-8174","usgsCitation":"Sharpe, J., Harden, J.W., Dabney, S.M., Ojima, D., and Parton, W., 1998, Implementation of the century ecosystem model for an eroding hillslope in Mississippi: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 98-440, 42 p. :ill. (some col.); 28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr98440.","productDescription":"42 p. :ill. (some col.); 28 cm.","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":153063,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":9135,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1998/of98-440/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49fee4b07f02db5f7398","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Sharpe, Jodie","contributorId":18796,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sharpe","given":"Jodie","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":186115,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Harden, Jennifer W. 0000-0002-6570-8259 jharden@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6570-8259","contributorId":1971,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Harden","given":"Jennifer","email":"jharden@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":615,"text":"Volcano Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":186114,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Dabney, Seth M.","contributorId":31418,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dabney","given":"Seth","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":186116,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Ojima, Dennis","contributorId":36166,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ojima","given":"Dennis","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":186117,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Parton, William","contributorId":75175,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Parton","given":"William","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":186118,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":21615,"text":"ofr98287 - 1998 - Assessment of the potential for biodegradation of petroleum hydrocarbons in the Railroad Industrial Area, Fairbanks, Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:07:49","indexId":"ofr98287","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-10T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"98-287","title":"Assessment of the potential for biodegradation of petroleum hydrocarbons in the Railroad Industrial Area, Fairbanks, Alaska","docAbstract":"Many technologies for the clean-up of petroleum-hydrocarbon contaminated sites depend on microbial degradation of the pollutant. In these technologies the site may be modified to enhance microbial activity, or may simply be monitored for naturally occurring microbial activity. In either case, an important aspect of site assessment for these technologies is to determine if the microorganisms present at the site have the potential to break down contaminants under the prevailing environmental conditions. We examined the numbers and activity of hydrocarbon-degrading microorganisms in ground water collected from petroleum-hydrocarbon contaminated and uncontaminated wells at the Railroad Industrial Area near Fairbanks, Alaska. We found that the population of gasoline-degrading microorganisms in ground water was correlated to the degree of contamination by benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene and xylenes (BTEX). We also found that these organisms could actively mineralize these types of compounds in laboratory mineralization assays. Increasing temperature and adding nutrients both enhanced the rate of mineralization in the laboratory, but measurable degradation still occurred under conditions similar to those found in the field. Dissolved oxygen in ground water at this site ranged from 0 to 3.6 milligrams per liter. Therefore, oxygen may not always be available to microorganisms as a terminal electron acceptor. Preliminary geochemical evidence from the field indicates that alternative electron acceptors such as Fe(III), sulfate, or nitrate may be used, contributing to degradation of contaminants at this site.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nBranch of Information Services [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/ofr98287","issn":"0566-8174","usgsCitation":"Braddock, J.F., Catterall, P.H., and Richmond, S.A., 1998, Assessment of the potential for biodegradation of petroleum hydrocarbons in the Railroad Industrial Area, Fairbanks, Alaska: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 98-287, iv, 10 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.; 5 illus.; 6 plates; 5 tables, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr98287.","productDescription":"iv, 10 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.; 5 illus.; 6 plates; 5 tables","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":153724,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1998/0287/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":51180,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1998/0287/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a9ee4b07f02db660a49","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Braddock, Joan F.","contributorId":97934,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Braddock","given":"Joan","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":184922,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Catterall, Peter H.","contributorId":52606,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Catterall","given":"Peter","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":184921,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Richmond, Sharon A.","contributorId":29005,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Richmond","given":"Sharon","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":184920,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70073331,"text":"70073331 - 1998 - Local tsunamis and earthquake source parameters","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-08-09T13:15:37","indexId":"70073331","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T09:54:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"Local tsunamis and earthquake source parameters","docAbstract":"This chapter establishes the relationship among earthquake source parameters and the generation, propagation, and run-up of local tsunamis. In general terms, displacement of the seafloor during the earthquake rupture is modeled using the elastic dislocation theory for which the displacement field is dependent on the slip distribution, fault geometry, and the elastic response and properties of the medium. Specifically, nonlinear long-wave theory governs the propagation and run-up of tsunamis. A parametric study is devised to examine the relative importance of individual earthquake source parameters on local tsunamis, because the physics that describes tsunamis from generation through run-up is complex. Analysis of the source parameters of various tsunamigenic earthquakes have indicated that the details of the earthquake source, namely, nonuniform distribution of slip along the fault plane, have a significant effect on the local tsunami run-up. Numerical methods have been developed to address the realistic bathymetric and shoreline conditions. The accuracy of determining the run-up on shore is directly dependent on the source parameters of the earthquake, which provide the initial conditions used for the hydrodynamic models.","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Advances in geophysics","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":4,"text":"Other Government Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"Academic Press","publisherLocation":"New York","doi":"10.1016/S0065-2687(08)60276-9","usgsCitation":"Geist, E.L., 1998, Local tsunamis and earthquake source parameters, chap. of Advances in geophysics, v. 39, p. 117-209, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0065-2687(08)60276-9.","productDescription":"93 p.","startPage":"117","endPage":"209","numberOfPages":"93","costCenters":[{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":281151,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"39","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53cd64dee4b0b290850ffb7f","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Dmowska, Renata","contributorId":113463,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dmowska","given":"Renata","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":509703,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Saltzman, Barry","contributorId":112306,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Saltzman","given":"Barry","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":509702,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2}],"authors":[{"text":"Geist, Eric L. 0000-0003-0611-1150 egeist@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0611-1150","contributorId":1956,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Geist","given":"Eric","email":"egeist@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":186,"text":"Coastal and Marine Geology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":488587,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70174676,"text":"70174676 - 1998 - Using geostatistical methods to estimate snow water equivalence distribution in a mountain watershed","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-02-21T16:00:21","indexId":"70174676","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Using geostatistical methods to estimate snow water equivalence distribution in a mountain watershed","docAbstract":"Knowledge of the spatial distribution of snow water equivalence (SWE) is necessary to adequately forecast the volume and timing of snowmelt runoff. In April 1997, peak accumulation snow depth and density measurements were independently taken in the Loch Vale watershed (6.6 km2), Rocky Mountain National Park, Colorado. Geostatistics and classical statistics were used to estimate SWE distribution across the watershed. Snow depths were spatially distributed across the watershed through kriging interpolation methods which provide unbiased estimates that have minimum variances. Snow densities were spatially modeled through regression analysis. Combining the modeled depth and density with snow-covered area (SCA produced an estimate of the spatial distribution of SWE. The kriged estimates of snow depth explained 37-68% of the observed variance in the measured depths. Steep slopes, variably strong winds, and complex energy balance in the watershed contribute to a large degree of heterogeneity in snow depth.
","largerWorkType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"largerWorkTitle":"Proceedings of the 66th Annual Western Snow Conference","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"conferenceTitle":"Western Snow Conference","conferenceDate":"April 1998","conferenceLocation":"Snowbird, UT","language":"English","publisher":"Western Snow Conference","usgsCitation":"Balk, B., Elder, K., and Baron, J., 1998, Using geostatistical methods to estimate snow water equivalence distribution in a mountain watershed, in Proceedings of the 66th Annual Western Snow Conference, Snowbird, UT, April 1998, p. 100-111.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"100","endPage":"111","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":325245,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":325244,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.westernsnowconference.org/node/238"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5788b7c0e4b0d27deb387044","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Balk, B.","contributorId":172899,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Balk","given":"B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":642470,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Elder, K.","contributorId":94639,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Elder","given":"K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":642471,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Baron, Jill 0000-0002-5902-6251 jill_baron@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5902-6251","contributorId":194124,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Baron","given":"Jill","email":"jill_baron@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":642472,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":21917,"text":"ofr98205 - 1998 - Lithostratigraphy, petrography, biostratigraphy, and strontium-isotope stratigraphy of the surficial aquifer system of western Collier County, Florida","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-01-04T17:26:13.234544","indexId":"ofr98205","displayToPublicDate":"1998-12-31T21:50:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"98-205","title":"Lithostratigraphy, petrography, biostratigraphy, and strontium-isotope stratigraphy of the surficial aquifer system of western Collier County, Florida","docAbstract":"In 1996, seven cores were recovered in western Collier County, southwestern Florida, to acquire subsurface geologic and hydrologic data to support ground-water modeling efforts. This report presents the lithostratigraphy, X-ray diffraction analyses, petrography, biostratigraphy, and strontium-isotope stratigraphy of these cores. \r\n\r\nThe oldest unit encountered in the study cores is an unnamed formation that is late Miocene. At least four depositional sequences are present within this formation. Calculated age of the formation, based on strontium-isotope stratigraphy, ranges from 9.5 to 5.7 Ma (million years ago). An unconformity within this formation that represents a hiatus of at least 2 million years is indicated in the Old Pump Road core. In two cores, Collier-Seminole and Old Pump Road, the uppermost sediments of the unnamed formation are not dated by strontium isotopes, and, based on the fossils present, these sediments could be as young as Pliocene. In another core (Fakahatchee Strand-Ranger Station), the upper part of the unnamed formation is dated by mollusks as Pliocene. The Tamiami Formation overlies the unnamed formation throughout the study area and is represented by the Ochopee Limestone Member. The unit is Pliocene and probably includes the interval of time near the early/late Pliocene boundary. Strontium-isotope analysis indicates an early Pliocene age (calculated ages range from 5.1 to 3.5 Ma), but the margin of error includes the latest Miocene and the late Pliocene. The dinocyst assemblages in the Ochopee typically are not age-diagnostic, but, near the base of the unit in the Collier-Seminole, Jones Grade, and Fakahatchee Strand State Forest cores, they indicate an age of late Miocene or Pliocene. The molluscan assemblages indicate a Pliocene age for the Ochopee, and a distinctive assemblage of Carditimera arata and Chione cortinaria in several of the cores specifically indicates an age near the early/late Pliocene boundary. \r\n\r\nUndifferentiated sands overlie the Pliocene limestones in two cores in the southern part of the study area. Artificial fill occurs at the top of most of the cores. \r\n\r\nThe hydrologic confining units penetrated by these cores are different in different parts of the study area. To the west, a hard tightly cemented dolostone forms the first major confining unit below the water table. In the eastern part of the study area, confinement is more difficult to determine. A tightly cemented sandstone, much younger than the dolostones to the west and probably not laterally connected to them, forms a slight confining unit in one core. Thick zones of poorly sorted muddy unconsolidated sands form a slight confining unit in other cores; these probably are not correlative to either the sandstone or the dolostones to the west. The age and sedimentologic observations suggest a complex compartmentalization of the surficial aquifer system in southwestern Florida. The calibrations of dinocyst and molluscan occurrences with strontium-isotope stratigraphy allows us to expand and document the reported ranges of many taxa. \r\n\r\n\r\nThis report is preliminary and has not been reviewed for conformity with U.S. Geological Survey editorial standards or with the North American Stratigraphic Code. Any use of trade, product, or firm names is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Government.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr98205","issn":"0094-9140","usgsCitation":"Edwards, L.E., Weedman, S., Simmons, K., Scott, T., Brewster-Wingard, G., Ishman, S., and Carlin, N., 1998, Lithostratigraphy, petrography, biostratigraphy, and strontium-isotope stratigraphy of the surficial aquifer system of western Collier County, Florida: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 98-205, 79 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr98205.","productDescription":"79 p.","costCenters":[{"id":27821,"text":"Caribbean-Florida Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":155274,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1998/0205/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":51399,"rank":299,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1998/0205/ofr98205.pdf","text":"Report","size":"893 KB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"OFR 98-205"}],"country":"United States","state":"Florida","county":"Collier County","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -81.88110351562499,\n 25.06072125231416\n ],\n [\n -80.62042236328125,\n 25.06072125231416\n ],\n [\n -80.62042236328125,\n 26.27371402440643\n ],\n [\n -81.88110351562499,\n 26.27371402440643\n ],\n [\n -81.88110351562499,\n 25.06072125231416\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Caribbean-Florida Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
3321 College Avenue
Davie, FL 33314
Reflection-mode borehole radar and transmission-mode radar tomograms image heterogeneity in the electromagnetic properties of rock. Heterogeneity may be produced by interfaces between different rock types, foliation, and fracturing. In crystalline rock, hydraulic flow is primarily through fracture networks rather than through the rock matrix. Borehole radar methods have been applied to help map flow paths in crystalline rock. Correlation of features identified in borehole radar reflection records and tomograms with hydraulic flow paths is generally uncertain because the records show responses to heterogeneity of all- kinds, not just to hydraulically permeable fractures. Even in lithologically uniform rock, it is often not possible to distinguish fractures of high hydraulic permeabilities from those with low permeabilities.
It is possible to “erase” signatures from lithologic interfaces and rock fabric to identify the signatures of hydraulically permeable fractures by using a saline tracer in fractured crystalline rock because the electrical properties of the rock, except for the fractures that are open to infiltration by the brine solution, remain the same after the injection of the brine and may be removed by examining differences. Saline tracer experiments were carried out in 1995, 1996, and 1997 in the FSE well field at the Mirror Lake fractured-rock hydrology research site in Grafton County, New Hampshire. Comparisons of results from directional radar reflection surveys to well-to-well difference attenuation tomography in the same pairs of wells show generally good correspondence between the location of radar reflections and attenuation anomalies. Our results demonstrate the advantage of using a saline tracer for before-and-after difference mapping of hydraulically permeable fractures in lithologically heterogeneous rock and the utility of the coordinated use of directional borehole radar and hole-to-hole radar tomography.
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Proceedings of the symposium on the application of geophysics to engineering and environmental problems","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"conferenceTitle":"Symposium on the Application of Geophysics to Engineering and Environmental Problems","conferenceDate":"March 22-26, 1998","conferenceLocation":"Chicago, IL","language":"English","publisher":"Environmental and Engineering Geophysical Society","usgsCitation":"Wright, D.L., and Lane, J., 1998, Mapping hydraulically permeable fractures using directional borehole radar and hole-to-hole tomography with a saline tracer, in Proceedings of the symposium on the application of geophysics to engineering and environmental problems, Chicago, IL, March 22-26, 1998, p. 379-388.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"379","endPage":"388","costCenters":[{"id":493,"text":"Office of Ground Water","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":368811,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":368810,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://water.usgs.gov/ogw/bgas/publications/SAGEEP98_040/"}],"country":"United States","state":"New Hampshire","county":"Grafton County","otherGeospatial":"Mirror Lake","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -71.7026138305664,\n 43.9407373431014\n ],\n [\n -71.68905258178711,\n 43.9407373431014\n ],\n [\n -71.68905258178711,\n 43.94629935894505\n ],\n [\n -71.7026138305664,\n 43.94629935894505\n ],\n [\n -71.7026138305664,\n 43.9407373431014\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wright, David L. dwright@usgs.gov","contributorId":1132,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wright","given":"David","email":"dwright@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":774332,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lane, John W. Jr. 0000-0002-3558-243X","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3558-243X","contributorId":210076,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lane","given":"John W.","suffix":"Jr.","affiliations":[{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":493,"text":"Office of Ground Water","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":34685,"text":"Dakota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":486,"text":"OGW Branch of Geophysics","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":774333,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70226899,"text":"70226899 - 1998 - Assessing groundwater vulnerability using logistic regression","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-12-20T14:58:00.356529","indexId":"70226899","displayToPublicDate":"1998-12-31T08:55:44","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Assessing groundwater vulnerability using logistic regression","docAbstract":"Determining the likelihood that groundwater contains elevated concentrations of contaminants can help water resource managers protect drinking water supplies. For example, this information is useful for selecting new sites for drinking water sources and designing more cost-effective monitoring strategies for existing sources. Groundwater vulnerability has typically been assessed using largely qualitative methods and expressed as relative measures of risk. In this study, a statistical approach was used to quantify the likelihood that a well contains an elevated concentration of nitrate or a detectable concentration of atrazine.
The occurrence of elevated nitrate concentrations or detectable concentrations of atrazine in groundwater was related to both natural and anthropogenic variables using logistic regression. The variables that best explain the occurrence of elevated nitrate concentrations were well depth, surficial geology, and the percentages of urban and agricultural land within a radius of 3.2 kilometers of a well. Well depth and roadside application of atrazine best explained the occurrence of detectable concentrations of atrazine. From these relations, multiple logistic regression models were developed which predict the probability that a well has an elevated nitrate concentration or a detectable concentration of atrazine.
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Conference proceedings: Source water assessment and protection 98","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"conferenceTitle":"Source Water Assessment and Protection 98","conferenceDate":"Apr 28-30, 1998","conferenceLocation":"Dallas, TX","language":"English","publisher":"National Water Research Institute","usgsCitation":"Tesoriero, A.J., Inkpen, E.L., and Voss, F.D., 1998, Assessing groundwater vulnerability using logistic regression, in Conference proceedings: Source water assessment and protection 98, Dallas, TX, Apr 28-30, 1998, p. 157-165.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"157","endPage":"165","costCenters":[{"id":629,"text":"Water Resources Division","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":393107,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":393106,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://water.usgs.gov/nawqa/pubs/swa_conf1998.html"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Tesoriero, Anthony J. 0000-0003-4674-7364 tesorier@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4674-7364","contributorId":2693,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tesoriero","given":"Anthony","email":"tesorier@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":518,"text":"Oregon Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":828717,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Inkpen, E. L.","contributorId":39776,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Inkpen","given":"E.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":828718,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Voss, Frank D. fdvoss@usgs.gov","contributorId":1651,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Voss","given":"Frank","email":"fdvoss@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":677,"text":"Wisconsin Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":828719,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70189544,"text":"70189544 - 1998 - Ground-water age and atmospheric tracers: Simulation studies and analysis of field data from the Mirror Lake site, New Hampshire","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-11-15T14:31:05","indexId":"70189544","displayToPublicDate":"1998-12-31T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":21,"text":"Thesis"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":28,"text":"Thesis"},"title":"Ground-water age and atmospheric tracers: Simulation studies and analysis of field data from the Mirror Lake site, New Hampshire","docAbstract":"The use of environmental tracers in characterization of ground-water systems is investigated through mathematical modeling of ground-water age and atmospheric tracer transport, and by a field study at the Mirror Lake site, New Hampshire. Theory is presented for modeling ground-water age using the advective-dispersive transport equation. The transport equation includes a zero-order source of unit strength, corresponding to the rate of aging, and can accommodate matrix diffusion and other exchange processes. The effect of temperature fluctuations and layered soils on transport of atmospheric gases to the water table is investigated using a one-dimensional numerical model of chlorofluorocarbon (CFC-11) transport. The nonlinear relation between temperature and Henry's Law coefficient (reflecting air/water phase partitioning) can cause the apparent recharge temperature to be elevated above the annual mean temperature where the water table is shallow. In addition, fine-grained soils can isolate the air phase in the unsaturated zone from the atmosphere. At the USGS' Mirror Lake, New Hampshire fractured-rock research site CFC concentrations near the water table are depleted where dissolved oxygen is low. CFC-11 and CFC-113 are completely absent under anaerobic conditions, while CFC-12 is as low as one-third of modern concentrations. Anaerobic biodegradation apparently consumes CFC's near the water table at this site. One area of active degradation appears to be associated with streamflow loss to ground water. Soil gas concentrations are generally close to atmospheric levels, although some spatial correlation is observed between depleted concentrations of CFC-11 and CFC-113 in soil gas and water-table samples. Results of unsaturated-zone monitoring indicate that recharge occurs throughout the year in the watershed, even during summer evapotranspiration periods, and that seasonal temperature fluctuations occur as much as 5 meters below land surface. Application of ground-water age and CFC-11 transport models to the large-scale ground-water system at Mirror Lake illustrates the similarities between age and chemical transport. Generally, bedrock porosities required to match observed apparent ages from CFC concentrations are high relative to porosities measured on cores. Although matrix diffusion has no effect on steady-state age, it can significantly reduce CFC concentrations in fractured rock in which the effective porosity is low.
","language":"English","publisher":"Princeton University","usgsCitation":"Goode, D., 1998, Ground-water age and atmospheric tracers: Simulation studies and analysis of field data from the Mirror Lake site, New Hampshire, xviii, 194 p.","productDescription":"xviii, 194 p.","costCenters":[{"id":532,"text":"Pennsylvania Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":343914,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"New Hampshire","otherGeospatial":"Mirror Lake site","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -71.69662714004517,\n 43.9407373431014\n ],\n [\n -71.68843030929565,\n 43.9407373431014\n ],\n [\n -71.68843030929565,\n 43.94684008272965\n ],\n [\n -71.69662714004517,\n 43.94684008272965\n ],\n [\n -71.69662714004517,\n 43.9407373431014\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"596dcca7e4b0d1f9f0627588","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Goode, Daniel J. 0000-0002-8527-2456 djgoode@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8527-2456","contributorId":2433,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Goode","given":"Daniel J.","email":"djgoode@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":532,"text":"Pennsylvania Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":705134,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70022044,"text":"70022044 - 1998 - In-situ alteration of minerals by acidic ground water resulting from mining activities: Preliminary evaluation of method","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-06-01T16:49:29.57625","indexId":"70022044","displayToPublicDate":"1998-12-31T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2302,"text":"Journal of Geochemical Exploration","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"In-situ alteration of minerals by acidic ground water resulting from mining activities: Preliminary evaluation of method","docAbstract":"The chemical composition of the Cu-mining-related acidic ground water (pH ∼ 3.5 to near neutral) in Pinal Creek Basin, Arizona has been monitored since 1980. In-situ experiments are planned using alluvial sediments placed in the ground-water flow path to measure changes in mineral and chemical composition and changes in dissolution rates of subsurface alluvial sediments. The test results should help refine developed models of predicted chemical changes in ground-water composition and models of streamflow. For the preliminary test, sediment from the depth of the well screen of a newly drilled well was installed in three wells, the source well (pH 4.96) and two up-gradient wells (pHs 4.27 and 4.00). The sediment was placed in woven macrofilters, fastened in series to polyvinyl chloride (PVC) pipes, and hung at the screened level of each well. After interacting with the slowly moving ground water for 48 days, the test sediments were removed for analysis. There was no evidence that any of the materials used were biologically or chemically degraded or that the porosity of the filters was diminished by ferric hydroxide precipitation. These materials included 21-μm-pore (21PEMF) and 67-μm-pore polyester and the 174-μm-pore fluorocarbon Spectra/mesh macrofilters containing the in-situ sediment, the polypropylene (PP) macrofilter support structures, and the Nylon (NY) monofilament line used to attach the samples to the PVC pipe. Based on chemical and mineral composition and on particle-size distribution of the sediment before and after ground-water exposure, the 21PEMF macrofilter was chosen as the most suitable macrofilter for the long-term in-situ experiment. Tests also showed that the PP support structures and the NY monofilament line were sufficiently durable for this experiment.
Prior research developed a cellular automaton model, that was calibrated by using historical digital maps of urban areas and can be used to predict the future extent of an urban area. The model has now been applied to two rapidly growing, but remarkably different urban areas: the San Francisco Bay region in California and the Washington/Baltimore corridor in the Eastern United States. This paper presents the calibration and prediction results for both regions, reviews their data requirements, compares the differences in the initial configurations and control parameters for the model in the two settings, and discusses the role of GIS in the applications. The model has generated some long term predictions that appear useful for urban planning and are consistent with results from other models and observations of growth. Although the GIS was only loosely coupled with the model, the model's provision of future urban patterns as data layers for GIS description and analysis is an important outcome of this type of calculation.
","language":"English","publisher":"Taylor & Francis","doi":"10.1080/136588198241617","usgsCitation":"Clarke, K., and Gaydos, L., 1998, Loose-coupling a cellular automaton model and GIS: Long-term urban growth prediction for San Francisco and Washington/Baltimore: International Journal of Geographical Information Science, v. 12, no. 7, p. 699-714, https://doi.org/10.1080/136588198241617.","productDescription":"16 p.","startPage":"699","endPage":"714","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":657,"text":"Western Geographic Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":335320,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California, Maryland","city":"Baltimore, San Francisco, Washington D.C.","volume":"12","issue":"7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58a4253be4b0c825128ad47e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Clarke, Keith","contributorId":13861,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Clarke","given":"Keith","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":668565,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Gaydos, Leonard","contributorId":79888,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gaydos","given":"Leonard","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":668566,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":27876,"text":"wri984182 - 1998 - Continuous hydrologic simulation of runoff for the Middle Fork and South Fork of the Beargrass Creek basin in Jefferson County, Kentucky","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-04-07T19:36:43.874324","indexId":"wri984182","displayToPublicDate":"1998-12-31T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"98-4182","title":"Continuous hydrologic simulation of runoff for the Middle Fork and South Fork of the Beargrass Creek basin in Jefferson County, Kentucky","docAbstract":"The Hydrological Simulation Pro-gram-FORTRAN (HSPF) was applied to an urban drainage basin in Jefferson County, Ky to integrate the large amounts of information being collected on water quantity and quality into an analytical framework that could be used as a management and planning tool. Hydrologic response units were developed using geographic data and a K-means analysis to characterize important hydrologic and physical factors in the basin. The Hydrological Simulation Program FORTRAN Expert System (HSPEXP) was used to calibrate the model parameters for the Middle Fork Beargrass Creek Basin for 3 years (June 1, 1991, to May 31, 1994) of 5-minute streamflow and precipitation time series, and 3 years of hourly pan-evaporation time series. The calibrated model parameters were applied to the South Fork Beargrass Creek Basin for confirmation. The model confirmation results indicated that the model simulated the system within acceptable tolerances. The coefficient of determination and coefficient of model-fit efficiency between simulated and observed daily flows were 0.91 and 0.82, respectively, for model calibration and 0.88 and 0.77, respectively, for model confirmation. The model is most sensitive to estimates of the area of effective impervious land in the basin; the spatial distribution of rain-fall; and the lower-zone evapotranspiration, lower-zone nominal storage, and infiltration-capacity parameters during recession and low-flow periods. The error contribution from these sources varies with season and antecedent conditions.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri984182","usgsCitation":"Jarrett, G.L., Downs, A.C., and Grace-Jarrett, P.A., 1998, Continuous hydrologic simulation of runoff for the Middle Fork and South Fork of the Beargrass Creek basin in Jefferson County, Kentucky: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 98-4182, iv, 20 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri984182.","productDescription":"iv, 20 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":158897,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":415458,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_49024.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":2174,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/wri984182/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Kentucky","county":"Jefferson County","otherGeospatial":"Middle Fork and South Fork of the Beargrass Creek basin","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -85.75,\n 38.2833\n ],\n [\n -85.75,\n 38.1833\n ],\n [\n -85.5292,\n 38.1833\n ],\n [\n -85.5292,\n 38.2833\n ],\n [\n -85.75,\n 38.2833\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4af4e4b07f02db691f6f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Jarrett, G. Lynn","contributorId":75577,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jarrett","given":"G.","email":"","middleInitial":"Lynn","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":198830,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Downs, Aimee C. acdowns@usgs.gov","contributorId":929,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Downs","given":"Aimee","email":"acdowns@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":198828,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Grace-Jarrett, Patricia A.","contributorId":54633,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Grace-Jarrett","given":"Patricia","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":198829,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70189499,"text":"70189499 - 1998 - Oxic limestone drains for treatment of dilute, acidic mine drainage","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-07-13T16:25:20","indexId":"70189499","displayToPublicDate":"1998-12-31T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Oxic limestone drains for treatment of dilute, acidic mine drainage","docAbstract":"Limestone treatment systems can be effective for remediation of acidic mine drainage (AMD) that contains moderate concentrations of dissolved O2 , Fe3+ , or A13+ (1‐5 mg‐L‐1 ). Samples of water and limestone were collected periodically for 1 year at inflow, outflow, and intermediate points within underground, oxic limestone drains (OLDs) in Pennsylvania to evaluate the transport of dissolved metals and the effect of pH and Fe‐ and Al‐hydrolysis products on the rate of limestone dissolution. The influent was acidic and relatively dilute (pH <4; acidity < 90 mg‐L‐1 ) but contained 1‐4 mg‐L‐1 Of O2 , Fe3+ , A13+ , and Mn2+ . The total retention time in the OLDs ranged from 1.0 to 3.1 hours. Effluent remained oxic (02 >1 mg‐L‐1 ) but was near neutral (pH = 6.2‐7.0); Fe and Al decreased to less than 5% of influent concentrations. As pH increased near the inflow, hydrous Fe and Al oxides precipitated in the OLDs. The hydrous oxides, nominally Fe(OH)3 and AI(OH)3, were visible as loosely bound, orange‐yellow coatings on limestone near the inflow. As time elapsed, Fe(OH)3 and AI(OH)3 particles were transported downflow. During the first 6 months of the experiment, Mn 2+ was transported conservatively through the OLDs; however, during the second 6 months, concentrations of Mn in effluent decreased by about 50% relative to influent. The accumulation of hydrous oxides and elevated pH (>5) in the downflow part of the OLDs promoted sorption and coprecipitation of Mn as indicated by its enrichment relative to Fe in hydrous‐oxide particles and coatings on limestone. Despite thick (~1 mm) hydrous‐oxide coatings on limestone near the inflow, CaCO3 dissolution was more rapid near the inflow than at downflow points within the OLD where the limestone was not coated. The rate of limestone dissolution decreased with increased residence time, pH, and concentrations of Ca2+ and HCO3‐ and decreased PCO2. The following overall reaction shows alkalinity as an ultimate product of the iron hydrolysis reaction in an OLD:
Fe2+ + 0.25 O2 +CaCO3 + 2.5 H2O --> Fe(OH)3 + 2 Ca2+ + 2 HCO3-
where 2 moles of CaCO3 dissolve for each mole of Fe(OH)3 produced. Hence, in an OLD, rapidly dissolving limestone surfaces are not stable substrates for Fe(OH)3 attachment and armoring. Because overall efficiency is increased by combining neutralization and hydrolysis reactions, an OLD followed by a settling pond requires less land area than needed for a two‐stage treatment system consisting of an anoxic limestone drain an oxidation‐settling pond or wetland. To facilitate removal of hydrous‐oxide sludge, a perforated‐pipe subdrain can be installed within an OLD.
","largerWorkType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"largerWorkTitle":"Proceedings Nineteenth Annual West Virginia Surface Mine Drainage Task Force Symposium","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"language":"English","publisher":"West Virginia Surface Mine Drainage Task Force","publisherLocation":"Morgantown, WV","usgsCitation":"Cravotta, C., 1998, Oxic limestone drains for treatment of dilute, acidic mine drainage, in Proceedings Nineteenth Annual West Virginia Surface Mine Drainage Task Force Symposium, 28 p.","productDescription":"28 p.","costCenters":[{"id":532,"text":"Pennsylvania Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":343829,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":343828,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://wvmdtaskforce.com/past-symposium-papers/1998-symposium-papers/"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"596886a5e4b0d1f9f05f5a00","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cravotta, Charles A. III 0000-0003-3116-4684 cravotta@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3116-4684","contributorId":138829,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cravotta","given":"Charles A.","suffix":"III","email":"cravotta@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":532,"text":"Pennsylvania Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":704918,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70197508,"text":"70197508 - 1998 - Development of a technically consistent, qualified lithostratigraphic data base for the Yucca Mountain Project","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-10-22T17:24:03.417232","indexId":"70197508","displayToPublicDate":"1998-12-31T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Development of a technically consistent, qualified lithostratigraphic data base for the Yucca Mountain Project","docAbstract":"Studies of Yucca Mountain, Nevada, as a potential geologic nuclear-waste repository began in the late 1970s and continued to 1988 when the U. S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission determined that the quality assurance (QA) programs in place were not adequate and demanded restructuring to a new QA program. The new QA program was accepted in 1989, but many activities did not resume until new procedures were in place, until the early 1990s. These two generations of QA programs have resulted in a highly convoluted assignment of qualified (Q)-status for much of the data related to boreholes. In the simplest case, any data that came from boreholes drilled before 1989 had been assigned non-qualified (non-Q) status, and all post1989 boreholes (none of which were drilled until 1991) have been assigned Q status. This pre- and post1989 distinction in Q status of borehole data has meant that lithostratigraphic descriptions and contacts from the pre-1989 boreholes have been classed as non-Q, and any models' that used these data also carried the non-Q status (R.W. Clayton, W.P. Zelinski, and C.A. Rautman, TRW Environmental Safety Systems, Inc., written commun., 1997). This Q-status barrier has also limited the amount of lithostratigraphic work done on the pre-1989 boreholes because of the drive to produce Q-status descriptive reports that contain only Q-status data. A parallel and critical concern that arises from such a long history of data collection is the consistent identification of lithostratigraphic units. In the spring of 1996, an intensive effort began to reexamine 11 lithostratigraphic contacts in boreholes. This work was expanded in 1997 to include as many as 50 lithostratigraphic contacts in 80 boreholes. All this work has been done under the post-1989 QA program and emphasizes technically consistent contacts and the Q-status of each contact rather than carteblanche assignment by borehole.
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"International High-Level Radioactive Waste Management Conference","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"conferenceTitle":"International High-Level Radioactive Waste Management Conference","conferenceLocation":"Le Grange Park, Illinois","language":"English","publisher":"American Nuclear Society","usgsCitation":"Buesch, D.C., Spengler, R., Witkowski, M., and Keller, S., 1998, Development of a technically consistent, qualified lithostratigraphic data base for the Yucca Mountain Project, in International High-Level Radioactive Waste Management Conference, Le Grange Park, Illinois, p. 191-193.","productDescription":"3 p.","startPage":"191","endPage":"193","costCenters":[{"id":234,"text":"Earthquake Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":354849,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5b98de3be4b0702d0e8485bd","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Buesch, David C. 0000-0002-4978-5027 dbuesch@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4978-5027","contributorId":1154,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Buesch","given":"David","email":"dbuesch@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":309,"text":"Geology and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":234,"text":"Earthquake Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":737501,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Spengler, R.W.","contributorId":7281,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Spengler","given":"R.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":737502,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Witkowski, M.S.","contributorId":205492,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Witkowski","given":"M.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":737503,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Keller, S.M.","contributorId":81512,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Keller","given":"S.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":737504,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70207369,"text":"70207369 - 1998 - Origin of the Columbia River basalts: Melting model of a heterogeneous plume head","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-06-03T14:42:32.263801","indexId":"70207369","displayToPublicDate":"1998-12-18T12:12:29","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1427,"text":"Earth and Planetary Science Letters","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Origin of the Columbia River basalts: Melting model of a heterogeneous plume head","docAbstract":"In order to study the origin of the Grande Ronde basalts (GRs) erupted in the climax stage of the Columbia River basalts (CRBs), we carried out high pressure melting experiments on four of the most primitive rock compositions representing the Yakima group of the CRBs. The voluminous GRs (constituting >80 vol% of CRBs) are totally aphyric basaltic andesites. GRs show very narrow and coherent chemical trends both in major and trace elements as well as isotopes. The silica-rich GRs (SiO2 = 52–56 wt%) can be produced by direct partial melting of a MORB like source material (CRB72-31) at ∼2 GPa or ∼70 km depth. By 30–50% partial melting of the CRB72-31, the entire compositional range of the GRs can be produced in a narrow temperature interval (1300–1350°C) at ∼2 GPa. The aluminous clinopyroxene that appears in the above melting range is consistent as the major controlling phase of the GR trends. The partial melts are very similar to the GRs except for Al2O3 and FeO which could be due to the mismatch in the source rock composition. Judging from the variation in REE, involvement of garnet in GR magma genesis can be ruled out. Small amounts of plagioclase (10–30 wt%) may be present in the partial melting residue. Judging from REE patterns and Nd isotopes of the GRs, the source rock should be unfractionated in REE. Based on the melting experiments, a heterogeneous plume model is proposed for the initial stage of the Yellowstone hot spot. Large lithologically distinct blobs of old oceanic crust components were included in the plume head. The GR magmas were produced by partial melting of the oceanic crust components at the bottom of the North American lithosphere. Similar melting processes of basalt/peridotite composite source may be operating in other LIPs (large igneous provinces). The GR type genuine oceanic crust derived melts may be seen where the ambient peridotite remains under subsolidus conditions. Volume and temperature of mantle plumes may have been overestimated, because contributions from the recycled oceanic crust is so large and the current mantle melting models concern only peridotite source.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/S0012-821X(98)00157-5","usgsCitation":"Takahahshi, E., Nakajima, K., and Wright, T., 1998, Origin of the Columbia River basalts: Melting model of a heterogeneous plume head: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 162, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0012-821X(98)00157-5.","productDescription":"18 p.","startPage":"80","costCenters":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":370412,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Idaho, Nevada, Oregon","otherGeospatial":"Columbia River Basalts","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -116.93847656250001,\n 43.929549935614595\n ],\n [\n -119.5751953125,\n 43.068887774169625\n ],\n [\n -119.794921875,\n 41.73852846935917\n ],\n [\n -119.2236328125,\n 40.58058466412761\n ],\n [\n -116.630859375,\n 39.36827914916014\n ],\n [\n -114.0380859375,\n 40.29628651711716\n ],\n [\n -114.093017578125,\n 41.623655390686395\n ],\n [\n -114.3896484375,\n 42.391008609205045\n ],\n [\n -116.6748046875,\n 42.391008609205045\n ],\n [\n -116.806640625,\n 43.16512263158296\n ],\n [\n -116.93847656250001,\n 43.929549935614595\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"162","edition":"63","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Takahahshi, Eiichi","contributorId":221321,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Takahahshi","given":"Eiichi","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":777835,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Nakajima, K","contributorId":219716,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Nakajima","given":"K","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":777836,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Wright, Thomas L. twright@usgs.gov","contributorId":3890,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wright","given":"Thomas L.","email":"twright@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":777837,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70207044,"text":"70207044 - 1998 - Deformation following the 1994 Northridge Earthquake (M=6.7), Southern California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-05-27T14:47:29.497003","indexId":"70207044","displayToPublicDate":"1998-12-04T11:47:20","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1807,"text":"Geophysical Research Letters","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Deformation following the 1994 Northridge Earthquake (M=6.7), Southern California","docAbstract":"Following the 1994 Mw=6.7 Northridge earthquake, a 65‐km‐long, north‐south array of 11 geodetic monuments was established across the rupture. The array was surveyed with GPS ten times in the 4.25 yr after the earthquake. Although there is evidence for modest nonlinear postseismic relaxation in the first few weeks after the Northridge earthquake, the deformation in the subsequent four years can be adequately described by constant station velocities. The observed S70°E velocity components are consistent with the deformation expected from steady strain accumulation on the San Andreas fault. The N20°E velocity components indicate that the southern Northridge fault block is moving almost as a unit N20°E with repect to the northern fault block, the motion being accommodated by a zone of convergence (width 20 km) at the north end of the Northridge rupture.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1029/98GL02058","usgsCitation":"Savage, J.C., Svarc, J.L., Prescott, W., and Hudnut, K.W., 1998, Deformation following the 1994 Northridge Earthquake (M=6.7), Southern California: Geophysical Research Letters, v. 25, no. 14, p. 2725-2728, https://doi.org/10.1029/98GL02058.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"2725","endPage":"2728","costCenters":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":369901,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -119.46533203125,\n 33.95247360616282\n ],\n [\n -118.3612060546875,\n 33.95247360616282\n ],\n [\n -118.3612060546875,\n 34.813803317113155\n ],\n [\n -119.46533203125,\n 34.813803317113155\n ],\n [\n -119.46533203125,\n 33.95247360616282\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"25","issue":"14","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1998-07-15","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Savage, James C. 0000-0002-5114-7673 jasavage@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5114-7673","contributorId":2412,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Savage","given":"James","email":"jasavage@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":776621,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Svarc, Jerry L. 0000-0002-2802-4528","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2802-4528","contributorId":212736,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Svarc","given":"Jerry","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":776622,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Prescott, W.H.","contributorId":96337,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Prescott","given":"W.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":776623,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Hudnut, Kenneth W. 0000-0002-3168-4797 hudnut@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3168-4797","contributorId":2550,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hudnut","given":"Kenneth","email":"hudnut@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":508,"text":"Office of the AD Hazards","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":776624,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70207043,"text":"70207043 - 1998 - Deformation across the rupture zone of the 1964 Alaska earthquake, 1993–1997","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-05-26T15:43:30.29623","indexId":"70207043","displayToPublicDate":"1998-12-04T11:36:23","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2314,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Deformation across the rupture zone of the 1964 Alaska earthquake, 1993–1997","docAbstract":"A linear array of 15 geodetic monuments was installed in 1993 across the rupture zone of the 1964 Alaska earthquake (Mw = 9.2). The array extends from Middleton Island (at the edge of the continental shelf and 80 km from the Alaska‐Aleutian trench) to north of Palmer, Alaska (380 km from the trench), in the approximate direction of Pacific‐North American plate convergence (N15.5°W). The array was surveyed in June 1993, May 1995, and June 1997. The changes between surveys are a measure of the deformation of the continental margin across the subduction zone in southern Alaska. Measured relative to the interior of the North American plate, the horizontal velocities on the outer plate margin are parallel to the direction of plate convergence (N15.5°W ) and reach a maximum (58 mm yr−1) about 150 km from the trench. Beyond about 300 km from the trench the observed horizontal velocities are small. A narrow (halfwidth 50 km) zone of significant uplift (10 mm yr−1 maximum) is observed about 300 km from the trench, coinciding roughly with the locus of maximum coseismic subsidence associated with the 1964 Alaska earthquake. Although the deformation is roughly described by the conventional model of deformation at a subduction zone (deformation due to virtual back slip on the main thrust zone at the 55 mm yr−1 plate convergence rate), a better fit is given with a 65 mm yr−1 virtual back (normal) slip rate. This higher rate is attributed to continued postseismic relaxation. The model does not explain the relatively high uplift rate and low N15.5°W velocity observed at Middleton Island. That anomalous motion is attributed to continued thrusting on postulated upward trending splays from the subduction zone beneath the island.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1029/98JB02048","usgsCitation":"Savage, J.C., Svarc, J.L., Prescott, W., and Gross, W., 1998, Deformation across the rupture zone of the 1964 Alaska earthquake, 1993–1997: Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth, v. 103, no. 9, p. 21275-21283, https://doi.org/10.1029/98JB02048.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"21275","endPage":"21283","costCenters":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":479689,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/98jb02048","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":369900,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -161.279296875,\n 52.53627304145948\n ],\n [\n -143.61328125,\n 52.53627304145948\n ],\n [\n -143.61328125,\n 61.14323525084058\n ],\n [\n -161.279296875,\n 61.14323525084058\n ],\n [\n -161.279296875,\n 52.53627304145948\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"103","issue":"9","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1998-09-10","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Savage, James C. 0000-0002-5114-7673 jasavage@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5114-7673","contributorId":2412,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Savage","given":"James","email":"jasavage@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":776617,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Svarc, Jerry L. 0000-0002-2802-4528 jsvarc@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2802-4528","contributorId":2413,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Svarc","given":"Jerry","email":"jsvarc@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":776618,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Prescott, W.H.","contributorId":96337,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Prescott","given":"W.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":776619,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Gross, W.K.","contributorId":12624,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gross","given":"W.K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":776620,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70210153,"text":"70210153 - 1998 - Weakness of the lower continental crust: A condition for delamination, uplift, and escape","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-05-19T12:15:52.656549","indexId":"70210153","displayToPublicDate":"1998-12-03T08:50:27","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3525,"text":"Tectonophysics","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Weakness of the lower continental crust: A condition for delamination, uplift, and escape","docAbstract":"We discuss three interconnected processes that occur during continental compression and extension: delamination of the lower crust and sub-crustal lithosphere, escape tectonics (i.e., lateral crustal flow), and crustal uplift. We combine calculations of lithospheric viscosity–depth curves with geologic observations and seismic images of the deep crust to infer the mechanisms controlling these processes. The basic driving force for delamination is the negative buoyancy (in some regions) of the continental lower crust and sub-crustal lithosphere with respect to the warm, mobile asthenosphere. A phase transformation in the lower crust from mafic granulite facies to eclogite may be important for providing negative buoyancy. Where negative buoyancy exists, the onset of delamination is mainly a question of the presence of a suitable decoupling zone between the denser lithosphere and the lighter upper and middle crust. We estimate the depth to potential decoupling zones by calculating lithospheric viscosity–depth curves based on reasonable geotherms and models of lithospheric composition. Low-viscosity zones occur at three depths: (1) at the base of the felsic (upper) crust; (2) within the lower crust; and (3) several tens of kilometers below the Moho. The commonly observed absence of a high-velocity (>6.8 km/s) lower crustal layer beneath extended crust may be explained by delamination wherein decoupling occurs at the top of the lower crust. In addition to being zones of potential decoupling, crustal low-viscosity zones are avenues for lateral crustal flow, a process that is often referred to as crustal escape (e.g., eastern Tibetan Plateau). The third process addressed here, crustal uplift, is mainly found in compressional environments and can be related to mature (i.e., complete or nearly complete) delamination and/or a thick low-viscosity lower crust. Mature delamination generates crustal uplift as the sinking, dense lithosphere is replaced by the mobilized hot asthenosphere. A very different mechanism of uplift is associated with some continental high plateaus, where a high convergence rate and the lateral intrusion of cold, rigid shield crust into warm, low-viscosity orogenic crust acts like a solid piston moving into hydraulic fluid. The displacement of the low-viscosity crustal `fluid' generates broad plateau uplifts. Modern examples are the intrusion of the Indian shield into the Tibetan Plateau and the Brazilian shield into the Andes. All of these processes, delamination, tectonic escape, and uplift are interconnected and are related to weakness in the lower crust during continental compression and extension.
The tiger (Panthera tigris) is an endangered, large felid whose demographic status is poorly known across its distributional range in Asia. Previously applied methods for estimating tiger abundance, using total counts based on tracks, have proved unreliable. Lack of reliable data on tiger densities not only has constrained our ability to understand the ecological factors shaping communities of large, solitary felids, but also has undermined the effective conservation of these animals. In this paper, we describe the use of a field method proposed by Karanth (1995), which combines camera-trap photography, to identify individual tigers, with theoretically well-founded capture–recapture models. We developed a sampling design for camera-trapping and used the approach to estimate tiger population size and density in four representative tiger habitats in different parts of India. The field method worked well and provided data suitable for analysis using closed capture–recapture models. The results suggest the potential for applying this methodology to rigorously estimate abundances, survival rates, and other population parameters for tigers and other low-density, secretive animal species in which individuals can be identified based on natural markings.
Estimated probabilities of photo-capturing tigers present in the study sites ranged from 0.75 to 1.00. Estimated densities of tigers >1 yr old ranged from 4.1 ± 1.31 to 16.8 ± 2.96 tigers/100 km2 (mean ± 1 se). Simultaneously, we used line-transect sampling to determine that mean densities of principal tiger prey at these sites ranged from 56.1 to 63.8 ungulates/km2. Tiger densities appear to be positively associated with prey densities, except at one site influenced by tiger poaching. Our results generally support the prediction that relative abundances of large felid species may be governed primarily by the abundance and structure of their prey communities.
","language":"English","publisher":"Ecological Society of America","doi":"10.1890/0012-9658(1998)079[2852:EOTDII]2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Karanth, K.U., and Nichols, J.D., 1998, Estimation of tiger densities in India using photographic captures and recaptures: Ecology, v. 79, no. 8, p. 2852-2862, https://doi.org/10.1890/0012-9658(1998)079[2852:EOTDII]2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"2852","endPage":"2862","numberOfPages":"11","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":202105,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"India","otherGeospatial":"National Parks of Pench, Kanha, Kaziranga, and Nagarahole","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n 79.15,\n 21.85\n ],\n [\n 79.15,\n 21.633333\n ],\n [\n 79.366667,\n 21.633333\n ],\n [\n 79.366667,\n 21.85\n ],\n [\n 79.15,\n 21.85\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n 80.47335851027304,\n 22.406860446581604\n ],\n [\n 80.47335851027304,\n 22.147194265273683\n ],\n [\n 80.76169250662917,\n 22.147194265273683\n ],\n [\n 80.76169250662917,\n 22.406860446581604\n ],\n [\n 80.47335851027304,\n 22.406860446581604\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n 76,\n 12.25\n ],\n [\n 76,\n 11.85\n ],\n [\n 76.25,\n 11.85\n ],\n [\n 76.25,\n 12.25\n ],\n [\n 76,\n 12.25\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n 93.667,\n 26.75\n ],\n [\n 93.1,\n 26.75\n ],\n [\n 93.1,\n 26.58\n ],\n [\n 93.667,\n 26.58\n ],\n [\n 93.667,\n 26.75\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"79","issue":"8","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a0ae4b07f02db5fb1fe","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Karanth, K. Ullas","contributorId":6984,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Karanth","given":"K.","email":"","middleInitial":"Ullas","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":338398,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Nichols, James D. 0000-0002-7631-2890 jnichols@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7631-2890","contributorId":200533,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nichols","given":"James","email":"jnichols@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":338397,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":5223453,"text":"5223453 - 1998 - Are adult nonbreeders prudent parents? The kittiwake model","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-12-14T16:01:04.326204","indexId":"5223453","displayToPublicDate":"1998-12-01T12:18:40","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1465,"text":"Ecology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Are adult nonbreeders prudent parents? The kittiwake model","docAbstract":"Understanding evolutionary consequences of intermittent breeding (nonbreeding in individuals that previously bred) requires investigation of the relationships between adult breeding state and two demographic parameters: survival probability and subsequent breeding probability. One major difficulty raised by comparing the demographic features of breeders and nonbreeders as estimated from capture–recapture data is that breeding state is often suspected to influence recapture or resighting probability. We used multistate capture–recapture models to test the hypothesis of equal recapture probabilities for breeding and nonbreeding Kittiwakes and found no evidence of an effect of breeding state on this parameter. The same method was used to test whether reproductive state affects survival probability. Nonbreeding individuals have lower survival rates than breeders. Moreover, nonbreeders have a higher probability of being nonbreeders the following year than do breeders. State-specific survival rates and transition probabilities vary from year to year, but temporal variations of survival and transition probabilities of breeders and nonbreeders are in parallel (on a logit scale). These inferences led us to conclude that nonbreeders tend to be lower quality individuals. The effect of sex was also investigated: males and females do not differ with respect to survival probabilities when reproductive state is taken into account. Similarly, there is no effect of sex on transition probabilities between reproductive states.
","language":"English","publisher":"Ecological Society of America","doi":"10.1890/0012-9658(1998)079[2917:AANPPT]2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Cam, E., Hines, J.E., Monnat, J.#., Nichols, J.D., and Danchin, E., 1998, Are adult nonbreeders prudent parents? The kittiwake model: Ecology, v. 79, no. 8, p. 2917-2930, https://doi.org/10.1890/0012-9658(1998)079[2917:AANPPT]2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"2917","endPage":"2930","numberOfPages":"14","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":198835,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"79","issue":"8","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e488ae4b07f02db51c2ff","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cam, Emmanuelle","contributorId":78069,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cam","given":"Emmanuelle","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":338793,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hines, James E. 0000-0001-5478-7230 jhines@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5478-7230","contributorId":146530,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hines","given":"James","email":"jhines@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":338796,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Monnat, J. #NAME?","contributorId":33019,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Monnat","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"#NAME?","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":338795,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Nichols, James D. 0000-0002-7631-2890 jnichols@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7631-2890","contributorId":140652,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nichols","given":"James","email":"jnichols@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":338794,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Danchin, Etienne","contributorId":69034,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Danchin","given":"Etienne","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":338797,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70020247,"text":"70020247 - 1998 - Establishment of woody riparian vegetation in relation to annual patterns of streamflow, Bill Williams River, Arizona","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2026-04-23T17:07:29.206462","indexId":"70020247","displayToPublicDate":"1998-12-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3750,"text":"Wetlands","onlineIssn":"1943-6246","printIssn":"0277-5212","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Establishment of woody riparian vegetation in relation to annual patterns of streamflow, Bill Williams River, Arizona","docAbstract":"Previous studies have revealed the close coupling of components of annual streamflow hydrographs and the germination and establishment of Populus species. Key hydrograph components include the timing and magnitude of flood peaks, the rate of decline of the recession limb, and the magnitude of base flows. In this paper, we retrospectively examine establishment of four woody riparian species along the Bill Williams River, Arizona, USA, in the context of annual patterns of streamflow for the years 1993–1995. The four species examined were the native Populus fremontii, Salix gooddingii, and Baccharis salicifolia and the exotic Tamarix ramosissima. We modeled locations suitable for germination of each species along eight study transects by combining historic discharge data, calculated stage-discharge relationships, and seed-dispersal timing observations. This germination model was, a highly significant predictor of seedling establishment. Where germination was predicted to occur, we compared values of several environmental variables in quadrats where we observed successful establishment with quadrats where establishment was unsuccessful. The basal area of mature woody vegetation, the maximum annual, depth to ground water, and the maximum rate of water-table decline were the variables that best discriminated between quadrats with and without seedlings. The results of this study suggest that the basic components of models that relate establishment of Populus spp. to annual patterns of streamflow may also be applicable to other woody riparian species. Reach-to-reach variation in stage-discharge relationships can influence model parameters, however, and should be considered if results such as ours are to be used in efforts to prescribe reservoir releases to promote establishment of native riparian vegetation.
","language":"English","publisher":"Springer Nature","doi":"10.1007/BF03161674","issn":"02775212","usgsCitation":"Shafroth, P., Auble, G., Stromberg, J., and Patten, D., 1998, Establishment of woody riparian vegetation in relation to annual patterns of streamflow, Bill Williams River, Arizona: Wetlands, v. 18, no. 4, p. 577-590, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03161674.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"577","endPage":"590","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":230890,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Arizona","otherGeospatial":"Bill Williams River","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -114.09873911280913,\n 34.305537372613855\n ],\n [\n -114.09873911280913,\n 34.195039310979226\n ],\n [\n -113.60034525138416,\n 34.195039310979226\n ],\n [\n -113.60034525138416,\n 34.305537372613855\n ],\n [\n -114.09873911280913,\n 34.305537372613855\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"18","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0a6de4b0c8380cd5235a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Shafroth, P.B.","contributorId":65041,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shafroth","given":"P.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":385529,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Auble, G.T.","contributorId":19505,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Auble","given":"G.T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":385528,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Stromberg, J.C.","contributorId":81455,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stromberg","given":"J.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":385530,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Patten, D.T.","contributorId":15955,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Patten","given":"D.T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":385527,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":22042,"text":"ofr98210 - 1998 - Preliminary lithostratigraphy, interpreted geophysical logs and hydrogeologic characteristics of the 98th Street core hole, Albuquerque, New Mexico","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-03-27T10:24:02","indexId":"ofr98210","displayToPublicDate":"1998-12-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"98-210","title":"Preliminary lithostratigraphy, interpreted geophysical logs and hydrogeologic characteristics of the 98th Street core hole, Albuquerque, New Mexico","docAbstract":"Core samples, cuttings, and numerous geophysical logs obtained from the 1560 ft (475.5 m) core hole drilled at 98th Street on the west side of Albuquerque provide key stratigraphic and hydraulicproperty information for the upper clastic sediments of the Santa Fe Group, which form the principal aquifer in the region. The core hole and an adjacent water-level monitoring well were drilled cooperatively by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) and the City of Albuquerque and investigated in collaboration with the New Mexico Bureau of Mines and Mineral Resources and the New Mexico Office of the State Engineer to improve understanding of aquifer characteristics and controls on ground-water availability and quality. The 751.5 ft (229 m) of core samples recovered from the core hole are the only undisturbed samples of nonlithified sediments of the upper part of the Santa Fe Group that have been collected in this area. These samples have allowed us, for the first time, to directly observe and characterize the lithic and sedimentologic features of this part of the section, and to correlate the detailed geologic features with geophysical-log characteristics, magnetic susceptibility measurements, hydraulic variables, and trace-element geochemistry. The adjacent well was designed to be an areally representative ground-water level and water-quality monitoring well for the Santa Fe Group aquifer. This report chiefly addresses the lithologic, stratigraphic, and hydrogeologic features determined from the 98th Street core hole; other reports address related characteristics.
Previous geologic studies predicted the stratigraphy at the site to be, from the land surface downward: 1) Quaternary alluvial and eolian valley-border sediments; 2) fluvial sand and gravel of the upper unit of the Santa Fe Group (Ceja Member of the Santa Fe Formation of Kelly, 1978; equivalent to the Sierra Ledrones Formation of Machette (1978a); 3) downward-fining basin-floor silty clay deposits and 4) fluvial sandy and silty facies of the middle unit of the Santa Fe Group (the Middle Red Member of Bryan and McCann, 1937, and Lambert, 1968). New geologic interpretations indicate that the drill site is in a fault block bounded by east-dipping normal faults and the oblique Atrisco-Rincon fault zone.
Core-hole sampling recovered 760.6 ft (231.8 m) of core, in core segments 2.1-2.375 in. (5.3-6 cm) in diameter, and 0.2-10 ft (6.1 cm-3 m) long. The core hole was cased with centered 3-in. PVC casing, and is available for geophysical logging. The monitoring-well hole contains four piezometers at depths of 1544 ft (470.6 m), 1112 ft (338.9 m), 749 ft (228.3 m), and 458 ft (139.6 m).
Sediments in the core are loose to weakly cemented gravel, sand, silt, and clay, and lithified sandstone. Laboratory analyses of particle-size distributions of 28 channel samples show that most silty sand samples are uniformly graded and poorly sorted; medium sand samples are moderately sorted. Six principal sediment types are used to describe the core; these sediment types are repeated in various combinations throughout the core and are used to define 22 lithologic units in the cored interval. The six principal sediment types contain sequences of beds having similar modal grain size and sedimentary structure, and are listed in decreasing abundance:
1) Silty fine sand, poorly sorted, containing a coarse silt matrix. Geophysical logs show highly variable baselines with deflections that are related to clay beds and sequences of silt, clay, and sorted fine sand. Density values of 2.12-2.25 g/cc and porosity values of 30-35 percent are typical.
2) Medium sand, moderately to poorly sorted. Geophysical logs show baselines of low variability with deflections that are related to clay beds and sequences of silt, clay, and sorted fine sand. Density values of 2.05-2.20 g/cc and porosity values of 30-35 percent are typical.
3) Clayey sandy silt, poorly sorted, locally microlaminated clay and silt, generally nonplastic. Geophysical logs show highly variable baselines with deflections that are related to sequences of clay and fine sand. Density values of 2.1-2.2 g/cc and porosity values of 30-40 percent are typical.
4) Silt and clay, characteristically red to reddish brown and medium to high plasticity, massive to indistinctly microlaminated. Geophysical logs show variable baselines with broad, high-amplitude compound spikes that are related to sequences of silt and fine sand. Density values of 2.12-2.25 g/cc and porosity values of >45 percent are typical.
5) Sand and gravel, poorly sorted. Geophysical logs show variable baselines with deflections that are related to sequences of silty and sorted fine sand.
6) Sandstone, fine-to-medium grained, poorly sorted, cemented chiefly by calcite, which fills the original pore space. Geophysical logs show density values >2.25 g/cc and porosity values <30 percent.
The 22 lithologic units are correlated with recognized basin-floor fluvial lithofacies (Hawley, 1996), which include sand and gravel (lithofacies I), sand with lenses of pebbly sand, silt, and silty clay (lithofacies II), and interbedded sand, silt, and silty clay (modified lithofacies III, IV, IX).
The sediments in the core hole are correlated with three informal lithostratigraphic units. The top unit, 0-19 ft (0-5.8 m) depth, consists of Quaternary eolian sand and valley-border alluvium. Coarsegrained deposits in the 19-97 ft (5.8-29.6 m) interval are correlated with the upper unit of the Santa Fe Group. The fine-grained section in the 97-787 ft (29.6-239.9 m) interval is correlated tentatively with the middle unit of the Santa Fe Group. This section contains thick sequences of laminated red and olivebrown clay and silt overbank deposits (441-787 ft) in the distinctive Atrisco member of Connell and others (1998). The Atrisco is correlated with fine-grained zones in numerous wells throughout the central Albuquerque metropolitan area, and is recognized as a zone that separates the upper Santa Fe aquifer from underlying middle Santa Fe deposits. The lower section of the middle unit of the Santa Fe, 787-1500 ft (239.9-457.2 m) depth, includes an upper sequence of moderately sorted channel-fill medium sand, and a lower sequence of sand, silt, and clay overbank deposits. The age of the cored interval is not known precisely. The upper Santa Fe gravel is related regionally to a through-flowing river system that was established in the Rio Grande rift valleys in Early Pliocene time, >4.5 MA. The middle Santa Fe unit is dated tentatively by correlation with a fossiliferous section, in which sandy beds that directly underlie the upper Santa Fe are Late Miocene (Hemphellian), 4.6- 8.9 MA. Further, the middle Santa Fe unit, with dominantly normal magnetic polarity, may have been deposited during closely spaced normal magnetic chrons 5.9-8.3 Ma.
Four hydrostratigraphic units summarize the hydrogeologic framework for the 98th Street site: 1) Quaternary valley-border deposits, 2) upper Santa Fe sand and gravel deposits, 3) middle Santa Fe overbank deposits, and 4) middle Santa Fe channel-sand deposits. Empirical values of horizontal hydraulic conductivity estimated from core samples reveal a previously unknown contrast in hydraulic conductivity in the lowest two hydrostratigraphic units. Correlations among numerous wells show that the distinctively fine-grained Atrisco member, with estimated hydraulic conductivities (K) of <0.02-17 ft/day, is a laterally extensive barrier to vertical ground-water flow. The underlying unit that contains moderately sorted medium sand is a potential aquifer production zone that should be investigated further.
Laboratory determination of vertical hydraulic conductivity values for fine-grained core samples range from 10-2 to 10-7 ft/day; recompacted sandy samples have K values of 1 to 10-2 ft/day. Results of tests conducted with increasing effective stress show that K values of all samples decrease with decreasing porosity. Comparison of K values from laboratory, empirical, and calculated geophysical values shows discrepancies of 1-3 orders of magnitude (ft/day), indicating that additional analyses of core samples and geophysical data are necessary for future characterization of the Santa Fe Group aquifer.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr98210","usgsCitation":"Stone, B.D., Allen, B.D., Mikolas, M., Haneberg, W.C., Hawley, J.W., Johnson, P.S., Alfred, B., and Thorn, C.R., 1998, Preliminary lithostratigraphy, interpreted geophysical logs and hydrogeologic characteristics of the 98th Street core hole, Albuquerque, New Mexico: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 98-210, iv, 82 p. , https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr98210.","productDescription":"iv, 82 p. ","costCenters":[{"id":40020,"text":"Florence Bascom Geoscience Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":153833,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1998/0210/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":51502,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1998/0210/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"New Mexico","city":"Albuquerque","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -106.875,\n 34.99850370014629\n ],\n [\n -106.61407470703125,\n 34.99850370014629\n ],\n [\n -106.61407470703125,\n 35.252348097623354\n ],\n [\n -106.875,\n 35.252348097623354\n ],\n [\n -106.875,\n 34.99850370014629\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ab0e4b07f02db66d954","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Stone, Byron D. 0000-0001-6092-0798 bdstone@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6092-0798","contributorId":1702,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stone","given":"Byron","email":"bdstone@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":40020,"text":"Florence Bascom Geoscience Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":243,"text":"Eastern Geology and Paleoclimate Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":186816,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Allen, Bruce D.","contributorId":70568,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Allen","given":"Bruce","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":186821,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Mikolas, Marlo","contributorId":97522,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mikolas","given":"Marlo","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":186822,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Haneberg, William C.","contributorId":57121,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Haneberg","given":"William","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":186818,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Hawley, John W.","contributorId":195787,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Hawley","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":186817,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Johnson, Peggy S.","contributorId":85689,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnson","given":"Peggy","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":186820,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Alfred, Barry","contributorId":57482,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Alfred","given":"Barry","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":186819,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Thorn, Conde R.","contributorId":88397,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thorn","given":"Conde","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":186823,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8}]}} ,{"id":38249,"text":"pp1409A - 1998 - Aquifer systems in the Great Basin region of Nevada, Utah, and adjacent states; summary report","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-01-30T19:19:39","indexId":"pp1409A","displayToPublicDate":"1998-12-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1409","chapter":"A","title":"Aquifer systems in the Great Basin region of Nevada, Utah, and adjacent states; summary report","docAbstract":"Findings of the Great Basin Regional Aquifer System Analysis (RASA) are summarized. The Great Basin RASA study encompasses an area of about 140,000 square miles. Regional hydrology and ground-water hydrology of the area are described. Five models of basin-fill aquifers, a ground-water flow model of the Fish Springs system, and a regional ground-water flow model of the carbonate-rock province (eastern Nevada and western Utah) are presented and discussed.","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/pp1409A","usgsCitation":"Harrill, J., and Prudic, D.E., 1998, Aquifer systems in the Great Basin region of Nevada, Utah, and adjacent states; summary report: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1409, p. A1-A66, https://doi.org/10.3133/pp1409A.","productDescription":"p. A1-A66","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":64626,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1409a/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":123142,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1409a/report-thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ac5e4b07f02db679f70","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Harrill, J. R.","contributorId":10417,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Harrill","given":"J. R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":219420,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Prudic, David E. deprudic@usgs.gov","contributorId":3430,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Prudic","given":"David","email":"deprudic@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":465,"text":"Nevada Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":219421,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ]}