{"pageNumber":"1246","pageRowStart":"31125","pageSize":"25","recordCount":46734,"records":[{"id":22447,"text":"ofr97828 - 1997 - Selected trace metals and organic compounds and bioavailability of selected organic compounds in soils, Hackberry Flat, Tillman County, Oklahoma, 1994-95","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:01","indexId":"ofr97828","displayToPublicDate":"1998-08-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"97-828","title":"Selected trace metals and organic compounds and bioavailability of selected organic compounds in soils, Hackberry Flat, Tillman County, Oklahoma, 1994-95","docAbstract":"In 1995 the Oklahoma Department of Wildlife Conservation acquired a drained wetland in southwest Oklahoma known as Hackberry Flat. Following restoration by Wildlife Conservation the wetland will be used by migratory birds and waterfowl. If naturally occurring trace metals and residual organic compounds from agriculture and industry were present, they may have posed a potential biohazard and were a concern for Wildlife Conservation. The U. S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with Wildlife Conservation and the Oklahoma Geological Survey, examined the soils of Hackberry Flat to determine trace metal concentrations, presence of selected organic compounds, and the bioavailability of selected organic compounds in the soils.\r\n\r\nThe purpose of this report is to present the data that establish the baseline concentrations of selected trace metals and organic compounds in the soils of Hackberry Flat prior to wetland restoration. Sampling and analysis were performed using two approaches. One was to collect soil samples and analyze the composition with standard laboratory practices. The second exposed composite soils samples to organic-free water and a semipermeable membrane device that mimics an organism and then analyzed the device. Ten soil samples were collected in 1994 to be analyzed for trace metals, organochlorine pesticides, and polychlorinated biphenyls. Soil samples tested for bioavailability of selected organic compounds were collected in 1995. Most of the 182 soil samples collected were from the center of every 40-acre quarter-quarter section owned by the Wildlife Conservation. The samples were grouped by geographical area with a maximum of 16 sample sites per group. Concentrations of most selected trace metals measured from soils in Hackberry Flat are within the range of mean concentrations measured in cultivated soils within the United States. Organochlorine pesticides, polychlorinated biphenyls, and polyaromatic hydrocarbons were not found at concentrations above the analytical detection levels and, if present, in the soil samples are at concentrations below the detection level of the analytical method used. Organochlorine pesticides, total polychlorinated biphenyls, and polyaromatic hydrocarbons were not detected in any of the semipermeable membrane devices at the analytical detection levels.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Dept. of Interior, U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nBranch of Information Services [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/ofr97828","issn":"0094-9140","usgsCitation":"Becker, M., 1997, Selected trace metals and organic compounds and bioavailability of selected organic compounds in soils, Hackberry Flat, Tillman County, Oklahoma, 1994-95: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 97-828, iii, 12 p. :maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr97828.","productDescription":"iii, 12 p. :maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":155035,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":1520,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/ofr97828/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49dde4b07f02db5e261e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Becker, M.F.","contributorId":103708,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Becker","given":"M.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":188274,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":25487,"text":"wri974219 - 1997 - Estimation of peak-discharge frequency of urban streams in Jefferson County, Kentucky","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:10","indexId":"wri974219","displayToPublicDate":"1998-08-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"97-4219","title":"Estimation of peak-discharge frequency of urban streams in Jefferson County, Kentucky","docAbstract":"An investigation of flood-hydrograph characteristics for streams in urban Jefferson County, Kentucky, was made to obtain hydrologic information needed for waterresources management. Equations for estimating peak-discharge frequencies for ungaged streams in the county were developed by combining (1) long-term annual peakdischarge data and rainfall-runoff data collected from 1991 to 1995 in 13 urban basins and (2) long-term annual peak-discharge data in four rural basins located in hydrologically similar areas of neighboring counties. The basins ranged in size from 1.36 to 64.0 square miles. The U.S. Geological Survey Rainfall- Runoff Model (RRM) was calibrated for each of the urban basins. The calibrated models were used with long-term, historical rainfall and pan-evaporation data to simulate 79 years of annual peak-discharge data. Peak-discharge frequencies were estimated by fitting the logarithms of the annual peak discharges to a Pearson-Type III frequency distribution. The simulated peak-discharge frequencies were adjusted for improved reliability by application of bias-correction factors derived from peakdischarge frequencies based on local, observed annual peak discharges. The three-parameter and the preferred seven-parameter nationwide urban-peak-discharge regression equations previously developed by USGS investigators provided biased (high) estimates for the urban basins studied. Generalized-least-square regression procedures were used to relate peakdischarge frequency to selected basin characteristics. Regression equations were developed to estimate peak-discharge frequency by adjusting peak-dischargefrequency estimates made by use of the threeparameter nationwide urban regression equations. The regression equations are presented in equivalent forms as functions of contributing drainage area, main-channel slope, and basin development factor, which is an index for measuring the efficiency of the basin drainage system. Estimates of peak discharges for streams in the county can be made for the 2-, 5-, 10-, 25-, 50-, and 100-year recurrence intervals by use of the regression equations. The average standard errors of prediction of the regression equations ranges from ? 34 to ? 45 percent. The regression equations are applicable to ungaged streams in the county having a specific range of basin characteristics.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nBranch of Information Services [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/wri974219","usgsCitation":"Martin, G.R., Ruhl, K.J., Moore, B.L., and Rose, M.F., 1997, Estimation of peak-discharge frequency of urban streams in Jefferson County, Kentucky: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 97-4219, viii, 40 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri974219.","productDescription":"viii, 40 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":1853,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://ky.water.usgs.gov/pubs/wrir_1997_4219.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":124914,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1997/4219/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":54209,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1997/4219/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a09e4b07f02db5fa885","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Martin, Gary R. 0000-0002-3274-5846 grmartin@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3274-5846","contributorId":3413,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Martin","given":"Gary","email":"grmartin@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":354,"text":"Kentucky Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":193892,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ruhl, Kevin J.","contributorId":35769,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ruhl","given":"Kevin","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":193893,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Moore, Brian L.","contributorId":100021,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Moore","given":"Brian","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":193895,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Rose, Martin F.","contributorId":49826,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rose","given":"Martin","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":193894,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":24323,"text":"ofr97749 - 1997 - Alaska resource data file: Nabesna quadrangle","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-04-01T16:01:02.947187","indexId":"ofr97749","displayToPublicDate":"1998-08-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"97-749","title":"Alaska resource data file: Nabesna quadrangle","docAbstract":"<p>No abstract available.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr97749","usgsCitation":"Richter, D., 1997, Alaska resource data file: Nabesna quadrangle: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 97-749, 93 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr97749.","productDescription":"93 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":53430,"rank":3,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1997/0749/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":405633,"rank":2,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_51431.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":156180,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1997/0749/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":484073,"rank":4,"type":{"id":18,"text":"Project Site"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/P96MMRFD","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Nabesna quadrangle","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -144,\n              62\n            ],\n            [\n              -141,\n              62\n            ],\n            [\n              -141,\n              63\n            ],\n            [\n              -144,\n              63\n            ],\n            [\n              -144,\n              62\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ae0e4b07f02db68856e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Richter, D.H.","contributorId":43325,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Richter","given":"D.H.","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":191692,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":24053,"text":"ofr97856 - 1997 - Alaska resource data file: Ambler River quadrangle","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-05-29T17:41:48.861611","indexId":"ofr97856","displayToPublicDate":"1998-08-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"97-856","title":"Alaska resource data file: Ambler River quadrangle","docAbstract":"<p>No abstract available.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr97856","usgsCitation":"Nelson, S., 1997, Alaska resource data file: Ambler River quadrangle: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 97-856, 98 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr97856.","productDescription":"98 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":156338,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1997/0856/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":53228,"rank":4,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1997/0856/ofr97856.pdf","size":"452 KB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"OFR 97-856"},{"id":1718,"rank":3,"type":{"id":18,"text":"Project Site"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/P96MMRFD","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":405559,"rank":2,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_37203.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Ambler River quadrangle","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -159,\n              67\n            ],\n            [\n              -156,\n              67\n            ],\n            [\n              -156,\n              68\n            ],\n            [\n              -159,\n              68\n            ],\n            [\n              -159,\n              67\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ae0e4b07f02db68850d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Nelson, Steve","contributorId":36590,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nelson","given":"Steve","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":191225,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":22244,"text":"ofr9745 - 1997 - Uses of National Atmospheric Deposition Program/National Trends Network data for science education and environmental problem solving, November 27, 1995 to February 10, 1997","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:07:54","indexId":"ofr9745","displayToPublicDate":"1998-08-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"97-45","title":"Uses of National Atmospheric Deposition Program/National Trends Network data for science education and environmental problem solving, November 27, 1995 to February 10, 1997","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey :\r\nBranch of Information Services [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/ofr9745","issn":"0094-9140","usgsCitation":"Nilles, M., Gordon, J., Litteral, C., Lear, G., and Copeland, C., 1997, Uses of National Atmospheric Deposition Program/National Trends Network data for science education and environmental problem solving, November 27, 1995 to February 10, 1997: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 97-45, 45 p. ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr9745.","productDescription":"45 p. ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":154407,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1997/0045/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":51674,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1997/0045/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a16e4b07f02db603d0b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Nilles, M.A.","contributorId":50553,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nilles","given":"M.A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":187756,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Gordon, J.D.","contributorId":26684,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gordon","given":"J.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":187754,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Litteral, C.J.","contributorId":20779,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Litteral","given":"C.J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":187753,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Lear, Gary","contributorId":37362,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lear","given":"Gary","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":187755,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Copeland, Cathy","contributorId":108140,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Copeland","given":"Cathy","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":187757,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":25775,"text":"wri974242 - 1997 - Sources of contamination in an urban basin in Marquette, Michigan and an analysis of concentrations, loads, and data quality","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-10-27T16:00:49","indexId":"wri974242","displayToPublicDate":"1998-08-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"97-4242","title":"Sources of contamination in an urban basin in Marquette, Michigan and an analysis of concentrations, loads, and data quality","docAbstract":"<p>The concentrations of contaminants generated from discrete source areas are critical to urban nonpoint Source Load and Management Model (SLAMM) loading calculations to Lake Superior. This study summarizes data-collection efforts during 12 storms in October 1993 and from May through August 1994, in which stormwater data were collected concurrently at 33 sites representing the eight major source areas in a 117-hectare urban basin in Marquette, Mich. For the 12 storms, commercial rooftops produced the highest geometric mean concentrations of dissolved metals such as lead (20 mg/L), zinc (263 mg/L), cadmium (0.71 mg/L), and copper (17.8 mg/L). Parking lots produced the highest concentration for all of the individual polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) compounds (summation equal to 64 mg/L). Residential lawns generated the highest concentrations of total kjeldahl nitrogen (9.3 mg/L) and total phosphorus (2.3 mg/L). A mass-budget approach, in which summed source area loads are compared to those measured at the basin outlet for individual storms, provided the basis for an error analysis to identify unreliable concentration data. Of the 611 concentration samples used in the mass budgets, 59 were identified as unreliable. Seventy-six percent of the unreliable samples came from collection bottles that were filled prior to the end of runoff. These full bottles may have captured a first-flush effect or acted as a sediment trap. The relative importance of an individual source-area load to the overall basin-outlet load varied according to the individual constituent. Parking lots were a major contributor of total zinc (30 percent), total cadmium (25 percent), total copper (22 percent), and all the PAH compounds (=64 percent); whereas low-traffic streets were a major producer of total suspended solids (27 percent), nitrate plus nitrite (21 percent), and total cadmium (25 percent). Grass areas were a major producer of total kjeldahl nitrogen (31 percent) and total phosphorus (26 percent), even though the water volume generated from grass areas was low (5.8 percent of the total water volume generated).</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri974242","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources and the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency","usgsCitation":"Steuer, J., Selbig, W., Hornewer, N., and Prey, J., 1997, Sources of contamination in an urban basin in Marquette, Michigan and an analysis of concentrations, loads, and data quality: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 97-4242, iv, 25 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri974242.","productDescription":"iv, 25 p.","numberOfPages":"29","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":677,"text":"Wisconsin Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":157639,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1997/4242/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":54527,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1997/4242/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Michigan","city":"Marquette","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -93.240966796875,\n              46.08847179577592\n            ],\n            [\n              -93.240966796875,\n              47.65058757118734\n            ],\n            [\n              -86.165771484375,\n              47.65058757118734\n            ],\n            [\n              -86.165771484375,\n              46.08847179577592\n            ],\n            [\n              -93.240966796875,\n              46.08847179577592\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49e6e4b07f02db5e7651","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Steuer, Jeffrey","contributorId":97530,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Steuer","given":"Jeffrey","affiliations":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":195020,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Selbig, William","contributorId":78365,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Selbig","given":"William","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":195018,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hornewer, Nancy J.","contributorId":57895,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hornewer","given":"Nancy J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":195017,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Prey, Jeffrey","contributorId":81143,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Prey","given":"Jeffrey","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":195019,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":23632,"text":"ofr97821 - 1997 - Selected ground-water data for Yucca Mountain region, southern Nevada and eastern California, through December 1996","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:01","indexId":"ofr97821","displayToPublicDate":"1998-08-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"97-821","title":"Selected ground-water data for Yucca Mountain region, southern Nevada and eastern California, through December 1996","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nBranch of Information Services [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/ofr97821","issn":"0094-9140","usgsCitation":"La Camera, R., and Locke, G., 1997, Selected ground-water data for Yucca Mountain region, southern Nevada and eastern California, through December 1996: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 97-821, iv, 79 p. :ill., map ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr97821.","productDescription":"iv, 79 p. :ill., map ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":154877,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1997/0821/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":52909,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1997/0821/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a07e4b07f02db5f9805","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"La Camera, R.J.","contributorId":83932,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"La Camera","given":"R.J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":190455,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Locke, G.L.","contributorId":59065,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Locke","given":"G.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":190454,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":24847,"text":"ofr97867 - 1997 - Palynological census data from surface samples in south Florida","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-11-01T20:01:21.955845","indexId":"ofr97867","displayToPublicDate":"1998-08-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"97-867","title":"Palynological census data from surface samples in south Florida","docAbstract":"<p>No abstract available.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr97867","usgsCitation":"Willard, D., and Weimer, L., 1997, Palynological census data from surface samples in south Florida: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 97-867, 22 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr97867.","productDescription":"22 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":157139,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":409010,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_18871.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":1856,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pdf/of/ofr97867.html","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Florida","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -81,\n              27\n            ],\n            [\n              -81,\n              25\n            ],\n            [\n              -80,\n              25\n            ],\n            [\n              -80,\n              27\n            ],\n            [\n              -81,\n              27\n            ]\n          ]\n        ],\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ae3e4b07f02db689792","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Willard, Debra  A. 0000-0003-4878-0942","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4878-0942","contributorId":85982,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Willard","given":"Debra  A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":192680,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Weimer, L. M.","contributorId":51788,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Weimer","given":"L. M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":192679,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":24948,"text":"ofr97820 - 1997 - Hydrologic and water-quality data for the Southwest Irrigation District's High Plains States Groundwater Recharge Demonstration Project, south-central Idaho","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:20","indexId":"ofr97820","displayToPublicDate":"1998-08-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"97-820","title":"Hydrologic and water-quality data for the Southwest Irrigation District's High Plains States Groundwater Recharge Demonstration Project, south-central Idaho","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nInformation Services [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/ofr97820","issn":"0094-9140","usgsCitation":"Young, H., 1997, Hydrologic and water-quality data for the Southwest Irrigation District's High Plains States Groundwater Recharge Demonstration Project, south-central Idaho: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 97-820, iii, 271 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr97820.","productDescription":"iii, 271 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":157316,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1997/0820/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":53913,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1997/0820/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a29e4b07f02db611738","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Young, H.W.","contributorId":68278,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Young","given":"H.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":192852,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":29679,"text":"wri974244 - 1997 - Water Budget for the Iao Area, Island of Maui, Hawaii","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-08T17:16:15","indexId":"wri974244","displayToPublicDate":"1998-08-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"97-4244","title":"Water Budget for the Iao Area, Island of Maui, Hawaii","docAbstract":"Ground-water recharge is estimated as the residual component of a monthly water budget calculated using soil characteristics and long-term average rainfall, streamflow, irrigation, and pan-evaporation data. The water-budget components of rainfall, direct runoff, evapotranspiration, and ground-water recharge are defined seasonally, through the use of monthly data, and spatially by land-use and geohydrologic areas, through the use of a geographic information system model.\r\n\r\nThe long-term average ground-water recharge for the Iao area was estimated for four scenarios using natural land-use, and using 1926-79, 1980-85, and 1986-95 land-use and irrigation data. The recharge rate for natural conditions is 34 million gallons per day, which is 34 percent of rainfall. The average annual ground-water recharge rate for 1926-79 conditions is 51 million gallons per day, which is 41 percent of the sum of rainfall and irrigation. The recharge rates for 1980-85 and 1986-95 conditions are 40 and 36 million gallons per day, which are 37 and 35 percent of rainfall plus irrigation, respectively.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"Geological Survey (U.S.)","doi":"10.3133/wri974244","usgsCitation":"Shade, P.J., 1997, Water Budget for the Iao Area, Island of Maui, Hawaii: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 97-4244, iv, 25 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri974244.","productDescription":"iv, 25 p.","costCenters":[{"id":525,"text":"Pacific Islands Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":160428,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1997/4244/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":58507,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1997/4244/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a0de4b07f02db5fd414","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Shade, Patricia J.","contributorId":30618,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shade","given":"Patricia","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":201943,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":28805,"text":"wri974221 - 1997 - Detection of underground voids in Ohio by use of geophysical methods","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:46","indexId":"wri974221","displayToPublicDate":"1998-08-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"97-4221","title":"Detection of underground voids in Ohio by use of geophysical methods","docAbstract":"Geophysical methods are generally classified as electrical, potential field, and seismic methods. Each method type relies on contrasts of physical properties in the subsurface. Forward models based on the physical properties of air- and water-filled voids within common geologic materials indicate that several geophysical methods are technically feasible for detection of subsurface voids in Ohio, but ease of use and interpretation varies widely between the methods. Ground-penetrating radar is the most rapid and cost-effective method for collection of subsurface data in areas associated with voids under roadways. Electrical resistivity, gravity, or seismic reflection methods have applications for direct delineation of voids, but data-collection and analytical procedures are more time consuming. Electrical resistivity, electromagnetic, or magnetic methods may be useful in locating areas where conductive material, such as rail lines, are present in abandoned underground coal mines. Other electrical methods include spontaneous potential and very low frequency (VLF); these latter two methods are considered unlikely candidates for locating underground voids in Ohio. \r\n\r\nResults of ground-penetrating radar surveys at three highway sites indicate that subsurface penetration varies widely with geologic material type and amount of cultural interference. Two highway sites were chosen over abandoned underground coal mines in eastern Ohio. A third site in western Ohio was chosen in an area known to be underlain by naturally occurring voids in lime stone. Ground-penetrating radar surveys at Interstate 470, in Belmont County, Ohio, indicate subsurface penetration of less than 15 feet over a mined coal seam that was known to vary in depth from 0 to 40 feet. Although no direct observations of voids were made, anomalous areas that may be related to collapse structures above voids were indicated. Cultural interference dominated the radar records at Interstate 70, Guernsey County, Ohio, where coal was mined under the site at a depth of about 50 feet. Interference from overhead powerlines, the field vehicle, and guardrails complicated an interpretation of the radar records where the depth of penetration was estimated to be less than 5 feet. Along State Route 33, in Logan County, Ohio, bedding planes and structures possibly associated with dissolution of limestone were profiled with ground-penetrating radar. Depth of penetration was estimated to be greater than 50 feet.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nBranch of Information Services [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/wri974221","usgsCitation":"Munk, J., and Sheets, R.A., 1997, Detection of underground voids in Ohio by use of geophysical methods: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 97-4221, vi, 28 p. :ill. ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri974221.","productDescription":"vi, 28 p. :ill. ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":124821,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1997/4221/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":57674,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1997/4221/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4aa8e4b07f02db6679e5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Munk, Jens","contributorId":78781,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Munk","given":"Jens","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":200425,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Sheets, R. A.","contributorId":43381,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sheets","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":200424,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":27467,"text":"wri974209 - 1997 - Water-quality assessment of the Lower Susquehanna River Basin, Pennsylvania and Maryland: sources, characteristics, analysis and limitations of nutrient and suspended-sediment data, 1975-90","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-10-22T18:32:08.802899","indexId":"wri974209","displayToPublicDate":"1998-08-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"97-4209","title":"Water-quality assessment of the Lower Susquehanna River Basin, Pennsylvania and Maryland: sources, characteristics, analysis and limitations of nutrient and suspended-sediment data, 1975-90","docAbstract":"<p>This report describes analyses of available information on nutrients and suspended sediment collected in the Lower Susquehanna River Basin during water years 1975-90. Most of the analyses were applied to data collected during water years 1980-89. The report describes the spatial and temporal availability of nutrient and suspended-sediment data and presents a preliminary concept of the spatial and temporal patterns of concentrations and loads within the basin. Where data were available, total and dissolved forms of nitrogen and phosphorus species from precipitation, surface water, ground water, and springwater, and bottom material from streams and reservoirs were evaluated. Suspended-sediment data from streams also were evaluated. The U.S. Geological Survey National Water Information System (NWIS) database was selected as the primary database for the analyses. Precipitation-quality data from the National Atmospheric Deposition Program (NADP) and bottom-material-quality data from the National Uranium Resource Evaluation (NURE) were used to supplement the water-quality data from NWIS. Concentrations of nutrients were available from 3 precipitation sites established for longterm monitoring purposes, 883 wells (854 synoptic areal survey sites and 29 project and research sites), 23 springs (17 synoptic areal survey sites and 6 project and research sites), and 894 bottom-material sites (840 synoptic areal survey sites and 54 project and research sites). Concentrations of nutrients and (or) suspended sediment were available from 128 streams (36 long-term monitoring sites, 51 synoptic areal survey sites, and 41 project and research sites). Concentrations of nutrients and suspended sediment in streams varied temporally and spatially and were related to land use, agricultural practices, and streamflow. A general north-to-south pattern of increasing median nitrate concentrations, from 2 to 5 mg/L, was detected in samples collected in study unit streams. In streams that drain areas dominated by agriculture, concentrations of nutrients and suspended sediment tend to be elevated with respect to those found in areas of other land-use types and are related to the amount of commercial fertilizer and animal manure applied to the area drained by the streams. Animal manure is the dominant source of nitrogen for the streams in the lower, agricultural part of the basin. Concentrations of nutrients in samples from wells varied with season and well depth and were related to hydrogeologic setting. Median concentrations of nitrate were 2.5 and 3.5 mg/L for wells drawing water at depths of 0 to 100 ft and 101 to 200 ft, respectively. The lowest median concentrations for nitrate in ground water from wells were generally&nbsp;found in siliciclastic-bedrock, forested settings of the Ridge and Valley Physiographic Province, and the highest were found in carbonate-bedrock agricultural settings of the Piedmont Physiographic Province. Twenty-five percent of the measurements from wells in carbonate rocks in the Piedmont Physiographic Province exceeded the Pennsylvania drinking-water standard. An estimate of mass balance of nutrient loads within the Lower Susquehanna River Basin was produced by combining the available information on stream loads, atmosphericdeposition loads, commercial-fertilizer applications, animal-manure production, privateseptic-system nonpoint-source loads, and municipal and industrial point-source loads. The percentage of the average annual nitrate load carried in base flow of streams in the study unit ranged from 45 to 76 percent, and the average annual phosphorus load carried in base flow ranged from 20 to 33 percent. Average annual yields of nutrients and suspended sediment from tributary basins are directly related to percentage of drainage area in agriculture and inversely to drainage area. Information required to compute loads of nitrogen and phosphorus were available for all sources except atmospheric deposition, for which only nitrogen data were available. Atmospheric deposition is the dominant source of nitrogen for the mostly forested basins draining the upper half of the study unit. The estimate of total annual nitrogen load to the study unit from precipitation is 98.8 million pounds. Nonpoint and point sources of nutrients were estimated. Nonpoint and point sources combined, including atmospheric deposition, provide a potential annual load of 390 million pounds of nitrogen and 79.5 million pounds of phosphorus. The range of percentages of the estimated nonpoint and point sources that were measured in the stream was 20 to 47 percent for nitrogen and 6 to 14 percent for phosphorus. On the average, the Susquehanna River discharges 141,000 pounds of nitrogen and 7,920 pounds of phosphorus to the Lower Susquehanna River reservoir system each year. About 98 percent of the nitrogen and 60 percent of the phosphorus passes through the reservoir system. Interpretations of available water-quality data and conclusions about the water quality of the Lower Susquehanna River Basin were limited by the scarcity of certain types of water-quality data and current ancillary data. A more complete assessment of the water quality of the basin with respect to nutrients and suspended sediment would be enhanced by the availability of additional data for multiple samples over time from all water environments; samples from streams in the northern and western part of the basin; samples from streams and springs throughout the basin during high base-flow or stormflow conditions; and information on current land-use, and nutrient loading from all types of land-use settings. </p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri974209","usgsCitation":"Hainly, R., and Loper, C.A., 1997, Water-quality assessment of the Lower Susquehanna River Basin, Pennsylvania and Maryland: sources, characteristics, analysis and limitations of nutrient and suspended-sediment data, 1975-90: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 97-4209, xiii, 138 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri974209.","productDescription":"xiii, 138 p.","costCenters":[{"id":532,"text":"Pennsylvania Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":157969,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1997/4209/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":56323,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1997/4209/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":390834,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_48818.htm"}],"country":"United States","state":"Maryland, Pennsylvania","otherGeospatial":"Lower Susquehana River Basin","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -78.7333,\n              39.5\n            ],\n            [\n              -75.8333,\n              39.5\n            ],\n            [\n              -75.8333,\n              41\n            ],\n            [\n              -78.7333,\n              41\n            ],\n            [\n              -78.7333,\n              39.5\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a0ae4b07f02db5fb586","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hainly, R.A.","contributorId":45732,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hainly","given":"R.A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":198169,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Loper, C. A.","contributorId":89571,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Loper","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":198170,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":25946,"text":"wri974232 - 1997 - Evaluation of the U.S. Geological Survey Ground-Water Data-Collection Program in Hawaii, 1992","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-08T17:16:15","indexId":"wri974232","displayToPublicDate":"1998-08-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"97-4232","title":"Evaluation of the U.S. Geological Survey Ground-Water Data-Collection Program in Hawaii, 1992","docAbstract":"In 1992, the U.S. Geological Survey ground-water data-collection program in the State of Hawaii consisted of 188 wells distributed among the islands of Oahu, Kauai, Maui, Molokai, and Hawaii. Water-level and water-quality (temperature, specific conductance, and chloride concentration) data were collected from observation wells, deep monitoring wells that penetrate the zone of transition between freshwater and saltwater, free-flowing wells, and pumped wells. The objective of the program was to collect sufficient spatial and temporal data to define seasonal and long-term changes in ground-water levels and chloride concentrations induced by natural and human-made stresses for different climatic and hydrogeologic settings. Wells needed to meet this objective can be divided into two types of networks: (1) a water-management network to determine the response of ground-water flow systems to human-induced stresses, such as pumpage, and (2) a baseline network to determine the response of ground-water flow systems to natural stresses for different climatic and hydrogeologic settings. Maps showing the distribution and magnitude of pumpage and the distribution of proposed pumped wells are presented to identify areas in need of water-management networks. Wells in the 1992 U.S. Geological Survey ground-water data-collection program were classified as either water-management or baseline network wells. In addition, locations where additional water-management network wells are needed for water-level and water-quality data were identified.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"Geological Survey (U.S.)","doi":"10.3133/wri974232","usgsCitation":"Anthony, S., 1997, Evaluation of the U.S. Geological Survey Ground-Water Data-Collection Program in Hawaii, 1992: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 97-4232, v, 76 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri974232.","productDescription":"v, 76 p.","costCenters":[{"id":525,"text":"Pacific Islands Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":122920,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1997/4232/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":54700,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1997/4232/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a08e4b07f02db5fa44d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Anthony, Stephen S. santhony@usgs.gov","contributorId":2507,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Anthony","given":"Stephen S.","email":"santhony@usgs.gov","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":195526,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":27607,"text":"wri974212 - 1997 - Water-quality assessment of the Rio Grande Valley, Colorado, New Mexico, and Texas: Summary and analysis of water-quality data for the basic-fixed-site network, 1993-95","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-12-19T22:42:39.515603","indexId":"wri974212","displayToPublicDate":"1998-08-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"97-4212","title":"Water-quality assessment of the Rio Grande Valley, Colorado, New Mexico, and Texas: Summary and analysis of water-quality data for the basic-fixed-site network, 1993-95","docAbstract":"<p>The Rio Grande Valley study unit of the U.S. Geological Survey National Water-Quality Assessment Program collected monthly water- quality samples at a network of surface-water sites from April 1993 through September 1995. This basic-fixed-site network consisted of nine main-stem sites on the Rio Grande, five sites on tributaries of the Rio Grande, two sites on streams in the Rio Grande Valley study unit that are not directly tributary to the Rio Grande, and one site on a conveyance channel. During each monthly sampling, field properties were measured and samples were collected for the analysis of dissolved solids, major constituents, nutrients, selected trace elements, and suspended-sediment concentrations. During selected samplings, supplemental samples were collected for the analysis of additional trace elements, organic carbon, and/or pesticides. Spatial variations of dissolved-solids, major-constituent, and nutrient data were analyzed. The report presents summary statistics for the monthly water-quality data by sampling site and background information on the drainage basin upstream from each site. Regression equations are presented that relate dissolved-solids, major-constituent, and nutrient concentrations to streamflow, selected field properties, and time. Median instantaneous streamflow at each basic-fixed site ranged from 1.4 to 1,380 cubic feet per second. Median specific conductance at each basic-fixed site ranged from 84 to 1,680 microsiemens per centimeter at 25 degrees Celsius, and median pH values ranged from 7.8 to 8.5. The water sampled at the basic-fixed sites generally was well oxygenated and had a median dissolved-oxygen percent of saturation range from 89 to 108. With the exception of Rio Grande above mouth of Trinchera Creek, near Lasauses, Colorado, dissolved-solids concentrations in the main stem of the Rio Grande generally increased in a downstream direction. This increase is from natural sources such as ground-water inflow and evapotranspiration and from anthropogenic sources such as irrigation- return flows, urban runoff, and wastewater-treatment plant discharges. The smallest median dissolved-solids concentration detected at a basic- fixed site was 58 milligrams per liter and the largest was 1,240 milligrams per liter. The spatial distribution of calcium, magnesium, sodium, sulfate, chloride, and fluoride was similar to the spatial distribution of dissolved solids. The spatial distribution of potassium and bicarbonate varied slightly from that of dissolved solids. Median silica concentrations generally decreased in a downstream direction. Of all cations, calcium and sodium had the largest concentrations at most basic-fixed sites. Bicarbonate and sulfate were the anions having the largest concentrations at most sites. The largest median silica concentration was at Rito de los Frijoles in Bandelier National Monument, New Mexico, where silica composed approximately 50 percent of the dissolved solids. The largest concentrations and largest median concentrations of dissolved-nutrient analytes were detected at Santa Fe River above Cochiti Lake, New Mexico, and Rio Grande at Isleta, New Mexico. The relatively large dissolved-nutrient concentrations at these sites probably were due to discharges from wastewater-treatment plants and urban runoff. The largest concentrations and largest median concentrations of total ammonia plus organic nitrogen and total phosphorus were detected at Rio Puerco near Bernardo, New Mexico. The largest concentrations of these nutrients at this site were associated with runoff from summer thunderstorms. Dissolved-iron concentrations ranged from censored concentrations to 914 micrograms per liter. Median dissolved-iron concentrations ranged from 3 to 160 micrograms per liter.&nbsp;</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri974212","usgsCitation":"Healy, D.F., 1997, Water-quality assessment of the Rio Grande Valley, Colorado, New Mexico, and Texas: Summary and analysis of water-quality data for the basic-fixed-site network, 1993-95: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 97-4212, viii, 82 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri974212.","productDescription":"viii, 82 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":56473,"rank":1,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1997/4212/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":158636,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1997/4212/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":410752,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_48821.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Colorado, New Mexico, Texas","otherGeospatial":"Rio Grande Valley","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -105.3333,\n              38.3167\n            ],\n            [\n              -108,\n              38.3167\n            ],\n            [\n              -108,\n              31.7833\n            ],\n            [\n              -105.3333,\n              31.7833\n            ],\n            [\n              -105.3333,\n              38.3167\n            ]\n          ]\n        ],\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49e5e4b07f02db5e6e8a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Healy, D. F.","contributorId":97120,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Healy","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":198403,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":27947,"text":"wri974235 - 1997 - Analysis of bottom sediment to estimate nonpoint-source phosphorus loads for 1981-96 in Hillsdale Lake, northeast Kansas","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-01-04T22:08:46.590377","indexId":"wri974235","displayToPublicDate":"1998-08-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"97-4235","title":"Analysis of bottom sediment to estimate nonpoint-source phosphorus loads for 1981-96 in Hillsdale Lake, northeast Kansas","docAbstract":"Bottom sediment in Hillsdale Lake, northeast Kansas, was analyzed as a means of estimating the annual load of total phosphorus deposited in the lake from nonpoint sources. Topographic, bathymetric, and sediment-core data were used to estimate the total mass of phosphorus in the lake-bottom sediment. Available streamflow and water-quality data were used to compute the mean annual mass of phosphorus (dissolved plus suspended) exiting the lake as well as the mean annual load of phosphorus added to the lake from point sources. A simple mass balance then was used to compute the mean annual load of phosphorus from nonpoint sources. Mean annual sediment deposition from 1981 through 1996 was estimated to be 265 million pounds (120 million kilograms). The total mass of phosphorus in the lake-bottom sediment was estimated to be 924,000 kilograms, with a mean annual load of 62,000 kilograms. The mean annual mass of phosphorus exiting in the lake out-flow was estimated to be about 8,000 kilograms. The mean annual loads of phosphorus added to the lake from point and nonpoint sources were estimated to be 5,000 and 65,000 kilograms, respectively. Thus, the contribution to the total mean annual phosphorus load in Hillsdale Lake from point sources is about 7 percent and from nonpoint sources, about 93 percent.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri974235","usgsCitation":"Juracek, K.E., 1997, Analysis of bottom sediment to estimate nonpoint-source phosphorus loads for 1981-96 in Hillsdale Lake, northeast Kansas: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 97-4235, vi, 55 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri974235.","productDescription":"vi, 55 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":2199,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/wri974235","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":411389,"rank":4,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_48842.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":56757,"rank":3,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1997/4235/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":122941,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1997/4235/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Kansas","otherGeospatial":"Hillsdale Lake","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -94.99516751873863,\n              38.7242708165586\n            ],\n            [\n              -94.99516751873863,\n              38.63572226948628\n            ],\n            [\n              -94.85905214745029,\n              38.63572226948628\n            ],\n            [\n              -94.85905214745029,\n              38.7242708165586\n            ],\n            [\n              -94.99516751873863,\n              38.7242708165586\n            ]\n          ]\n        ],\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ad0e4b07f02db680ad3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Juracek, K. E. 0000-0002-2102-8980","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2102-8980","contributorId":44570,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Juracek","given":"K.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":198951,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":28435,"text":"wri974185 - 1997 - Statistical analysis of nitrate in ground water, West Salt River Valley, Arizona","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:46","indexId":"wri974185","displayToPublicDate":"1998-07-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"97-4185","title":"Statistical analysis of nitrate in ground water, West Salt River Valley, Arizona","docAbstract":"Accurate estimates of the nitrate concentrations in ground water in west Salt River Valley are needed to better manage ground water affected by nitrate. Statistical analyses were done to establish the best statistical method to produce these estimates. Three sets of ground-water data for different time periods --1975-77, 1980-85, and 1986-90--were used to analyze spatial and temporal variations in concentrations of nitrate in ground water.\r\nThe use of inverse-distance squared weighting, radial-basis function, kriging, and cokriging were evaluated for estimating nitrate concentrations in ground water. From an analysis of the cross-validation results, cokriging maps resulted in the best estimates, and they were accepted as being the most reliable. Cross-validation results also indicated that nitrate cokriged best with magnesium for 1975-77 and 1986-90 and with calcium for 1980-85. Kriging results consistently were almost as reliable as any of the cokriging results. Because of the difficulties inherent in the cokriging process, kriging, although not optimal, was the fastest way to obtain reasonably good results.\r\nIn 1980-85, cokriged nitrate concentrations exceeded 20 milligrams per liter in a 12-square-kilometer area in Phoenix and Glendale and exceeded 10 milligrams per liter in a 280-square-kilometer area that extended to the Salt River. In 1986-90, nitrate concentrations along the entire reach of the Salt River in west Salt River Valley were less than 10 milligrams per liter and were smaller probably as a result of recharge from the Salt and Gila Rivers in 1982. Farther north in Phoenix and Glendale, the area in which nitrate concentrations exceeded 10 milligrams per liter expanded to 490 square kilometers for 1986-90. In Buckeye Valley, nitrate concentrations exceeded 10 milligrams per liter in an area of 300 square milometers for 1980-85 from the Gila River in the early 1980's but possibly could be an artifact of the different data distributions associated with each data set. In the Phoenix area, cokriged nitrate concentrations for 1975-77 exceeded 10 milligrams per liter in a 290-square-kilometer area and exceeded 20 milligrams per liter in a 1.4-square- kilometer area.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nBranch of Information Services [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/wri974185","usgsCitation":"Long, A.E., Brown, J.G., and Gellenbeck, D., 1997, Statistical analysis of nitrate in ground water, West Salt River Valley, Arizona: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 97-4185, v, 38 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri974185.","productDescription":"v, 38 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":159167,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1997/4185/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":57237,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1997/4185/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e478fe4b07f02db48a467","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Long, Andy E.","contributorId":73647,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Long","given":"Andy","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":199789,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Brown, James G.","contributorId":81094,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brown","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":199790,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Gellenbeck, Dorinda J.","contributorId":13228,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gellenbeck","given":"Dorinda J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":199788,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":28937,"text":"wri974176 - 1997 - Geohydrology and Numerical Simulation of the Ground-Water Flow System of Molokai, Hawaii","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-08T17:16:15","indexId":"wri974176","displayToPublicDate":"1998-07-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"97-4176","title":"Geohydrology and Numerical Simulation of the Ground-Water Flow System of Molokai, Hawaii","docAbstract":"A two-dimensional, steady-state, areal ground-water flow model was developed for the island of Molokai, Hawaii, to enhance the understanding of (1) the conceptual framework of the ground-water flow system, (2) the distribution of aquifer hydraulic properties, and (3) the regional effects of ground-water withdrawals on water levels and coastal discharge. The model uses the finite-element code AQUIFEM-SALT, which simulates flow of fresh ground water in systems that may have a freshwater lens floating on denser underlying saltwater.\r\n\r\nModel results are in agreement with the general conceptual model of the flow system on Molokai, where ground water flows from the interior, high-recharge areas to the coast. The model-calculated ground-water divide separating flow to the northern and southern coasts lies to either the north or the south of the topographic divide but is generally not coincident with the topographic divide.\r\n\r\nOn the basis of model results, the following horizontal hydraulic conductivities were estimated: (1) 1,000 feet per day for the dike-free volcanic rocks of East and West Molokai, (2) 100 feet per day for the marginal dike zone of the East Molokai Volcano, (3) 2 feet per day for the West Molokai dike complex, (4) 0.02 feet per day for the East Molokai dike complex, and (5) 500 feet per day for the Kalaupapa Volcanics. \r\n\r\nThree simulations to determine the effects of proposed ground-water withdrawals on water levels and coastal discharge, relative to model-calculated water levels and coastal discharge for 1992-96 withdrawal rates, show that the effects are widespread. For a withdrawal rate of 0.337 million gallons per day from a proposed well about 4 miles southeast of Kualapuu and 3 miles north of Kamiloloa, the model-calculated drawdown of 0.01 foot or more extends 4 miles southeast and 6 miles northwest from the well. For a withdrawal rate of 1.326 million gallons per day from the same well, the model-calculated drawdown of 0.01 foot or more extends 6 miles southeast and 9 miles northwest from the well. In a third scenario, the withdrawal rate from an existing well near Kualapuu was increased by 0.826 million gallons per day. The model-calculated drawdown of 0.01 foot or more extends 6 miles southeast and 8 miles northwest from the well. In all scenarios, coastal discharge is reduced by an amount equal to the additional withdrawal.\r\n\r\nAdditional data needed to improve the understanding of the ground-water flow system on Molokai include: (1) a wider spatial distribution and longer temporal distribution of water-levels, (2) independent estimates of hydraulic conductivity, (3) improved recharge estimates, (4) information about the vertical distribution of salinity in ground water, (5) streamflow data at additional sites, and (6) improved information about the subsurface geology.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"Geological Survey (U.S.)","doi":"10.3133/wri974176","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the State of Hawaii and Department of Hawaiian Home Lands","usgsCitation":"Oki, D.S., 1997, Geohydrology and Numerical Simulation of the Ground-Water Flow System of Molokai, Hawaii: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 97-4176, vi, 62 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri974176.","productDescription":"vi, 62 p.","costCenters":[{"id":525,"text":"Pacific Islands Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":125020,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1997/4176/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":57808,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1997/4176/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -157.33333333333334,21 ], [ -157.33333333333334,21.25 ], [ -156.66666666666666,21.25 ], [ -156.66666666666666,21 ], [ -157.33333333333334,21 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b25e4b07f02db6aedd4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Oki, Delwyn S. 0000-0002-6913-8804 dsoki@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6913-8804","contributorId":1901,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Oki","given":"Delwyn","email":"dsoki@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":525,"text":"Pacific Islands Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":200647,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":27020,"text":"wri974141 - 1997 - Water-quality assessment of part of the upper Mississippi River Basin, Minnesota and Wisconsin — Pesticides in streams, streambed sediment, and ground water, 1974-94","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-12-15T22:34:08.136846","indexId":"wri974141","displayToPublicDate":"1998-07-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"97-4141","title":"Water-quality assessment of part of the upper Mississippi River Basin, Minnesota and Wisconsin — Pesticides in streams, streambed sediment, and ground water, 1974-94","docAbstract":"<p>Available data on pesticides in streams, streambed sediment, and ground water from Federal, state, and local agencies are reviewed for part of the Upper Mississippi River Basin study unit of the National Water-Quality Assessment Program. The analysis focuses on a smaller study area encompassing 19,500 square miles that includes the Upper Mississippi River Basin from Lake Pepin upstream to sampling stations on the Mississippi River near Royalton, Minnesota, and the Minnesota River near Jordan, Minnesota, and the entire drainage basins of the St. Croix, Vermillion, and Cannon Rivers. Assessment is generally restricted to two groups of pesticides the most frequently detected herbicides and organochlorine insecticides although pesticides rarely or never detected are noted.</p>\n<p>Herbicides, including alachlor, atrazine, cyanazine, or metolachlor, were detected in every stream sampled except the Kettle River. Streams draining row-crop areas had the most herbicide detections. Atrazine was the most widely detected herbicide, with detections in all streams sampled except the Kettle River. Concentrations of atrazine, metolachlor, and cyanazine were greatest in July and detectable most of the year at very low (parts-per-trillion) concentrations. The herbicides EPTC and trifluralin were never detected, although they were used in amounts equal to or greater than those detected, reflecting the fact that some herbicides are less persistent than others. A small urban stream draining part of the Lake Harriet Watershed in Minneapolis, Minnesota, contained substantial concentrations of pesticides as well. Eighty-five percent of runoff events sampled in this entirely urbanized watershed had detections of herbicides commonly used for residential purposes, and 43 percent of the events had detections of alachlor, atrazine, cyanazine, or metolachlor herbicides used predominantly for agriculture. Pesticide concentrations in urban runoff remained well above detection limits throughout the summer, indicating repeated applications of pesticides.</p>\n<p>Selected organochlorine insecticides, banned since the 1970's, still were detected in recent streambed-sediment samples. Three insecticides, 4,4'-DDT, heptachlor, and lindane, and their metabolites account for almost two-thirds of the organochlorine insecticides detected. Organochlorine insecticides were detected more frequently in streambed sediment than in streamwater. Detections in both phases were most frequent within or downstream of the Twin Cities metropolitan area, indicating that most of these insecticides originated from the Twin Cities metropolitan area.</p>\n<p>The most frequently detected herbicides in ground water were the same as those frequently detected in streams. Most detections were found in the sand and gravel aquifers underlying agricultural areas, including the Anoka Sand Plain and Bonanza Valley. Atrazine, deethylatrazine, and deisopropylatrazine were detected most frequently. Detection frequencies of atrazine were extremely variable among the various agencies, ranging from 0 to 66.7 percent, probably as a result of different sampling purposes, well locations, and detection levels. Atrazine and atrazine metabolites were the only pesticides detected in bedrock aquifers, with detections found mainly in the agriculture-dominated southeastern part of the study area where bedrock commonly outcrops near the surface. Thus, most detections of herbicides in ground water were found in environmental settings where ground water is vulnerable to contamination.</p>\n<p>Atrazine was the only pesticide that equaled or exceeded a maximum contaminant level (of 3.0 micrograms per liter) for drinking water. Two stream samples from a small urban watershed in Minneapolis had atrazine concentrations of 3.6 and 3.8 micrograms per liter, and one ground-water sample had a concentration of 3.0 micrograms per liter. Trace concentrations (less than 0.06 micrograms per liter) of the organochlorine insecticides chlordane, dieldrin, endrin, and heptachlor exceeded chronic freshwater-quality criteria in stream samples from the Mississippi, Minnesota, St. Croix, and Vemillion Rivers in 1981 and 1990.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Mounds View, MN","doi":"10.3133/wri974141","usgsCitation":"Fallon, J.D., Fong, A.L., and Andrews, W., 1997, Water-quality assessment of part of the upper Mississippi River Basin, Minnesota and Wisconsin — Pesticides in streams, streambed sediment, and ground water, 1974-94: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 97-4141, viii, 53 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri974141.","productDescription":"viii, 53 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":392,"text":"Minnesota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":392983,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_48760.htm"},{"id":119799,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1997/4141/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":55902,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1997/4141/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Minnesota, Wisconsin","otherGeospatial":"Upper Mississippi River basin","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -91.08489990234375, 46.22735299655779 ], [ -91.15631103515625, 46.23685258143992 ], [ -91.20574951171874, 46.23495279600417 ], [ -91.24420166015624, 46.200745411283094 ], [ -91.30462646484375, 46.18743678432541 ], [ -91.40625, 46.23495279600417 ], [ -91.46942138671875, 46.2824277013447 ], [ -91.52435302734375, 46.31848113932307 ], [ -91.54632568359375, 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D.","contributorId":57478,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fallon","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":197418,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Fong, A. L.","contributorId":58309,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fong","given":"A.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":197419,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Andrews, W. J. 0000-0003-4780-8835","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4780-8835","contributorId":56261,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Andrews","given":"W. J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":197417,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":29993,"text":"wri974163 - 1997 - Effects of the 1993 flood on water levels and water quality in the Sheyenne Delta Aquifer, southeastern North Dakota, 1993-94","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-03-16T13:51:55","indexId":"wri974163","displayToPublicDate":"1998-07-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"97-4163","title":"Effects of the 1993 flood on water levels and water quality in the Sheyenne Delta Aquifer, southeastern North Dakota, 1993-94","docAbstract":"<p>A study was conducted to evaluate the effects of precipitation and flooding on water levels in the Sheyenne Delta aquifer and to evaluate the variations in water quality that are related to the precipitation and flooding. Water-level, streamflow, and water-quality data collected before July 1993 were assumed to be representative of pre-flood conditions, and data collected from July 1993 through May 1994 were used to evaluate the ground-water response. </p><p>Water levels in 49 wells were measured every 3 weeks, when possible, between November 1993 and May 1994. Water samples were collected from 16 of the wells during November 1993 and March, April, and May 1994 and analyzed for major ions, nutrients, selected trace elements, and pesticides. The water-level and water-quality data collected during the study, along with similar data collected during previous investigations and during the National Water-Quality Assessment study, provided the basis for describing the general characteristics of the hydrology and water quality of the Sheyenne Delta aquifer. </p><p>Generally, precipitation and flooding affect water levels in the aquifer. The largest water-level rise occurs in low-relief areas, and water subsequently moves down-gradient toward the river. Topography strongly affects the focus of recharge in the aquifer. During high stage in the river, ground-water flow gradients near the river can reverse, and water flows from the river into the aquifer. Water in the Sheyenne Delta aquifer before and after the 1993 flood generally was a calcium bicarbonate type. Little variation exists between pre-flood and post-flood water-quality conditions in the aquifer. Water quality in the aquifer is affected mainly by precipitation, evapotranspiration, inflow from adjacent ground water, and inflow from the Sheyenne River.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri974163","usgsCitation":"Strobel, M., and Radig, S., 1997, Effects of the 1993 flood on water levels and water quality in the Sheyenne Delta Aquifer, southeastern North Dakota, 1993-94: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 97-4163, iv, 43 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri974163.","productDescription":"iv, 43 p.","costCenters":[{"id":478,"text":"North Dakota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":34685,"text":"Dakota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":58801,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1997/4163/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":119454,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1997/4163/report-thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a28e4b07f02db61097e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Strobel, M.L.","contributorId":81945,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Strobel","given":"M.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":202494,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Radig, S.A.","contributorId":23591,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Radig","given":"S.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":202493,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":27866,"text":"wri974182 - 1997 - Evaluation of bridge-scour data at selected sites in Ohio","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:39","indexId":"wri974182","displayToPublicDate":"1998-07-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"97-4182","title":"Evaluation of bridge-scour data at selected sites in Ohio","docAbstract":"Scour data collected during 1989-94 were evaluated to determine whether pier scour and contraction scour occurred at 22 bridge sites in Ohio. Pier-scour depths computed from selected pier-scour prediction equations were compared with measured pier-scour depths, and the accuracy of the prediction equations were evaluated. Observed pier-scour relations were compared to relations developed through laboratory research. Mean streambed elevations were evaluated to determine the depth of contraction scour. Channel stability was assessed by use of mean streambed elevations at the approach section. Ground-penetrating radar was used at all sites to investigate the presence of historical scour.\r\n\r\nPier scour was observed in 45 of 47 scour measurements made during floods; 84 cases of pier scour were documented, 83 at solid-wall piers and 1 at a capped-pile type pier. Estimated recurrence intervals for 27 of the 35 measured streamflows, all on unregulated streams, were less than 2 years. Seventeen pier-scour prediction equations were evaluated. The Froehlich Design equation was found to most closely meet the 'best design equation' criteria for all 84 cases of the observed data. The Larras equation was found to be the best design equation for the observed data where approach-flow attack angles were 10 degrees or less.\r\n\r\nObserved pier-scour depths and flow depths ranged from 0.5 to 6.1 feet and 3.0 to 19.8 feet, respectively. All pier-scour depths were less than 2.4 times the corresponding pier width. Selected factors were normalized by dividing by effective pier width. LOWESS curves were developed using the 84 cases of observed pier scour. Normalized scour depth increased with normalized flow depth; however, the rate of increase appeared to lessen as normalized flow depth exceeded 2.5. Normalized scour depths increased rapidly as flow intensity approached the threshold value of 1 and then decreased as flow intensities exceeded this threshold. Normalized scour depth was found to increase with Froude number, and a steeper slope was evident for Froude numbers exceeding 0.2. Normalized scour depth was found to increase with median grain size up to about 10 millimeters for bed material near the pier, then decrease for median grain sizes greater than 10 millimeters. Normalized scour depth was also found to decrease as sediment gradation of bed material near the pier increased. The observed pier-scour relations determined from the field measurements tend to support conclusions by previous researchers of streambed scour, except for the previous finding that normalized scour depth decreases consistently with increasing median grain size. Possible factors that may have influenced the observed trends in the relation between normalized scour depth and median grain size in this study are cohesion and scour measurements made at nonequilibrium conditions. LOWESS curves were developed for 45 of 84 cases of observed pier scour where approach-flow attack angles were less than or equal to 10 degrees. These curves were visually compared to LOWESS curves developed from all observations of pier scour. For three relations, differences in the trends of the LOWESS curves were of sufficient magnitude to warrant discussion.\r\n\r\nContraction scour was observed in 4 of the 47 scour measurements and ranged from 0.8 to2.3 feet in depth. Analysis of annual mean streambed approach-section elevations indicated that approach sections were generally stable at 18 of the 22 sites. Ground-penetrating radar, a geophysical method that enables subsurface exploration of the streambed when conditions are favorable, was used at all sites to determine whether historical scour had occurred. Results of the ground-penetrating radar surveys at 20 sites in 1990 indicated the presence of historical scour surfaces at 5 sites. At four of the five sites showing evidence of possible historical scour, differences between the estimated depth of historical scour and the maximum observed scour were w","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nUSGS Branch of Information Services, [distributor,","doi":"10.3133/wri974182","usgsCitation":"Jackson, K., 1997, Evaluation of bridge-scour data at selected sites in Ohio: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 97-4182, x, 84 p. :ill., map ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri974182.","productDescription":"x, 84 p. :ill., map ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":123038,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1997/4182/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":56690,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1997/4182/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a09e4b07f02db5fb119","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Jackson, K.S.","contributorId":59484,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jackson","given":"K.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":198810,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":28141,"text":"wri974107 - 1997 - Water-quality assessment of part of the upper Mississippi River Basin, Minnesota and Wisconsin — Nitrogen and phosphorus in streams, streambed sediment, and ground water, 1971-94","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-12-15T22:44:04.466473","indexId":"wri974107","displayToPublicDate":"1998-07-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"97-4107","title":"Water-quality assessment of part of the upper Mississippi River Basin, Minnesota and Wisconsin — Nitrogen and phosphorus in streams, streambed sediment, and ground water, 1971-94","docAbstract":"<p>Nitrogen and phosphorus in streams, streambed sediment, and ground water were summarized using data from Federal, state, and local agencies as part of an analysis of historical water-quality data for the Upper Mississippi River Basin study unit of the U.S. Geological Survey's National Water-Quality Assessment Program. The Upper Mississippi River Basin study unit encompasses the drainage of the Mississippi River from the source to the outlet of Lake Pepin. This report focuses on a 19,500-square-mile study area in the eastern part of the study unit. The study area included the part of the Upper Mississippi River Basin from Royalton, Minnesota, to the outlet of Lake Pepin, located near Red Wing, Minnesota; the Minnesota River Basin from Jordan, Minnesota, to the confluence with the Mississippi River; and the entire drainage basins of the St. Croix, Cannon, and Vermillion Rivers. The Twin Cities metropolitan area, with a population of approximately 2.3 million people, is located in the south-central part of the study area.</p>\n<p>Fertilizers and livestock manure were the greatest sources of nitrogen and phosphorus applied to the land surface of the study unit. Approximately 60 percent of the fertilizer was applied to the Minnesota River Basin, which drains agricultural areas in the southern and western parts of the study unit.</p>\n<p>Concentrations of total nitrite plus nitrate nitrogen, total nitrogen, and total phosphorus in streams, generally were greatest in the tributaries to the Mississippi River draining agricultural areas in the western and southern part of the study area. Concentrations of these constituents generally were least in tributaries draining forested land. The greatest total nitrite plus nitrate nitrogen concentrations generally occurred during the spring and summer in streams draining agricultural areas and in the winter in streams draining forested areas. Total phosphorus concentrations generally were greatest in the spring and summer for all streams.</p>\n<p>Total nitrite plus nitrate nitrogen, total nitrogen, and total phosphorus concentrations in the Mississippi River increased substantially downstream from the Minnesota River and downstream from wastewater discharges in the Twin Cities metropolitan area. Total ammonia and dissolved orthophosphate concentrations generally were greatest at sites on the Mississippi and Minnesota Rivers downstream from wastewater discharges from the Twin Cities metropolitan area.</p>\n<p>Total nitrite plus nitrate nitrogen concentrations in streams generally were less than the Maximum Contaminant Level of 10 mg/L (as nitrogen) established by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Total phosphorus concentrations in streams generally were greater than the 0.1 mg/L concentration recommended by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency at sites located in agricultural areas and on the Mississippi River downstream from its confluence with the Minnesota River.</p>\n<p>Phosphorus and nitrogen yields were greatest in watersheds primarily draining agricultural land. The majority of the nitrogen and phosphorus loading to the Mississippi River was from the Minnesota River. In the Minnesota River, the nitrogen load primarily was total nitrite plus nitrate nitrogen.</p>\n<p>Despite increases in fertilizer usage during 1982-91, most stream sites outside of the Twin Cities metropolitan area had no temporal trends in total nitrite plus nitrate nitrogen, total phosphorus, or dissolved orthophosphate concentrations for water years 1984-93. Most sites had a decrease in total ammonia nitrogen concentrations, possibly a result of improvements in wastewater treatment. In the Twin Cities metropolitan area, decreases in total ammonia concentrations in the Mississippi and Minnesota Rivers coincided with increases in total nitrite plus nitrate nitrogen concentrations, probably a result of wastewater treatment plants initiating nitrification processes.</p>\n<p>Nitrite plus nitrate nitrogen concentrations in ground water reflect land uses and hydrogeologic settings of major aquifers in the study area. Unconfined sand and gravel, buried sand and gravel, and the Prairie du Chien-Jordan were the aquifers most frequently sampled for nitrite plus nitrate nitrogen because they are the principal sources of ground water in the study area. The greatest nitrite plus nitrate nitrogen concentrations reported by Federal and state agencies, some exceeding the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's Maximum Contaminant level of 10 mg/L by a factor of four, were in water from shallow wells in agricultural and mixed forested and agricultural areas. Water sampled from buried sand and gravel aquifers, which are more shielded from substances leaching from the land surface by layers of clay or till, generally had lower nitrite plus nitrate nitrogen concentrations than water from unconfined sand and gravel aquifers. Nitrite plus nitrate nitrogen concentrations in water samples from the Prairie du Chien-Jordan aquifer were greatest in the Wisconsin part of the study area and in the vicinity of the Cannon River, where the aquifer is commonly unconfined, exposed at land surface, and overlain by agricultural or by mixed forested and agricultural land covers.</p>\n<p>Dissolved phosphorus concentrations in ground water in the study area generally were near detection limits of 0.01 mg/L or lower, indicating that surface-water eutrophication from phosphorus may be more likely to occur from overland runoff of phosphorus compounds and from direct discharges of treated wastewater than from ground-water base flow. The greatest concentrations of dissolved phosphorus in ground water generally were detected in water samples from wells in urban portions of the study area.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Mounds View, MN","doi":"10.3133/wri974107","usgsCitation":"Kroening, S.E., and Andrews, W.J., 1997, Water-quality assessment of part of the upper Mississippi River Basin, Minnesota and Wisconsin — Nitrogen and phosphorus in streams, streambed sediment, and ground water, 1971-94: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 97-4107, viii, 61 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri974107.","productDescription":"viii, 61 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":392,"text":"Minnesota Water Science 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Yet our basic mission has not changed. It is as relevant to the resource issues of today as it was when our geologists first arrived in western Pennsylvania in 1884. Continuing in this proud heritage and tradition, the U.S. Geological Survey is moving confidently toward the next century, evolving organizationally and technologically to better meet the needs of our many constituencies. One major organizational change is the recent accession of employees from the former National Biological Service, who now form the Survey's fourth program division, the Biological Resources Division. These employees join forces with colleagues in our other three divisions: Water Resources, Geologic, and National Mapping. More than any other change in decades, the addition of this biological expertise creates new and exciting opportunities for scientific research and public service. This report provides an overview of recent activities in Pennsylvania conducted by the four program divisions and is intended to inform those interested in U.S. Geological Survey products and services. Additional information is available on our home page (at http://wwwpah2o.er.usgs.gov/). Together with numerous Federal, State, and local agencies and organizations who are our customers and partners, we at the U.S. Geological Survey look forward to providing continued scientific contributions and public service to Pennsylvania and the Nation.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr97640","usgsCitation":"Wood, C.R., 1997, Activities of the United States Geological Survey in Pennsylvania: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 97-640, 32 p. :col. ill., col. maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr97640.","productDescription":"32 p. :col. ill., col. maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[{"id":532,"text":"Pennsylvania Water Science 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