{"pageNumber":"1246","pageRowStart":"31125","pageSize":"25","recordCount":40904,"records":[{"id":70020677,"text":"70020677 - 1998 - Water flow through temperate glaciers","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-07-17T16:37:33.862421","indexId":"70020677","displayToPublicDate":"1998-08-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3283,"text":"Reviews of Geophysics","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Water flow through temperate glaciers","docAbstract":"Understanding water movement through a glacier is fundamental to several critical issues in glaciology, including glacier dynamics, glacier-induced floods, and the prediction of runoff from glacierized drainage basins. to this end we have synthesized a conceptual model os water movement through a temperate glacier from the surface to the outlet stream. Processes that regulate the rate and distribution of water input at the glacier surface and that regulate water movement from the surface to the bed play important but commonly neglected roles in glacier hydrology. Where a glacier is covered by a layer of porous, permeable firn (the accumulation zone), the flux of water to the glacier interior varies slowly because the firn temporarily stores water and thereby smooths out variations in the supply rate. In the firn-free ablation zone, in contrast, the flux of water into the glacier depends directly on the rate of surface melt or rainfall and therefore varies greatly in time. Water moves from the surface to the bed through an upward branching arborescent network consisting of both steeply inclined conduits, formed by the enlargement of intergranular veins, and gently inclined conduits, sprqwned by water flow along the bottoms of near-surface fractures (crevasses). Englacial drainage conduits deliver water to the glacier bed at a linited number of points, probably a long distance downglacier of where water enters the glacier. Englacial conduits supplied from the accumulation zone are quasi steady state features that convey the slowly varying water flux delivered via the firn. their size adjusts so that they are usually full of water and flow is pressurized. In contrast, water flow in englacial conduits supplied from the ablation area is pressurized only near times of peak daily flow or during rainstorms; flow is otherwise in an open-channel configuration. The subglacial drainage system typically consists of several elements that are distinct both morpphologically and hydrologically. An up-glacier branching, arborescent network of channels incised into the basal ice conveys water rapidly. Much of the water flux to the bed probably enters directly into the arborescent channel network, which covers only a small fraction of the glacier bed. More extensive spatially is a nonarborescent network, which commonly includes cabities (gaps between the glacier sole and bed), channels incised into the bed, and a layer of permeable sediment. The nonarborescent network conveys water slowly and is usually poorly connected to the arborescent system. The arborescent channel network largely collapses during winter but reforms in the spring as the first flush of meltwater to the bed destabilizes the cavities within the nonarborescent net6work. The volume of water stored by a glacier varies diurnally and seasonally. Small, temperate alpine glaciers seem to attain a maximum seasonal water storage of ~200 mm of water averaged over the area of the glacier bed, with daily fluctuations of as much as 20-30 mm. The likely storage capacity of subglacial cavities is insufficient to account for estimated stored water volumes, so most water storage may actually occur englacially. Sotred water may also be released abruptly and catastrophically in the form of outburst floods.","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/97RG03579","issn":"87551209","usgsCitation":"Fountain, A.G., and Walder, J.S., 1998, Water flow through temperate glaciers: Reviews of Geophysics, v. 36, no. 3, p. 299-328, https://doi.org/10.1029/97RG03579.","productDescription":"30 p.","startPage":"299","endPage":"328","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":492440,"rank":2,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/97rg03579","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":230956,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"36","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bc7e0e4b08c986b32c68e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Fountain, A. G.","contributorId":29815,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fountain","given":"A.","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":387093,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Walder, Joseph S. jswalder@usgs.gov","contributorId":2046,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Walder","given":"Joseph","email":"jswalder@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":387094,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":22845,"text":"ofr9868 - 1998 - Ground-water hydrology and simulation of ground-water flow at Operable Unit 3 and surrounding region, U.S. Naval Air Station, Jacksonville, Florida","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:07:57","indexId":"ofr9868","displayToPublicDate":"1998-08-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"98-68","title":"Ground-water hydrology and simulation of ground-water flow at Operable Unit 3 and surrounding region, U.S. Naval Air Station, Jacksonville, Florida","docAbstract":"The Naval Air Station, Jacksonville (herein referred to as the Station), occupies 3,800 acres adjacent to the St. Johns River in Duval County, Florida. Operable Unit 3 (OU3) occupies 134 acres on the eastern side of the Station and has been used for industrial and commercial purposes since World War II. Ground water contaminated by chlorinated organic compounds has been detected in the surficial aquifer at OU3. The U.S. Navy and U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) conducted a cooperative hydrologic study to evaluate the potential for ground water discharge to the neighboring St. Johns River. A ground-water flow model, previously developed for the area, was recalibrated for use in this study. \rAt the Station, the surficial aquifer is exposed at land surface and forms the uppermost permeable unit. The aquifer ranges in thickness from 30 to 100 feet and consists of unconsolidated silty sands interbedded with local beds of clay. The low-permeability clays of the Hawthorn Group form the base of the aquifer. \rThe USGS previously conducted a ground-water investigation at the Station that included the development and calibration of a 1-layer regional ground-water flow model. For this investigation, the regional model was recalibrated using additional data collected after the original calibration. The recalibrated model was then used to establish the boundaries for a smaller subregional model roughly centered on OU3. \rWithin the subregional model, the surficial aquifer is composed of distinct upper and intermediate layers. The upper layer extends from land surface to a depth of approximately 15 feet below sea level; the intermediate layer extends from the upper layer down to the top of the Hawthorn Group. In the northern and central parts of OU3, the upper and intermediate layers are separated by a low-permeability clay layer. Horizontal hydraulic conductivities in the upper layer, determined from aquifer tests, range from 0.19 to 3.8 feet per day. The horizontal hydraulic conductivity in the intermediate layer, determined from one aquifer test, is 20 feet per day. \rAn extensive stormwater drainage system is present at OU3 and the surrounding area. Some of the stormwater drains have been documented to be draining ground water from the upper layer of the surficial aquifer, whereas other drains are only suspected to be draining ground water. \rThe subregional model contained 78 rows and 148 columns of square model cells that were 100 feet on each side. Vertically, the surficial aquifer was divided into two layers; layer 1 represented the upper layer and layer 2 represented the intermediate layer. Steady-state ground-water flow conditions were assumed. The model was calibrated to head data collected on October 29 and 30, 1996. After calibration, the model matched all 67 measured heads to within the calibration criterion of 1 foot; and 48 of 67 simulated heads (72 percent) were within 0.5 foot. \rModel simulated recharge rates ranged from 0.4 inch per year in areas that were largely paved to 13.0 inches per year in irrigated areas. Simulated hydraulic conductivities in the upper layer at OU3 ranged from 0.5 foot per day in the north to 1.0 foot per day in the south. Simulated vertical leakance between the upper and intermediate layers ranged from 1.0x10-6 per day in an area with low-permeability clays to 4.3x10-2 per day in an area that had been dredged. Simulated transmissivities in the intermediate layer ranged from 25 feet squared per day in an area of low-permeability channel-fill deposits to a high of 1,200 feet squared per day in areas covering most of OU3. Simulated riverbed conductances ranged from 4 to 60 feet squared per day and simulated bottom conductances of leaking stormwater drains ranged from 5 to 20 feet squared per day. \rThe direction and velocity of ground-water flow was determined using particle-tracking techniques. Ground-water flow in the upper layer was generally eastward toward the St. Johns River. However, leaking stormwat","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nBranch of Information Services [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/ofr9868","issn":"0094-9140","usgsCitation":"Davis, J., 1998, Ground-water hydrology and simulation of ground-water flow at Operable Unit 3 and surrounding region, U.S. Naval Air Station, Jacksonville, Florida: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 98-68, vi, 36 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr9868.","productDescription":"vi, 36 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":1308,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/ofr98-068/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":155220,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4aaae4b07f02db668c2d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Davis, J.H.","contributorId":68770,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Davis","given":"J.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":188985,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":24537,"text":"ofr98235 - 1998 - Revised grade and tonnage model of carbonatite deposits","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:05","indexId":"ofr98235","displayToPublicDate":"1998-08-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"98-235","title":"Revised grade and tonnage model of carbonatite deposits","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/ofr98235","issn":"0094-9140","usgsCitation":"Singer, D., 1998, Revised grade and tonnage model of carbonatite deposits: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 98-235, 7 p. :ill. ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr98235.","productDescription":"7 p. :ill. ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":155564,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1998/0235/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":53585,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1998/0235/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a16e4b07f02db603b7e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Singer, D.A.","contributorId":69128,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Singer","given":"D.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":192104,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":22240,"text":"ofr98200 - 1998 - Updating flood maps efficiently; building on existing hydraulic information and modern elevation data with a GIS","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:07:59","indexId":"ofr98200","displayToPublicDate":"1998-08-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"98-200","title":"Updating flood maps efficiently; building on existing hydraulic information and modern elevation data with a GIS","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nEarth Science Information Center, Open-File Reports Section,","doi":"10.3133/ofr98200","issn":"0094-9140","usgsCitation":"Jones, J.L., Haluska, T., Williamson, A.K., and Erwin, M., 1998, Updating flood maps efficiently; building on existing hydraulic information and modern elevation data with a GIS: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 98-200, 12 p.  :col. ill., maps (some col.) ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr98200.","productDescription":"12 p.  :col. ill., maps (some col.) ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":154979,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1998/0200/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":51672,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1998/0200/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a24e4b07f02db60e69c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Jones, J. L.","contributorId":27065,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jones","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":187737,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Haluska, T.L.","contributorId":75960,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Haluska","given":"T.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":187740,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Williamson, A. K.","contributorId":57872,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Williamson","given":"A.","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":187739,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Erwin, M.L.","contributorId":39774,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Erwin","given":"M.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":187738,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":29620,"text":"wri974261 - 1998 - Hydrogeology and water quality in the Cedar Rapids area, Iowa, 1992-96","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-03-22T11:04:07","indexId":"wri974261","displayToPublicDate":"1998-08-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"97-4261","title":"Hydrogeology and water quality in the Cedar Rapids area, Iowa, 1992-96","docAbstract":"<p>The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) and the city of Cedar Rapids conducted a cooperative study from 1992 to 1996 to assess the hydrogeology and water quality in the Cedar River, Cedar River alluvial aquifer, Devonian aquifer, and Silurian aquifer in a 231-square-mile area of Benton and Linn Counties near Cedar Rapids, Iowa. The city of Cedar Rapids withdrew an average of 34 million gallons per day between July 1,1995, and June 30, 1996, from the Cedar River alluvial aquifer for its drinking-water supply.</p>\n<p>The ground-water flow system in the 231-square-mile area was simulated using a modular, three-dimensional, finite-difference groundwater flow model (MODFLOW) under steady-state conditions. The three-layer groundwater flow model simulates ground-water flow in layer 1 for unconsolidated deposits that include the Cedar River alluvial aquifer; in layer 2 for the Devonian aquifer and buried-channel aquifer; and in layer 3 for the Silurian aquifer. Primary sources of inflow to the ground-water flow system in the model area include infiltration of precipitation (63.5 percent) and leakage from the Cedar River (34.7 percent). Pumpage from municipal, industrial, and private wells accounts for about 48.3 percent of system outflow.</p>\n<p>Primary sources of inflow to the Cedar River alluvial aquifer include leakage from the Cedar River (74.2 percent), leakage from adjacent or underlying hydrogeologic units (20.9 percent), and infiltration of precipitation (4.9 percent). Pumpage by municipal water-supply wells from the alluvial aquifer accounts for about 78.0 percent of system outflow.</p>\n<p>Simulations of two hypothetical conditions using the steady-state ground-water flow model were conducted to evaluate quantitative changes on sources of water to the Cedar River alluvial aquifer. Results for the scenario representing a period of less-than-average annual precipitation for 1961-90 indicate a 32.0-percent reduction of total ground-water flow and a 5.7-percent increase in river leakage to the Cedar River alluvial aquifer. Results for the scenario representing increased pumping from the Cedar River alluvial aquifer, with pumping increased 68.3 percent from about 41 million gallons per day (for the calibrated model) to about 70 million gallons per day, indicate a 70.9-percent increase in simulated river leakage.</p>\n<p>Commonly used herbicides in Iowa such as atrazine (and the metabolite products deethylatrazine and deisopropylatrazine), cyanazine, and metolachlor, when detected in the Cedar River alluvial aquifer, were typically at small concentrations (less than 1.0 microgram per liter). Atrazine concentrations in 26 of the 64 wells sampled were less than the 0.05 microgram per liter minimum reporting level. Most ground-water samples collected from the Devonian and Silurian aquifers had herbicide concentrations less than 0.05 microgram per liter. Nitrite-plus-nitrate nitrogen (nitrate) concentrations in ground-water samples varied from less than the minimum reporting level (0.05 milligram per liter) to 15.0 milligrams per liter. Nitrate was not detected in samples from 18 wells, and nitrate concentrations greater than the Maximum Contaminant Level for nitrate as nitrogen (10 milligrams per liter) were detected in samples from 4 wells.</p>\n<p>Several areas in the Cedar River alluvial aquifer with large iron and manganese concentrations could be related to the original depositional environment of the sediment. In general, large iron and manganese concentrations in ground water are often associated with abundant organic and argillaceous material in sediment near old meander channels and sloughs.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Iowa City, IA","doi":"10.3133/wri974261","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the City of Cedar Rapids Municipal Water Department","usgsCitation":"Schulmeyer, P., and Schnoebelen, D., 1998, Hydrogeology and water quality in the Cedar Rapids area, Iowa, 1992-96: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 97-4261, vi, 77 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri974261.","productDescription":"vi, 77 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":351,"text":"Iowa Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":119535,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1997/4261/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":58443,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1997/4261/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Iowa","city":"Cedar Rapids","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -91.62872314453125,\n              41.95949009892465\n            ],\n            [\n              -91.66854858398438,\n              41.94314874732696\n            ],\n            [\n              -91.69292449951172,\n              41.96204305667252\n            ],\n            [\n              -91.76502227783203,\n              41.98475987441191\n            ],\n            [\n              -91.78459167480469,\n              42.02914912321774\n            ],\n            [\n              -91.82132720947264,\n              42.06458724463074\n            ],\n            [\n              -91.81549072265625,\n              42.09287255461445\n            ],\n            [\n              -91.73343658447266,\n              42.09312731992276\n            ],\n            [\n              -91.71524047851562,\n              42.04980251822954\n            ],\n            [\n              -91.63627624511719,\n              42.00007001058039\n            ],\n            [\n              -91.62872314453125,\n              41.95949009892465\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a4ae4b07f02db625286","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Schulmeyer, P.M.","contributorId":17208,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schulmeyer","given":"P.M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":201826,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Schnoebelen, D.J.","contributorId":98352,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schnoebelen","given":"D.J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":201827,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":28938,"text":"wri974276 - 1998 - Geohydrology of the Central Oahu, Hawaii, ground-water flow system and numerical simulation of the effects of additional pumping","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-04-10T21:18:42.997559","indexId":"wri974276","displayToPublicDate":"1998-08-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"97-4276","title":"Geohydrology of the Central Oahu, Hawaii, ground-water flow system and numerical simulation of the effects of additional pumping","docAbstract":"A two-dimensional, finite-difference, ground-water flow model was developed for the central Oahu flow system, which is the largest and most productive ground-water flow system on the island. The model is based on the computer code SHARP which simulates both freshwater and saltwater flow. The ground-water model was developed using average pumping and recharge conditions during the 1950's, which was considered to be a steady-state period. For 1950's conditions, model results indicate that 62 percent (90.1 million gallons per day) of the discharge from the Schofield ground-water area flows southward and the remaining 38 percent (55.2 million gallons per day) of the discharge from Schofield flows northward. Although the contribution of recharge from infiltration of rainfall and irrigation water directly on top of the southern and northern Schofield ground-water dams was included in the model, the distribution of natural discharge from the Schofield ground-water area was estimated exclusive of the recharge on top of the dams.\r\n\r\nThe model was used to investigate the long-term effects of pumping under future land-use conditions. Future recharge was conservatively estimated by assuming no recharge associated with agricultural activities. Future pumpage used in the model was based on the 1995-allocated rates. Model results indicate that the long-term effect of pumping at the 1995-allocated rates will be a reduction of water levels from present (1995) conditions in all ground-water areas of the central Oahu flow system. In the Schofield ground-water area, model results indicate that water levels could decline about 30 feet from the 1995 water-level altitude of about 275 feet. In the remaining ground-water areas of the central Oahu flow system, water levels may decline from less than 1 foot to as much as 12 feet relative to 1995 water levels. Model results indicate that the bottoms of several existing deep wells in northern and southern Oahu extend below the model-calculated freshwater-saltwater interface location for the future recharge and pumping conditions.\r\n\r\nModel results indicate that an additional 10 million gallons per day (beyond the 1995-allocated rates) of freshwater can potentially be developed from northern Oahu. Various distributions of pumping can be used to obtain the additional 10 million gallons per day of water. The quality of the water pumped will be dependent on site-specific factors and cannot be predicted on the basis of model results. If the additional 10 million gallons per day pumpage is restricted to the Kawailoa and Waialua areas, model results indicate that a regional drawdown (relative to the water-level distribution associated with the 1995-allocated pumping rates) of less than 0.6 foot can be maintained in these two areas. The additional pumping, however, would cause salinity increases in water pumped by existing deep wells. In addition, increases in salinity may occur at other wells in areas where the model indicates no significant problem with upconing.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri974276","usgsCitation":"Oki, D.S., 1998, Geohydrology of the Central Oahu, Hawaii, ground-water flow system and numerical simulation of the effects of additional pumping: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 97-4276, x, 132 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri974276.","productDescription":"x, 132 p.","costCenters":[{"id":525,"text":"Pacific Islands Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":415546,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_48879.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":57809,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1997/4276/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":124113,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1997/4276/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Hawaii","otherGeospatial":"Oahu","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -158.2167,\n              21.6889\n            ],\n            [\n              -158.2167,\n              21.25\n            ],\n            [\n              -157.7911,\n              21.25\n            ],\n            [\n              -157.7911,\n              21.6889\n            ],\n            [\n              -158.2167,\n              21.6889\n            ]\n          ]\n        ],\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b1be4b07f02db6a89c3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Oki, Delwyn S. 0000-0002-6913-8804 dsoki@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6913-8804","contributorId":1901,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Oki","given":"Delwyn","email":"dsoki@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":525,"text":"Pacific Islands Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":200648,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":28476,"text":"wri974287 - 1998 - Estimated predevelopment discharge to streams from the High Plains Aquifer in northwestern Oklahoma, southwestern Kansas, and northwestern Texas","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:47","indexId":"wri974287","displayToPublicDate":"1998-08-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"97-4287","title":"Estimated predevelopment discharge to streams from the High Plains Aquifer in northwestern Oklahoma, southwestern Kansas, and northwestern Texas","docAbstract":"A study of the High Plains aquifer in Okla homa was initiated in 1996 to: (1) provide the information needed by the Oklahoma Water Resources Board to manage the quantity of water produced from the aquifer; and (2) provide base line water-chemistry data. The approach used to meet the first objective is to develop a digital ground-water flow model. The model will be cali brated, in part, by comparing simulated and esti mated predevelopment discharge from the aquifer to streams and cross-boundary flow. This report presents the estimated predevelopment discharge to streams from the High Plains aquifer.\r\nStreamflow data were the primary source of information used to estimate predevelopment dis charge from the High Plains aquifer. Data from 30 streamflow stations between the Arkansas and Canadian Rivers were considered in the analysis, and winter low-flow frequencies for 7-, 14-, and 30-day periods were determined for 25 stations. The 14-day low flow with a recurrence interval of 2 years was the primary value used to estimate pre development discharge from the aquifer.\r\n\r\nThe streams that drain the eastern part of the High Plains aquifer in Kansas (generally east of 99.5 longitude) are estimated to have had large predevelopment discharge from the aquifer, and most of them received discharge from near their headwaters. For streams with more than one streamflow gage, the upper perennial reaches appeared to have gained more discharge from the aquifer than the lower reaches. The total predevel opment discharge from the aquifer in this area to several streams is estimated to have been about 312 cubic feet per second, not including discharge that probably went directly to the Arkansas River. The Cimarron River and its tributaries are estimated to have gained about 78 cubic feet per second, but nearly one-half that amount was lost in the lower reaches of the river. The cause of the loss in the lower reaches is unknown. The Beaver River and its tributaries are estimated to have gained a net of about 10 cubic feet per second above Wolf Creek with the upper reaches gaining more than the lower reaches. Wolf Creek is estimated to have gained 30 cubic feet per second over its total length.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nBranch of Information Services [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/wri974287","usgsCitation":"Luckey, R.R., and Becker, M., 1998, Estimated predevelopment discharge to streams from the High Plains Aquifer in northwestern Oklahoma, southwestern Kansas, and northwestern Texas: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 97-4287, iv, 28 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri974287.","productDescription":"iv, 28 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":124775,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1997/4287/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":57276,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1997/4287/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a81e4b07f02db64a130","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Luckey, R. R.","contributorId":93055,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Luckey","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":199870,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Becker, M.F.","contributorId":103708,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Becker","given":"M.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":199871,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":22344,"text":"ofr97834 - 1998 - Preliminary three-dimensional discrete fracture model of the Topopah Spring Tuff in the Exploratory Studies Facility, Yucca Mountain area, Nye County, Nevada","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:07:51","indexId":"ofr97834","displayToPublicDate":"1998-08-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"97-834","title":"Preliminary three-dimensional discrete fracture model of the Topopah Spring Tuff in the Exploratory Studies Facility, Yucca Mountain area, Nye County, Nevada","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey :\r\nInformation Services [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/ofr97834","issn":"0094-9140","usgsCitation":"Anna, L.O., 1998, Preliminary three-dimensional discrete fracture model of the Topopah Spring Tuff in the Exploratory Studies Facility, Yucca Mountain area, Nye County, Nevada: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 97-834, v, 41 p. :ill. ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr97834.","productDescription":"v, 41 p. :ill. ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":153611,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1997/0834/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":51751,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1997/0834/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4aabe4b07f02db66991b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Anna, L. O.","contributorId":65472,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Anna","given":"L.","email":"","middleInitial":"O.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":188073,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70020744,"text":"70020744 - 1998 - Nitrogen excess in North American ecosystems: Predisposing factors, ecosystem responses, and management strategies","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-12-22T15:53:59.415174","indexId":"70020744","displayToPublicDate":"1998-08-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1450,"text":"Ecological Applications","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Nitrogen excess in North American ecosystems: Predisposing factors, ecosystem responses, and management strategies","docAbstract":"<p>Most forests in North America remain nitrogen limited, although recent studies have identified forested areas that exhibit symptoms of N excess, analogous to overfertilization of arable land. Nitrogen excess in watersheds is detrimental because of disruptions in plant/soil nutrient relations, increased soil acidification and aluminum mobility, increased emissions of nitrogenous greenhouse gases from soil, reduced methane consumption in soil, decreased water quality, toxic effects on freshwater biota, and eutrophication of coastal marine waters. Elevated nitrate (<span>NO<sub>3</sub><sup>−</sup></span>) loss to groundwater or surface waters is the primary symptom of N excess. Additional symptoms include increasing N concentrations and higher N:nutrient ratios in foliage (i.e., N:Mg, N:P), foliar accumulation of amino acids or<span>&nbsp;</span><span>NO<sub>3</sub><sup>−</sup></span>, and low soil C:N ratios. Recent nitrogen-fertilization studies in New England and Europe provide preliminary evidence that some forests receiving chronic N inputs may decline in productivity and experience greater mortality. Long-term fertilization at Mount Ascutney, Vermont, suggests that declining and slow N-cycling coniferous stands may be replaced by fast-growing and fast N-cycling deciduous forests.</p><p>Symptoms of N saturation are particularly severe in high-elevation, nonaggrading spruce–fir ecosystems in the Appalachian Mountains and in eastern hardwood watersheds at the Fernow Experimental Forest near Parsons, West Virginia. In the Los Angeles Air Basin, mixed conifer forests and chaparral watersheds with high smog exposure are N saturated and exhibit the highest streamwater<span>&nbsp;</span><span>NO<sub>3</sub><sup>−</sup></span><span>&nbsp;</span>concentrations for wildlands in North America. High-elevation alpine watersheds in the Colorado Front Range and a deciduous forest in Ontario, Canada, are N saturated, although N deposition is moderate (∼8 kg·ha<sup>−1</sup>·yr<sup>−1</sup>). In contrast, the Harvard Forest hardwood stand in Massachusetts has absorbed &gt;900 kg N/ha during 8 yr of N amendment studies without significant<span>&nbsp;</span><span>NO<sub>3</sub><sup>−</sup></span><span>&nbsp;</span>leaching, illustrating that ecosystems vary widely in the capacity to retain N inputs.</p><p>Overly mature forests with high N deposition, high soil N stores, and low soil C:N ratios are prone to N saturation and<span>&nbsp;</span><span>NO<sub>3</sub><sup>−</sup></span><span>&nbsp;</span>leaching. Additional characteristics favoring low N retention capacity include a short growing season (reduced plant N demand) and reduced contact time between drainage water and soil (i.e., porous coarse-textured soils, exposed bedrock or talus). Temporal patterns of hydrologic fluxes interact with biotic uptake and internal cycling patterns in determining ecosystem N retention. Soils are the largest storage pool for N inputs, although vegetation uptake is also important. Recent studies indicate that nitrification may be widespread in undisturbed ecosystems, and that microbial assimilation of<span>&nbsp;</span><span>NO<sub>3</sub><sup>−</sup></span><span>&nbsp;</span>may be a significant N retention mechanism, contrary to previous assumptions. Further studies are needed to elucidate the sites, forms, and mechanisms of N retention and incorporation into soil organic matter, and to test potential management options for mitigating N losses from forests. Implementation of intensive management practices in N-saturated ecosystems may only be feasible in high-priority areas and on a limited scale. Reduction of N emissions would be a preferable solution, although major reductions in the near future are unlikely in many areas due to economic, energy-use, policy, and demographic considerations.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Ecological Society of America","doi":"10.1890/1051-0761(1998)008[0706:NEINAE]2.0.CO;2","issn":"10510761","usgsCitation":"Fenn, M.E., Poth, M.A., Aber, J.D., Baron, J., Bormann, B.T., Johnson, D.W., Lemly, A., McNulty, S., Ryan, D., and Stottlemyer, R., 1998, Nitrogen excess in North American ecosystems: Predisposing factors, ecosystem responses, and management strategies: Ecological Applications, v. 8, no. 3, p. 706-733, https://doi.org/10.1890/1051-0761(1998)008[0706:NEINAE]2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"28 p.","startPage":"706","endPage":"733","numberOfPages":"28","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":231468,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"8","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a66d4e4b0c8380cd72ff9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Fenn, Mark E.","contributorId":94168,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fenn","given":"Mark","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":387346,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Poth, M. A.","contributorId":57330,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Poth","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":387344,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Aber, J. D.","contributorId":102759,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Aber","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":387348,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Baron, Jill 0000-0002-5902-6251 jill_baron@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5902-6251","contributorId":194124,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Baron","given":"Jill","email":"jill_baron@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":387339,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Bormann, Bernard T.","contributorId":192223,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Bormann","given":"Bernard","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":387347,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Johnson, Dale W.","contributorId":177338,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Johnson","given":"Dale","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":387345,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Lemly, A. Dennis","contributorId":176697,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Lemly","given":"A. Dennis","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":387340,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"McNulty, Steven G.","contributorId":222251,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"McNulty","given":"Steven G.","affiliations":[{"id":39173,"text":"USDA Forest Service, Eastern Forest Environmental Threat Assessment Center, Raleigh, NC, USA","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":387342,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Ryan, D.F.","contributorId":43626,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ryan","given":"D.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":387341,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Stottlemyer, Robert","contributorId":97058,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stottlemyer","given":"Robert","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":387343,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10}]}}
,{"id":22345,"text":"ofr97833 - 1998 - Preliminary three-dimensional discrete fracture model, Tiva Canyon Tuff, Yucca Mountain area, Nye County, Nevada","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:07:51","indexId":"ofr97833","displayToPublicDate":"1998-08-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"97-833","title":"Preliminary three-dimensional discrete fracture model, Tiva Canyon Tuff, Yucca Mountain area, Nye County, Nevada","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey :\r\nInformation Services [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/ofr97833","issn":"0094-9140","usgsCitation":"Anna, L.O., 1998, Preliminary three-dimensional discrete fracture model, Tiva Canyon Tuff, Yucca Mountain area, Nye County, Nevada: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 97-833, iv, 33 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr97833.","productDescription":"iv, 33 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":153630,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1997/0833/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":51752,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1997/0833/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4aabe4b07f02db669a81","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Anna, L. O.","contributorId":65472,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Anna","given":"L.","email":"","middleInitial":"O.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":188074,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":21977,"text":"ofr98198 - 1998 - Natural attenuation of chlorinated-hydrocarbon contamination at Fort Wainwright, Alaska: A hydrogeochemical and microbiological investigation workplan","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-12-20T21:07:39.949703","indexId":"ofr98198","displayToPublicDate":"1998-08-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"98-198","title":"Natural attenuation of chlorinated-hydrocarbon contamination at Fort Wainwright, Alaska: A hydrogeochemical and microbiological investigation workplan","docAbstract":"Natural attenuation processes include biological degradation, by which microorganisms break down contaminants into simpler product compounds; adsorption of contaminants to soil particles, which decreases the mass of contaminants dissolved in ground water; and dispersion, which decreases dissolved contaminant concentrations through dilution. The primary objectives of this study are to (1) assess the degree to which such natural processes are attenuating chlorinated-hydrocarbon contamination in ground water, and (2) evaluate the effects of ground-water/surface-water interactions on natural-attenuation processes in the area of the former East and West Quartermasters Fueling Systems for Fort Wainwright, Alaska. The study will include investigations of the hydrologic, geochemical, and microbiological processes occurring at this site that influence the transport and fate of chlorinated hydrocarbons in ground water. To accomplish these objectives, a data-collection program has been initiated that includes measurements of water-table elevations and the stage of the Chena River; measurements of vertical temperature profiles within the subsurface; characterization of moisture distribution and movement in the unsaturated zone; collection of ground-water samples for determination of both organic and inorganic chemical constituents; and collection of ground-water samples for enumeration of microorganisms and determination of their potential to mineralize contaminants.\r\n\r\nWe will use results from the data-collection program described above to refine our conceptual model of hydrology and contaminant attenuation at this site. Measurements of water-table elevations and river stage will help us to understand the magnitude and direction of ground-water flow and how changes in the stage of the Chena River affect ground-water flow. Because ambient ground water and surface water typically have different temperature characteristics, temperature monitoring will likely provide further insight into ground-water/surface-water interactions in the subsurface. Characterization of the unsaturated zone will improve our understanding of interactions among ground water, the unsaturated zone, and the atmosphere. The interactions likely of importance to this study include the migration of water, dissolved contaminants, nutrients, and gases (oxygen, carbon dioxide, and methane) between the saturated and unsaturated zones. We will use the results of ground-water chemical analyses to determine the spatial and temporal distribution of (1) chlorinated-hydrocarbon contaminants and their degradation products, (2) oxidation-reduction indicators, (3) nutrients, and (4) major ground-water ions. These water-quality data will provide insight into ground-water flow directions, interactions between ground water and surface water, attenuation of contaminant concentrations caused by dispersion, and intrinsic microbiological processes. Microbiological analyses will indicate whether microorganisms at the site are capable of degrading the contaminants of interest, and will allow us to estimate their potential to attenuate existing contamination. Physical and chemical data interpreted as part of the analysis of ground water and surface water mixing will improve our understanding of the relationship between water quality and contaminant source mixing.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr98198","issn":"0094-9140","usgsCitation":"McCarthy, K.A., Lilly, M.R., Braddock, J.F., and Hinzman, L.D., 1998, Natural attenuation of chlorinated-hydrocarbon contamination at Fort Wainwright, Alaska: A hydrogeochemical and microbiological investigation workplan: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 98-198, vii, 49 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr98198.","productDescription":"vii, 49 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":152910,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1998/0198/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":393124,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_19103.htm"},{"id":51452,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1998/0198/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Fort Wainwright","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -148.128662109375,\n              64.76241717518936\n            ],\n            [\n              -147.535400390625,\n              64.76241717518936\n            ],\n            [\n              -147.535400390625,\n              64.88509968914633\n            ],\n            [\n              -148.128662109375,\n              64.88509968914633\n            ],\n            [\n              -148.128662109375,\n              64.76241717518936\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b00e4b07f02db697f11","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"McCarthy, Kathleen A. mccarthy@usgs.gov","contributorId":1159,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McCarthy","given":"Kathleen","email":"mccarthy@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":186524,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lilly, Michael R.","contributorId":65494,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lilly","given":"Michael","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":186525,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Braddock, Joan F.","contributorId":97934,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Braddock","given":"Joan","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":186527,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Hinzman, Larry D.","contributorId":97133,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hinzman","given":"Larry","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":186526,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70020846,"text":"70020846 - 1998 - Assessing simulated ecosystem processes for climate variability research at Glacier National Park, USA","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-12-22T15:46:51.370761","indexId":"70020846","displayToPublicDate":"1998-08-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1450,"text":"Ecological Applications","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Assessing simulated ecosystem processes for climate variability research at Glacier National Park, USA","docAbstract":"<p><span>Glacier National Park served as a test site for ecosystem analyses that involved a suite of integrated models embedded within a geographic information system. The goal of the exercise was to provide managers with maps that could illustrate probable shifts in vegetation, net primary production (NPP), and hydrologic responses associated with two selected climatic scenarios. The climatic scenarios were (a) a recent 12-yr record of weather data, and (b) a reconstituted set that sequentially introduced in repeated 3-yr intervals wetter–cooler, drier–warmer, and typical conditions. To extrapolate the implications of changes in ecosystem processes and resulting growth and distribution of vegetation and snowpack, the model incorporated geographic data. With underlying digital elevation maps, soil depth and texture, extrapolated climate, and current information on vegetation types and satellite-derived estimates of leaf area indices, simulations were extended to envision how the park might look after 120 yr. The predictions of change included underlying processes affecting the availability of water and nitrogen. Considerable field data were acquired to compare with model predictions under current climatic conditions. In general, the integrated landscape models of ecosystem processes had good agreement with measured NPP, snowpack, and streamflow, but the exercise revealed the difficulty and necessity of averaging point measurements across landscapes to achieve comparable results with modeled values. Under the extremely variable climate scenario significant changes in vegetation composition and growth as well as hydrologic responses were predicted across the park. In particular, a general rise in both the upper and lower limits of treeline was predicted. These shifts would probably occur along with a variety of disturbances (fire, insect, and disease outbreaks) as predictions of physiological stress (water, nutrients, light) altered competitive relations and hydrologic responses. The use of integrated landscape models applied in this exercise should provide managers with insights into the underlying processes important in maintaining community structure, and at the same time, locate where changes on the landscape are most likely to occur.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Ecological Society of America","doi":"10.1890/1051-0761(1998)008[0805:ASEPFC]2.0.CO;2","issn":"10510761","usgsCitation":"White, J.D., Running, S.W., Thornton, P.E., Keane, R.E., Ryan, K.C., Fagre, D.B., and Key, C.H., 1998, Assessing simulated ecosystem processes for climate variability research at Glacier National Park, USA: Ecological Applications, v. 8, no. 3, p. 805-823, https://doi.org/10.1890/1051-0761(1998)008[0805:ASEPFC]2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"19 p.","startPage":"805","endPage":"823","numberOfPages":"19","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":481,"text":"Northern Rocky Mountain Science 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,{"id":21563,"text":"ofr98209 - 1998 - Abstracts of the 10th Annual U.S. Geological Survey, Central Region, 1998 Poster Review; collected abstracts of selected poster papers presented at scientific meetings","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:07:52","indexId":"ofr98209","displayToPublicDate":"1998-08-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"98-209","title":"Abstracts of the 10th Annual U.S. Geological Survey, Central Region, 1998 Poster Review; collected abstracts of selected poster papers presented at scientific meetings","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/ofr98209","usgsCitation":"Modreski, P.J., 1998, Abstracts of the 10th Annual U.S. Geological Survey, Central Region, 1998 Poster Review; collected abstracts of selected poster papers presented at scientific meetings: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 98-209, iii, 36 p. ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr98209.","productDescription":"iii, 36 p. ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":154670,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1998/0209/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":51151,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1998/0209/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b13e4b07f02db6a3924","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Modreski, P. J. (compiler)","contributorId":34169,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Modreski","given":"P.","suffix":"(compiler)","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":184679,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":4860,"text":"ds50 - 1998 - Teaching earth science","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-01-26T11:17:52","indexId":"ds50","displayToPublicDate":"1998-08-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":310,"text":"Data Series","code":"DS","onlineIssn":"2327-638X","printIssn":"2327-0271","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"50","title":"Teaching earth science","docAbstract":"This CD-ROM contains 17 teaching tools: 16 interactive HyperCard 'stacks' and a printable model. They are separated into the following categories: Geologic Processes, Earthquakes and Faulting, and Map Projections and Globes. A 'navigation' stack, Earth Science, is provided as a 'launching' place from which to access all of the other stacks. You can also open the HyperCard Stacks folder and launch any of the 16 stacks yourself. In addition, a 17th tool, Earth and Tectonic Globes, is provided as a printable document. Each of the tools can be copied onto a 1.4-MB floppy disk and distributed freely.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ds50","isbn":"0607898941","usgsCitation":"1998, Teaching earth science: U.S. Geological Survey Data Series 50, 1 computer laser optical disc, https://doi.org/10.3133/ds50.","productDescription":"1 computer laser optical disc","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":139958,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":115723,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/dds/dds-50/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4adce4b07f02db68633b","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Alpha, Tau Rho","contributorId":63371,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Alpha","given":"Tau","email":"","middleInitial":"Rho","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":725891,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Diggles, Michael F. 0000-0002-9946-0247 mdiggles@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9946-0247","contributorId":810,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Diggles","given":"Michael","email":"mdiggles@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[{"id":5053,"text":"IPDS Training","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":5066,"text":"Office of the Director USGS","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":501,"text":"Office of Science Quality and Integrity","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":725892,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70207248,"text":"70207248 - 1998 - Resource management of forested wetlands: Hurricane impact and recovery mapped by combining Landsat TM and NOAA AVHRR data","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-12-13T11:32:23","indexId":"70207248","displayToPublicDate":"1998-07-31T11:22:01","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3052,"text":"Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Resource management of forested wetlands: Hurricane impact and recovery mapped by combining Landsat TM and NOAA AVHRR data","docAbstract":"<p>A temporal suite of NOAA Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) images, transformed into a vegetation biomass indicator, was combined with a single-date classification of Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM) to map the association between forest type and hurricane effects. Hurricane effects to the forested wetland included an abrupt decrease and subsequent increase in biomass. The decrease was associated with hurricane impact and the increase with an abnormal bloom in vegetation in the impacted areas. Impact severity was estimated by differencing the biomass maps before and immediately (3 days) after the hurricane. Recovery magnitude was estimated by differencing the biomass maps from immediately (3 days) after and shortly (1.5 months) after the hurricane. Regions of dominantly hardwoods suffering high to moderate impacts and of dominantly cypress-tupelos suffering low impacts identified in this study corroborated findings of earlier studies. Conversely, areas not reported in previous studies as affected were identified, and these areas showed a reverse relationship, i.e., highly impacted cypresstupelo and low or moderately impacted hardwoods. Additionally, generated proportions of hardwood, cypress-tupelo, and open (mixed) forests per each 1-km pixel (impact and recovery maps) suggest that regions containing higher percentages of cypress-tupelos were more likely to have sustained higher impacts. Visual examination of the impact map revealed a spatial covariation between increased impact magnitudes and river corridors dominated by open forest. This spatial association was corroborated by examining changes in the percentage of open forest per 1-km impact pixel; the percentage of open forest peaked at moderate to high impacts. The distribution of recovery supported the impact spatial distribution; however, the magnitudes of the two indicators of hurricane effects were not always spatially dependent. Converse to univariate statistics describing a11 forested area within the basin, higher recoveries tended to be related to higher percentages of hardwoods. Lower recoveries, on the other hand, tended to be related to forests with nearly equal percentages of hardwoods and cypress-tupelo. </p>","language":"English","publisher":"ASPRS","usgsCitation":"Ramsey III, E., Chappell, D., Jacobs, D.M., Sapkota, S., and Baldwin, D., 1998, Resource management of forested wetlands: Hurricane impact and recovery mapped by combining Landsat TM and NOAA AVHRR data: Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing, v. 64, no. 7, p. 733-738.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"733","endPage":"738","costCenters":[{"id":455,"text":"National Wetlands Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":17705,"text":"Wetland and Aquatic Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":370245,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":370244,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.asprs.org/pers-archives-of-the-past"}],"country":"United States","state":"Louisiana","otherGeospatial":"Atchafalaya River basin","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -92.65869140625,\n              29.420460341013133\n            ],\n            [\n              -91.395263671875,\n              29.420460341013133\n            ],\n            [\n              -91.395263671875,\n              30.845647420182598\n            ],\n            [\n              -92.65869140625,\n              30.845647420182598\n            ],\n            [\n              -92.65869140625,\n              29.420460341013133\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"64","issue":"7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ramsey III, Elijah 0000-0002-4518-5796","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4518-5796","contributorId":212009,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ramsey III","given":"Elijah","affiliations":[{"id":17705,"text":"Wetland and Aquatic Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":777450,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Chappell, D.K.","contributorId":26463,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chappell","given":"D.K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":777451,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Jacobs, Dennis M.","contributorId":221238,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Jacobs","given":"Dennis","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":777452,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Sapkota, Sijan sapkotas@usgs.gov","contributorId":2995,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sapkota","given":"Sijan","email":"sapkotas@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":455,"text":"National Wetlands Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":777453,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Baldwin, D.G.","contributorId":24939,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Baldwin","given":"D.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":777454,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":70188661,"text":"70188661 - 1998 - Overview of a workshop on screening methods for detecting potential (anti-) estrogenic/androgenic chemicals in wildlife","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-06-20T16:16:10","indexId":"70188661","displayToPublicDate":"1998-07-16T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1571,"text":"Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Overview of a workshop on screening methods for detecting potential (anti-) estrogenic/androgenic chemicals in wildlife","docAbstract":"<p><span>The U.S. Congress has passed legislation requiring the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA) to develop, validate, and implement screening tests for identifying potential endocrine-disrupting chemicals within 3 years. To aid in the identification of methods suitable for this purpose, the U.S. EPA, the Chemical Manufacturers Association, and the World Wildlife Fund sponsored several workshops, including the present one, which dealt with wildlife species. This workshop was convened with 30 international scientists representing multiple disciplines in March 1997 in Kansas City, Missouri, USA. Participants at the meeting identified methods in terms of their ability to indicate (anti-) estrogenic/androgenic effects, particularly in the context of developmental and reproductive processes. Data derived from structure-activity relationship models and in vitro test systems, although useful in certain contexts, cannot at present replace in vivo tests as the sole basis for screening. A consensus was reached that existing mammalian test methods (e.g., with rats or mice) generally are suitable as screens for assessing potential (anti-) estrogenic/ androgenic effects in mammalian wildlife. However, due to factors such as among-class variation in receptor structure and endocrine function, it is uncertain if these mammalian assays would be of broad utility as screens for other classes of vertebrate wildlife. Existing full and partial life-cycle tests with some avian and fish species could successfully identify chemicals causing endocrine disruption; however, these long-term tests are not suitable for routine screening. However, a number of short-term tests with species from these two classes exist that could serve as effective screening tools for chemicals inducing (anti-) estrogenic/androgenic effects. Existing methods suitable for identifying chemicals with these mechanisms of action in reptiles and amphibians are limited, but in the future, tests with species from these classes may prove highly effective as screens. In the case of invertebrate species, too little is known at present about the biological role of estrogens and androgens in reproduction and development to recommend specific assays.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry","doi":"10.1002/etc.5620170110","usgsCitation":"Ankley, G., Mihaich, E., Stahl, R.G., Tillitt, D.E., Colborn, T., McMaster, S., Miller, R., Bantle, J., Campbell, P., Denslow, N., Dickerson, R.L., Folmar, L.C., Fry, M., Giesy, J.P., Gray, L., Guiney, P., Hutchinson, T., Kennedy, S.W., Kramer, V., LeBlanc, G.A., Mayes, M., Nimrod, A., Patino, R., Peterson, R., Purdy, R., Ringer, R., Thomas, P.C., Touart, L., Van Der Kraak, G., and Zacharewski, T., 1998, Overview of a workshop on screening methods for detecting potential (anti-) estrogenic/androgenic chemicals in wildlife: Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, v. 17, no. 1, p. 68-87, https://doi.org/10.1002/etc.5620170110.","productDescription":"20 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Earl","contributorId":193147,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Gray","given":"L. Earl","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":698828,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":15},{"text":"Guiney, Patrick","contributorId":193148,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Guiney","given":"Patrick","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":698829,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":16},{"text":"Hutchinson, Thomas","contributorId":193149,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Hutchinson","given":"Thomas","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":698830,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":17},{"text":"Kennedy, Sean W.","contributorId":58999,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kennedy","given":"Sean","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":698831,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":18},{"text":"Kramer, Vincent","contributorId":193150,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Kramer","given":"Vincent","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":698832,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":19},{"text":"LeBlanc, Gerald A.","contributorId":169887,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"LeBlanc","given":"Gerald","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":7091,"text":"North Carolina State University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":698833,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":20},{"text":"Mayes, Monte","contributorId":193151,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Mayes","given":"Monte","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":698834,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":21},{"text":"Nimrod, Alison","contributorId":193152,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Nimrod","given":"Alison","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":698835,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":22},{"text":"Patino, Reynaldo 0000-0002-4831-8400 r.patino@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4831-8400","contributorId":2311,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Patino","given":"Reynaldo","email":"r.patino@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":198,"text":"Coop Res Unit Atlanta","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":698836,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":23},{"text":"Peterson, Richard","contributorId":54685,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Peterson","given":"Richard","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":698837,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":24},{"text":"Purdy, Richard","contributorId":193153,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Purdy","given":"Richard","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":698838,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":25},{"text":"Ringer, Robert","contributorId":193154,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Ringer","given":"Robert","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":698839,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":26},{"text":"Thomas, Peter C.","contributorId":26567,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thomas","given":"Peter","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":698840,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":27},{"text":"Touart, Les","contributorId":193155,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Touart","given":"Les","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":698841,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":28},{"text":"Van Der Kraak, Glen","contributorId":170040,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Van Der Kraak","given":"Glen","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":698842,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":29},{"text":"Zacharewski, Tim","contributorId":193156,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Zacharewski","given":"Tim","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":698843,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":30}]}}
,{"id":70185093,"text":"70185093 - 1998 - Tracing of weathering reactions and water flowpaths: A multi-isotope approach","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-09-10T10:15:16","indexId":"70185093","displayToPublicDate":"1998-07-09T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"chapter":"18","title":"Tracing of weathering reactions and water flowpaths: A multi-isotope approach","docAbstract":"<p><span>This chapter discusses the importance of using isotopes in a complementary manner, primarily to constrain and enrich models developed from hydrologic and chemical data. Isotopes are viewed as tools for testing rather than developing hypotheses, particularly in studies operating under tight budgetary constraints. Water isotopes are very useful tools for determining water sources in catchments. Chemical tracers are very useful for understanding the reactions along flowpaths. The potential application of Fe isotopes to catchment studies lies in the assumption that Fe mobilized inorganically from minerals under either reducing or low-pH conditions will have a different isotopic composition than microbially-reduced Fe. To the extent that certain zones or flowpaths in the catchment can be characterized by microbial cycling of labile Fe, the Fe isotopes may provide an effective tracer of contributions from these pathways. The solute isotopes, for example, strontium, carbon, and lead are as yet under-utilized in catchment research compared to the water isotopes.</span></p>","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Isotope tracers in catchment hydrology","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/B978-0-444-81546-0.50025-2","isbn":"978-0-08-092915-6","usgsCitation":"Bullen, T.D., and Kendall, C., 1998, Tracing of weathering reactions and water flowpaths: A multi-isotope approach, chap. 18 <i>of</i> Isotope tracers in catchment hydrology, p. 611-646, https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-444-81546-0.50025-2.","productDescription":"36 p.","startPage":"611","endPage":"646","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":337551,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58c9012ae4b0849ce97abd2d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bullen, Tomas D.","contributorId":64792,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bullen","given":"Tomas","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":684335,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kendall, Carol 0000-0002-0247-3405 ckendall@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0247-3405","contributorId":1462,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kendall","given":"Carol","email":"ckendall@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":684336,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70221806,"text":"70221806 - 1998 - Influence of subglacial geology on the onset of a West Antarctic ice stream from aerogeophysical observations","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-07-19T16:34:02.826062","indexId":"70221806","displayToPublicDate":"1998-07-02T14:44:44","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2840,"text":"Nature","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Influence of subglacial geology on the onset of a West Antarctic ice stream from aerogeophysical observations","docAbstract":"<p><span>Marine ice-sheet collapse can contribute to rapid sea-level rise</span><sup></sup><span>. Today, the West Antarctic Ice Sheet contains an amount of ice equivalent to approximately six metres of sea-level rise, but most of the ice is in the slowly moving interior reservoir. A relatively small fraction of the ice sheet comprises several rapidly flowing ice streams which drain the ice to the sea. The evolution of this drainage system almost certainly governs the process of ice-sheet collapse</span><sup></sup><span>. The thick and slow-moving interior ice reservoir is generally fixed to the underlying bedrock while the ice streams glide over lubricated beds at velocities of up to several hundred metres per year. The source of the basal lubricant — a water-saturated till</span><sup></sup><span>&nbsp;overlain by a water system</span><sup></sup><span>&nbsp;— may be linked to the underlying geology. The West Antarctic Ice Sheet rests over a geologically complex region characterized by thin crust, high heat flows, active volcanism and sedimentary basins</span><sup></sup><span>. Here we use aerogeophysical measurements to constrain the geological setting of the onset of an active West Antarctic ice stream. The onset coincides with a sediment-filled basin incised by a steep-sided valley. This observation supports the suggestion</span><sup></sup><span>&nbsp;that ice-stream dynamics — and therefore the response of the West Antarctice Ice Sheet to changes in climate — are strongly modulated by the underlying geology.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Nature Publications","doi":"10.1038/27883","usgsCitation":"Bell, R.E., Blankenship, D.D., Finn, C.A., Morse, D.L., Scambos, T.A., Brozena, J., and Hodge, S.M., 1998, Influence of subglacial geology on the onset of a West Antarctic ice stream from aerogeophysical observations: Nature, v. 394, p. 58-62, https://doi.org/10.1038/27883.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"58","endPage":"62","costCenters":[{"id":35995,"text":"Geology, Geophysics, and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":387003,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"otherGeospatial":"West Antarctic Ice Sheet","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -175.078125,\n              -85.62206859340185\n            ],\n            [\n              -89.296875,\n              -85.62206859340185\n            ],\n            [\n              -89.296875,\n              -69.65708627301174\n            ],\n            [\n              -175.078125,\n              -69.65708627301174\n            ],\n            [\n              -175.078125,\n              -85.62206859340185\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"394","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1998-07-01","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bell, R. E.","contributorId":216111,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Bell","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":39367,"text":"Columbia University, LDEO","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":818802,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Blankenship, D. D.","contributorId":29012,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Blankenship","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":818803,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Finn, Carol A. 0000-0002-6178-0405 cfinn@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6178-0405","contributorId":1326,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Finn","given":"Carol","email":"cfinn@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":211,"text":"Crustal Geophysics and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":818804,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Morse, D. L.","contributorId":28024,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Morse","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":818805,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Scambos, T. A.","contributorId":45156,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Scambos","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":818806,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Brozena, J. M.","contributorId":29590,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Brozena","given":"J. M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":818807,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Hodge, S. M.","contributorId":94665,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Hodge","given":"S.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":818808,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}}
,{"id":70187674,"text":"70187674 - 1998 - An analysis of relationships among climate forcing and time-integrated NDVI of grasslands over the U.S. northern and central Great Plains","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-05-12T13:35:44","indexId":"70187674","displayToPublicDate":"1998-07-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3254,"text":"Remote Sensing of Environment","printIssn":"0034-4257","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"An analysis of relationships among climate forcing and time-integrated NDVI of grasslands over the U.S. northern and central Great Plains","docAbstract":"<p><span>Time-integrated normalized difference vegetation index (TI NDVI) derived from the multitemporal satellite imagery (1989–1993) was used as a surrogate for primary production to investigate climate impacts on grassland performance for central and northern Great Plains grasslands. Results suggest that spatial and temporal variability in growing season precipitation, potential evapotranspiration, and growing degree days are the most important controls on grassland performance and productivity. When TI NDVI and climate data of all grassland land cover classes were examined as a whole, a statistical model showed significant positive correlation between the TI NDVI and accumulated spring and summer precipitation, and a negative correlation between TI NDVI and spring potential evapotranspiration. The coefficient of determination (R</span><sup>2</sup><span>) of the general model was 0.45. When the TI NDVI-climate relationship was examined by individual land cover type, the relationship was generally better defined in terms of the variance accounted for by class-specific models </span><span id=\"mmlsi1\" class=\"mathmlsrc\"><img class=\"imgLazyJSB inlineImage\" title=\"Full-size image (<1 K)\" src=\"http://ars.els-cdn.com/content/image/1-s2.0-S0034425798000121-si1.gif\" alt=\"Full-size image (<1 K)\" width=\"120\" height=\"21\" data-inlimgeid=\"1-s2.0-S0034425798000121-si1.gif\" data-loaded=\"true\" data-mce-src=\"http://ars.els-cdn.com/content/image/1-s2.0-S0034425798000121-si1.gif\"></span><span>. The photosynthetic pathway is an important determinant of grassland performance with northern mixed prairie (mixture of C</span><sub>3</sub><span> and C</span><sub>4</sub><span> grassland) TI NDVI affected by both thermal and moisture conditions during the growing season while southern plains grasslands (primarily C</span><sub>4</sub><span>grassland) were predominantly influenced by spring and summer precipitation. Grassland land cover classes associated with sandy soils also demonstrated a strong relationship between TI NDVI and growing season rainfall. Significant impact of interannual climate variability on the TI NDVI–climate relationship was also observed. The study suggests an integrated approach involving numerical models, satellite remote sensing, and field observations to monitor grassland ecosystem dynamics on a regional scale.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/S0034-4257(98)00012-1","usgsCitation":"Yang, L., Wylie, B.K., Tieszen, L.L., and Reed, B.C., 1998, An analysis of relationships among climate forcing and time-integrated NDVI of grasslands over the U.S. northern and central Great Plains: Remote Sensing of Environment, v. 65, no. 1, p. 25-37, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0034-4257(98)00012-1.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"25","endPage":"37","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":341228,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"65","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5916c9b8e4b044b359e486b4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Yang, Limin 0000-0002-2843-6944 lyang@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2843-6944","contributorId":4305,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Yang","given":"Limin","email":"lyang@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":223,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center (Geography)","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":695032,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wylie, Bruce K. 0000-0002-7374-1083 wylie@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7374-1083","contributorId":750,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wylie","given":"Bruce","email":"wylie@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[{"id":223,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center (Geography)","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":695033,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Tieszen, Larry L. tieszen@usgs.gov","contributorId":2831,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tieszen","given":"Larry","email":"tieszen@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":695034,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Reed, Bradley C. 0000-0002-1132-7178 reed@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1132-7178","contributorId":2901,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reed","given":"Bradley","email":"reed@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":223,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center (Geography)","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":695035,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":27121,"text":"wri974243 - 1998 - Characterization of hydrogeologic units using matrix properties, Yucca Mountain, Nevada","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-01-05T22:14:13.612346","indexId":"wri974243","displayToPublicDate":"1998-07-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"97-4243","title":"Characterization of hydrogeologic units using matrix properties, Yucca Mountain, Nevada","docAbstract":"Determination of the suitability of Yucca Mountain, in southern Nevada, as a geologic repository for high-level radioactive waste requires the use of numerical flow and transport models. Input for these models includes parameters that describe hydrologic properties and the initial and boundary conditions for all rock materials within the unsaturated zone, as well as some of the upper rocks in the saturated zone. There are 30 hydrogeologic units in the unsaturated zone, and each unit is defined by limited ranges where a discrete volume of rock contains similar hydrogeologic properties. These hydrogeologic units can be easily located in space by using three-dimensional lithostratigraphic models based on relation- ships of the properties with the lithostratigraphy. Physical properties of bulk density, porosity, and particle density; flow properties of saturated hydraulic conductivity and moisture-retention characteristics; and the state variables (variables describing the current state of field conditions) of saturation and water potential were determined for each unit. Units were defined using (1) a data base developed from 4,892 rock samples collected from the coring of 23 shallow and 8 deep boreholes, (2) described lithostratigraphic boundaries and corresponding relations to porosity, (3) recognition of transition zones with pronounced changes in properties over short vertical distances, (4) characterization of the influence of mineral alteration on hydrologic properties such as permeability and moisture-retention characteristics, and (5) a statistical analysis to evaluate where boundaries should be adjusted to minimize the variance within layers. This study describes the correlation of hydrologic properties to porosity, a property that is well related to the lithostratigraphy and depositional and cooling history of the volcanic deposits and can, therefore, be modeled to be distributed laterally. Parameters of the hydrogeologic units developed in this study and the relation of flow properties to porosity that are described can be used to produce detailed and accurate representations of the core-scale hydrologic processes ongoing at Yucca Mountain.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri974243","usgsCitation":"Flint, L.E., 1998, Characterization of hydrogeologic units using matrix properties, Yucca Mountain, Nevada: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 97-4243, v, 64 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri974243.","productDescription":"v, 64 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":125030,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/wri_97_4243.jpg"},{"id":411457,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_48850.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":2236,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/wri97-4243/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Nevada","otherGeospatial":"Yucca Mountain","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -116.4667,\n              36.9\n            ],\n            [\n              -116.4667,\n              36.8292\n            ],\n            [\n              -116.4028,\n              36.8292\n            ],\n            [\n              -116.4028,\n              36.9\n            ],\n            [\n              -116.4667,\n              36.9\n            ]\n          ]\n        ],\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49e2e4b07f02db5e4cd9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Flint, L. E. 0000-0002-7868-441X","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7868-441X","contributorId":38180,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Flint","given":"L.","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":197590,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":4399,"text":"cir1153 - 1998 - A strategy for assessing potential future changes in climate, hydrology, and vegetation in the Western United States","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:05:35","indexId":"cir1153","displayToPublicDate":"1998-07-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":307,"text":"Circular","code":"CIR","onlineIssn":"2330-5703","printIssn":"1067-084X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1153","title":"A strategy for assessing potential future changes in climate, hydrology, and vegetation in the Western United States","docAbstract":"Historical and geological data indicate that significant changes can occur in the Earth's climate on time scales ranging from years to millennia. In addition to natural climatic change, climatic changes may occur in the near future due to increased concentrations of carbon dioxide and other trace gases in the atmosphere that are the result of human activities. International research efforts using atmospheric general circulation models (AGCM's) to assess potential climatic conditions under atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations of twice the pre-industrial level (a '2 X CO2' atmosphere) conclude that climate would warm on a global basis. However, it is difficult to assess how the projected warmer climatic conditions would be distributed on a regional scale and what the effects of such warming would be on the landscape, especially for temperate mountainous regions such as the Western United States. In this report, we present a strategy to assess the regional sensitivity to global climatic change. The strategy makes use of a hierarchy of models ranging from an AGCM, to a regional climate model, to landscape-scale process models of hydrology and vegetation. A 2 X CO2  global climate simulation conducted with the National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR) GENESIS AGCM on a grid of approximately 4.5o of latitude by 7.5o of longitude was used to drive the NCAR regional climate model (RegCM) over the Western United States on a grid of 60 km by 60 km. The output from the RegCM is used directly (for hydrologic models) or interpolated onto a 15-km grid (for vegetation models) to quantify possible future environmental conditions on a spatial scale relevant to policy makers and land managers.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. G.P.O. ;","doi":"10.3133/cir1153","usgsCitation":"Thompson, R.S., Hostetler, S.W., Bartlein, P.J., and Anderson, K.H., 1998, A strategy for assessing potential future changes in climate, hydrology, and vegetation in the Western United States: U.S. Geological Survey Circular 1153, iv, 20 p. :col. ill., col. maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/cir1153.","productDescription":"iv, 20 p. :col. ill., col. maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":139019,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":8178,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1998/c1153/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b17e4b07f02db6a62b2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Thompson, Robert Stephen","contributorId":47772,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thompson","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"Stephen","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":149032,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hostetler, Steven W. 0000-0003-2272-8302 swhostet@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2272-8302","contributorId":3249,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hostetler","given":"Steven","email":"swhostet@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":200,"text":"Coop Res Unit Seattle","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":149031,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Bartlein, Patrick J.","contributorId":106879,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bartlein","given":"Patrick","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":149034,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Anderson, Katherine H. 0000-0003-2677-6109","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2677-6109","contributorId":52556,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Anderson","given":"Katherine","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[{"id":318,"text":"Geosciences and Environmental Change Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":149033,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":26120,"text":"wri974198 - 1998 - Hydrology and geochemistry of a slag-affected aquifer and chemical characteristics of slag-affected ground water, northwestern Indiana and northeastern Illinois","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-03-24T21:58:08.188936","indexId":"wri974198","displayToPublicDate":"1998-07-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"97-4198","title":"Hydrology and geochemistry of a slag-affected aquifer and chemical characteristics of slag-affected ground water, northwestern Indiana and northeastern Illinois","docAbstract":"<p>Slag is a by-product of steel manufacturing and a ubiquitous fill material in northwestern Indiana. Ground water associated with slag deposits generally is characterized by high pH and elevated concentrations of many inorganic water-quality constituents. The U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with the Indiana Department of Environmental Management, conducted a study in northwestern Indiana from June 1995 to September 1996 to improve understanding of the effects of slag deposits on the water quality of a glacial-outwash aquifer. </p><p>The Bairstow Landfill, a slag-fill deposit overlying the Calumet aquifer near Hammond, Indiana, was studied to represent conditions in slag-deposit settings that are common in northwestern Indiana. Ground water from 10 observation wells, located in four nests at the site, and surface water from the adjacent Lake George were analyzed for values of field-measured parameters and concentrations of major ions, nutrients, trace elements, and bulk properties. Solid-phase samples of slag and aquifer sediment collected during drilling were examined with X-ray diffraction and geochemical digestion and analysis. </p><p>Concentrations of calcium, potassium, sodium, and sulfate were highest in wells screened partly or fully in slag. Potassium concentrations in ground water ranged from 2.9 to 120 milligrams per liter (mg/L), were highest in water from slag deposits, and decreased with depth. The highest concentrations for aluminum, barium, molybdenum, nickel, and selenium were in water from the slag. Silica concentrations were highest in wells screened directly beneath the slag-aquifer interface, and magnesium concentrations were highest in intermediate and deep aquifer wells. Silica concentrations in shallow and intermediate aquifer wells ranged from 27 to 41 mg/L and were about 10 times greater than those in water from slag deposits. The highest concentrations for chromium, lead, and zinc were in ground water from immediately below the slag-aquifer interface. </p><p>The solid-phase analyses indicated that calcite, dolomite, and quartz generally were present throughout the slag-aquifer system; barian celestite, cristobalite, manganese-bearing calcite, and minrecordite were present in fewer samples. Trace elements that are liberated from the slag may be incorporated as impurities during precipitation of major minerals, sorbed onto clays and other grainsize fractions not analyzed as part of this study, or present in low-abundance minerals that were not detected by the X-ray analysis. </p><p>Mass-balance and speciation programs were used to identify geochemical processes that may be occurring as water infiltrates through the slag, flows into the aquifer, and discharges into Lake George. The geochemical models indicate that precipitation of calcite may be occurring where slag-affected water enters the aquifer. Models also indicate that dolomite precipitation and clay-mineral dissolution may be occurring at the slag-aquifer interface; however, dolomite precipitation is generally believed to require geologically long time periods. Silica may be dissolving where slag-affected ground water enters the aquifer and may be precipitating where slag-affected ground water discharges to the lakebed of Lake George. </p><p>In addition to the site-specific study, a statistical analysis of regional water quality was done to compare ground water in wells affected and unaffected by slag. When com-pared to wells in background locations in the Calumet aquifer, wells screened in slag across northwestern Indiana and northeastern Illinois generally had relatively higher pH and specific-conductance values and relatively higher concentrations of alkalinity, dissolved solids, suspended solids, total organic carbon, calcium, potassium, sodium, chloride, aluminum, barium, and possibly magnesium, sulfate, chromium, cobalt, copper, cyanide, manganese, mercury, nickel, and vanadium. When compared to wells in slag and wells in background locations, ground water from immediately beneath or immediately downgradient from slag had relatively high concentrations of arsenic and silica. Water-quality characteristics in ground water at the Bairstow Landfill were similar to water-quality characteristics in slag-contact and slag-affected wells throughout northwestern Indiana.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri974198","usgsCitation":"Bayless, E.R., Greeman, T.K., and Harvey, C., 1998, Hydrology and geochemistry of a slag-affected aquifer and chemical characteristics of slag-affected ground water, northwestern Indiana and northeastern Illinois: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 97-4198, v, 67 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri974198.","productDescription":"v, 67 p.","costCenters":[{"id":35860,"text":"Ohio-Kentucky-Indiana Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":414756,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_48809.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":54923,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1997/4198/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":157824,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1997/4198/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Illinois, Indiana","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -87.525,\n              41.6667\n            ],\n            [\n              -87.525,\n              41.6556\n            ],\n            [\n              -87.475,\n              41.6556\n            ],\n            [\n              -87.475,\n              41.6667\n            ],\n            [\n              -87.525,\n              41.6667\n            ]\n          ]\n        ],\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a18e4b07f02db605081","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bayless, E. Randall 0000-0002-0357-3635","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0357-3635","contributorId":42586,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bayless","given":"E.","email":"","middleInitial":"Randall","affiliations":[{"id":35860,"text":"Ohio-Kentucky-Indiana Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":195848,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Greeman, Theodore K.","contributorId":30655,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Greeman","given":"Theodore","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":195849,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Harvey, C.C.","contributorId":102108,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Harvey","given":"C.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":195850,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":66183,"text":"i2595 - 1998 - Geologic map of the MTM -85280 quadrangle, Planum Australe region of Mars","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-09-24T15:28:28","indexId":"i2595","displayToPublicDate":"1998-07-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":320,"text":"IMAP","code":"I","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2595","title":"Geologic map of the MTM -85280 quadrangle, Planum Australe region of Mars","docAbstract":"The polar deposits on Mars are of great interest because they probably record martian climate variations (Thomas and others, 1992). The area shown on this map includes polar layered deposits with distinct low-albedo features and a sharp boundary between the layered deposits and the moderately cratered unit that forms the floor of Chasma Australe. Detailed mapping of this quadrangle was undertaken to further investigate the geologic relations between the albedo features and the layered deposits and to better constrain the recent geologic history of the south polar region. Dark dunes in the north polar region appear to be derived from erosion of the layered deposits, but the source of dark material in the south polar region is less clear (Thomas and Weitz, 1989). The presence of dark material in the brighter, redder layered deposits is paradoxical (Herkenhoff and Murray, 1990a); resolving this paradox is likely to result in a better understanding of the origin and evolution of the layered deposits and, therefore, the mechanisms by which global climate variations are recorded. Published geologic maps of the south polar region of Mars have been based on images acquired by either Mariner 9 (Condit and Soderblom, 1978; Scott and Carr, 1978) or the Viking Orbiters (Tanaka and Scott, 1987). The extent of the layered deposits mapped previously from Mariner 9 data is different from that mapped using Viking Orbiter images, and the present map agrees with the map by Tanaka and Scott (1987): the floor of Chasma Australe is not mapped as layered deposits. The residual polar ice cap, areas of partial frost cover, the layered deposits, and two nonvolatile surface units - the dust mantle and the dark material - were mapped by Herkenhoff and Murray (1990a) at 1:2,000,000 scale using a color mosaic of Viking Orbiter images. This mosaic and an additional Viking color mosaic were used to confirm the identification of the nonvolatile Amazonian units for this map and to test hypotheses for their origin and evolution. The colors and albedos of these units, as measured in places outside this map area, are presented in table 1 and figure 1. Accurately measuring the color and albedo of the units in this map area was not possible due to low signal/noise in the part of the red/violet mosaic (corrected for atmospheric scattering) that includes this area (Herkenhoff and Murray, 1990a). However, color/albedo unit boundaries in this area are visible in color mosaics that have not been corrected for atmospheric scattering effects. Therefore, while the color and albedo of various units on this map cannot be precisely quantified and compared with the values in table 1 and figure 1, color/albedo units can still be recognized. Because the resolution of the color mosaics is not sufficient to map these units in detail at 1:500,000 scale, contacts between them were recognized and mapped using higher resolution black-and-white Viking and Mariner 9 images. Only two possible impact craters in the layered deposits have been found in the area mapped; both are slightly elongate rather than circular. One, 1.6 km in diameter at lat 86.6&deg; S., long 268&deg;, was recognized by Plaut and others (1988); the other, about 3 km in diameter, is at lat 82.8&deg; S., long 277&deg;. Although the crater statistics are poor (only 16 likely impact craters found in the entire south polar layered deposits), these observations generally support the conclusions that the south polar layered deposits are Late Amazonian in age and that some areas have been exposed for at least 120 million years (Plaut and others, 1988; Herkenhoff and Murray, 1992, 1994). However, the recent cratering flux on Mars is poorly constrained, so inferred ages of surface units are uncertain. The Viking Orbiter 2 images used to construct the base were taken during the southern summer of 1977, with resolutions no better than 180 m/pixel. (The \"less than 100 m per picture element\" in Notes on Base of the controlled photomosaic base [U.S. Geological Survey, 1986] is incorrect.) A digital mosaic of Mariner 9 images was also constructed to aid in mapping. The Mariner 9 images were taken during the southern summer of 1971-72 and have resolutions as high as 90 m/pixel. However, usefulness of the Mariner 9 mosaic is limited by incomplete coverage and atmospheric dust opacity.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/i2595","isbn":"060789444X","collaboration":"Prepared for the National Aeronautics and Space Administration","usgsCitation":"Herkenhoff, K.E., 1998, Geologic map of the MTM -85280 quadrangle, Planum Australe region of Mars: U.S. Geological Survey IMAP 2595, 1 Map: 98 x 81 cm, https://doi.org/10.3133/i2595.","productDescription":"1 Map: 98 x 81 cm","costCenters":[{"id":131,"text":"Astrogeology Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":438904,"rank":3,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/P945WNHO","text":"USGS data release","linkHelpText":"Geologic map of the MTM -85280 quadrangle, Planum Australe region of Mars"},{"id":188390,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/i_2595.jpg"},{"id":367680,"rank":2,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/imap/i2595/i2595.pdf","text":"Plate 1","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"scale":"500000","projection":"Polar Stereographic","otherGeospatial":"Mars; Planum Australe","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4afde4b07f02db696cfd","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Herkenhoff, Kenneth E. 0000-0002-3153-6663 kherkenhoff@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3153-6663","contributorId":2275,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Herkenhoff","given":"Kenneth","email":"kherkenhoff@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":131,"text":"Astrogeology Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":274120,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":23555,"text":"ofr96209 - 1998 - Simulation of ground-water flow in the Albuquerque Basin, central New Mexico, 1901-95, with projections to 2020","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:09","indexId":"ofr96209","displayToPublicDate":"1998-07-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"96-209","title":"Simulation of ground-water flow in the Albuquerque Basin, central New Mexico, 1901-95, with projections to 2020","docAbstract":"The ground-water-flow model of the Albuquerque Basin (Kernodle,  \r\nJ.M., McAda, D.P., and Thorn, C.R., 1995, Simulation of ground-water flow \r\nin the Albuquerque Basin, central New Mexico, with projections to \r\n2020: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report \r\n94-4251, 114 p.) was updated to include new information on the \r\nhydrogeologic framework (Hawley, J.W., Haase, C.S., and Lozinsky, \r\nR.P., 1995, An underground view of the Albuquerque Basin: Proceedings \r\nof the 39th Annual New Mexico Water Conference, November 3-4, 1994,\r\np. 37-55). An additional year of ground-water-withdrawal data was  \r\nappended to the simulation of the historical period and incorporated \r\ninto the base for future projections to the year 2020. The revised \r\nmodel projects the simulated ground-water levels associated with an \r\naerally enlarged occurrence of the relatively high hydraulic conductivity \r\nin the upper part of the Santa Fe Group east and west of the Rio Grande \r\nin the Albuquerque area and north to Bernalillo. Although the differences \r\nbetween the two model versions are substantial, the revised model does not \r\ncontradict any previous conclusions about the effect of City of Albuquerque \r\nground-water withdrawals on flow in the Rio Grande or the net benefits \r\nof an effort to conserve ground water. Recent revisions to the hydrogeologic \r\nmodel (Hawley, J.W., Haneberg, W.C., and Whitworth, P.M., in press, \r\nHydrogeologic investigations in the Albuquerque Basin, central New Mexico, \r\n1992-1995: Socorro, New Mexico Bureau of Mines and Mineral Resources Open- \r\nFile Report 402) of the Albuquerque Basin eventually will require that this \r\nmodel version also be revised and updated.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey, [Water Resources Division, New Mexico District],","doi":"10.3133/ofr96209","issn":"0094-9140","usgsCitation":"Kernodle, J.M., 1998, Simulation of ground-water flow in the Albuquerque Basin, central New Mexico, 1901-95, with projections to 2020: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 96-209, v, 54 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr96209.","productDescription":"v, 54 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":156533,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1996/0209/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":52847,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1996/0209/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49f8e4b07f02db5f2aa5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kernodle, J. M.","contributorId":81139,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kernodle","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":190309,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":30481,"text":"wri974168 - 1998 - Modeling of flood-deposited sand distributions in a reach of the Colorado River below the Little Colorado River, Grand Canyon, Arizona","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:09:01","indexId":"wri974168","displayToPublicDate":"1998-07-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"97-4168","title":"Modeling of flood-deposited sand distributions in a reach of the Colorado River below the Little Colorado River, Grand Canyon, Arizona","docAbstract":"A release from Glen Canyon Dam during March-April 1996 was designed to test the \r\neffectiveness with which the riparian environment could be renewed with discharges greatly in excess of the normal powerplant-restricted maximum. Of primary concern was the rebuilding of sand deposits along the channel sides that are important to the flora and fauna along the river corridor and that provide the only camp sites for riverside visitors to the Grand Canyon National \r\nPark. Analysis of the depositional processes with a model of flow, sand transport, and bed evolution shows that the sand deposits formed along the channel sides early during the high flow were affected only slightly by the decline in suspended-sand concentrations over the course of the controlled flood. Modeling results suggest that the removal of a large sand deposit over \r\nseveral hours was not a response to declining suspended-sand concentrations. Comparisons of the controlled-flood deposits with deposits formed during a flood in January 1993 on the Little Colorado River that contributed sufficient sand to raise the suspended-sand concentrations to predam levels in the main stem show that the depositional pattern as well as the magnitude is strongly influenced by the suspended-sand concentrations. ","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey ;Information Services [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/wri974168","usgsCitation":"Wiele, S., 1998, Modeling of flood-deposited sand distributions in a reach of the Colorado River below the Little Colorado River, Grand Canyon, Arizona: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 97-4168, iv, 15 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri974168.","productDescription":"iv, 15 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[{"id":568,"text":"Southwest Biological Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":126511,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1997/4168/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":59264,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1997/4168/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b05e4b07f02db6998f3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wiele, S.M.","contributorId":100027,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wiele","given":"S.M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":203324,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
]}