The common loon (Gavia immer) is a high‐trophic‐level, long‐lived, obligate piscivore at risk from elevated levels of Hg through biomagnification and bioaccumulation. From 1991 to 1996 feather (n = 455) and blood (n = 381) samples from adult loons were collected between June and September in five regions of North America: Alaska, northwestern United States, Upper Great Lakes, New England, and the Canadian Maritimes. Concentrations of Hg in adults ranged from 2.8 to 36.7 μg/g (fresh weight) in feathers and from 0.12 to 7.80 μg/g (wet weight) in whole blood. Blood Hg concentrations in 3 to 6‐week‐old juveniles ranged from 0.03 to 0.78 μg/g (wet weight) (n = 183). To better interpret exposure data, relationships between blood and feather Hg concentrations were examined among age and sex classes. Blood and feather Hg concentrations from the same individuals were significantly correlated and varied geographically (r2 ranged from 0.03 to 0.48). Blood and feather Hg correlated strongest in areas with the highest blood Hg levels, indicating a possible carryover of breeding season Hg that is depurated during winter remigial molt. Mean blood and feather Hg concentrations in males were significantly higher than concentrations in females for each region. The mean blood Hg concentration in adults was 10 times higher than that in juveniles, and feather Hg concentrations significantly increased over 1 to 4‐year periods in recaptured individuals. Geographic stratification indicates a significant increasing regional trend in adult and juvenile blood Hg concentrations from west to east. This gradient resembles U.S. Environmental Protection Agency‐modeled predictions of total anthropogenic Hg deposition across the United States. This gradient is clearest across regions. Within‐region blood Hg concentrations in adults and juveniles across nine sites of one region, the Upper Great Lakes, were less influenced by variations in geographic Hg deposition than by hydrology and lake chemistry. Loons breeding on low‐pH lakes in the Upper Great Lakes and in all lake types of northeastern North America are most at risk from Hg.
","language":"English","publisher":"Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry","doi":"10.1002/etc.5620170206","usgsCitation":"Kaplan, J.D., Meyer, M.W., Reaman, P.S., Braselton, W.E., Major, A., Burgess, N., and Scheuhammer, A.M., 1998, Geographic trend in mercury measured in common loon feathers and blood: Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, v. 17, no. 2, p. 173-183, https://doi.org/10.1002/etc.5620170206.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"173","endPage":"183","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":374704,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Canada, United States","state":"Alaska, Maine, Michigan, Minnesota, Montana, New Brunswick, New Hampshire, Nova Scotia, Ontario, Washington, Wisconsin","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -141.1083984375,\n 62.95522304515911\n ],\n [\n -146.46972656249997,\n 70.12542991464234\n ],\n [\n -150.6005859375,\n 70.52489722821652\n ],\n [\n -165.3662109375,\n 61.37567331572747\n ],\n [\n -150.205078125,\n 59.689926220143356\n ],\n [\n -147.9638671875,\n 60.13056361691419\n ],\n [\n -141.1083984375,\n 62.95522304515911\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -122.59643554687499,\n 47.50978034953473\n ],\n [\n -117.0703125,\n 47.50978034953473\n ],\n [\n -117.0703125,\n 48.980216985374994\n ],\n [\n -122.59643554687499,\n 48.980216985374994\n ],\n [\n -122.59643554687499,\n 47.50978034953473\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -115.99914550781249,\n 47.45037978769006\n ],\n [\n -113.6700439453125,\n 47.45037978769006\n ],\n [\n -113.6700439453125,\n 48.98742700601184\n ],\n [\n -115.99914550781249,\n 48.98742700601184\n ],\n [\n -115.99914550781249,\n 47.45037978769006\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -97.20703125,\n 45.166547157856016\n ],\n [\n -85.36376953125,\n 45.166547157856016\n ],\n [\n -85.36376953125,\n 48.980216985374994\n ],\n [\n -97.20703125,\n 48.980216985374994\n ],\n [\n -97.20703125,\n 45.166547157856016\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -78.77197265625,\n 44.19795903948531\n ],\n [\n -75.91552734375,\n 44.19795903948531\n ],\n [\n -75.91552734375,\n 46.30140615437332\n ],\n [\n -78.77197265625,\n 46.30140615437332\n ],\n [\n -78.77197265625,\n 44.19795903948531\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -74.55322265625,\n 43.24520272203356\n ],\n [\n -62.13867187499999,\n 43.24520272203356\n ],\n [\n -62.13867187499999,\n 47.17477833929903\n ],\n [\n -74.55322265625,\n 47.17477833929903\n ],\n [\n -74.55322265625,\n 43.24520272203356\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"17","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1998-02-01","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kaplan, Joseph D.","contributorId":224648,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Kaplan","given":"Joseph","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":788944,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Meyer, Michael W.","contributorId":149111,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Meyer","given":"Michael","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":17645,"text":"Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources, Rhinelander, WI","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":788945,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Reaman, Peter S.","contributorId":224649,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Reaman","given":"Peter","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":788946,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Braselton, W. Emmett","contributorId":176143,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Braselton","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"Emmett","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":788947,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Major, A.","contributorId":9846,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Major","given":"A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":788948,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Burgess, Neil","contributorId":224650,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Burgess","given":"Neil","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":788949,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Scheuhammer, Anton M.","contributorId":15477,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Scheuhammer","given":"Anton","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":788950,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8}]}} ,{"id":70020208,"text":"70020208 - 1998 - A reexamination of the turquoise group: The mineral aheylite, planerite (redefined), turquoise and coeruleolactite","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-10-04T16:21:36.554144","indexId":"70020208","displayToPublicDate":"1998-02-02T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2748,"text":"Mineralogical Magazine","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A reexamination of the turquoise group: The mineral aheylite, planerite (redefined), turquoise and coeruleolactite","docAbstract":"The turquoise group has the general formula: A (sub 0-1) B 6 (PO 4 ) (sub 4-x) (PO 3 OH) x (OH) 8 .4H 2 O, where x = 0-2, and consists of six members: planerite, turquoise, faustite, aheylite, chalcosiderite and an unnamed Fe (super 2+) -Fe (super 3+) analogue. The existence of \"coeruleolactite\" is doubtful. Planerite is revalidated as a species and is characterized by a dominant A-site vacancy. Aheylite is established as a new member of the group, and is characterized by having Fe (super 2+) dominant in the A-site. Chemical analyses of 15 pure samples of microcrystalline planerite, turquoise, and aheylite show that a maximum of two of the (PO 4 ) groups are protonated (PO 3 OH) in planerite. Complete solid solution exists between planerite and turquoise. Other members of the group show variable A-site vacancy as well. Most samples of \"turquoise\" are cation-deficient or are planerite. Direct determination of water indicates that there are 4 molecules of water. Planerite, ideally []Al 6 (PO 4 ) 2 (PO 3 OH) 2 (OH) 8 .4H 2 O, is white, pale blue or pale green, and occurs as mamillary, botryoidal crusts as much as several mm thick; may also be massive; microcrystalline, crystals typically 2-4 micrometres, luster chalky to earthy, H. 5, somewhat brittle, no cleavage observed, splintery fracture, D m 2.68(2), D c 2.71, not magnetic, not fluorescent, mean RI about 1.60. a 7.505(2), b 9.723(3), c 7.814(2) Aa, alpha 111.43 degrees , beta 115.56 degrees , Gamma 68.69 degrees , V 464.2(1) Aa 3 , Z = 1. Aheylite, ideally Fe (super 2+) Al 6 (PO 4 ) 4 (OH) 8 .4H 2 O, is pale blue or green, and occurs as isolated and aggregate clumps of hemispherical or spherical, radiating to interlocked masses of crystals that average 3 micrometres in maximum dimension; porcelaneous-subvitreous luster, moderate to brittle tenacity, no cleavage observed, hackly to splintery fracture, not magnetic, not fluorescent, biax. (+), mean RI is about 1.63, D m 2.84(2), D c 2.90. a 7.400(1), b 9.896(1), c 7.627(1) Aa, alpha 110.87 degrees , beta 115.00 degrees , gamma 69.96 degrees , V 460.62(9) Aa 3 , Z = 1.
","language":"English","publisher":"Cambridge University Press","doi":"10.1180/002646198547495","usgsCitation":"Foord, E., and Taggart, J., 1998, A reexamination of the turquoise group: The mineral aheylite, planerite (redefined), turquoise and coeruleolactite: Mineralogical Magazine, v. 62, no. 1, p. 93-111, https://doi.org/10.1180/002646198547495.","productDescription":"19 p.","startPage":"93","endPage":"111","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":231006,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"62","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2018-07-05","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e540e4b0c8380cd46c33","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Foord, E.E.","contributorId":86835,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Foord","given":"E.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":385399,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Taggart, J.E. Jr.","contributorId":51301,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Taggart","given":"J.E.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":385398,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70093913,"text":"70093913 - 1998 - Glaciation and regional ground-water flow in the Fennoscandian Shield: Site 94","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-02-14T09:14:42","indexId":"70093913","displayToPublicDate":"1998-02-01T08:39:24","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":4,"text":"Other Government Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":287,"text":"SKI Report","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":4}},"seriesNumber":"96:11","title":"Glaciation and regional ground-water flow in the Fennoscandian Shield: Site 94","docAbstract":"Results from a regional-scale ground-water flow model of the Fennoscandian shield \nsuggest that ground-water flow is strongly affected by surface conditions associated \nwith climatic change and glaciation. The model was used to run a series of numerical \nsimulations of variable-density ground-water flow in a 1500-km-long and approximately \n10-km-deep cross-section that passes through southern Sweden. Ground-water flow and \nshield brine transport in the cross-sectional model are controlled by an assumed time \nevolution of surface conditions over the next 140 ka.
\nSimulations show that, under periglacial conditions, permafrost may locally or \nextensively impede the free recharge or discharge of ground water. Below cold-based \nglacial ice, no recharge or discharge of ground water occurs. Both of these conditions \nresult in the settling of shield brine and consequent freshening of near-surface water in \nareas of natural discharge blocked by permafrost. The presence of warm-based ice with \nbasal melting creates a potential for ground-water recharge rates much larger than \nunder present, ice-free conditions. Recharging basal meltwater can reach depths of a \nfew kilometers in a few thousand years. The vast majority of recharged water is \naccommodated through storage in the volume of bedrock below the local area of \nrecharge; regional (lateral) redistribution of recharged water by subsurface flow is minor \nover the duration of a glacial advance (~10 ka). During glacial retreat, the weight of the \nice overlying a given surface location decreases, and significant upward flow of ground \nwater may occur below the ice sheet due to pressure release, despite the continued \npotential for recharge of basal meltwater. Excess meltwater must exit from below the \nglacier through subglacial cavities and channels. Subsurface penetration of meltwater \nduring glacial advance and up-flow during glacial retreat are greatest if the loading \nefficiency of the shield rock is low. The maximum rate of ground-water discharge occurs \nat the receding ice margin, and some discharge occurs below incursive post-glacial seas.
\nThe simulation results suggest that vertical movement of deep shield brines induced by \nthe next few glacial cycles should not increase the concentration of dissolved solids \nsignificantly above present-day levels. However, the concentration of dissolved solids \nshould decrease significantly at depths of up to several kilometers during periods of \nglacial meltwater recharge. The meltwater may reside in the subsurface for periods \nexceeding 10 ka and may bring oxygenated conditions to an otherwise reducing \nchemical environment.
","language":"English","publisher":"Swedish Nuclear Power Inspectorate","publisherLocation":"Stockholm, Sweden","usgsCitation":"Provost, A., Voss, C.I., and Neuzil, C., 1998, Glaciation and regional ground-water flow in the Fennoscandian Shield: Site 94: SKI Report 96:11, 82 p.","productDescription":"82 p.","numberOfPages":"82","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":282374,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Sweden","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ 3.69,53.38 ], [ 3.69,62.94 ], [ 25.58,62.94 ], [ 25.58,53.38 ], [ 3.69,53.38 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53cd5ee8e4b0b290850fbfe5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Provost, Alden M.","contributorId":85652,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Provost","given":"Alden M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":490282,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Voss, Clifford I. 0000-0001-5923-2752 cvoss@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5923-2752","contributorId":1559,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Voss","given":"Clifford","email":"cvoss@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"I.","affiliations":[{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":490280,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Neuzil, C. E. 0000-0003-2022-4055","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2022-4055","contributorId":81078,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Neuzil","given":"C. E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":490281,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":30483,"text":"wri974046 - 1998 - Modifications to a one-dimensional model of unsteady flow in the Colorado River through the Grand Canyon, Arizona","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:09:01","indexId":"wri974046","displayToPublicDate":"1998-01-10T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"97-4046","title":"Modifications to a one-dimensional model of unsteady flow in the Colorado River through the Grand Canyon, Arizona","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nInformation Services [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/wri974046","usgsCitation":"Wiele, S.M., and Griffin, E.R., 1998, Modifications to a one-dimensional model of unsteady flow in the Colorado River through the Grand Canyon, Arizona (Revision - 1998): U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 97-4046, iv, 17 p. :ill., map ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri974046.","productDescription":"iv, 17 p. :ill., map ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":119509,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1997/4046/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":59265,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1997/4046/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"edition":"Revision - 1998","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b04e4b07f02db6994a9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wiele, Stephen Mark","contributorId":89888,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wiele","given":"Stephen","email":"","middleInitial":"Mark","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":203328,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Griffin, Eleanor R. 0000-0001-6724-9853 egriffin@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6724-9853","contributorId":1775,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Griffin","given":"Eleanor","email":"egriffin@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":203327,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70220367,"text":"70220367 - 1998 - Remote sensing in the USGS Mineral Resource Surveys Program in the eastern United States","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-05-06T20:05:24.422036","indexId":"70220367","displayToPublicDate":"1998-01-01T16:05:02","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":6,"text":"USGS Unnumbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":8585,"text":"Information Handout","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":6}},"title":"Remote sensing in the USGS Mineral Resource Surveys Program in the eastern United States","docAbstract":"Mineral deposits commonly occur within special geologic units or structures, such as fault zones, which can be detected and mapped from aircraft and satellite images. Modern techniques analyze multispectral images that record the way solar energy is reflected or emitted by the materials exposed at the Earth's surface. In sparsely vegetated regions, including most of the Western United States, mineral composition is determined directly by analyzing the spectral properties of rock outcrops. In more densely vegetated terrain, such as the Eastern United States, rock and soil composition can be determined directly in manmade exposures, such as plowed fields and construction sites, or much more general determinations can be made indirectly by analyzing the distribution and apparent health of naturally occurring plants. The association of certain plants with particular rock or soil types has been known for decades. For example, coniferous trees grow preferentially on well-drained sandy soil, whereas deciduous trees dominate on shaly bedrock. These two forest types reflect solar radiation quite differently and, therefore, are distinguished readily in conventional aerial photographs. More subtle plant-bedrock associations require digital multispectral image analysis to infer compositional information from the spectral characteristics of the forest canopy.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/70220367","usgsCitation":"Rowan, L.C., 1998, Remote sensing in the USGS Mineral Resource Surveys Program in the eastern United States: Information Handout, HTML Document, https://doi.org/10.3133/70220367.","productDescription":"HTML Document","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":385512,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":385511,"rank":1,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/info/rowan/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Rowan, Lawrence C.","contributorId":58629,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rowan","given":"Lawrence","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":815267,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70220366,"text":"70220366 - 1998 - Revising U.S. Geological Survey mineral-resource assessment methods","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-05-06T20:02:13.261638","indexId":"70220366","displayToPublicDate":"1998-01-01T16:01:57","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":6,"text":"USGS Unnumbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":8585,"text":"Information Handout","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":6}},"title":"Revising U.S. Geological Survey mineral-resource assessment methods","docAbstract":"As a result of public controversy over recommendations related to the wilderness preservation system, the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) conducted a series of reviews of its mineral-resource assessment methods. The first review panel recommended several short- and long-term modifications to improve future mineral-resource assessments (Harris and Rieber, 1993). Implementation of some of these recommendations requires the development of new tools to augment USGS assessment procedures. The second panel identified the need to improve the classification of known mineral deposits according to USGS deposit models and to improve the delineation of areas that are favorable for the occurrence of particular mineral-deposit types (Barton and others, 1995).
The panels' major recommendations, however, were to develop two new tools as a first priority -- empirical rate-of-occurrence models for important mineral-deposit types (which aid in the subjective assessment of the number of undiscovered deposits in a given area) and economic cost filters.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/70220366","usgsCitation":"Drew, L.J., 1998, Revising U.S. Geological Survey mineral-resource assessment methods: Information Handout, HTML Document, https://doi.org/10.3133/70220366.","productDescription":"HTML Document","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":385510,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":385509,"rank":1,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/info/revision/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Drew, Lawrence J. ldrew@usgs.gov","contributorId":2635,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Drew","given":"Lawrence","email":"ldrew@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":245,"text":"Eastern Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":815266,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70047752,"text":"70047752 - 1998 - Hydrology and snowmelt simulation of Snyderville Basin, Park City, and adjacent areas, Summit County, Utah","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-01-05T17:07:47","indexId":"70047752","displayToPublicDate":"1998-01-01T15:32:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":4,"text":"Other Government Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":294,"text":"Technical Publication","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":4}},"seriesNumber":"115","title":"Hydrology and snowmelt simulation of Snyderville Basin, Park City, and adjacent areas, Summit County, Utah","docAbstract":"Increasing residential and commercial development is placing increased demands on the ground- and surface-water resources of Snyderville Basin, Park City, and adjacent areas in the southwestern corner of Summit County, Utah. Data collected during 1993-95 were used to assess the quantity and quality of the water resources in the study area.
Ground water within the study area is present in consolidated rocks and unconsolidated valley fill. The complex geology makes it difficult to determine the degree of hydraulic connection between different blocks of consolidated rocks. Increased ground-water withdrawal during 1983- 95 generally has not affected ground-water levels. Ground-water withdrawal in some areas, however, caused seasonal fluctuations and a decline in ground-water levels from 1994 to 1995, despite greater-than-normal recharge in the spring of 1995.
Ground water generally has a dissolved-solids concentration that ranges from 200 to 600 mg/L. Higher sulfate concentrations in water from wells and springs near Park City and in McLeod Creek and East Canyon Creek than in other parts of the study area are the result of mixing with water that discharges from the Spiro Tunnel. The presence of chloride in water from wells and springs near Park City and in streams and wells near Interstate Highway 80 is probably caused by the dissolution of applied road salt. Chlorofluorocarbon analyses indicate that even though water levels rise within a few weeks of snowmelt, the water took 15 to 40 years to move from areas of recharge to areas of discharge.
Water budgets for the entire study area and for six subbasins were developed to better understand the hydrologic system. Ground-water recharge from precipitation made up about 80 percent of the ground-water recharge in the study area. Ground-water discharge to streams made up about 40 percent of the surface water in the study area and ground-water discharge to springs and mine tunnels made up about 25 percent. Increasing use of ground water has the potential to decrease discharge to streams and affect both the amount and quality of surface water in the study area. A comparison of the 1995 to 1994 water budgets emphasizes that the hydrologic system in the study area is very dependent upon the amount of annual precipitation. Although precipitation on the study area was much greater in 1995 than in 1994, most of the additional water resulted in additional streamflow and spring discharge that flows out of the study area. Ground-water levels and groundwater discharge are dependent upon annual precipitation and can vary substantially from year to year.
Snowmelt runoff was simulated to assist in estimating ground-water recharge to consolidated rock and unconsolidated valley fill. A topographically distributed snowmelt model controlled by independent inputs of net radiation, meteorological parameters, and snowcover properties was used to calculate the energy and mass balance of the snowcover.
","language":"English","publisher":"Utah Department of Natural Resources, Division of Water Rights","publisherLocation":"Salt Lake City, UT","collaboration":"Prepared by the United States Geological Survey in cooperation with the Utah Department of Natural Resources, Division of Water Rights; Park City; Summit County; and the Weber Basin Water Conservancy District","usgsCitation":"Brooks, L.E., Mason, J.L., and Susong, D.D., 1998, Hydrology and snowmelt simulation of Snyderville Basin, Park City, and adjacent areas, Summit County, Utah: Technical Publication 115, vi, 84 p.","productDescription":"vi, 84 p.","numberOfPages":"93","costCenters":[{"id":610,"text":"Utah Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":279943,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/unnumbered/70047752/report.pdf"},{"id":279942,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/unnumbered/70047752/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":332236,"rank":3,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.waterrights.utah.gov/cgi-bin/libview.exe?Modinfo=Viewpub&LIBNUM=50-1-165"}],"scale":"100000","projection":"Universal Transverse Mercator projection","country":"United States","state":"Utah","county":"Summit County","city":"Park City","otherGeospatial":"East Canyon Creek;Mcleod Creek;Snyderville Basin;Spiro Tunnel","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -111.646973,40.599669 ], [ -111.646973,40.819739 ], [ -111.432945,40.819739 ], [ -111.432945,40.599669 ], [ -111.646973,40.599669 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"529dba1ce4b0516126f68cf3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Brooks, Lynette E. 0000-0002-9074-0939 lebrooks@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9074-0939","contributorId":2718,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brooks","given":"Lynette","email":"lebrooks@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":610,"text":"Utah Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":482893,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Mason, James L.","contributorId":14397,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mason","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":482894,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Susong, David D. ddsusong@usgs.gov","contributorId":1040,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Susong","given":"David","email":"ddsusong@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":610,"text":"Utah Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":482892,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70100312,"text":"ofr98XXX - 1998 - Level II scour analysis for brigde 5 (STOCTH00360005) on Town Highway 36, crossing Stony Brook, Stockridge, Vermont","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-04-10T07:29:42","indexId":"ofr98XXX","displayToPublicDate":"1998-01-01T15:17:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"98-XXX","title":"Level II scour analysis for brigde 5 (STOCTH00360005) on Town Highway 36, crossing Stony Brook, Stockridge, Vermont","docAbstract":"This report provides the results of a detailed Level II analysis of scour potential at structure \nSTOCTH00360005 on Town Highway 36 crossing Stony Brook, Stockbridge, Vermont \n(figures 1–8). A Level II study is a basic engineering analysis of the site, including a \nquantitative analysis of stream stability and scour (U.S. Department of Transportation, \n1993). Results of a Level I scour investigation also are included in appendix E of this report. \nA Level I investigation provides a qualitative geomorphic characterization of the study site. \nInformation on the bridge, gleaned from Vermont Agency of Transportation (VTAOT) \nfiles, was compiled prior to conducting Level I and Level II analyses and is found in \nappendix D.\nThe site is in the Green Mountain section of the New England physiographic province in \ncentral Vermont. The 23.0-mi2\n drainage area is in a predominantly rural and forested basin. \nIn the vicinity of the study site, the surface cover is forest on the left and right banks \ndownstream and left bank upstream, while the right bank upstream is pasture with some \nshrubs and brush. \nIn the study area, Stony Brook has an incised, sinuous channel with a slope of \napproximately 0.01 ft/ft, an average channel top width of 109 ft and an average bank height \nof 11 ft. The channel bed material is predominantly gravel with a median grain size (D50) of \n71.7 mm (0.235 ft). The geomorphic assessment at the time of the Level I site visit on April \n12, 1995, and Level II site visit on July 9, 1996, indicated that the reach was stable.\nThe Town Highway 36 crossing of Stony Brook is a 50-ft-long, one-lane bridge consisting \nof one 48-foot steel-beam span (Vermont Agency of Transportation, written \ncommunication, March 23, 1995). The opening length of the structure parallel to the bridge \nface is 46.3 ft. The bridge is supported by a vertical, concrete abutment on the left and a \nvertical, concrete abutment with wingwalls on the right. The channel is skewed \napproximately 5 degrees to the opening while the opening-skew-to-roadway is 0 degrees. \nA scour hole 2.0 ft deeper than the mean thalweg depth was observed during the Level I \nassessment along the left side of the channel at the downstream bridge face where the flow \nimpacts a bedrock outcrop. Scour protection measures at the site included type-1 stone fill \n(less than 12 inches diameter) along the right bank upstream and at the upstream and \ndownstream ends of the left abutment, type-2 stone fill (less than 36 inches diameter) at the \nupstream end of the upstream right wingwall, and type-3 stone fill (less than 48 inches \ndiameter) at the downstream end of the downstream right wingwall. Additional details \ndescribing conditions at the site are included in the Level II Summary and Appendices D \nand E.\nScour depths and recommended rock rip-rap sizes were computed using the general \nguidelines described in Hydraulic Engineering Circular 18 (Richardson and Davis, 1995) \nfor the 100- and 500-year discharges. Total scour at a highway crossing is comprised of \nthree components: 1) long-term streambed degradation; 2) contraction scour (due to \naccelerated flow caused by a reduction in flow area at a bridge) and; 3) local scour (caused \nby accelerated flow around piers and abutments). Total scour is the sum of the three \ncomponents. Equations are available to compute depths for contraction and local scour and \na summary of the results of these computations follows.\nContraction scour for all modelled flows ranged from 2.0 to 3.2 ft. The worst-case \ncontraction scour occurred at the 500-year discharge. Abutment scour ranged from 9.7 to \n22.2 ft. The worst-case abutment scour occurred at the 500-year discharge. Additional \ninformation on scour depths and depths to armoring are included in the section titled “Scour \nResults”. Scoured-streambed elevations, based on the calculated scour depths, are presented \nin tables 1 and 2. A cross-section of the scour computed at the bridge is presented in figure \n8. Scour depths were calculated assuming an infinite depth of erosive material and a \nhomogeneous particle-size distribution. \nIt is generally accepted that the Froehlich equation (abutment scour) gives “excessively \nconservative estimates of scour depths” (Richardson and Davis, 1995, p. 47). Usually, \ncomputed scour depths are evaluated in combination with other information including (but \nnot limited to) historical performance during flood events, the geomorphic stability \nassessment, existing scour protection measures, and the results of the hydraulic analyses. \nTherefore, scour depths adopted by VTAOT may differ from the computed values \ndocumented herein.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Pembroke, NH","doi":"10.3133/ofr98XXX","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with Vermont Agency OF Transportation and Federal Highway Administration","usgsCitation":"Striker, L.K., and Weber, M.A., 1998, Level II scour analysis for brigde 5 (STOCTH00360005) on Town Highway 36, crossing Stony Brook, Stockridge, Vermont: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 98-XXX, iv, 48 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr98XXX.","productDescription":"iv, 48 p.","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":286088,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":286087,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/unnumbered/70100312/report.pdf"}],"country":"United States","state":"Vermont","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -72.708351016,43.7599249087 ], [ -72.708351016,43.7610910976 ], [ -72.7057975531,43.7610910976 ], [ -72.7057975531,43.7599249087 ], [ -72.708351016,43.7599249087 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"535594aae4b0120853e8c050","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Striker, Lora K.","contributorId":41481,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Striker","given":"Lora","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":492173,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Weber, Matthew A.","contributorId":41483,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Weber","given":"Matthew","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":492174,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70094658,"text":"70094658 - 1998 - General philosophy 5: Concerning nonuniqueness","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-04-26T14:30:17.45857","indexId":"70094658","displayToPublicDate":"1998-01-01T14:38:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"General philosophy 5: Concerning nonuniqueness","docAbstract":"There are models we might like to accept that just dont fit gravity, magnetic, or electrical data. This benefit of modeling is important. It forces the interpreter to prove that an interpretation is possible, and it eliminates impossible models even seismic models. A simple depth estimate may be all the model one needs to eliminate an idea. Other times, we need a careful and detailed model to help us understand what’s possible and unambiguously impossible.
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Geologic applications of gravity and magnetics: Case histories","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":15,"text":"Monograph"},"language":"English","publisher":"Society of Exploration Geophysicists","publisherLocation":"Tulsa, OK","usgsCitation":"Chapin, D.A., 1998, General philosophy 5: Concerning nonuniqueness, chap. of Geologic applications of gravity and magnetics: Case histories, v. 43, p. 101-102.","productDescription":"2 p.","startPage":"101","endPage":"102","numberOfPages":"2","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":282646,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":282645,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/books/book/980/chapter/106863694/General-Philosophy-5Concerning-Nonuniqueness"}],"volume":"43","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53cd5a8de4b0b290850f96e8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Chapin, D. A.","contributorId":48869,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chapin","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":490770,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70094657,"text":"70094657 - 1998 - General philosophy 3: Concerning modeling","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-04-26T14:26:43.448763","indexId":"70094657","displayToPublicDate":"1998-01-01T14:33:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"General philosophy 3: Concerning modeling","docAbstract":"The trend toward modeling is a healthy change from the days when “prospects” were located solely on the basis of closures on residual maps of mysterious and sometimes secret origin. Although residual maps are valuable for helping us notice unusual relationships, the business of exploration has become less tolerant of anything that raises more questions than it answers. A flurry of residual maps is a pretty good example of such a thing. Once an appealing target is noticed in a residual, its geologic origin ought to be questioned and justified in relation to the basic, measured data.
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Geologic applications of gravity and magnetics: Case histories","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":4,"text":"Other Government Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"Society of Exploration Geophysicists","publisherLocation":"Tusla, OK","usgsCitation":"Chapin, D.A., 1998, General philosophy 3: Concerning modeling, chap. of Geologic applications of gravity and magnetics: Case histories, v. 43, p. 84-85.","productDescription":"2 p.","startPage":"84","endPage":"85","numberOfPages":"2","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":282644,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":282643,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/books/book/980/chapter/106863671/General-Philosophy-3Concerning-Modeling"}],"volume":"43","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53cd5a8de4b0b290850f96e4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Chapin, D. A.","contributorId":48869,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chapin","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":490765,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70198952,"text":"70198952 - 1998 - Sources and age of aquatic humus","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-08-27T13:50:10","indexId":"70198952","displayToPublicDate":"1998-01-01T13:47:22","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"Sources and age of aquatic humus","docAbstract":"As aquatic scientists have recognized the diversity of processes controlled by or dependent upon aquatic humus, it has become important to learn more about the genesis, chemical properties, and concentration of humic substances in aquatic ecosystems. There are three classes of aquatic humus (fulvic acids, humic acids, and humin), all of which share the characteristics of being heterogeneous biomolecules which are yellow to brown or black in color, high to moderate molecular weight, and biologically recalcitrant. Fulvic acids are organic acids which are soluble at any pH; humic acids are soluble above pH 2; and humin is insoluble under the full range of pH. Aquatic humus occurs in both dissolved and solid phases, with molecular weights ranging from about 500 D for dissolved fulvic acid to greater than 100,000 D for humic acids in sediments. Although the heterogeneity of these humic fractions makes rigorous chemical studies challenging, there are sufficient analytical methods at hand to make progress toward understanding the sources, formation pathways, and fate of aquatic humus.
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Aquatic humic substances: Ecology and biogeochemsitry","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","publisherLocation":"New York","doi":"10.1007/978-3-662-03736-2_2","usgsCitation":"McKnight, D.M., and Aiken, G.R., 1998, Sources and age of aquatic humus, chap. of Aquatic humic substances: Ecology and biogeochemsitry, p. 9-39, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-03736-2_2.","productDescription":"31 p.","startPage":"9","endPage":"39","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":356792,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5b98deb1e4b0702d0e848706","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"McKnight, Diane M.","contributorId":59773,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"McKnight","given":"Diane","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":16833,"text":"INSTAAR, University of Colorado","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":743558,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Aiken, George R. 0000-0001-8454-0984 graiken@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8454-0984","contributorId":1322,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Aiken","given":"George","email":"graiken@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":191,"text":"Colorado Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":743559,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70204128,"text":"70204128 - 1998 - Characterization of an old-growth bottomland hardwood wetland forest in Northeast Texas: Harrison Bayou","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-02-23T21:33:03.109729","indexId":"70204128","displayToPublicDate":"1998-01-01T11:58:46","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"title":"Characterization of an old-growth bottomland hardwood wetland forest in Northeast Texas: Harrison Bayou","docAbstract":"Most wetland losses in the southern region over the past 200 years have occurred in bottomland hardwood forests. By 1980 the original extent of palustrine bottomland in Texas had been reduced by 63%, from roughly 16 to 6 million acres. Additional losses have occurred during more recent years as a result of conversion to agriculture and timber harvests; these factors and the need to supply new hardwood chip mills in the region pose a potential threat to the remaining hardwood resource. The Harrison Bayou watershed in northeast Texas contains one of the few relatively undisturbed bottomland hardwood wetland forests in the State. Harrison Bayou is part of the Caddo Lake wetlands complex, most of which was designated a Wetland of International Importance under the Ramsar Treaty in October of 1993. Caddo Lake State Park is one of fifteen \"Ramsar\" wetlands in the United States; it is the only wetland with this designation in the State of Texas. Harrison Bayou is an important component of the Caddo Lake watershed; it represents a model bottomland hardwood wetland in both structure and ecological function. Three major forest cover types illustrate the diversity of the 600-hectare bottomland hardwood/baldcypress forest at Harrison Bayou. Comparison of wetland forest extent and species composition in 1977 with 1993 revealed very little change in wetland forest community structure.
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Wilderness and natural areas in Eastern North America : Research, management and planning","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":15,"text":"Monograph"},"language":"English","publisher":"Center for Applied Studies in Forestry","usgsCitation":"Walker, L.C., Brantley, T., and Burkett, V., 1998, Characterization of an old-growth bottomland hardwood wetland forest in Northeast Texas: Harrison Bayou, chap. of Wilderness and natural areas in Eastern North America : Research, management and planning, p. 98-108.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"98","endPage":"108","costCenters":[{"id":455,"text":"National Wetlands Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":17705,"text":"Wetland and Aquatic Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":365339,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Texas","otherGeospatial":"Harrison Bayou","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -94.10682678222656,\n 32.687353574937944\n ],\n [\n -94.17463302612305,\n 32.523657815699146\n ],\n [\n -94.18338775634764,\n 32.50802457488995\n ],\n [\n -94.13360595703125,\n 32.49846958927782\n ],\n [\n -94.0821075439453,\n 32.59455223925157\n ],\n [\n -94.0810775756836,\n 32.626364162516225\n ],\n [\n -94.07730102539062,\n 32.66365647172217\n ],\n [\n -94.10682678222656,\n 32.687353574937944\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Walker, Laurence C.","contributorId":216818,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Walker","given":"Laurence","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":765645,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Brantley, Thomas","contributorId":216820,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Brantley","given":"Thomas","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":765646,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Burkett, Virginia 0000-0003-4746-2862 virginia_burkett@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4746-2862","contributorId":2867,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Burkett","given":"Virginia","email":"virginia_burkett@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":505,"text":"Office of the AD Climate and Land-Use Change","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":765647,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70007045,"text":"70007045 - 1998 - Flooding and forest succession in a modified stretch along the Upper Mississippi River","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-02-23T13:49:04","indexId":"70007045","displayToPublicDate":"1998-01-01T09:57:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3246,"text":"Regulated Rivers: Research & Management","printIssn":"0886-9375","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Flooding and forest succession in a modified stretch along the Upper Mississippi River","docAbstract":"This research examines the effect of a rare flood on floodplain forest regeneration in a 102-km stretch of the Mississippi River beginning 21 km above the mouth of the Ohio River. The river has been restricted by levees and navigation structures and subjected to sediment dredging to maintain a stable navigation channel. Because the bank erosion–accretion process has been slowed or eliminated, cottonwood (Populus spp.) and willow (Salix spp.) communities regenerate poorly in the modified river environment. An unusually large flood in 1993 destroyed the entire ground vegetation layer, killing 77.2% of the saplings and 32.2% of the trees. The flood created an alternative mechanism for cottonwood and willow to regenerate under canopy openings, enabling the community type composition of the present-day forest to be sustained for the next 50 years. Over time, however, the forest will likely exhibit considerable compositional fluctuation.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1002/(SICI)1099-1646(199803/04)14:2<217::AID-RRR499>3.0.CO;2-S","usgsCitation":"Yin, Y., 1998, Flooding and forest succession in a modified stretch along the Upper Mississippi River: Regulated Rivers: Research & Management, v. 14, no. 2, p. 217-225, https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1099-1646(199803/04)14:2<217::AID-RRR499>3.0.CO;2-S.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"217","endPage":"225","costCenters":[{"id":606,"text":"Upper Midwest Environmental Sciences Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":262751,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","otherGeospatial":"Mississippi River","volume":"14","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"50dcf2e5e4b0d55926e41fcd","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Yin, Yao yyin@usgs.gov","contributorId":2170,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Yin","given":"Yao","email":"yyin@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":606,"text":"Upper Midwest Environmental Sciences Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":355727,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70198598,"text":"70198598 - 1998 - Predictive double-layer modeling of metal sorption in mine-drainage systems","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-08-13T10:23:06","indexId":"70198598","displayToPublicDate":"1998-01-01T09:31:27","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"Predictive double-layer modeling of metal sorption in mine-drainage systems","docAbstract":"Previous comparison of predictive double-layer modeling and empirically derived metal-partitioning data has validated the use of the double-layer model to predict metal sorption reactions in iron-rich mine-drainage systems. The double-layer model subsequently has been used to model data collected from several mine-drainage sites in Colorado with diverse geochemistry and geology. This work demonstrates that metal partitioning between dissolved and sediment phases can be predictively modeled simply by knowing the water chemistry and the amount of suspended iron-rich particulates present in the system. Sorption on such iron-rich suspended sediments appears to control metal and arsenic partitioning between dissolved and sediment phases, with sorption on bed sediment playing a limited role. At pH > 5, Pb and As are largely sorbed by iron-rich suspended sediments and Cu is partially sorbed; Zn, Cd, and Ni usually remain dissolved throughout the pH range of 3 to 8.
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Adsorption of metals by geomedia: Variables, mechanisms, and model applications","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/B978-0-12-384245-9.X5000-2","usgsCitation":"Smith, K., Ranville, J., and Macalady, D., 1998, Predictive double-layer modeling of metal sorption in mine-drainage systems, chap. of Adsorption of metals by geomedia: Variables, mechanisms, and model applications, p. 521-547, https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-384245-9.X5000-2.","productDescription":"27 p.","startPage":"521","endPage":"547","costCenters":[{"id":191,"text":"Colorado Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":356373,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5b98deb1e4b0702d0e848710","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Jenne, E. A.","contributorId":45716,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jenne","given":"E. A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":742274,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1}],"authors":[{"text":"Smith, K. S. 0000-0001-8547-9804","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8547-9804","contributorId":47779,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"K. S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":742104,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ranville, J. F.","contributorId":54245,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ranville","given":"J. F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":742105,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Macalady, D.L.","contributorId":76468,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Macalady","given":"D.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":742106,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70006510,"text":"70006510 - 1998 - Environmental modification of gillraker number in coregonine fishes","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-06-30T09:24:50","indexId":"70006510","displayToPublicDate":"1998-01-01T09:20:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"Environmental modification of gillraker number in coregonine fishes","docAbstract":"Gillraker number, one of the most important taxonomic characters in the Coregoninae, has been considered genetically determined and not environmentally modifiable. However, laboratory-reared progeny of Coregonus alpenae, C. artedi, C. clupeaformis, C. hoyi, C. kiyi, C. zenithicus, and Prosopium cylindraceum generally had fewer gillrakers than the wild parents from which eggs were taken for hatching and rearing. Of 19 experimental groups hatched and reared between 1957 and 1996, only progeny from C. alpenae, C. zenithicus, and one group of C. clupeaformis had gillraker counts similar to their parents. All other groups had three to six gillrakers less than their wild parents. Most species were hatched and reared under similar conditions including similar temperatures, except for three groups of C. hoyi and several groups of C. clupeaformis and C. artedi. Incubation of C. hoyi eggs at 2°, 4°, and 8° C produced fish with five to six fewer gillrakers on average than their wild parental source in Lake Michigan. Warmer rearing temperatures produced higher gillraker counts in C. clupeaformis, and perhaps the discrepancies observed between wild and laboratory-reared fish in these experiments resulted from colder rearing temperatures in the laboratory than those experienced by wild fish.
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Biology and management of Coregonid fishes-1996","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":4,"text":"Other Government Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"E. Schweizerbart'sche Verlagsbuchhandlung","publisherLocation":"Stuttgart, Germany","usgsCitation":"Todd, T.N., 1998, Environmental modification of gillraker number in coregonine fishes, chap. of Biology and management of Coregonid fishes-1996, p. 305-315.","productDescription":"p. 305-315","startPage":"305","endPage":"315","numberOfPages":"11","costCenters":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":289164,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53b286e7e4b07b8813a55484","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Todd, Thomas N.","contributorId":42547,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Todd","given":"Thomas","email":"","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":354645,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70199194,"text":"70199194 - 1998 - Fundamentals of isotope geochemistry","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-09-10T09:19:57","indexId":"70199194","displayToPublicDate":"1998-01-01T09:18:15","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"chapter":"2","title":"Fundamentals of isotope geochemistry","docAbstract":"The dominant use of isotopes in catchment research in the last few decades has been to trace sources of waters and solutes. Generally, such data were evaluated with simple mixing models to determine how much was derived from either of the two (sometimes three) constant-composition sources. This chapter illustrates the environmental isotopes that are natural and anthropogenic isotopes whose wide distribution in the hydrosphere can assist in the solution of hydrogeochemical problems. Water isotopes often provide unambiguous information about residence times and relative contributions from different water sources, and these data can then be used to make hypotheses about water flowpaths. Solute isotopes can provide an alternative, independent isotopic method for determining the relative amounts of water flowing along various subsurface flowpaths. The isotopic and chemical compositions provides very detailed information about sources and reactions in shallow systems This integration of chemical and isotopic data with complex hydrologic models constitutes an important frontier of catchment research.
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Isotope tracers in catchment hydrology","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/B978-0-444-81546-0.50009-4","usgsCitation":"Kendall, C., and Caldwell, E.A., 1998, Fundamentals of isotope geochemistry, chap. 2 of Isotope tracers in catchment hydrology, p. 51-86, https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-444-81546-0.50009-4.","productDescription":"36 p.","startPage":"51","endPage":"86","costCenters":[{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":357163,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5b98deb1e4b0702d0e848712","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kendall, Carol 0000-0002-0247-3405 ckendall@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0247-3405","contributorId":1462,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kendall","given":"Carol","email":"ckendall@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":744624,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Caldwell, Eric A.","contributorId":207757,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Caldwell","given":"Eric","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":744625,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70198535,"text":"70198535 - 1998 - Using transport model interpretations of tracer tests to study microbial processes in groundwater","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-08-13T09:58:25","indexId":"70198535","displayToPublicDate":"1998-01-01T08:01:21","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"Using transport model interpretations of tracer tests to study microbial processes in groundwater","docAbstract":"It has long been known that microorganisms affect the geochemistry of groundwater. But despite this recognition, little detailed information is available regarding the rates and the factors controlling microbial processes in groundwater. Part of the reason stems from the relatively inaccessible nature of most groundwater and the difficulties encountered in obtaining representative samples of groundwater and subsurface sediments. At the same time, most groundwater systems are nutrient poor or oligotrophic environments in which the resident microorganisms are severely stressed and often nearly inactive. These populations are functioning so slowly that many types of activity measurements designed to assess microbial processes in more productive environments are ineffective for groundwater. However, because groundwater is by far the largest reservoir of freshwater in the world (Freeze and Cherry 1979), our lack of knowledge about groundwater microorganisms and their processes represents a significant void in the study of microbial ecology and in our ability to predict the outcome when these reserves are compromised by contamination.
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Mathematical modeling in microbial ecology","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/978-1-4615-4078-6_5","usgsCitation":"Smith, R.L., and Garabedian, S.P., 1998, Using transport model interpretations of tracer tests to study microbial processes in groundwater, chap. of Mathematical modeling in microbial ecology, p. 94-123, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-4078-6_5.","productDescription":"30 p.","startPage":"94","endPage":"123","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":356263,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5b98deb2e4b0702d0e848716","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Smith, Richard L. 0000-0002-3829-0125 rlsmith@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3829-0125","contributorId":1592,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"Richard","email":"rlsmith@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":36183,"text":"Hydro-Ecological Interactions Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":38175,"text":"Toxics Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":741817,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Garabedian, Stephen P.","contributorId":91090,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Garabedian","given":"Stephen","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":741818,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":1007971,"text":"1007971 - 1998 - Use of restored riparian habitat by the endangered least Bell's vireo (Vireo bellii pusillus)","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-07-22T14:48:46.473197","indexId":"1007971","displayToPublicDate":"1998-01-01T01:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3271,"text":"Restoration Ecology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"displayTitle":"Use of restored riparian habitat by the endangered least Bell's vireo (Vireo bellii pusillus)","title":"Use of restored riparian habitat by the endangered least Bell's vireo (Vireo bellii pusillus)","docAbstract":"A primary objective of riparian restoration in California is the creation of habitat for endangered species. Four restoration sites in San Diego County were monitored between 1989 and 1993 and evaluated for their suitability as nesting habitat for Vireo bellii pusillus (Least Bell's Vireo), a state and federally endangered obligate riparian breeder. Vegetation structure at each site was quantified annually and compared to a model of canopy architecture derived from Least Bell's Vireo territories in natural habitat. Vireo use of restored habitat was documented through systematic surveys and nest monitoring. By 1993, only one site in its entirety met the habitat suitability criteria of the model, but portions of each site during all years did so. Differences between sites in the time required to develop suitable habitat—well-developed layered vegetation from the ground to under 8m in height)—were attributable largely to variation in annual rainfall. Vireos visited restoration sites to forage as early as the first growing season, but they did not establish territories or nest there until at least part of the site supported suitable habitat as determined from the model. Placement of territories and nests coincided with patches of dense vegetation characteristic of natural nesting areas. Occupation of restored sites was accelerated by the presence of adjacent mature riparian habitat, which afforded birds nest sites and/or foraging habitat lacking in the planted vegetation. Vireos nesting in restored habitat achieved success comparable to that of vireos nesting in surrounding natural habitat, and there was no evidence that productivity was reduced in created areas. These findings indicate that creating nesting habitat for this target species is feasible and suggest that the critical components of vireo nesting habitat have been captured in both the design and quantitative assessment of restoration sites.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1046/j.1526-100x.1998.06110.x","usgsCitation":"Kus, B., 1998, Use of restored riparian habitat by the endangered least Bell's vireo (Vireo bellii pusillus): Restoration Ecology, v. 6, no. 1, p. 75-82, https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1526-100x.1998.06110.x.","productDescription":"8 p","startPage":"75","endPage":"82","numberOfPages":"8","costCenters":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":129941,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"6","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2002-01-05","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a17e4b07f02db6043c4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kus, B.E.","contributorId":99492,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kus","given":"B.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":316442,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70020406,"text":"70020406 - 1998 - Annual cycle of magmatic CO2 in a tree-kill soil at Mammoth Mountain, California: Implications for soil acidification","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-01-17T00:42:32.455097","indexId":"70020406","displayToPublicDate":"1998-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1796,"text":"Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Annual cycle of magmatic CO2 in a tree-kill soil at Mammoth Mountain, California: Implications for soil acidification","docAbstract":"Time-series sensor data reveal significant short-term and seasonal variations of magmatic CO2 in soil over a 12 month period in 1995–1996 at the largest tree-kill site on Mammoth Mountain, central-eastern California. Short-term variations leading to ground-level soil CO2 concentrations hazardous and lethal to humans were triggered by shallow faulting in the absence of increased seismicity or intrusion, consistent with tapping a reservoir of accumulated CO2, rather than direct magma degassing. Hydrologic processes closely modulated seasonal variations in CO2 concentrations, which rose to 65%–100% in soil gas under winter snowpack and plunged more than 25% in just days as the CO2 dissolved in spring snowmelt. The high efflux of CO2 through the tree-kill soils acts as an open-system CO2 buffer causing infiltration of waters with pH values commonly of <4.2, acid loading of up to 7 keqH+ṁha−1ṁyr−1, mobilization of toxic Al3+, and long-term decline of soil fertility.
Three-dimensional Vp and Vp/Vs velocity models for the Loma Prieta region were developed from the inversion of local travel time data (21,925 P arrivals and 1,116 S arrivals) from earthquakes, refraction shots, and blasts recorded on 1700 stations from the Northern California Seismic Network and numerous portable seismograph deployments. The velocity and density models and microearthquake hypocenters reveal a complex structure that includes a San Andreas fault extending to the base of the seismogenic layer. A body with high Vp extends the length of the rupture and fills the 5 km wide volume between the Loma Prieta mainshock rupture and the San Andreas and Sargent faults. We suggest that this body controls both the pattern of background seismicity on the San Andreas and Sargent faults and the extent of rupture during the mainshock, thus explaining how the background seismicity outlined the along-strike and depth extent of the mainshock rupture on a different fault plane 5 km away. New aftershock focal mechanisms, based on three-dimensional ray tracing through the velocity model, support a heterogeneous postseismic stress field and can not resolve a uniform fault normal compression. The subvertical (or steeply dipping) San Andreas fault and the fault surfaces that ruptured in the 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake are both parts of the San Andreas fault zone and this section of the fault zone does not have a single type of characteristic event.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/98JB01984","issn":"01480227","usgsCitation":"Eberhart-Phillips, D., and Michael, A., 1998, Seismotectonics of the Loma Prieta, California, region determined from three-dimensional Vp, Vp/Vs, and seismicity: Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth, v. 103, no. 9, p. 21099-21120, https://doi.org/10.1029/98JB01984.","productDescription":"22 p.","startPage":"21099","endPage":"21120","numberOfPages":"22","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":227959,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"103","issue":"9","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1998-09-10","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b8bd8e4b08c986b317b15","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Eberhart-Phillips, D.","contributorId":80428,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Eberhart-Phillips","given":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":385157,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Michael, A.J. 0000-0002-2403-5019","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2403-5019","contributorId":52192,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Michael","given":"A.J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":385156,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70020717,"text":"70020717 - 1998 - Retention of NO3/- in an upland stream environment: A mass balance approach","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:42","indexId":"70020717","displayToPublicDate":"1998-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1007,"text":"Biogeochemistry","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Retention of NO3/- in an upland stream environment: A mass balance approach","docAbstract":"Models of the effects of atmospheric N deposition in forested watersheds have not adequately accounted for the effects of aquatic and near-stream processes on the concentrations and loads of NO3/- in surface waters. This study compared the relative effects of aquatic and near-stream processes with those from the terrestrial ecosystem on the retention and transport of NO3/- in two contrasting stream reaches of the Neversink River, a forested watershed in the Catskill Mountains of New York that receives among the highest load of atmospheric N deposition in the northeastern United States. Stream water samples were collected every two hours and ground-water and tributary samples were collected daily at base flow conditions during four 48-hour periods from April to October 1992, and NO3/- mass balances were calculated for each site. Results indicated diurnal variations in stream NO3/- concentrations in both reaches during all four sampling periods; this is consistent with uptake of NO3/- by photoautotrophs during daylight hours. Mass-balance results revealed significant stream reach losses of NO3/- at both sites during all sampling periods. The diurnal variations in NO3/- concentrations and the retention of NO3/- relative to terrestrial contributions to the stream reaches were greater downstream than upstream because physical factors such as the head gradients of inflowing ground water and the organic matter content of sediment are more favorable to uptake and denitrification downstream. The mass retention of NO3/- increased as the mean 48-hr stream discharge increased at each site, indicating that the responsible processes are dependent on NO3/- supply. Low stream temperatures during the April sampling period, however, probably reduced the rate of retention processes, resulting in smaller losses of NO3/- than predicted from stream discharge alone. Water samples collected from the stream, the hyporheic zone, and the alluvial ground water at sites in both reaches indicated that the net effect of hyporheic processes on downstream NO3/- transport ranged from conservative mixing to complete removal by denitrification. The relative effects of biological uptake and denitrification as retention mechanisms could not be quantified, but the results indicate that both processes are significant. These results generally confirm that aquatic and near-stream processes cause significant losses of NO3/- in the Neversink River, and that the losses by these processes at downstream locations can exceed the NO3/- contributions to the stream from the terrestrial environment during summer and fall base-flow conditions. Failure to consider these aquatic and near-stream processes in models of watershed response to atmospheric N deposition could result in underestimates of the amount of NO3/- leaching from forested ecosystems and to an inability to unequivocally relate geographic differences in NO3/- concentrations of stream waters to corresponding differences in terrestrial processes.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Biogeochemistry","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1023/A:1005916102026","issn":"01682563","usgsCitation":"Burns, D.A., 1998, Retention of NO3/- in an upland stream environment: A mass balance approach: Biogeochemistry, v. 40, no. 1, p. 73-96, https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1005916102026.","startPage":"73","endPage":"96","numberOfPages":"24","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":206862,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1005916102026"},{"id":230998,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"40","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505aac07e4b0c8380cd86afa","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Burns, Douglas A. 0000-0001-6516-2869","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6516-2869","contributorId":29450,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Burns","given":"Douglas","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":387251,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70020238,"text":"70020238 - 1998 - Predicting CH4 adsorption capacity of microporous carbon using N2 isotherm and a new analytical model","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:18","indexId":"70020238","displayToPublicDate":"1998-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":611,"text":"ACS Division of Fuel Chemistry, Preprints","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Predicting CH4 adsorption capacity of microporous carbon using N2 isotherm and a new analytical model","docAbstract":"A new analytical pore size distribution (PSD) model was developed to predict CH4 adsorption (storage) capacity of microporous adsorbent carbon. The model is based on a 3-D adsorption isotherm equation, derived from statistical mechanical principles. Least squares error minimization is used to solve the PSD without any pre-assumed distribution function. In comparison with several well-accepted analytical methods from the literature, this 3-D model offers relatively realistic PSD description for select reference materials, including activated carbon fibers. N2 and CH4 adsorption data were correlated using the 3-D model for commercial carbons BPL and AX-21. Predicted CH4 adsorption isotherms, based on N2 adsorption at 77 K, were in reasonable agreement with the experimental CH4 isotherms. Modeling results indicate that not all the pores contribute the same percentage Vm/Vs for CH4 storage due to different adsorbed CH4 densities. Pores near 8-9 A?? shows higher Vm/Vs on the equivalent volume basis than does larger pores.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"ACS Division of Fuel Chemistry, Preprints","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"05693772","usgsCitation":"Sun, J., Chen, S., Rostam-Abadi, M., and Rood, M., 1998, Predicting CH4 adsorption capacity of microporous carbon using N2 isotherm and a new analytical model: ACS Division of Fuel Chemistry, Preprints, v. 43, no. 3, p. 596-599.","startPage":"596","endPage":"599","numberOfPages":"4","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":231433,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"43","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a819de4b0c8380cd7b621","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Sun, Jielun","contributorId":33443,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sun","given":"Jielun","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":385504,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Chen, S.","contributorId":7856,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chen","given":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":385502,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Rostam-Abadi, M.","contributorId":37061,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rostam-Abadi","given":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":385505,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Rood, M.J.","contributorId":15354,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rood","given":"M.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":385503,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70020399,"text":"70020399 - 1998 - Quantitative measure of the variation in fault rheology due to fluid-rock interactions","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-07-19T13:51:55.948231","indexId":"70020399","displayToPublicDate":"1998-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2314,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Quantitative measure of the variation in fault rheology due to fluid-rock interactions","docAbstract":"We analyze friction data from two published suites of laboratory tests on granite in order to explore and quantify the effects of temperature (T) and pore water pressure (Pp) on the sliding behavior of faults. Rate-stepping sliding tests were performed on laboratory faults in granite containing “gouge” (granite powder), both dry at 23° to 845°C [Lockner et al., 1986], and wet (Pp = 100 MPa) at 23° to 600°C [Blanpied et al., 1991, 1995]. Imposed slip velocities (V) ranged from 0.01 to 5.5 μm/s, and effective normal stresses were near 400 MPa. For dried granite at all temperatures, and wet granite below ∼300°C, the coefficient of friction (μ) shows low sensitivity to V, T, and Pp. For wet granite above ∼350°, μ drops rapidly with increasing T and shows a strong, positive rate dependence and protracted strength transients following steps in V, presumably reflecting the activity of a water-aided deformation process. By inverting strength data from velocity stepping tests we determined values for parameters in three formulations of a rate- and state-dependent constitutive law. One or two state variables were used to represent slip history effects. Each velocity step yielded an independent set of values for the nominal friction level, five constitutive parameters (transient parameters a, b1, and b2 and characteristic displacements Dc1 and Dc2), and the velocity dependence of steady state friction ∂μss/∂ ln V = a-b1−b2. Below 250°, data from dry and most wet tests are adequately modeled by using the “slip law” [Ruina, 1983] and one state variable (a = 0.003 to 0.018, b = 0.001 to +0.018, Dc ≈ 1 to 20 μm). Dried tests above 250° can also be fitted with one state variable. In contrast, wet tests above 350° require higher direct rate dependence (a = 0.03 to 0.12), plus a second state variable with large, negative amplitude (b2 = −0.03 to −0.14) and large characteristic displacement (Dc2 = 300 to >4000 μm). Thus the parameters a, b1, and b2 for wet granite show a pronounced change in their temperature dependence in the range 270° to 350°C, which may reflect a change in underlying deformation mechanism. We quantify the trends in parameter values from 25° to 600°C by piecewise linear regressions, which provide a straightforward means to incorporate the full constitutive response of granite into numerical models of fault slip. The modeling results suggest that the succeptibility for unstable (stick-slip) sliding is maximized between 90° and 360°C, in agreement with laboratory observations and consistent with the depth range of earthquakes on mature faults in the continental crust.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/98JB00162","issn":"01480227","usgsCitation":"Blanpied, M., Marone, C., Lockner, D., Byerlee, J., and King, D., 1998, Quantitative measure of the variation in fault rheology due to fluid-rock interactions: Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth, v. 103, no. 5, p. 9691-9712, https://doi.org/10.1029/98JB00162.","productDescription":"22 p.","startPage":"9691","endPage":"9712","numberOfPages":"22","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":231368,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"103","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1998-05-10","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a921fe4b0c8380cd80685","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Blanpied, M.L.","contributorId":61961,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Blanpied","given":"M.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":386095,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Marone, C.J.","contributorId":26096,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Marone","given":"C.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":386094,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Lockner, D.A. 0000-0001-8630-6833","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8630-6833","contributorId":85603,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lockner","given":"D.A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":386098,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Byerlee, J.D.","contributorId":69982,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Byerlee","given":"J.D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":386096,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"King, D.P.","contributorId":83305,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"King","given":"D.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":386097,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70020334,"text":"70020334 - 1998 - Re-Os ages for Archean molybdenite and pyrite, Kuittila-Kivisuo, Finland and Proterozoic molybdenite, Kabeliai, Lithuania: Testing the chronometer in a metamorphic and metasomatic setting","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-01-24T14:22:10","indexId":"70020334","displayToPublicDate":"1998-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2746,"text":"Mineralium Deposita","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Re-Os ages for Archean molybdenite and pyrite, Kuittila-Kivisuo, Finland and Proterozoic molybdenite, Kabeliai, Lithuania: Testing the chronometer in a metamorphic and metasomatic setting","docAbstract":"Seven 187Re-187Os ages were determined for molybdenite and pyrite samples from two well-dated Precambrian intrusions in Fennoscandia to examine the sustainability of the Re-Os chronometer in a metamorphic and metasomatic setting. Using a new 187Re decay constant (1.666 x 10-11y-1) with a much improved uncertainty (±0.31%), we determined replicate Re-Os ages for molybdenite and pyrite from the Kuittila and Kivisuo prospects in easternmost Finland and for molybdenite from the Kabeliai prospect in southernmost Lithuania. These two localities contain some of the oldest and youngest plutonic activity in Fennoscandia and are associated with newly discovered economic Au mineralization (Ilomantsi, Finland) and a Cu-Mo prospect (Kabeliai, Lithuania). Two Re-Os ages for veinhosted Kabeliai molybdenite average 1486 ± 5 Ma, in excellent agreement with a 1505 ± 11 Ma U-Pb zircon age for the hosting Kabeliai granite pluton. The slightly younger age suggests the introduction of Cu-Mo mineralization by a later phase of the Kabeliai magmatic system. Mean Re-Os ages of 2778 ± 8 Ma and 2781 ± 8 Ma for Kuittila and Kivisuo molybdenites, respectively, are in reasonable agreement with a 2753 ± 5 Ma weighted mean U-Pb zircon age for hosting Kuittila tonalite. These Re-Os ages agree well with less precise ages of 2789 ± 290 Ma for a Rb-Sr whole-rock isochron and 2771 ± 75 Ma for the average of six Sm-Nd T(DM) model ages for Kuittila tonalite. Three Re-Os analyses of a single pyrite mineral separate, from the same sample of Kuittila pluton that yielded a molybdenite separate, provide individual model ages of 2710 ± 27, 2777 ± 28, and 2830 ± 28 Ma (Re = 17.4, 12.1, and 8.4 ppb, respectively), with a mean value of 2770 ± 120 Ma in agreement with the Kuittila molybdenite age. The Re and 187Os abundances in these three pyrite splits are highly correlated (r = 0.9994), and provide a 187Re-187Os isochron age of 2607 ± 47 Ma with an intercept of 21 ppt 187Os (MSWD = 1.1). It appears that the Re-Os isotopic system in pyrite has been reset on the millimeter scale and that the 21 ppt 187Os intercept reflects the in situ decay of 187Re during the ~160 to 170 m.y. interval from ~2778 Ma (time of molybdenite ± pyrite deposition) to ~2607 Ma (time of pyrite resetting). When the Re-Os data for molybdenites from the nearby Kivisuo prospect are plotted together with the Kuittila molybdenite and pyrite data, a well-constrained five-point isochron with an age of 2780 ± 8 Ma and a 187Os intercept (-2.4 ± 3.8 ppt) of essentially zero results (MSWD = 1.5). We suggest that the pyrite isochron age records a regional metamorphic and/or hydrothermal event, possibly the time of Au mineralization. A proposed Re-Os age of ~2607 Ma for Au mineralization is in good agreement with radiometric ages by other methods that address the timing of Archean Au mineralization in deposits worldwide (so-called 'late Au model'). Molybdenite, in contrast, provides a robust Re-Os chronometer, retaining its original formation age of ~2780 Ma, despite subsequent metamorphic disturbances in Archean and Proterozoic time.
","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Mineralium Deposita","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1007/s001260050153","issn":"00264598","usgsCitation":"Stein, H.J., Sundblad, K., Markey, R., Morgan, J.W., and Motuza, G., 1998, Re-Os ages for Archean molybdenite and pyrite, Kuittila-Kivisuo, Finland and Proterozoic molybdenite, Kabeliai, Lithuania: Testing the chronometer in a metamorphic and metasomatic setting: Mineralium Deposita, v. 33, no. 4, p. 329-345, https://doi.org/10.1007/s001260050153.","startPage":"329","endPage":"345","numberOfPages":"17","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":230895,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":206835,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s001260050153"}],"volume":"33","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a9568e4b0c8380cd819c2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Stein, H. J.","contributorId":98748,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stein","given":"H.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":385868,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Sundblad, K.","contributorId":45858,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sundblad","given":"K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":385865,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Markey, R.J.","contributorId":49954,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Markey","given":"R.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":385866,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Morgan, J. W.","contributorId":92384,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Morgan","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":385867,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Motuza, G.","contributorId":36707,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Motuza","given":"G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":385864,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70021134,"text":"70021134 - 1998 - Radio-tracking manatees from land and space: tag design, implementation, and lessons learned from long-term study","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:49","indexId":"70021134","displayToPublicDate":"1998-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2678,"text":"Marine Technology Society Journal","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Radio-tracking manatees from land and space: tag design, implementation, and lessons learned from long-term study","docAbstract":"West Indian manatees (Trichechus manatus) were tracked along the Atlantic coast of Florida and Georgia (N = 83 manatees, n = 439 tag deployments, 1986-1996) and in eastern Puerto Rico (N = 8, n = 43, 1992-1996) using conventional and satellite-based radio-telemetry systems. A floating radio-tag, attached by a flexible tether to a padded belt around the base of the tail, enabled us to track manatees in saltwater environments. The tag incorporated VHF (very high frequency) and ultrasonic transmitters for field tracking and tag recovery, and an Argos satellite-monitored transmitter for remote tracking. We located each animal in the field about twice per week, received more than 60 000 good-quality Argos locations, and recovered tags in over 90% of deployments. The tag was designed to detach from the belt when entangled to prevent injury or drowning, and this often led to premature termination of tracking bouts. We had considerable success, however, in retagging belted manatees without recapture (97% of 392 retagging events). Most individuals were radio-tagged more than once (median = 3.0, maximum = 43) for a median total duration of 7.5 months (maximum = 6.8 yr). Data obtained through Argos have been valuable in addressing questions relating to long-distance movements, site fidelity, and identification of high-use areas. Fine-scale analyses of manatee habitat use and movements may require restricting the data set to the highest location quality or developing new analytical techniques to incorporate locational error. Field tracking provided useful ancillary data on life-history parameters, but sample sizes were small and survival estimates imprecise. Modification of the existing tag design to include Global Positioning System (GPS) functionality, with its finer spatial and temporal resolution, will offer new opportunities to address critical research and management problems facing this endangered species.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Marine Technology Society Journal","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Marine Technology Soc","publisherLocation":"Washington, DC, United States","issn":"00253324","usgsCitation":"Deutsch, C.J., Bonde, R., and Reid, J., 1998, Radio-tracking manatees from land and space: tag design, implementation, and lessons learned from long-term study: Marine Technology Society Journal, v. 32, no. 1, p. 18-29.","startPage":"18","endPage":"29","numberOfPages":"12","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":229895,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"32","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a93a4e4b0c8380cd80f4d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Deutsch, C. J.","contributorId":79826,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Deutsch","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":388765,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bonde, R. K. 0000-0001-9179-4376","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9179-4376","contributorId":63339,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bonde","given":"R. K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":388764,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Reid, J.P. 0000-0002-8497-1132","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8497-1132","contributorId":59372,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reid","given":"J.P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":388763,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ]}