{"pageNumber":"1247","pageRowStart":"31150","pageSize":"25","recordCount":40904,"records":[{"id":23555,"text":"ofr96209 - 1998 - Simulation of ground-water flow in the Albuquerque Basin, central New Mexico, 1901-95, with projections to 2020","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:09","indexId":"ofr96209","displayToPublicDate":"1998-07-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"96-209","title":"Simulation of ground-water flow in the Albuquerque Basin, central New Mexico, 1901-95, with projections to 2020","docAbstract":"The ground-water-flow model of the Albuquerque Basin (Kernodle, \r\nJ.M., McAda, D.P., and Thorn, C.R., 1995, Simulation of ground-water flow \r\nin the Albuquerque Basin, central New Mexico, with projections to \r\n2020: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report \r\n94-4251, 114 p.) was updated to include new information on the \r\nhydrogeologic framework (Hawley, J.W., Haase, C.S., and Lozinsky, \r\nR.P., 1995, An underground view of the Albuquerque Basin: Proceedings \r\nof the 39th Annual New Mexico Water Conference, November 3-4, 1994,\r\np. 37-55). An additional year of ground-water-withdrawal data was \r\nappended to the simulation of the historical period and incorporated \r\ninto the base for future projections to the year 2020. The revised \r\nmodel projects the simulated ground-water levels associated with an \r\naerally enlarged occurrence of the relatively high hydraulic conductivity \r\nin the upper part of the Santa Fe Group east and west of the Rio Grande \r\nin the Albuquerque area and north to Bernalillo. Although the differences \r\nbetween the two model versions are substantial, the revised model does not \r\ncontradict any previous conclusions about the effect of City of Albuquerque \r\nground-water withdrawals on flow in the Rio Grande or the net benefits \r\nof an effort to conserve ground water. Recent revisions to the hydrogeologic \r\nmodel (Hawley, J.W., Haneberg, W.C., and Whitworth, P.M., in press, \r\nHydrogeologic investigations in the Albuquerque Basin, central New Mexico, \r\n1992-1995: Socorro, New Mexico Bureau of Mines and Mineral Resources Open- \r\nFile Report 402) of the Albuquerque Basin eventually will require that this \r\nmodel version also be revised and updated.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey, [Water Resources Division, New Mexico District],","doi":"10.3133/ofr96209","issn":"0094-9140","usgsCitation":"Kernodle, J.M., 1998, Simulation of ground-water flow in the Albuquerque Basin, central New Mexico, 1901-95, with projections to 2020: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 96-209, v, 54 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr96209.","productDescription":"v, 54 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":156533,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1996/0209/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":52847,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1996/0209/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49f8e4b07f02db5f2aa5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kernodle, J. M.","contributorId":81139,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kernodle","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":190309,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":66183,"text":"i2595 - 1998 - Geologic map of the MTM -85280 quadrangle, Planum Australe region of Mars","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-09-24T15:28:28","indexId":"i2595","displayToPublicDate":"1998-07-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":320,"text":"IMAP","code":"I","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2595","title":"Geologic map of the MTM -85280 quadrangle, Planum Australe region of Mars","docAbstract":"The polar deposits on Mars are of great interest because they probably record martian climate variations (Thomas and others, 1992). The area shown on this map includes polar layered deposits with distinct low-albedo features and a sharp boundary between the layered deposits and the moderately cratered unit that forms the floor of Chasma Australe. Detailed mapping of this quadrangle was undertaken to further investigate the geologic relations between the albedo features and the layered deposits and to better constrain the recent geologic history of the south polar region. Dark dunes in the north polar region appear to be derived from erosion of the layered deposits, but the source of dark material in the south polar region is less clear (Thomas and Weitz, 1989). The presence of dark material in the brighter, redder layered deposits is paradoxical (Herkenhoff and Murray, 1990a); resolving this paradox is likely to result in a better understanding of the origin and evolution of the layered deposits and, therefore, the mechanisms by which global climate variations are recorded. Published geologic maps of the south polar region of Mars have been based on images acquired by either Mariner 9 (Condit and Soderblom, 1978; Scott and Carr, 1978) or the Viking Orbiters (Tanaka and Scott, 1987). The extent of the layered deposits mapped previously from Mariner 9 data is different from that mapped using Viking Orbiter images, and the present map agrees with the map by Tanaka and Scott (1987): the floor of Chasma Australe is not mapped as layered deposits. The residual polar ice cap, areas of partial frost cover, the layered deposits, and two nonvolatile surface units - the dust mantle and the dark material - were mapped by Herkenhoff and Murray (1990a) at 1:2,000,000 scale using a color mosaic of Viking Orbiter images. This mosaic and an additional Viking color mosaic were used to confirm the identification of the nonvolatile Amazonian units for this map and to test hypotheses for their origin and evolution. The colors and albedos of these units, as measured in places outside this map area, are presented in table 1 and figure 1. Accurately measuring the color and albedo of the units in this map area was not possible due to low signal/noise in the part of the red/violet mosaic (corrected for atmospheric scattering) that includes this area (Herkenhoff and Murray, 1990a). However, color/albedo unit boundaries in this area are visible in color mosaics that have not been corrected for atmospheric scattering effects. Therefore, while the color and albedo of various units on this map cannot be precisely quantified and compared with the values in table 1 and figure 1, color/albedo units can still be recognized. Because the resolution of the color mosaics is not sufficient to map these units in detail at 1:500,000 scale, contacts between them were recognized and mapped using higher resolution black-and-white Viking and Mariner 9 images. Only two possible impact craters in the layered deposits have been found in the area mapped; both are slightly elongate rather than circular. One, 1.6 km in diameter at lat 86.6° S., long 268°, was recognized by Plaut and others (1988); the other, about 3 km in diameter, is at lat 82.8° S., long 277°. Although the crater statistics are poor (only 16 likely impact craters found in the entire south polar layered deposits), these observations generally support the conclusions that the south polar layered deposits are Late Amazonian in age and that some areas have been exposed for at least 120 million years (Plaut and others, 1988; Herkenhoff and Murray, 1992, 1994). However, the recent cratering flux on Mars is poorly constrained, so inferred ages of surface units are uncertain. The Viking Orbiter 2 images used to construct the base were taken during the southern summer of 1977, with resolutions no better than 180 m/pixel. (The \"less than 100 m per picture element\" in Notes on Base of the controlled photomosaic base [U.S. Geological Survey, 1986] is incorrect.) A digital mosaic of Mariner 9 images was also constructed to aid in mapping. The Mariner 9 images were taken during the southern summer of 1971-72 and have resolutions as high as 90 m/pixel. However, usefulness of the Mariner 9 mosaic is limited by incomplete coverage and atmospheric dust opacity.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/i2595","isbn":"060789444X","collaboration":"Prepared for the National Aeronautics and Space Administration","usgsCitation":"Herkenhoff, K.E., 1998, Geologic map of the MTM -85280 quadrangle, Planum Australe region of Mars: U.S. Geological Survey IMAP 2595, 1 Map: 98 x 81 cm, https://doi.org/10.3133/i2595.","productDescription":"1 Map: 98 x 81 cm","costCenters":[{"id":131,"text":"Astrogeology Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":438904,"rank":3,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/P945WNHO","text":"USGS data release","linkHelpText":"Geologic map of the MTM -85280 quadrangle, Planum Australe region of Mars"},{"id":188390,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/i_2595.jpg"},{"id":367680,"rank":2,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/imap/i2595/i2595.pdf","text":"Plate 1","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"scale":"500000","projection":"Polar Stereographic","otherGeospatial":"Mars; Planum Australe","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4afde4b07f02db696cfd","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Herkenhoff, Kenneth E. 0000-0002-3153-6663 kherkenhoff@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3153-6663","contributorId":2275,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Herkenhoff","given":"Kenneth","email":"kherkenhoff@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":131,"text":"Astrogeology Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":274120,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70021155,"text":"70021155 - 1998 - West margin of North America - A synthesis of recent seismic transects","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-08-14T16:14:56.421328","indexId":"70021155","displayToPublicDate":"1998-06-26T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3525,"text":"Tectonophysics","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"West margin of North America - A synthesis of recent seismic transects","docAbstract":"

A comparison of the deep structure along nine recent transects of the west margin of North America shows many important similarities and differences. Common tectonic elements identified in the deep structure along these transects include actively subducting oceanic crust, accreted oceanic/arc (or oceanic-like) lithosphere of Mesozoic through Cenozoic ages. Cenozoic accretionary prisms, Mesozoic accretionary prisms, backstops to the Mesozoic prisms, and undivided lower crust. Not all of these elements are present along all transects. In this study, nine transects, including four crossing subduction zones and five crossing transform faults, are plotted at the same scale and vertical exaggeration (V.E. 1:1), using the above scheme for identifying tectonic elements. The four subduction-zone transects contain actively subducting oceanic crust. Cenozoic accretionary prisms, and bodies of basaltic rocks accreted in the Cenozoic, including remnants of a large, oceanic plateau in the Oregon and Vancouver Island transects. Rocks of age and composition (Eocene basalt) similar to the oceanic plateau are currently subducting in southern Alaska, where they are doubled up on top of Pacific oceanic crust and have apparently created a giant asperity, or impediment to subduction. Most of the subduction-zone transects also contain Mesozoic accretionary prisms, and two of them, Vancouver Island and Alaska, also contain thick, technically underplated bodies of late Mesozoic/early Cenozoic oceanic lithosphere, interpreted as fragments of the extinct Kula plate. In the upper crust, most of the five transform-fault transects (all in California) reflect: (1) tectonic wedging of a Mesozoic accretionary prism into a backstop, which includes Mesozoic/early Cenozoic forearc rocks and Mesozoic ophiolitic/arc basement rocks: and (2) shuffling of the subduction margin of California by strike-slip faulting. In the lower crust, they may reflect migration of the Mendocino triple junction northward (seen in rocks east of the San Andreas fault) and cessation of Farallon-plate subduction (seen in rocks west of the San Andreas fault). In northern California, lower-crustal rocks east of the San Andreas fault have oceanic-crustal velocity and thickness and contain patches of high reflectivity. They may represent basaltic rocks magmatically underplated in the wake of the migration of the Mendocino triple junction, or they may represent stalled, subducted fragments of the Farallon/Gorda plate. The latter alternative does not fit the accepted 'slabless window' model for the migration of the triple junction. This lower-crustal layer and the Moho are offset at the San Andreas and Maacama faults. In central California, a similar lower-crustal layer is observed west of the San Andreas fault. West of the continental slope, it is Pacitic oceanic crust, but beneath the continent it may represent either Pacific oceanic crust, stalled, subducted fragments (microplates) of the Farallon plate, or basaltic rocks magmatically underplated during subduction of the Pacific/Farallon ridge or during breakup of the subducted Farallon plate. The transect in southern California is only partly representative of regional structure, as the structure here is 3-dimensional. In the upper crust, a Mesozoic prism has been thrust beneath crystalline basement rocks of the San Gabriel Mountains and Mojave Desert. In the mid-crust, a bright reflective zone is interpreted as a possible 'master' decollement that can be traced from the fold-and-thrust belt of the Los Angeles basin northward to at least the San Andreas fault. A Moho depression beneath the San Gabriel Mountains is consistent with downwelling of lithospheric mantle beneath the Transverse Ranges that appears to be driving the compression across the Transverse Ranges and Los Angeles basin. 

","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/S0040-1951(97)00300-4","issn":"00401951","usgsCitation":"Fuis, G., 1998, West margin of North America - A synthesis of recent seismic transects: Tectonophysics, v. 288, no. 1-4, p. 265-292, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-1951(97)00300-4.","productDescription":"28 p.","startPage":"265","endPage":"292","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":494137,"rank":2,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/s0040-1951(97)00300-4","text":"External Repository"},{"id":230253,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Canada, United States","state":"Alaska, California, Oregon, Washington","otherGeospatial":"Vancouver","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -150.17522712506494,\n 61.217190919521414\n ],\n [\n -158.65902964673563,\n 57.42344181651714\n ],\n [\n -123.37516452259177,\n 33.98872555083284\n ],\n [\n -118.2240533325811,\n 32.37973934808869\n ],\n [\n -114.33949244373234,\n 32.7455310942392\n ],\n [\n -114.56862512640006,\n 34.50928442250415\n ],\n [\n -120.07860326467929,\n 39.565080375115414\n ],\n [\n -119.11025591417561,\n 43.510705773508406\n ],\n [\n -120.66353202659494,\n 48.842974051027944\n ],\n [\n -132.851826669775,\n 60.65287298145492\n ],\n [\n -150.17522712506494,\n 61.217190919521414\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"288","issue":"1-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bcff6e4b08c986b32ebd4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Fuis, G. S.","contributorId":83131,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fuis","given":"G. S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":388823,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":5223773,"text":"5223773 - 1998 - Higher temporal variability of forest breeding bird communities in fragmented landscapes","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-12-04T20:52:45.770654","indexId":"5223773","displayToPublicDate":"1998-06-23T12:18:40","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3164,"text":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Higher temporal variability of forest breeding bird communities in fragmented landscapes","docAbstract":"Understanding the relationship between animal community dynamics and landscape structure has become a priority for biodiversity conservation. In particular, predicting the effects of habitat destruction that confine species to networks of small patches is an important prerequisite to conservation plan development. Theoretical models that predict the occurrence of species in fragmented landscapes, and relationships between stability and diversity do exist. However, reliable empirical investigations of the dynamics of biodiversity have been prevented by differences in species detection probabilities among landscapes. Using long-term data sampled at a large spatial scale in conjunction with a capture-recapture approach, we developed estimates of parameters of community changes over a 22-year period for forest breeding birds in selected areas of the eastern United States. We show that forest fragmentation was associated not only with a reduced number of forest bird species, but also with increased temporal variability in the number of species. This higher temporal variability was associated with higher local extinction and turnover rates. These results have major conservation implications. Moreover, the approach used provides a practical tool for the study of the dynamics of biodiversity.","language":"English","publisher":"National Academy of Sciences","doi":"10.1073/pnas.95.13.7497","usgsCitation":"Boulinier, T., Nichols, J.D., Hines, J.E., Sauer, J.R., Flather, C.H., and Pollock, K.H., 1998, Higher temporal variability of forest breeding bird communities in fragmented landscapes: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, v. 95, no. 13, p. 7497-7501, https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.95.13.7497.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"7497","endPage":"7501","numberOfPages":"5","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":479709,"rank":2,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"text":"External Repository"},{"id":200344,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"95","issue":"13","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1998-06-23","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ae1e4b07f02db68878e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Boulinier, T.","contributorId":37845,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Boulinier","given":"T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":339451,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Nichols, James D. 0000-0002-7631-2890 jnichols@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7631-2890","contributorId":200533,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nichols","given":"James","email":"jnichols@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":339449,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hines, James E. 0000-0001-5478-7230 jhines@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5478-7230","contributorId":146530,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hines","given":"James","email":"jhines@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":339450,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Sauer, John R. 0000-0002-4557-3019 jrsauer@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4557-3019","contributorId":146917,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sauer","given":"John","email":"jrsauer@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":339453,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Flather, Curtis H.","contributorId":177590,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Flather","given":"Curtis","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":339454,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Pollock, Kenneth H.","contributorId":8590,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Pollock","given":"Kenneth","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":339452,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":24488,"text":"ofr98111 - 1998 - Description of a discovery process modeling system to forecast future oil and gas incorporating field growth; ARDS Ver. 5.01","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:06","indexId":"ofr98111","displayToPublicDate":"1998-06-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"98-111","title":"Description of a discovery process modeling system to forecast future oil and gas incorporating field growth; ARDS Ver. 5.01","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/ofr98111","issn":"0094-9140","usgsCitation":"Schuenemeyer, J., and Drew, L., 1998, Description of a discovery process modeling system to forecast future oil and gas incorporating field growth; ARDS Ver. 5.01: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 98-111, 1 v. 55 p. :ill. ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr98111.","productDescription":"1 v. 55 p. :ill. ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":155714,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1998/0111/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":53556,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1998/0111/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ab0e4b07f02db66dd0c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Schuenemeyer, J.H.","contributorId":106094,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schuenemeyer","given":"J.H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":192016,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Drew, L.J.","contributorId":69157,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Drew","given":"L.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":192015,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":22142,"text":"ofr9846 - 1998 - Sediment magnetic data and thermomagnetic determinations of modern and ancient soils and parent materials near McCook, Red Willow County, Nebraska; contributions to Quaternary paleoclimatic studies of midcontinent loess deposits","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:07","indexId":"ofr9846","displayToPublicDate":"1998-06-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"98-46","title":"Sediment magnetic data and thermomagnetic determinations of modern and ancient soils and parent materials near McCook, Red Willow County, Nebraska; contributions to Quaternary paleoclimatic studies of midcontinent loess deposits","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/ofr9846","issn":"0094-9140","usgsCitation":"Harlan, S.S., Rosenbaum, J.G., Muhs, D., and Bettis, E., 1998, Sediment magnetic data and thermomagnetic determinations of modern and ancient soils and parent materials near McCook, Red Willow County, Nebraska; contributions to Quaternary paleoclimatic studies of midcontinent loess deposits: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 98-46, 36 p. :ill. ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr9846.","productDescription":"36 p. :ill. ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":156612,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1998/0046/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":51590,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1998/0046/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a0be4b07f02db5fbff7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Harlan, S. S.","contributorId":11651,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Harlan","given":"S.","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":187296,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Rosenbaum, J. G.","contributorId":96685,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rosenbaum","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":187299,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Muhs, D.R. 0000-0001-7449-251X","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7449-251X","contributorId":61460,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Muhs","given":"D.R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":187297,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Bettis, E. Arthur III","contributorId":72822,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bettis","given":"E. Arthur","suffix":"III","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":187298,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":23672,"text":"ofr9817 - 1998 - Status yields and trends of nutrients and sediment and methods of analysis for nontidal data-collection programs, Chesapeake Bay basin, 1985-96","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-02-27T10:31:36","indexId":"ofr9817","displayToPublicDate":"1998-06-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"98-17","title":"Status yields and trends of nutrients and sediment and methods of analysis for nontidal data-collection programs, Chesapeake Bay basin, 1985-96","docAbstract":"Data from more than 200 sites in nontidal portions of the Chesapeake Bay were compiled to\r\ndocument annual nutrient and sediment loads and trends for the period 1985 through 1996 as part of the\r\n1997 Reevaluation of the Chesapeake Bay Program goal of reducing nutrient loads 40 percent by the year\r\n2000. Annual loads were estimated by use of the Minimum Variance Unbiased Estimator (MVUE) model\r\nat 95 sites with continuous streamflow data. Trends were estimated by use of either the MVUE or the\r\nSeasonal Kendall test at 202 sites and are presented in tables in this report. Trends analyzed in nutrient and\r\nsediment concentrations were reported as non-streamflow adjusted and streamflow adjusted if possible.\r\nMean yields from the MVUE model and median concentrations from the Seasonal Kendall test were\r\ncalculated to help facilitate comparisons between basins.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr9817","issn":"0094-9140","usgsCitation":"Langland, M.J., Edwards, R.E., and Darrell, L.C., 1998, Status yields and trends of nutrients and sediment and methods of analysis for nontidal data-collection programs, Chesapeake Bay basin, 1985-96: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 98-17, iii, 60 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr9817.","productDescription":"iii, 60 p.","costCenters":[{"id":532,"text":"Pennsylvania Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":350704,"rank":4,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1998/0017/ofr19980017.pdf","text":"Report","size":"550 KB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"OFR 1998-0017"},{"id":157457,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1998/0017/coverthb.jpg"}],"contact":"

Director, Pennsylvania Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
215 Limekiln Road
New Cumberland, PA 17070

","tableOfContents":"","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b32e4b07f02db6b469f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Langland, Michael J. 0000-0002-8350-8779 langland@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8350-8779","contributorId":2347,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Langland","given":"Michael","email":"langland@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":532,"text":"Pennsylvania Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":190520,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Edwards, Robert E.","contributorId":69191,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Edwards","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":190522,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Darrell, Linda C.","contributorId":6092,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Darrell","given":"Linda","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":190521,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":24594,"text":"ofr9863 - 1998 - Methods for estimating tributary streamflow in the Chattahoochee River basin between Buford Dam and Franklin, Georgia","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-01-05T11:52:19","indexId":"ofr9863","displayToPublicDate":"1998-06-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"98-63","title":"Methods for estimating tributary streamflow in the Chattahoochee River basin between Buford Dam and Franklin, Georgia","docAbstract":"Simple and reliable methods for estimating hourly streamflow are needed for the calibration and verification of a Chattahoochee River basin model between Buford Dam and Franklin, Ga. The river basin model is being developed by Georgia Department of Natural Resources, Environmental Protection Division, as part of their Chattahoochee River Modeling Project. Concurrent streamflow data collected at 19 continuous-record, and 31 partial-record streamflow stations, were used in ordinary least-squares linear regression analyses to define estimating equations, and in verifying drainage-area prorations. The resulting regression or drainage-area ratio estimating equations were used to compute hourly streamflow at the partial-record stations. The coefficients of determination (r-squared values) for the regression estimating equations ranged from 0.90 to 0.99.\r\n\r\nObserved and estimated hourly and daily streamflow data were computed for May 1, 1995, through October 31, 1995. Comparisons of observed and estimated daily streamflow data for 12 continuous-record tributary stations, that had available streamflow data for all or part of the period from May 1, 1995, to October 31, 1995, indicate that the mean error of estimate for the daily streamflow was about 25 percent.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;Branch of Information Services [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/ofr9863","issn":"0094-9140","usgsCitation":"Stamey, T.C., 1998, Methods for estimating tributary streamflow in the Chattahoochee River basin between Buford Dam and Franklin, Georgia: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 98-63, v, 18 p. :ill., map ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr9863.","productDescription":"v, 18 p. :ill., map ;28 cm.","costCenters":[{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":8946,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1998/ofr98-63/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":155754,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States ","state":"Georgia","city":"Franklin","otherGeospatial":"Buford Dam, Chattahoochee River basin","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -84.21157836914061,\n 34.250405862125\n ],\n [\n -83.92318725585936,\n 34.147044494922504\n ],\n [\n -83.99871826171875,\n 33.97866994069442\n ],\n [\n -84.364013671875,\n 33.87839688404627\n ],\n [\n -84.47799682617188,\n 33.74603855325514\n ],\n [\n -84.66888427734375,\n 33.571149664447326\n ],\n [\n -84.82681274414062,\n 33.38329288020202\n ],\n [\n -84.96414184570312,\n 33.35691456311512\n ],\n [\n -85.00259399414062,\n 33.29150775159364\n ],\n [\n -85.01632690429688,\n 33.22375428474926\n ],\n [\n -85.10284423828125,\n 33.218010050879045\n ],\n [\n -85.16944885253906,\n 33.247875947924385\n ],\n [\n -85.166015625,\n 33.32708596648148\n ],\n [\n -85.07675170898438,\n 33.4761267117029\n ],\n [\n -84.98954772949219,\n 33.502468829034314\n ],\n [\n -84.8309326171875,\n 33.678639851675555\n ],\n [\n -84.70046997070312,\n 33.76773195605407\n ],\n [\n -84.55352783203125,\n 33.92285064485909\n ],\n [\n -84.42993164062499,\n 34.033314554166736\n ],\n [\n -84.35165405273438,\n 34.08678665571845\n ],\n [\n -84.21157836914061,\n 34.250405862125\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a53e4b07f02db62b566","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Stamey, Timothy C. tcstamey@usgs.gov","contributorId":4770,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stamey","given":"Timothy","email":"tcstamey@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":192220,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":21908,"text":"ofr98102 - 1998 - Land status and federal mineral ownership in the Powder River basin, Wyoming and Montana; a digital data set for geographic information systems","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-08-13T10:23:05","indexId":"ofr98102","displayToPublicDate":"1998-06-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"98-102","title":"Land status and federal mineral ownership in the Powder River basin, Wyoming and Montana; a digital data set for geographic information systems","docAbstract":"

As the Nation's energy resources continue to be examined for development, it is critical that a digital database exist that contains location data for all Federal land and mineral resources. The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), in cooperation with the Bureau of Land Management (BLM), is collecting these ownership files and compiling them in Environmental Systems Research Institute, Inc. (ESRI) ARC/INFO coverages, to form a standardized data library. A coverage is a digital version of a map in the form of vector data storage. These coverages are combined with models of coal deposits from the USGS National Coal Resource Assessment project, a five-year effort to identify and characterize the coal beds and coal zones that will provide fuel for the Nation’s energy needs during the first quarter of the twenty-first century. Geographic and geologic data layers are integrated in a Geographic Information System (GIS) to answer complex geo-spatial questions concerning coal resource occurrence.

","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr98102","issn":"0094-9140","usgsCitation":"Biewick, L., Urbanowski, S.R., Cain, S., and Neasloney, L., 1998, Land status and federal mineral ownership in the Powder River basin, Wyoming and Montana; a digital data set for geographic information systems: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 98-102, NA, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr98102.","productDescription":"NA","costCenters":[{"id":37226,"text":"Core Science Analytics, Synthesis, and Libraries","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":51392,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1998/0102/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":154302,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1998/0102/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":1267,"rank":100,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1998/ofr-98-0102/","text":"Index Page","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Montana, Wyoming","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b31e4b07f02db6b4172","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Biewick, Laura","contributorId":83148,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Biewick","given":"Laura","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":186199,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Urbanowski, Shayne R.","contributorId":7315,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Urbanowski","given":"Shayne","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":186196,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Cain, Sheila","contributorId":42989,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cain","given":"Sheila","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":186197,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Neasloney, Larry","contributorId":75565,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Neasloney","given":"Larry","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":186198,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":38250,"text":"pp1409G - 1998 - Ground-water hydrology and simulated effects of development in the Milford area, an arid basin in southwestern Utah","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-08-30T16:56:26","indexId":"pp1409G","displayToPublicDate":"1998-06-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1409","chapter":"G","title":"Ground-water hydrology and simulated effects of development in the Milford area, an arid basin in southwestern Utah","docAbstract":"

A three-dimensional, finite-difference model was constructed to simulate ground-water flow in the Milford area. The purpose of the study was to evaluate present knowledge and concepts of the groundwater system, to analyze the ability of the model to represent past and current (1984) conditions, and to estimate the effects of various groundwater development alternatives. The alternative patterns of groundwater development might prove effective in capturing natural discharge from the basin-fill aquifer while limiting water-level declines. Water levels measured during this study indicate that ground water in the Milford area flows in a northwesterly direction through consolidated rocks in the northern San Francisco Mountains toward Sevier Lake. The revised potentiometric surface shows a large area for probable basin outflow, indicating that more water leaves the Milford area than the 8 acre-feet per year estimated previously.

Simulations made to calibrate the model were able to approximate steady-state conditions for 1927, before ground-water development began, and transient conditions for 1950-82, during which groundwater withdrawal increased. Basin recharge from the consolidated rocks and basin outflow were calculated during the calibration process. Transient simulations using constant and variable recharge from surface water were made to test effects of large flows in the Beaver River.

Simulations were made to project water-level declines over a 37- year period (1983-2020) using the present pumping distribution. Ground-water withdrawals were simulated at 1, 1.5, and 2 times the 1979-82 average rate.

The concepts of \"sustained\" yield, ground-water mining, and the capture of natural discharge were tested using several hypothetical pumping distributions over a 600-year simulation period. Simulations using concentrated pumping centers were the least efficient at capturing natural discharge and produced the largest water-level declines. Simulations using strategically placed ground-water withdrawals in the discharge area were the most efficient at eliminating natural discharge with small water-level declines.

","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Denver, CO","doi":"10.3133/pp1409G","isbn":"0-607-86818-X","usgsCitation":"Mason, J.L., 1998, Ground-water hydrology and simulated effects of development in the Milford area, an arid basin in southwestern Utah: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1409, Report: viii, 69 p.; 2 plates, 15.00 in x 18.00 in., https://doi.org/10.3133/pp1409G.","productDescription":"Report: viii, 69 p.; 2 plates, 15.00 in x 18.00 in.","startPage":"G1","endPage":"G69","numberOfPages":"79","costCenters":[{"id":610,"text":"Utah Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":119658,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1409g/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":64627,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1409g/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":64628,"rank":401,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1409g/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":64629,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1409g/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Utah","city":"Milford","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -112.87353515625,\n 38.83435910650903\n ],\n [\n -112.9119873046875,\n 38.843986129756615\n ],\n [\n -112.9833984375,\n 38.83435910650903\n ],\n [\n -113.01773071289062,\n 38.792626957868904\n ],\n [\n -113.05206298828125,\n 38.753012320665185\n ],\n [\n -113.104248046875,\n 38.6833657775237\n ],\n [\n -113.16055297851562,\n 38.65119833229951\n ],\n [\n -113.2305908203125,\n 38.61579745317872\n ],\n [\n -113.2745361328125,\n 38.55997877925585\n ],\n [\n -113.29925537109375,\n 38.496593518947584\n ],\n [\n -113.30062866210936,\n 38.449286817153556\n ],\n [\n -113.2965087890625,\n 38.406253794852674\n ],\n [\n -113.29788208007812,\n 38.34165619279595\n ],\n [\n -113.29788208007812,\n 38.299636831993\n ],\n [\n -113.32809448242188,\n 38.26514122031372\n ],\n [\n -113.31710815429688,\n 38.187466178077905\n ],\n [\n -113.22921752929686,\n 38.1334763895322\n ],\n [\n -113.14956665039062,\n 38.098901948321256\n ],\n [\n -113.07952880859375,\n 38.089174937729794\n ],\n [\n -112.99713134765625,\n 38.08593231319764\n ],\n [\n -112.92434692382812,\n 38.1237539824224\n ],\n [\n -112.87765502929688,\n 38.1777509666256\n ],\n [\n -112.82272338867188,\n 38.306102934215616\n ],\n [\n -112.79800415039062,\n 38.41055825094609\n ],\n [\n -112.80075073242186,\n 38.522384090200845\n ],\n [\n -112.82684326171875,\n 38.59970036588819\n ],\n [\n -112.82409667968749,\n 38.66513933289161\n ],\n [\n -112.796630859375,\n 38.78406349514289\n ],\n [\n -112.87353515625,\n 38.83435910650903\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b1be4b07f02db6a9035","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Mason, James L.","contributorId":14397,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mason","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":219422,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70020541,"text":"70020541 - 1998 - The ichnologic record of the continental invertebrate invasion; evolutionary trends in environmental expansion, ecospace utilization, and behavioral complexity","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-03-11T16:40:24.505015","indexId":"70020541","displayToPublicDate":"1998-06-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3000,"text":"Palaios","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The ichnologic record of the continental invertebrate invasion; evolutionary trends in environmental expansion, ecospace utilization, and behavioral complexity","docAbstract":"The combined study of continental trace fossils and associated sedimentary facies provides valuable evidence of colonization trends and events throughout the Phanerozoic. Colonization of continental environments was linked to the exploitation of empty or under-utilized ecospace. Although the nonmarine trace fossil record probably begins during the Late Ordovician, significant invasion of nonmarine biotopes began close to the Silurian-Devonian transition with the establishment of a mobile arthropod epifauna (Diplichnites ichnoguild) in coastal marine to alluvial plain settings. Additionally, the presence of vertical burrows in Devonian high-energy fluvial deposits reflects the establishment of a stationary, deep suspension-feeding infauna of the Skolithos ichnoguild. The earliest evidence of plant-arthropod interaction occurred close to the Silurian-Devonian boundary, but widespread and varied feeding patterns are known from the Carboniferous. During the Carboniferous, permanent subaqueous lacustrine settings were colonized by a diverse, mobile detritus-feeding epifauna of the Mermia ichnoguild, which reflects a significant palaeoenvironmental expansion of trace fossils. Paleozoic ichnologic evidence supports direct routes to the land from marginal marine environments, and migration to lakes from land settings. All nonmarine sedimentary environments were colonized by the Carboniferous, and subsequent patterns indicate an increase in ecospace utilization within already colonized depositional settings. During the Permian, back-filled traces of the Scoyenia ichnoguild record the establishment of a mobile, intermediate-depth, deposit-feeding in-fauna in alluvial and transitional alluvial-lacustrine sediment. Diversification of land plants and the establishment of ecologically diverse plant communities through time provided new niches to be exploited by arthropods. Nevertheless, most ot the evolutionary feeding innovations took place relatively early, during the Late Palaeozoic or early Mesozoic. A stationary deep unfauna, the Camborygma ichnoguild, was developed in Triassic transitional alluvial-lacustrinbe deposits. Terrestrial environments hosted the rise of complex social behavioral patterns, as suggested by the probable presence of hymenopteran and isopteran nests in Triassic paleosols. An increase in diversity of trace fossils is detected in Triassic-Jurassic eolian deposits, where the ichnofauna displays more varied behavioral patterns than their Paleozoic counterparts. Also, a mobile, intermediate-depth, deposit-feeding infauna, the Vagorichnus ichnoguild, was established in deep lake environments during the Jurassic. In contrast to Paleozoic permanent subaqueous assemblages typified by surface trails, Jurassic ichnocoenoses are dominated by infaunal burrows. High density of infaunal deposit-feeding traces of the Planolites ichnoguild caused major disruption of lacustrine sedimentary fabrics during the Cretaceous. Most insect mouthpart classes, functional feeding groups, and dietary guilds were established by the end of the Cretaceous. Diversification of modern insects is recorded by the abundance and complexity of structures produced by wasps, bees, dung-beetles, and termites in Cretaceous-Tertiary paleosols. The increase in bioturbation migrated from fluvial and lake-margin settings to permanent subaqueous lacustrine environments through time.","language":"English","publisher":"GeoScienceWorld","doi":"10.2307/3515447","usgsCitation":"Buatois, L.A., Mangano, M., Genise, J.F., and Taylor, T., 1998, The ichnologic record of the continental invertebrate invasion; evolutionary trends in environmental expansion, ecospace utilization, and behavioral complexity: Palaios, v. 13, no. 3, p. 217-240, https://doi.org/10.2307/3515447.","productDescription":"24 p.","startPage":"217","endPage":"240","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":231065,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"13","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bacd6e4b08c986b323790","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Buatois, Luis A. 0000-0001-9523-750X","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9523-750X","contributorId":195823,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Buatois","given":"Luis","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":35641,"text":"Kansas Geological Survey","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":386612,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Mangano, M. Gabirela","contributorId":208037,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Mangano","given":"M. Gabirela","affiliations":[{"id":13248,"text":"University of Saskatchewan","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":386610,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Genise, Jorge F.","contributorId":107450,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Genise","given":"Jorge","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":386613,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Taylor, T.N.","contributorId":24910,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Taylor","given":"T.N.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":386611,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70020105,"text":"70020105 - 1998 - Concentration data and dimensionality in groundwater models: Evaluation using inverse modelling","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-05-22T13:24:36.30538","indexId":"70020105","displayToPublicDate":"1998-06-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2880,"text":"Nordic Hydrology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Concentration data and dimensionality in groundwater models: Evaluation using inverse modelling","docAbstract":"A three-dimensional inverse groundwater flow and transport model that fits hydraulic-head and concentration data simultaneously using nonlinear regression is presented and applied to a layered sand and silt groundwater system beneath the Grindsted Landfill in Denmark. The aquifer is composed of rather homogeneous hydrogeologic layers. Two issues common to groundwater flow and transport modelling are investigated: 1) The accuracy of simulated concentrations in the case of calibration with head data alone; and 2) The advantages and disadvantages of using a two-dimensional cross-sectional model instead of a three-dimensional model to simulate contaminant transport when the source is at the land surface. Results show that using only hydraulic heads in the nonlinear regression produces a simulated plume that is profoundly different from what is obtained in a calibration using both hydraulic-head and concentration data. The present study provides a well-documented example of the differences that can occur. Representing the system as a two-dimensional cross-section obviously omits some of the system dynamics. It was, however, possible to obtain a simulated plume cross-section that matched the actual plume cross-section well. The two-dimensional model execution times were about a seventh of those for the three-dimensional model, but some difficulties were encountered in representing the spatially variable source concentrations and less precise simulated concentrations were calculated by the two-dimensional model compared to the three-dimensional model. Summed up, the present study indicates that three dimensional modelling using both hydraulic heads and concentrations in the calibration should be preferred in the considered type of transport studies.","language":"English","publisher":"IWA Publishing","doi":"10.2166/nh.1998.0009","issn":"00291277","usgsCitation":"Barlebo, H., Hill, M.C., Rosbjerg, D., and Jensen, K., 1998, Concentration data and dimensionality in groundwater models: Evaluation using inverse modelling: Nordic Hydrology, v. 29, no. 3, p. 149-178, https://doi.org/10.2166/nh.1998.0009.","productDescription":"30 p.","startPage":"149","endPage":"178","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":490142,"rank":2,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.2166/nh.1998.0009","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":228115,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Denmark","otherGeospatial":"Grindsted Landfill","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n 7.566660766227386,\n 58.07417121924817\n ],\n [\n 7.566660766227386,\n 54.87182931731596\n ],\n [\n 11.994386894896707,\n 54.87182931731596\n ],\n [\n 11.994386894896707,\n 58.07417121924817\n ],\n [\n 7.566660766227386,\n 58.07417121924817\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"29","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f97ce4b0c8380cd4d623","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Barlebo, H.C.","contributorId":90484,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Barlebo","given":"H.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":385042,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hill, M. C.","contributorId":48993,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hill","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":385040,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Rosbjerg, D.","contributorId":108266,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rosbjerg","given":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":385043,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Jensen, K.H.","contributorId":75710,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jensen","given":"K.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":385041,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70020458,"text":"70020458 - 1998 - Faulting parameters of the January 16, 1994 Wyomissing Hills, Pennsylvania earthquakes","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-07-28T15:32:44.767032","indexId":"70020458","displayToPublicDate":"1998-05-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3372,"text":"Seismological Research Letters","onlineIssn":"1938-2057","printIssn":"0895-0695","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Faulting parameters of the January 16, 1994 Wyomissing Hills, Pennsylvania earthquakes","docAbstract":"

Two events dominated the January 1994, Wyomissing, PA earthquake sequence, an Mw 4.0 foreshock, followed by an Mw 4.6 mainshock. We modeled regional waveforms to estimate the event depth and the moment tensors for the two largest events in the sequence, and examine teleseismic waveforms recorded on the ARCESS short-period seismic array to estimate the depth and source time function of the mainshock. Our data constrain the depth of the events to be shallower than 5 km, and prefer a depth of 3–5 km. For an assumed depth of 3 km, the mainshock moment tensor is 75% double couple, with (the major double couple) planes striking at 135°N, 347°N, dips of 49°, 46°, and rakes of 68°, 114°. The estimated moment is 8.9 × 1022 dyne-cm. The P axis strikes 241°N and plunges 2°, the Tension axis strikes 336°N and plunges 73°. The foreshock inversion results are virtually identical to the mainshock results; for a source depth of three km, we find a major double couple with a strike, dip, and rake of 121°N, 60°, and 66°, respectively. The seismic moment for the foreshock is 1.2 × 1022 dyne-cm, which is approximately 13% of the mainshock moment release. These events did not excite high-frequency Lg waves as effectively as typical eastern North American events, and the mainshock had a stress drop in the range of 25–50 bars.

","language":"English","publisher":"GeoScienceWorld","doi":"10.1785/gssrl.69.3.261","issn":"00128287","usgsCitation":"Ammon, C., Herrmann, R., Langston, C., and Benz, H., 1998, Faulting parameters of the January 16, 1994 Wyomissing Hills, Pennsylvania earthquakes: Seismological Research Letters, v. 69, no. 3, p. 261-269, https://doi.org/10.1785/gssrl.69.3.261.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"261","endPage":"269","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":230984,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Pennsylvania","otherGeospatial":"Wyomissing Hills","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -76.03346163015975,\n 40.57060094938112\n ],\n [\n -76.03346163015975,\n 40.153114619966175\n ],\n [\n -75.25597275862621,\n 40.153114619966175\n ],\n [\n -75.25597275862621,\n 40.57060094938112\n ],\n [\n -76.03346163015975,\n 40.57060094938112\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"69","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0f22e4b0c8380cd537b5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ammon, C.J.","contributorId":28389,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ammon","given":"C.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":386294,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Herrmann, Robert B.","contributorId":80255,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Herrmann","given":"Robert B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":386296,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Langston, C.A.","contributorId":84882,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Langston","given":"C.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":386297,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Benz, H.","contributorId":61953,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Benz","given":"H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":386295,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70020429,"text":"70020429 - 1998 - Inexpensive automated paging system for use at remote research sites","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-07-30T16:14:59.802388","indexId":"70020429","displayToPublicDate":"1998-05-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3420,"text":"Soil Science Society of America Journal","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Inexpensive automated paging system for use at remote research sites","docAbstract":"The use of a flow-activated automatic sampler at a remote research site required personnel to periodically visit the site to collect samples and reset the automatic sampler. To reduce site visits, a cellular telephone was modified for activation by a datalogger. The purpose of this study was to demonstrate the use and benefit of the modified telephone. Both the power switch and the speed-dial button on the telephone were bypassed and wired to a relay driver. The datalogger was programmed to compare values of a monitored environmental parameter with a target value. When the target value was reached or exceeded, the datalogger pulsed a relay driver, activating power to the telephone. A separate relay activated the speed dial, dialing the number of a tone-only pager. The use of this system has saved time and reduced travel costs by reducing the number of trips to the site, without the loss of any data.The use of a flow-activated automatic sampler at a remote research site required personnel to periodically visit the site to collect samples and reset the automatic sampler. To reduce site visits, a cellular telephone was modified for activation by a datalogger. The purpose of this study was to demonstrate the use and benefit of the modified telephone. Both the power switch and the speed-dial button on the telephone were bypassed and wired to a relay driver. The datalogger was programmed to compare values of a monitored environmental parameter with a target value. When the target value was reached or exceeded, the datalogger pulsed a relay driver, activating power to the telephone. A separate relay activated the speed dial, dialing the number of a tone-only pager. The use of this system has saved time and reduced travel costs by reducing the number of trips to the site, without the loss of any data.","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.2136/sssaj1998.03615995006200030007x","issn":"03615995","usgsCitation":"Sargent, S., Dey, W., and Keefer, D., 1998, Inexpensive automated paging system for use at remote research sites: Soil Science Society of America Journal, v. 62, no. 3, p. 600-601, https://doi.org/10.2136/sssaj1998.03615995006200030007x.","productDescription":"2 p.","startPage":"600","endPage":"601","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":231181,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"62","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a3ac6e4b0c8380cd61f73","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Sargent, S.L.","contributorId":75299,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sargent","given":"S.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":386195,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Dey, W.S.","contributorId":32703,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dey","given":"W.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":386194,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Keefer, D.A.","contributorId":90890,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Keefer","given":"D.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":386196,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":5223320,"text":"5223320 - 1998 - Evaluation of generalized habitat criteria for assessing impacts of altered flow regimes on warmwater fishes","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2026-03-20T15:27:17.124071","indexId":"5223320","displayToPublicDate":"1998-05-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3624,"text":"Transactions of the American Fisheries Society","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Evaluation of generalized habitat criteria for assessing impacts of altered flow regimes on warmwater fishes","docAbstract":"

Assessing potential effects of flow regulation on southeastern warmwater fish assemblages is problematic because of high species richness and poor knowledge of habitat requirements for most species. Our study investigated relationships between availability and temporal persistence of key habitats and fish assemblage structure at regulated and unregulated sites in the Tallapoosa River system. Fish assemblage characteristics at seven sites were quantified based on 1,400 electrofishing samples collected during 1994 and 1995. Physical Habitat Simulation (PHABSIM) programs were used to model availability and persistence of key habitats at regulated and unregulated sites. Associations between fish assemblages and availability or persistence of key habitats were identified via regression and analysis of variance. We found that hydropeaking dam operation reduced the average length of time that shallow‐water habitats persisted and also reduced year‐to‐year variation in the persistence of shallow‐water habitats compared with unregulated sites. Across sites and years, proportional representation of catostomids was positively correlated with persistence of shallow and slow‐water habitats during spring. Proportion of individuals as cyprinids was positively correlated with median availability of deep–fast habitat whereas proportion of percids was inversely related to median availability of deep–fast habitat. Mean fish density was positively correlated with the persistence of shallow and slow‐water habitats. Comparisons of key‐habitat measures and fish abundances between 1994 and 1995 at each site indicated that higher abundances of percids, catostomids, and cyprinids were associated with increased availability and persistence of shallow and slow‐water habitats in 1995. These findings demonstrate that the temporal and spatial availability of key habitats could serve as useful measures of the potential effects of flow alteration on lotic fish assemblages and suggest that both short‐term persistence of key habitats as well as annual variation in key‐habitat availability are important for maintaining diverse fish assemblages.

","language":"English","publisher":"American Fisheries Society","doi":"10.1577/1548-8659(1998)127<0455:EOGHCF>2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Bowen, Z., Freeman, M.C., and Bovee, K., 1998, Evaluation of generalized habitat criteria for assessing impacts of altered flow regimes on warmwater fishes: Transactions of the American Fisheries Society, v. 127, no. 3, p. 455-468, https://doi.org/10.1577/1548-8659(1998)127<0455:EOGHCF>2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"455","endPage":"468","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":202108,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"127","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49fbe4b07f02db5f48cb","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bowen, Z.H.","contributorId":81045,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bowen","given":"Z.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":338413,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Freeman, Mary C. 0000-0001-7615-6923","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7615-6923","contributorId":99659,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Freeman","given":"Mary","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":338414,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Bovee, K.D.","contributorId":15954,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bovee","given":"K.D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":338412,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":1000773,"text":"1000773 - 1998 - The effect of canopy cover and seasonal change on host plant quality for the endangered Karner blue butterfly (Lycaeidesmelissasamuelis)","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-03-20T16:42:45.207635","indexId":"1000773","displayToPublicDate":"1998-04-03T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2932,"text":"Oecologia","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The effect of canopy cover and seasonal change on host plant quality for the endangered Karner blue butterfly (Lycaeidesmelissasamuelis)","docAbstract":"

Larvae of the Karner blue butterfly, Lycaeidesmelissasamuelis, feed solely on wild lupine, Lupinusperennis, from the emergence to summer senescence of the plant. Wild lupine is most abundant in open areas but Karner blue females oviposit more frequently on lupines growing in moderate shade. Can differences in lupine quality between open and shaded areas help explain this disparity in resource use? Furthermore, many lupines are senescent before the second larval brood completes development. How does lupine senescence affect larval growth? We addressed these questions by measuring growth rates of larvae fed lupines of different phenological stages and lupines growing under different shade conditions. The habitat conditions under which lupines grew and plant phenological stage did not generally affect final larval or pupal weight but did significantly affect duration of the larval period. Duration was shortest for larvae fed leaves from flowering lupines and was negatively correlated with leaf nitrogen concentration. Ovipositing in areas of moderate shade should increase second-brood larval exposure to flowering lupines. In addition, larval growth was significantly faster on shade-grown lupines that were in seed than on similar sun-grown lupines. These are possible advantages of the higher-than-expected oviposition rate on shade-grown lupines. Given the canopy-related trade-off between lupine abundance and quality, maintenance of canopy heterogeneity is an important conservation management goal. Larvae were also fed leaves growing in poor soil conditions and leaves with mildew infection. These and other feeding treatments that we anticipated would inhibit larval growth often did not. In particular, ant-tended larvae exhibited the highest weight gain per amount of lupine eaten and a relatively fast growth rate. This represents an advantage of ant tending to Karner blue larvae.

","language":"English","publisher":"Springer Nature","doi":"10.1007/s004420050442","usgsCitation":"Grundel, R., Pavlovic, N.B., and Sulzman, C.L., 1998, The effect of canopy cover and seasonal change on host plant quality for the endangered Karner blue butterfly (Lycaeidesmelissasamuelis): Oecologia, v. 114, no. 2, p. 243-250, https://doi.org/10.1007/s004420050442.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"243","endPage":"250","costCenters":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":488346,"rank":2,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"https://zenodo.org/record/1232745","text":"External Repository"},{"id":133594,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Indiana","otherGeospatial":"Indiana Dunes National Lakeshore","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -87.08901556474589,\n 41.65358488814627\n ],\n [\n -86.91962990300566,\n 41.65358488814627\n ],\n [\n -86.91962990300566,\n 41.70012474037401\n ],\n [\n -87.08901556474589,\n 41.70012474037401\n ],\n [\n -87.08901556474589,\n 41.65358488814627\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"114","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a0de4b07f02db5fd389","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Grundel, Ralph 0000-0002-2949-7087 rgrundel@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2949-7087","contributorId":2444,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Grundel","given":"Ralph","email":"rgrundel@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":309397,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Pavlovic, Noel B. 0000-0002-2335-2274 npavlovic@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2335-2274","contributorId":1976,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pavlovic","given":"Noel","email":"npavlovic@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":309396,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Sulzman, Christina L.","contributorId":61373,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sulzman","given":"Christina","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":309398,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":5223300,"text":"5223300 - 1998 - Estimating species richness: The importance of heterogeneity in species detectability","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-12-14T16:26:47.111214","indexId":"5223300","displayToPublicDate":"1998-04-01T12:18:40","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1465,"text":"Ecology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Estimating species richness: The importance of heterogeneity in species detectability","docAbstract":"

Estimating species richness (i.e., the actual number of species present in a given area) is a basic objective of many field studies carried out in community ecology and is also of crucial concern when dealing with the conservation and management of biodiversity. In most studies, the total number of species recorded in an area at a given time is taken as a measure of species richness. Here we use a capture–recapture approach to species richness estimation with North American Breeding Bird Survey (BBS) data in order to estimate species detectability and thus gain insight about its importance. In particular, competing models making different assumptions about species detectability are available. We carried out analyses on all survey routes of four states, Arizona, Maryland, North Dakota, and Wisconsin, in two years, 1970 and 1990. These states were chosen to provide contrasting habitats, bird species composition, and survey quality. We investigated the effect of state, year, and observer ability on the proportions of different models selected, and on estimates of detectability and species richness. Our results indicate that model Mh, which assumes heterogeneous detection probability among species, is frequently appropriate for estimating species richness from BBS data. Species detectability varied among states and was higher for the more skilled observers. These results emphasize the need to take into account potential heterogeneities in detectability among species in studies of factors affecting species richness.

","language":"English","publisher":"Ecological Society of America","doi":"10.1890/0012-9658(1998)079[1018:ESRTIO]2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Boulinier, T., Nichols, J.D., Sauer, J.R., Hines, J.E., and Pollock, K.H., 1998, Estimating species richness: The importance of heterogeneity in species detectability: Ecology, v. 79, no. 3, p. 1018-1028, https://doi.org/10.1890/0012-9658(1998)079[1018:ESRTIO]2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"1018","endPage":"1028","numberOfPages":"11","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":198743,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"79","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a0ce4b07f02db5fc8f1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Boulinier, T.","contributorId":37845,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Boulinier","given":"T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":338352,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Nichols, James D. 0000-0002-7631-2890 jnichols@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7631-2890","contributorId":140652,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nichols","given":"James","email":"jnichols@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":338350,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Sauer, John R. 0000-0002-4557-3019 jrsauer@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4557-3019","contributorId":146917,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sauer","given":"John","email":"jrsauer@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":338354,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Hines, James E. 0000-0001-5478-7230 jhines@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5478-7230","contributorId":146530,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hines","given":"James","email":"jhines@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":338351,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Pollock, K. H.","contributorId":65184,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Pollock","given":"K.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":338353,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70228804,"text":"70228804 - 1998 - Paleoclimate simulations for North America over the past 21,000 years: Features of the simulated climate and comparisons with paleoenvironmental data","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-02-22T14:44:01.256068","indexId":"70228804","displayToPublicDate":"1998-04-01T08:30:46","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3219,"text":"Quaternary Science Reviews","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Paleoclimate simulations for North America over the past 21,000 years: Features of the simulated climate and comparisons with paleoenvironmental data","docAbstract":"

Maps of upper-level and surface winds and of surface temperature and precipitation illustrate the results of a sequence of global paleoclimatic simulations spanning the past 21,000 yr for North America. We review (a) the large-scale features of circulation, temperature, and precipitation that appear in the simulations from the NCAR Community Climate Model Version 1 (CCM 1), (b) the implications of the simulated climate for the past continental-scale distributions of three plant taxa (Picea spp., Pseudotsuga menziesii, and Artemisia tridentata), which are broadly representative of the vegetation across the continent, and (c) the potential explanations in terms of atmospheric circulation or surface energy- and water-balance processes for mismatches between the simulations and observations. Most of the broad-scale features of previous paleoclimatic simulations with the NCAR CCM 0 for North America are present in the current simulations. Many of the elements of a conceptual model (based on previous climate simulations) that describes the controls of paleoclimatic variations across North America during the past 21,000 yr are found in simulations reviewed here. These include (1) displacement of the jet stream by the Laurentide Ice Sheet to the south of its present position in both winter and summer, (2) generation of a ‘glacial anticyclone’ over the ice sheet at the LGM, and the consequent induction of large-scale sinking motions induced over eastern North America, (3) changes in the strength of surface atmospheric circulation features through time, including weakening of the Aleutian low in winter, and strengthening of the eastern Pacific and Bermuda high-pressure systems in summer as the ice sheet decreased in size, (4) development of a ‘heat low’ at the surface and a strengthened ridge in the upper-atmosphere over the continent at the time of the maximum summer insolation anomaly, (5) increases in summer temperature earlier in regions remote from the ice sheet (these increases appear earlier in the present (CCM 1) simulations than in the previous (CCM 0) ones, however), and (6) continuation of negative winter temperature anomalies into the middle Holocene. In general, simulated surface conditions that are discordant with paleoenvironmental observations can be attributed to the simulation of particular atmospheric circulation patterns (e.g. those that suppress precipitation or advect warm air into a region), with these mismatches amplified in Beringia and the southeastern United States by surface energy- and water-balance processes.

","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/S0277-3791(98)00012-2","usgsCitation":"Bartlein, P., Anderson, K.H., Anderson, P.M., Edwards, M.E., Mock, C.J., Thompson, R.S., Webb, R.S., Webb, T., and Whitlock, C., 1998, Paleoclimate simulations for North America over the past 21,000 years: Features of the simulated climate and comparisons with paleoenvironmental data: Quaternary Science Reviews, v. 17, no. 6-7, p. 549-585, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0277-3791(98)00012-2.","productDescription":"37 p.","startPage":"549","endPage":"585","costCenters":[{"id":218,"text":"Denver Federal Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":396240,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"otherGeospatial":"North America","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -79.1015625,\n 6.315298538330033\n ],\n [\n -75.9375,\n 11.867350911459308\n ],\n [\n -66.796875,\n 19.973348786110602\n ],\n [\n -78.3984375,\n 31.653381399664\n ],\n [\n -50.2734375,\n 47.27922900257082\n ],\n [\n -40.078125,\n 62.431074232920906\n ],\n [\n -22.148437499999996,\n 69.41124235697256\n ],\n [\n -16.5234375,\n 75.75894014501688\n ],\n [\n -18.6328125,\n 78.63000556774836\n ],\n [\n -9.4921875,\n 81.56996820323275\n ],\n [\n -26.3671875,\n 83.82994542398042\n ],\n [\n -39.0234375,\n 83.9050579559856\n ],\n [\n -58.35937499999999,\n 82.72096436126803\n ],\n [\n -77.34374999999999,\n 83.4803661137381\n ],\n [\n -97.03125,\n 81.62135170283739\n ],\n [\n -116.3671875,\n 78.49055166160312\n ],\n [\n -125.5078125,\n 76.434603583513\n ],\n [\n -130.078125,\n 71.07405646336098\n ],\n [\n -138.1640625,\n 70.49557354093136\n ],\n [\n -155.390625,\n 72.28906720017675\n ],\n [\n -163.916015625,\n 69.90011762668541\n ],\n [\n -166.640625,\n 68.97416358340674\n ],\n [\n -166.904296875,\n 68.43151284537514\n ],\n [\n -164.00390625,\n 67.1016555307692\n ],\n [\n -168.57421875,\n 65.80277639340238\n ],\n [\n -166.81640625,\n 64.47279382008166\n ],\n [\n -166.46484375,\n 61.73152565113397\n ],\n [\n -167.958984375,\n 60.23981116999893\n ],\n [\n -167.607421875,\n 53.12040528310657\n ],\n [\n -155.478515625,\n 56.022948079627454\n ],\n [\n -152.05078125,\n 57.37393841871411\n ],\n [\n -146.337890625,\n 60.1524422143808\n ],\n [\n -140.44921875,\n 59.22093407615045\n ],\n [\n -135.615234375,\n 56.022948079627454\n ],\n [\n -132.802734375,\n 51.944264879028765\n ],\n [\n -125.68359374999999,\n 47.87214396888731\n ],\n [\n -125.33203125,\n 42.293564192170095\n ],\n [\n -125.5078125,\n 38.61687046392973\n ],\n [\n -118.47656249999999,\n 31.952162238024975\n ],\n [\n -113.291015625,\n 24.206889622398023\n ],\n [\n -103.798828125,\n 17.895114303749143\n ],\n [\n -97.119140625,\n 14.859850400601037\n ],\n [\n -94.658203125,\n 15.623036831528264\n ],\n [\n -89.384765625,\n 12.382928338487396\n ],\n [\n -84.19921875,\n 7.710991655433217\n ],\n [\n -79.1015625,\n 6.315298538330033\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -160.75195312499997,\n 18.47960905583197\n ],\n [\n -153.984375,\n 18.47960905583197\n ],\n [\n -153.984375,\n 23.079731762449878\n ],\n [\n -160.75195312499997,\n 23.079731762449878\n ],\n [\n -160.75195312499997,\n 18.47960905583197\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"17","issue":"6-7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bartlein, P. J.","contributorId":54566,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Bartlein","given":"P. J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":835551,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Anderson, K. H.","contributorId":81527,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Anderson","given":"K.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":835552,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Anderson, P. M.","contributorId":71722,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Anderson","given":"P.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":835553,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Edwards, M. E.","contributorId":29977,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Edwards","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":835554,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Mock, C. J.","contributorId":279846,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Mock","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":835555,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Thompson, Robert S. 0000-0001-9287-2954 rthompson@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9287-2954","contributorId":891,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thompson","given":"Robert","email":"rthompson@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":318,"text":"Geosciences and Environmental Change Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":835556,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Webb, R. S.","contributorId":279847,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Webb","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":835557,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Webb, T. III","contributorId":38297,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Webb","given":"T.","suffix":"III","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":835558,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Whitlock, C.","contributorId":105836,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Whitlock","given":"C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":835559,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9}]}} ,{"id":70021128,"text":"70021128 - 1998 - Contour mapping of relic structures in the Precambrian basement of the Reelfoot rift, North American midcontinent","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-09-05T21:30:05.964128","indexId":"70021128","displayToPublicDate":"1998-04-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3524,"text":"Tectonics","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Contour mapping of relic structures in the Precambrian basement of the Reelfoot rift, North American midcontinent","docAbstract":"A new contour map of the basement of the Reelfoot rift constructed from drill hole and seismic reflection data shows the general surface configuration as well as several major and minor structural features. The major features are two asymmetric intrarift basins, bounded by three structural highs, and the rift margins. The basins are oriented normal to the northeast trend of the rift. Two of the highs appear to be ridges of undetermined width that extend across the rift. The third high is an isolated dome or platform located between the basins. The minor features are three linear structures of low relief oriented subparallel to the trend of the rift. Two of these, located within the rift basins, may divide the rift basins into paired subbasins. These mapped features may be the remnants of initial extensional rifting, half graben faulting, and basement subsidence. The rift basins are interpreted as having formed as opposing half graben, and the structural highs are interpreted as having formed as associated accommodation zones. Some of these features appear to be reactivated seismogenic structures within the modem midcontinent compressional stress regime. A detailed knowledge of the geometries of the Reelfoot rift's basement features, therefore, is essential when evaluating their seismic risk potential.","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/97TC03551","issn":"02787407","usgsCitation":"Dart, R.L., and Swolfs, H.S., 1998, Contour mapping of relic structures in the Precambrian basement of the Reelfoot rift, North American midcontinent: Tectonics, v. 17, no. 2, p. 235-249, https://doi.org/10.1029/97TC03551.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"235","endPage":"249","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":229813,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","otherGeospatial":"Reelfoot rift","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -98.86776387187194,\n 38.24391012132136\n ],\n [\n -98.86776387187194,\n 30.023982075499177\n ],\n [\n -81.05122978636834,\n 30.34397858758348\n ],\n [\n -74.84249273915621,\n 40.18869293464397\n ],\n [\n -86.92294281368078,\n 37.86100771805637\n ],\n [\n -98.86776387187194,\n 38.24391012132136\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"17","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059fa74e4b0c8380cd4dadd","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Dart, Rirchard L.","contributorId":41302,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dart","given":"Rirchard","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":388747,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Swolfs, Henri S.","contributorId":50897,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Swolfs","given":"Henri","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":388748,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70021101,"text":"70021101 - 1998 - More than one way to stretch: A tectonic model for extension along the plume track of the Yellowstone hotspot and adjacent Basin and Range Province","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-09-05T21:53:36.858048","indexId":"70021101","displayToPublicDate":"1998-04-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3524,"text":"Tectonics","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"More than one way to stretch: A tectonic model for extension along the plume track of the Yellowstone hotspot and adjacent Basin and Range Province","docAbstract":"

The eastern Snake River Plain of southern Idaho poses a paradoxical problem because it is nearly aseismic and unfaulted although it appears to be actively extending in a SW-NE direction continuously with the adjacent block-faulted Basin and Range Province. The plain represents the 100-km-wide track of the Yellowstone hotspot during the last ∼16–17 m.y., and its crust has been heavily intruded by mafic magma, some of which has erupted to the surface as extensive basalt flows. Outside the plain's distinct topographic boundaries is a transition zone 30–100 km wide that has variable expression of normal faulting and magmatic activity as compared with the surrounding Basin and Range Province. Many models for the evolution of the Snake River Plain have as an integral component the suggestion that the crust of the plain became strong enough through basaltic intrusion to resist extensional deformation. However, both the boundaries of the plain and its transition zone lack any evidence of zones of strike slip or other accommodation that would allow the plain to remain intact while the Basin and Range Province extended around it; instead, the plain is coupled to its surroundings and extending with them. We estimate strain rates for the northern Basin and Range Province from various lines of evidence and show that these strains would far exceed the elastic limit of any rocks coupled to the Basin and Range; thus, if the plain is extending along with its surroundings, as the geologic evidence indicates, it must be doing so by a nearly aseismic process. Evidence of the process is provided by volcanic rift zones, indicators of subsurface dikes, which trend across the plain perpendicular to its axis. We suggest that variable magmatic strain accommodation, by emplacement and inflation of dikes perpendicular to the least principal stress in the elastic crust, allows the crust of the plain to extend nearly aseismically. Dike injection releases accumulated elastic strain but generates only the small earthquakes associated with dike propagation. The rate of dike emplacement required to accommodate the estimated longitudinal strain rate of the plain is roughly a composite width of 10 m every 1000 years for the geologically youngest and most active part of the plain. The locus of most rapid intrusion and strain has migrated toward Yellowstone and is now in the northeastern 100–150 km of the plain. Reduced magmatic input in the transition zone of the plain causes the transitional expression of seismicity and faulting there.

","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/98TC00463","issn":"02787407","usgsCitation":"Parsons, T., Thompson, G.A., and Smith, R., 1998, More than one way to stretch: A tectonic model for extension along the plume track of the Yellowstone hotspot and adjacent Basin and Range Province: Tectonics, v. 17, no. 2, p. 221-234, https://doi.org/10.1029/98TC00463.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"221","endPage":"234","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":495379,"rank":2,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/98tc00463","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":230013,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -123.82733557102696,\n 46.42333982221035\n ],\n [\n -123.82733557102696,\n 31.555661908928727\n ],\n [\n -106.91437710811869,\n 31.555661908928727\n ],\n [\n -106.91437710811869,\n 46.42333982221035\n ],\n [\n -123.82733557102696,\n 46.42333982221035\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"17","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a5e2de4b0c8380cd7084d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Parsons, Tom 0000-0002-0582-4338","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0582-4338","contributorId":75009,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Parsons","given":"Tom","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":388646,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Thompson, George A.","contributorId":94288,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thompson","given":"George","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":388647,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Smith, R.P.","contributorId":105283,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"R.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":388648,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70020404,"text":"70020404 - 1998 - The effect of rearing methods on survival of reintroduced black-footed ferrets","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-12-13T15:43:25.546403","indexId":"70020404","displayToPublicDate":"1998-04-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2508,"text":"Journal of Wildlife Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The effect of rearing methods on survival of reintroduced black-footed ferrets","docAbstract":"

We estimated minimum survival rates for 282 young-of-year, captive-reared, black-footed ferrets (Mustela nigripes) reintroduced into prairie dog (Cynomys spp.) colonies in Wyoming, Montana, and South Dakota. We used night surveys with spotlights to locate ferrets about 1 month and 9 months postrelease. We modeled minimum survival rates using gender, year, site, and 4 rearing methods. Minimum survival rates were highest (30% for 1 month, 20% for 9 months) for ferrets reared from early ages in outdoor pens with simulated prairie dog habitat; survival was lowest for cage-reared ferrets released without pen experience (11% for 1 month, 2% for 9 months). Rearing method and year influenced 1-month survival in a comparison of 3 levels of pen experience (pen rearing as defined above, transfer of kits from zoos to pen facilities at age 60-90 days, transfer at age >90 days) during releases in 1994-95 in Montana. Higher survival was associated with intensive management of coyotes (Canis latrans) in 1995. Survival was not different (P > 0.05) between sites or sexes, regardless of model. We recommend routine use of outdoor pens for prerelease conditioning of black-footed ferret kits.

","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.2307/3802340","usgsCitation":"Biggins, E., Godbey, J.L., Hanebury, L.R., Luce, B., Marinari, P.E., Matchett, M., and Vargas, A., 1998, The effect of rearing methods on survival of reintroduced black-footed ferrets: Journal of Wildlife Management, v. 62, no. 2, p. 643-653, https://doi.org/10.2307/3802340.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"643","endPage":"653","costCenters":[{"id":82110,"text":"Midcontinent Regional Director's Office","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":231447,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Colorado, Montana, South Dakota, 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\"}}]}","volume":"62","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bab48e4b08c986b322d33","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Biggins, E.","contributorId":88303,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Biggins","given":"E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":386120,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Godbey, Jerry L.","contributorId":58988,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Godbey","given":"Jerry","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":386118,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hanebury, Louis R.","contributorId":47544,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hanebury","given":"Louis","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":386116,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Luce, Bob","contributorId":19733,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Luce","given":"Bob","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":386114,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Marinari, Paul E.","contributorId":82817,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Marinari","given":"Paul","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":386119,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Matchett, Marc R.","contributorId":53121,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Matchett","given":"Marc R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":386117,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Vargas, Astrid","contributorId":42380,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Vargas","given":"Astrid","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":386115,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}} ,{"id":27170,"text":"wri974121 - 1998 - Geohydrology of Storage Unit III and a combined flow model of the Santa Barbara and foothill ground-water basins, Santa Barbara County, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-04-10T21:14:46.834881","indexId":"wri974121","displayToPublicDate":"1998-04-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"97-4121","title":"Geohydrology of Storage Unit III and a combined flow model of the Santa Barbara and foothill ground-water basins, Santa Barbara County, California","docAbstract":"

The city of Santa Barbara pumps most of its ground water from the Santa Barbara and Foothill ground-water basins. The Santa Barbara basin is subdivided into two storage units: Storage Unit I and Storage Unit III. The Foothill basin and Storage Unit I of the Santa Barbara basin have been studied extensively and ground-water flow models have been developed for them. In this report, the geohydrology of the Santa Barbara ground- water basin is described with a special emphasis on Storage Unit III in the southwestern part of the basin. The purposes of this study were to summarize and evaluate the geohydrology of Storage Unit III and to develop an areawide model of the Santa Barbara and Foothill basins that includes the previously unmodeled Storage Unit III.

Storage Unit III is in the southwestern part of the city of Santa Barbara. It is approximately 3.5 miles long and varies in width from about 2,000 feet in the southeast to 4,000 feet in the north-west. Storage Unit III is composed of the Santa Barbara Formation and overlying alluvium. The Santa Barbara Formation (the principal aquifer) consists of Pleistocene and Pliocene(?) unconsolidated marine sand, silt, and clay, and it has a maximum saturated thickness of about 160 feet. The alluvium that overlies the Santa Barbara Formation has a maximum saturated thickness of about 140 feet. The storage unit is bounded areally by faults and low-permeability deposits and is underlain by rocks of Tertiary age.

The main sources of recharge to Storage Unit III are seepage from Arroyo Burro and infiltration of precipitation. Most of the recharge occurs in the northwest part of the storage unit, and ground water flows toward the southeast along the unit's long axis. Lesser amounts of recharge may occur as subsurface flow from the Hope Ranch subbasin and as upwelling from the underlying Tertiary rocks. Discharge from Storage Unit III occurs as pumpage, flow to underground drains, underflow through alluvium in the vicinity of Arroyo Burro across the Lavigia Fault, evapotranspiration, and underflow to the Pacific Ocean. The faults that bound Storage Unit III generally are considered to be effective barriers to the flow of ground water. Interbasin ground-water flow occurs where deposits of younger alluvium along stream channels cross faults. Ground-water quality in Storage Unit III deposits varies with location and depth. Upward leakage of poor-quality water from the underlying Tertiary rocks occurs in the storage unit, and such leakage can be influenced by poor well construction or by heavy localized pumping. The highest dissolved-solids concentration (4,710 milligrams per liter) in ground water resulting from this upward leakage is found in the coastal part of the storage unit.

The ground-water system was modeled as two horizontal layers. In the Foothill basin and Storage Unit I the layers are separated by a confining bed. The upper layer represents the upper producing zone and the shallow zone near the coast. The lower layer represents the lower producing zone. In general, the faults in the study area were assumed to be no-flow boundaries, except for the offshore fault that forms the southeast boundary; the southeast boundary was simulated as a general-head boundary. The Storage Unit III model was combined with the preexisting Storage Unit I and Foothill basin models, using horizontal flow barriers, to form an areawide model.

The areawide model was calibrated by simulating steady-state predevelopment conditions and transient conditions for 1978-92. The nonpumping steady- state simulation was used to verify that the calibrated model yielded physically reasonable results for predevelopment conditions. The calibrated areawide model calculates water levels in Storage Unit III that are within 10 feet of measured water levels at all sites of comparison. In addition, the model adequately simulates water levels in the Storage Unit I and Foothill basin areas. A total of 33,430 acre-feet of water was pumped from the study area during the simulation period. Model results indicate that 2,833 acre-feet came from storage and 5, 332 acre-feet crossed the general-head boundary from the ocean, thus indicating that seawater intrusion could occur. A sensitivity analysis indicates that, in general, the model is most sensitive to changes in transmissivity and total recharge.

","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri974121","usgsCitation":"Freckleton, J.R., Martin, P., and Nishikawa, T., 1998, Geohydrology of Storage Unit III and a combined flow model of the Santa Barbara and foothill ground-water basins, Santa Barbara County, California: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 97-4121, vi, 80 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri974121.","productDescription":"vi, 80 p.","costCenters":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":415545,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_48742.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":56044,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1997/4121/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":121920,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1997/4121/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","county":"Santa Barbara County","otherGeospatial":"Santa Barbara and Foothill ground-water basins","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -119.7667,\n 34.45\n ],\n [\n -119.7667,\n 34.4\n ],\n [\n -119.6833,\n 34.4\n ],\n [\n -119.6833,\n 34.45\n ],\n [\n -119.7667,\n 34.45\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b1be4b07f02db6a8a98","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Freckleton, John R.","contributorId":93051,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Freckleton","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":197681,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Martin, Peter pmmartin@usgs.gov","contributorId":799,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Martin","given":"Peter","email":"pmmartin@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":197679,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Nishikawa, Tracy 0000-0002-7348-3838 tnish@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7348-3838","contributorId":1515,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nishikawa","given":"Tracy","email":"tnish@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":197680,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":1000774,"text":"1000774 - 1998 - Ontogenic and spatial patterns in diet and growth of lake trout in Lake Michigan","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2026-03-20T15:36:59.219849","indexId":"1000774","displayToPublicDate":"1998-03-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3624,"text":"Transactions of the American Fisheries Society","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Ontogenic and spatial patterns in diet and growth of lake trout in Lake Michigan","docAbstract":"

Lake trout Salvelinus namaycush in nearshore waters of Lake Michigan grow faster than lake trout residing offshore on Sheboygan Reef, which is in midlake. We examined the stomachs of lake trout, spanning ages 1 through 16, caught in both nearshore and offshore environments of Lake Michigan during 1994 and 1995 to determine whether diet differences may be responsible for the difference in growth rate. A comparison of the diets, coupled with bioenergetics modeling, indicated that juvenile lake trout on Sheboygan Reef experienced slow growth due to low food availability rather than to cold water temperatures. The availability of appropriate‐size prey appeared to regulate lake trout growth. Small prey fish were probably not readily available to small (200‐ to 399‐mm total length) lake trout on Sheboygan Reef, a substantial portion of whose diet consisted of invertebrates; in contrast, nearshore juveniles had a nearly 100% fish diet. Growth rate on the reef remained slow through intermediate lake trout sizes (400–599 mm total length), presumably due to low availability of rainbow smelt Osmerus mordax on the reef. Once lake trout achieved total lengths of approximately 600 mm, they grew slightly faster on Sheboygan Reef than near shore, indicating that large (>170‐mm total length) prey fish were readily available to lake trout in the reef area. On a wet‐weight basis, alewife Alosa pseudoharengus dominated the diet of large (≥600 mm total length) lake trout from both the nearshore and offshore regions of the lake, although bloater Coregonus hoyi composed over 30% of the diet on Sheboygan Reef and in southeastern nearshore Lake Michigan. Size of alewife prey increased with lake trout size. The bloater population currently represents the bulk of the biomass of the adult prey fish community, so our diet analysis suggests that large lake trout are continuing to select alewives.

","language":"English","publisher":"American Fisheries Society","doi":"10.1577/1548-8659(1998)127<0236:OASPID>2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Madenjian, C.P., Desorcie, T.J., and Stedman, R.M., 1998, Ontogenic and spatial patterns in diet and growth of lake trout in Lake Michigan: Transactions of the American Fisheries Society, v. 127, no. 2, p. 236-252, https://doi.org/10.1577/1548-8659(1998)127<0236:OASPID>2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"16 p.","startPage":"236","endPage":"252","costCenters":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":133553,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Illinois, Indiana, Michigan, Wisconsin","otherGeospatial":"Lake Michigan","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -87.70912557421451,\n 45.83368066906675\n ],\n [\n -88.71458737169597,\n 43.998321512721375\n ],\n [\n -87.79532333054112,\n 41.407330451753126\n ],\n [\n -86.30176275158607,\n 41.546920520782265\n ],\n [\n -85.9565139846407,\n 42.912523146227215\n ],\n [\n -86.24280425841135,\n 43.75085799126255\n ],\n [\n -86.093264229756,\n 44.39956640485397\n ],\n [\n -84.8293792614495,\n 45.07517630148695\n ],\n [\n -84.606827986247,\n 46.108654478934994\n ],\n [\n -86.16499133350744,\n 46.238324282729565\n ],\n [\n -87.70912557421451,\n 45.83368066906675\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"127","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4af2e4b07f02db69192b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Madenjian, Charles P. 0000-0002-0326-164X cmadenjian@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0326-164X","contributorId":2200,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Madenjian","given":"Charles","email":"cmadenjian@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":309399,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Desorcie, Timothy J. 0000-0002-9965-1668","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9965-1668","contributorId":23480,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Desorcie","given":"Timothy","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":309400,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Stedman, Ralph M.","contributorId":60578,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stedman","given":"Ralph","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":309401,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70020470,"text":"70020470 - 1998 - Where's the reef: the role of framework in the Holocene","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-09-01T16:31:20.643687","indexId":"70020470","displayToPublicDate":"1998-03-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1184,"text":"Carbonates and Evaporites","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Where's the reef: the role of framework in the Holocene","docAbstract":"

Holocene reef models generally emphasize the role of in-place and interlocking framework in the creation of a rigid structure that rises above its surroundings. By extension, a number of ancient biohermal deposits have been disqualified as “true reefs” owing to their lack of recognizable framework. Fifty-four cores from several eastern Caribbean sites (Fig. 1) clearly demonstrate that in-place and interlocking framework is not common in these reefs that are comprised of varying mixtures of recognizable coral (primary framework), loose sediment/rubble and secondary framework made up mostly of coralgal fragments bound together by submarine cementation and biological encrustation. Recovery of primary and secondary framework ranged from 22% (avg.) in branching-coral facies to 33% in intervals dominated by head corals. Accretion rate decreased as expected with water depth. However, the recovery of recognizable coral generally increased with water depth, inversely to presumed coral-growth rates.

This pattern reflects a spectrum in the relative importance of coral growth (primary construction), bioerosion, hydromechanical breakdown and the transport of sediment and detritus. The relative importance of each is controlled by the physical-oceanographic conditions at the site of reef development and will dictate both the architecture of the reef and the character of its internal fabric. We do not propose that framework reefs do no exist, as they most assuredly do. However, the fact that so many modern reefs are not dominated by in-place and interlocking framework suggests that its use as the primary determinant of ancient reefs may be unreasonable. We, therefore, propose the abandonment of framework-based models in favor of those that treat framework generation, physical/biological degradation, sedimentation, and encrustation as equal partners in the development of modern and ancient reefs alike.

","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/BF03175429","usgsCitation":"Hubbard, D.K., Burke, R.B., and Gill, I.P., 1998, Where's the reef: the role of framework in the Holocene: Carbonates and Evaporites, v. 13, no. 1, p. 3-9, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03175429.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"3","endPage":"9","numberOfPages":"7","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":231142,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"13","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1998-03-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bd062e4b08c986b32ee12","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hubbard, Dennis K.","contributorId":174188,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Hubbard","given":"Dennis","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":386336,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Burke, Randolph B.","contributorId":33852,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Burke","given":"Randolph","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":386338,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Gill, I. P.","contributorId":68064,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gill","given":"I.","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":386337,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":6447,"text":"pp1424D - 1998 - Hydrogeologic framework of the Puget Sound aquifer system, Washington and British Columbia","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":22198,"text":"ofr96353 - 1997 - Summary of the Puget-Willamette Lowland regional aquifer-system analysis, Washington, Oregon, and British Columbia","indexId":"ofr96353","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"title":"Summary of the Puget-Willamette Lowland regional aquifer-system analysis, Washington, Oregon, and British Columbia"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":6447,"text":"pp1424D - 1998 - Hydrogeologic framework of the Puget Sound aquifer system, Washington and British Columbia","indexId":"pp1424D","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"chapter":"D","title":"Hydrogeologic framework of the Puget Sound aquifer system, Washington and British Columbia"},"id":1}],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-01-06T19:24:24.551204","indexId":"pp1424D","displayToPublicDate":"1998-03-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1424","chapter":"D","title":"Hydrogeologic framework of the Puget Sound aquifer system, Washington and British Columbia","docAbstract":"This report presents the generalized hydrogeologic framework of the Puget Sound aquifer system in Washington and British Columbia. The framework includes a conceptual model of the division of the aquifer system into regional hydrogeologic units for describing on a regional basis the ground-water flow in the system. The conceptual model is based on an analysis of historical data and on results of cross-sectional numerical models of ground-water flow.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/pp1424D","usgsCitation":"Vaccaro, J.J., Hansen, A.J., and Jones, M., 1998, Hydrogeologic framework of the Puget Sound aquifer system, Washington and British Columbia: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1424, Report: vii, 77 p.; 1 Plate: 40.00 x 32.00 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/pp1424D.","productDescription":"Report: vii, 77 p.; 1 Plate: 40.00 x 32.00 inches","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":411508,"rank":4,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_13145.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":33866,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1424d/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":33865,"rank":3,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1424d/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":118182,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1424d/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Canada, United States","state":"British Columbia, Washington","otherGeospatial":"Puget Sound aquifer system","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -124.06132108981615,\n 49.254548392531206\n ],\n [\n -124.06132108981615,\n 46.980785167463864\n ],\n [\n -121.87752582623631,\n 46.980785167463864\n ],\n [\n -121.87752582623631,\n 49.254548392531206\n ],\n [\n -124.06132108981615,\n 49.254548392531206\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a4ee4b07f02db627a14","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Vaccaro, J. J.","contributorId":48173,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Vaccaro","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":152737,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hansen, Arnold J. Jr.","contributorId":84336,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hansen","given":"Arnold","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":152738,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Jones, M. A.","contributorId":37736,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jones","given":"M. A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":152736,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ]}