{"pageNumber":"125","pageRowStart":"3100","pageSize":"25","recordCount":16456,"records":[{"id":70144855,"text":"sir20145209 - 2015 - The Everglades Depth Estimation Network (EDEN) surface-water model, version 2","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-04-01T09:14:54","indexId":"sir20145209","displayToPublicDate":"2015-04-01T10:00:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2014-5209","title":"The Everglades Depth Estimation Network (EDEN) surface-water model, version 2","docAbstract":"<p>The Everglades Depth Estimation Network (EDEN) is an integrated network of water-level gages, interpolation models that generate daily water-level and water-depth data, and applications that compute derived hydrologic data across the freshwater part of the greater Everglades landscape. The U.S. Geological Survey Greater Everglades Priority Ecosystems Science provides support for EDEN in order for EDEN to provide quality-assured monitoring data for the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Comprehensive Everglades Restoration Plan.</p>\n<p>The EDEN surface-water model, version 2 (V2), interpolates water-level data from a network of 240 gages to generate gridded daily water-level surfaces for the freshwater domain of the Everglades. When these spatiotemporal continuous surfaces are combined with EDEN&rsquo;s digital elevation model of ground surface, derived hydrologic data provide scientists and water managers working in the Everglades with data necessary to analyze ecological and biotic responses to hydrologic changes in the Everglades. Derived datasets include water depth, recession rates, days since last dry, water-surface slopes, and hydroperiod. The V2 model includes enhancements from the previous model (version 1; V1) to accommodate changes in the water-level gage network, adjustments to water-level data, improved understanding of the flow dynamics (particularly near canals), and installation of an elevation benchmark network. Enhancements to the V2 model included</p>\n<ul>\n<li>Expansion of the EDEN domain: The model domain was expanded to include a part of southern Big Cypress National Preserve and northwestern Everglades National Park upstream of the marsh mangrove wetlands, thus completing the coastal connection along the southwestern boundary of the model; and</li>\n</ul>\n<ul>\n<li>Development of subdomain models: To account for insufficient water-control structure gage data at some subbasin boundaries, subdomain models were developed for five subdomains, and the resulting water-level surfaces were merged to generate the final water-level surface.</li>\n</ul>\n<p>Model performance statistics show a general improvement in the V2 model as compared to the V1 model. Overall, the root mean squared error (RMSE) was reduced by 2.42 centimeters (cm) to 4.68 cm. In Water Conservation Area 3A North and Water Conservation Area 3B, the RMSE was reduced by 10.88 and 9.15 cm, respectively. In addition to evaluating model performance statistics, 2-cm water-level maps were generated and evaluated for irregular contours that would indicate a potential problem either with data input or water-level estimates.</p>\n<p>Three applications of the EDEN-modeled water surfaces and other EDEN datasets are presented in the report to show how scientists and resource managers are using EDEN datasets to analyze biological and ecological responses to hydrologic changes in the Everglades. The biological responses of two important Everglades species, alligators and wading birds, to changes in hydrology are described. The effects of hydrology on fire dynamics in the Everglades are also discussed.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20145209","collaboration":"Prepared as part of the U.S. Geological Survey Greater Everglades Priority Ecosystem Science and in cooperation with the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers","usgsCitation":"Telis, P., Xie, Z., Liu, Z., Li, Y., and Conrads, P., 2015, The Everglades Depth Estimation Network (EDEN) surface-water model, version 2: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2014-5209, Report: viii, 42 p. ; 3 Appendices, https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20145209.","productDescription":"Report: viii, 42 p. ; 3 Appendices","numberOfPages":"54","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-050914","costCenters":[{"id":269,"text":"FLWSC-Ft. Lauderdale","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":299244,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sir20145209.jpg"},{"id":299239,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2014/5209/"},{"id":299240,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2014/5209/pdf/sir2014-5209.pdf","text":"Report","size":"27.2 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Report"},{"id":299241,"type":{"id":3,"text":"Appendix"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2014/5209/appendix/sir2014-5209_appendix1.xlsx","text":"Appendix 1","size":"58.3 KB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Appendix 1","linkHelpText":"This is an electronic copy of Appendix 1. Water-level gages used to develop the EDEN surface-water model, version 2."},{"id":299242,"type":{"id":3,"text":"Appendix"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2014/5209/appendix/sir2014-5209_appendix2.xlsx","text":"Appendix 2","size":"14.3 KB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Appendix 2","linkHelpText":"This is an electronic copy of Appendix 2. Network of benchmarks in greater Everglades used to evaluate EDEN surface-water model."},{"id":299243,"type":{"id":3,"text":"Appendix"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2014/5209/appendix/sir2014-5209_appendix3.xlsx","text":"Appendix 3","size":"39.6 KB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Appendix 3","linkHelpText":"This is an electronic copy of Appendix 3. Water-level measurements at elevation benchmarks and differences between the modeled surfaces for the EDEN surface-water model, versions 1 and 2."}],"country":"United States","state":"Florida","otherGeospatial":"Everglades","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -81.93603515625,\n              25.12539261151203\n            ],\n            [\n              -81.93603515625,\n              26.41155054662258\n            ],\n            [\n              -80.00244140625,\n              26.41155054662258\n            ],\n            [\n              -80.00244140625,\n              25.12539261151203\n            ],\n            [\n              -81.93603515625,\n              25.12539261151203\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":8,"text":"Raleigh PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"551d08a0e4b0256c24f42159","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Telis, Pamela A. patelis@usgs.gov","contributorId":140030,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Telis","given":"Pamela A.","email":"patelis@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":269,"text":"FLWSC-Ft. Lauderdale","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":543825,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Xie, Zhixiao","contributorId":40336,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Xie","given":"Zhixiao","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":543826,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Liu, Zhongwei","contributorId":34245,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Liu","given":"Zhongwei","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":543827,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Li, Yingru","contributorId":140031,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Li","given":"Yingru","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":13360,"text":"Auburn University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":543828,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Conrads, Paul 0000-0003-0408-4208 pconrads@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0408-4208","contributorId":764,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Conrads","given":"Paul","email":"pconrads@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":559,"text":"South Carolina Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":543829,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":70169236,"text":"70169236 - 2015 - Simulated high-latitude soil thermal dynamics during the past four decades","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-03-24T12:01:23","indexId":"70169236","displayToPublicDate":"2015-04-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1350,"text":"Cryosphere Discussions","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Simulated high-latitude soil thermal dynamics during the past four decades","docAbstract":"<p>Soil temperature (Ts ) change is a key indicator of the dynamics of permafrost. On seasonal and inter-annual time scales, the variability of Ts determines the active layer depth, which regulates hydrological soil properties and biogeochemical processes. On the multi-decadal scale, increasing T 5 s not only drives permafrost thaw/retreat, but can also trigger and accelerate the decomposition of soil organic carbon. The magnitude of permafrost carbon feedbacks is thus closely linked to the rate of change of soil thermal regimes. In this study, we used nine process-based ecosystem models with permafrost processes, all forced by different observation-based climate forcing during the period 1960&ndash;2000, to characterize the warming rate of Ts 10 in permafrost regions. There is a large spread of Ts trends at 20 cm depth across the models, with trend values ranging from 0.010 &plusmn; 0.003 to 0.031 &plusmn; 0.005 ◦C yr&minus;1 . Most models show smaller increase in Ts with increasing depth. Air temperature (Ta ) and longwave downward radiation (LWDR) are the main drivers of Ts trends, but their relative contributions differ 15 amongst the models. Different trends of LWDR used in the forcing of models can explain 61 % of their differences in Ts trends, while trends of Ta only explain 5 % of the differences in Ts trends. Uncertain climate forcing contributes a larger uncertainty in Ts trends (0.021 &plusmn; 0.008 ◦C yr&minus;1 , mean &plusmn; SD) than the uncertainty of model structure (0.012 &plusmn; 0.001 ◦C yr&minus;1 ), diagnosed from the range of response between different mod- 20 els, normalized to the same forcing. In addition, the loss rate of near-surface permafrost area, defined as total area where the maximum seasonal active layer thickness (ALT) is less than 3 m loss rate is found to be significantly correlated with the magnitude of the trends of Ts at 1 m depth across the models (R = &minus;0.85, P = 0.003), but not with the initial total near-surface permafrost area (R = &minus;0.30, P = 0.438). The sensitivity of the total boreal near-surface permafrost area to T 25 s at 1 m, is estimated to be of &minus;2.80 &plusmn; 0.67 million km2 ◦C &minus;1 . Finally, by using two long-term LWDR datasets and relationships between trends of LWDR and Ts across models, we infer an observationconstrained total boreal near-surface permafrost area decrease comprised between&nbsp;39 &plusmn; 14 &times; 103 and 75 &plusmn; 14 &times; 103 km2 yr&minus;1 from 1960 to 2000. This corresponds to 9&ndash; 18 % degradation of the current permafrost area.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"European Geosciences Union","doi":"10.5194/tc-10-179-2016","usgsCitation":"Peng, S., Ciais, P., Wang, T., Gouttevin, I., McGuire, A., Lawrence, D., Burke, E., Chen, X., Delire, C., Koven, C., MacDougall, A., Rinke, A., Saito, K., Zhang, W., Alkama, R., Bohn, T.J., Decharme, B., Hajima, T., Ji, D., Lettenmaier, D., Miller, P., Moore, J., Smith, B., and Sueyoshi, T., 2015, Simulated high-latitude soil thermal dynamics during the past four decades: Cryosphere Discussions, v. 9, p. 2301-2337, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-10-179-2016.","productDescription":"37 p.","startPage":"2301","endPage":"2337","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-063588","costCenters":[{"id":200,"text":"Coop Res Unit Seattle","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":472178,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-10-179-2016","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":319364,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"9","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":12,"text":"Tacoma PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2016-01-20","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"56f50fd2e4b0f59b85e1ebbb","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Peng, S.","contributorId":68688,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Peng","given":"S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":623658,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ciais, P.","contributorId":39604,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ciais","given":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":623659,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Wang, T.","contributorId":53707,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wang","given":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":623660,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Gouttevin, I.","contributorId":167818,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Gouttevin","given":"I.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":623661,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"McGuire, A. D.","contributorId":16552,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McGuire","given":"A. D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":623662,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Lawrence, D.","contributorId":167819,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Lawrence","given":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":623663,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Burke, E.","contributorId":167820,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Burke","given":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":623664,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Chen, X.","contributorId":76527,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chen","given":"X.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":623665,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Delire, C.","contributorId":167821,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Delire","given":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":623666,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Koven, C.","contributorId":39655,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Koven","given":"C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":623667,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10},{"text":"MacDougall, A.","contributorId":167822,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"MacDougall","given":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":623668,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":11},{"text":"Rinke, A.","contributorId":13118,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rinke","given":"A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":623669,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":12},{"text":"Saito, K.","contributorId":167823,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Saito","given":"K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":623670,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":13},{"text":"Zhang, W.","contributorId":92399,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zhang","given":"W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":623671,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":14},{"text":"Alkama, R.","contributorId":167824,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Alkama","given":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":623672,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":15},{"text":"Bohn, T. J.","contributorId":167813,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Bohn","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":623673,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":16},{"text":"Decharme, B.","contributorId":167825,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Decharme","given":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":623674,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":17},{"text":"Hajima, T.","contributorId":167826,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Hajima","given":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":623675,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":18},{"text":"Ji, D.","contributorId":167827,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Ji","given":"D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":623676,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":19},{"text":"Lettenmaier, D.P.","contributorId":61175,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lettenmaier","given":"D.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":623677,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":20},{"text":"Miller, P.A.","contributorId":89414,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Miller","given":"P.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":623678,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":21},{"text":"Moore, J.C.","contributorId":95141,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Moore","given":"J.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":623679,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":22},{"text":"Smith, B.","contributorId":53740,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":623680,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":23},{"text":"Sueyoshi, T.","contributorId":167828,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Sueyoshi","given":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":623681,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":24}]}}
,{"id":70189526,"text":"70189526 - 2015 - Characterization of hydraulic fracturing flowback water in Colorado: Implications for water treatment","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-09-04T16:29:04","indexId":"70189526","displayToPublicDate":"2015-04-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3352,"text":"Science of the Total Environment","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Characterization of hydraulic fracturing flowback water in Colorado: Implications for water treatment","docAbstract":"<p><span>A suite of analytical tools was applied to thoroughly analyze the chemical composition of an oil/gas well flowback water from the Denver–Julesburg (DJ) basin in Colorado, and the water quality data was translated to propose effective treatment solutions tailored to specific reuse goals. Analysis included bulk quality parameters, trace organic and inorganic constituents, and organic matter characterization. The flowback sample contained salts (TDS</span><span>&nbsp;</span><span>=</span><span>&nbsp;</span><span>22,500</span><span>&nbsp;</span><span>mg/L), metals (e.g., iron at 81.4</span><span>&nbsp;</span><span>mg/L) and high concentration of dissolved organic matter (DOC</span><span>&nbsp;</span><span>=</span><span>&nbsp;</span><span>590</span><span>&nbsp;</span><span>mgC/L). The organic matter comprised fracturing fluid additives such as surfactants (e.g., linear alkyl ethoxylates) and high levels of acetic acid (an additives' degradation product), indicating the anthropogenic impact on this wastewater. Based on the water quality results and preliminary treatability tests, the removal of suspended solids and iron by aeration/precipitation (and/or filtration) followed by disinfection was identified as appropriate for flowback recycling in future fracturing operations. In addition to these treatments, a biological treatment (to remove dissolved organic matter) followed by reverse osmosis desalination was determined to be necessary to attain water quality standards appropriate for other water reuse options (e.g., crop irrigation). The study provides a framework for evaluating site-specific hydraulic fracturing wastewaters, proposing a suite of analytical methods for characterization, and a process for guiding the choice of a tailored treatment approach.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.01.043","usgsCitation":"Lester, Y., Ferrer, I., Thurman, E.M., Sitterley, K.A., Korak, J.A., Aiken, G.R., and Linden, K.G., 2015, Characterization of hydraulic fracturing flowback water in Colorado: Implications for water treatment: Science of the Total Environment, v. 512-513, p. 637-644, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.01.043.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"637","endPage":"644","ipdsId":"IP-062886","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":343870,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Colorado","volume":"512-513","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5969d82de4b0d1f9f060a1a1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lester, Yaal","contributorId":194687,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Lester","given":"Yaal","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":705041,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ferrer, Imma","contributorId":68606,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ferrer","given":"Imma","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":705042,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Thurman, E. Michael","contributorId":9636,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thurman","given":"E.","email":"","middleInitial":"Michael","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":705043,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Sitterley, Kurban A.","contributorId":194688,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Sitterley","given":"Kurban","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":705044,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Korak, Julie A.","contributorId":194689,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Korak","given":"Julie","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":705045,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Aiken, George R. 0000-0001-8454-0984 graiken@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8454-0984","contributorId":1322,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Aiken","given":"George","email":"graiken@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":191,"text":"Colorado Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":705046,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Linden, Karl G.","contributorId":194690,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Linden","given":"Karl","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":705047,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}}
,{"id":70191460,"text":"70191460 - 2015 - Predicting ecological responses of the Florida Everglades to possible future climate scenarios: Introduction","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-10-13T10:51:03","indexId":"70191460","displayToPublicDate":"2015-04-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1547,"text":"Environmental Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Predicting ecological responses of the Florida Everglades to possible future climate scenarios: Introduction","docAbstract":"<p><span>Florida’s Everglades stretch from the headwaters of the Kissimmee River near Orlando to Florida Bay. Under natural conditions in this flat landscape, water flowed slowly downstream as broad, shallow sheet flow. The ecosystem is markedly different now, altered by nutrient pollution and construction of canals, levees, and water control structures designed for flood control and water supply. These alterations have resulted in a 50&nbsp;% reduction of the ecosystem’s spatial extent and significant changes in ecological function in the remaining portion. One of the world’s largest restoration programs is underway to restore some of the historic hydrologic and ecological functions of the Everglades, via a multi-billion dollar Comprehensive Everglades Restoration Plan. This plan, finalized in 2000, did not explicitly consider climate change effects, yet today we realize that sea level rise and future changes in rainfall (RF), temperature, and evapotranspiration (ET) may have system-wide impacts. This series of papers describes results of a workshop where a regional hydrologic model was used to simulate the hydrology expected in 2060 with climate changes including increased temperature, ET, and sea level, and either an increase or decrease in RF. Ecologists with expertise in various areas of the ecosystem evaluated the hydrologic outputs, drew conclusions about potential ecosystem responses, and identified research needs where projections of response had high uncertainty. Resource managers participated in the workshop, and they present lessons learned regarding how the new information might be used to guide Everglades restoration in the context of climate change.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/s00267-014-0439-z","usgsCitation":"Aumen, N.G., Havens, K.E., Best, G.R., and Berry, L., 2015, Predicting ecological responses of the Florida Everglades to possible future climate scenarios: Introduction: Environmental Management, v. 55, no. 4, p. 741-748, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00267-014-0439-z.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"741","endPage":"748","ipdsId":"IP-051181","costCenters":[{"id":5064,"text":"Southeast Regional Director's Office","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":346566,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Florida","otherGeospatial":"Florida Everglades ","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -82.69958496093749,\n              25.06569718553588\n            ],\n            [\n              -79.903564453125,\n              25.06569718553588\n            ],\n            [\n              -79.903564453125,\n              27.508271413876017\n            ],\n            [\n              -82.69958496093749,\n              27.508271413876017\n            ],\n            [\n              -82.69958496093749,\n              25.06569718553588\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"55","issue":"4","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":8,"text":"Raleigh PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2015-03-06","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"59e1d09ae4b05fe04cd117c0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Aumen, Nicholas G. 0000-0002-5277-2630 naumen@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5277-2630","contributorId":5418,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Aumen","given":"Nicholas","email":"naumen@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":13415,"text":"Everglades National Park","active":true,"usgs":false},{"id":5064,"text":"Southeast Regional Director's Office","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":712352,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Havens, Karl E","contributorId":197036,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Havens","given":"Karl","email":"","middleInitial":"E","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":712353,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Best, G. Ronnie ronnie_best@usgs.gov","contributorId":4282,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Best","given":"G.","email":"ronnie_best@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"Ronnie","affiliations":[{"id":5064,"text":"Southeast Regional Director's Office","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":712354,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Berry, Leonard","contributorId":119091,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Berry","given":"Leonard","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":712355,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70155853,"text":"70155853 - 2015 - Hydrologic remediation for the Deepwater Horizon incident drove ancillary primary production increase in coastal swamps","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-12-11T09:34:58","indexId":"70155853","displayToPublicDate":"2015-03-30T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1447,"text":"Ecohydrology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Hydrologic remediation for the Deepwater Horizon incident drove ancillary primary production increase in coastal swamps","docAbstract":"<p>As coastal wetlands subside worldwide, there is an urgency to understand the hydrologic drivers and dynamics of plant production and peat accretion. One incidental test of the effects of high rates of discharge on forested wetland production occurred in response to the 2010 Deepwater Horizon incident, in which all diversions in Louisiana were operated at or near their maximum discharge level for an extended period to keep offshore oil from threatened coastal wetlands. Davis Pond Diversion was operated at six times the normal discharge levels for almost 4&thinsp;months, so that Taxodium distichum swamps downstream of the diversion experienced greater inundation and lower salinity. After this remediation event in 2010, above-ground litter production increased by 2.7 times of production levels in 2007&ndash;2011. Biomass of the leaf and reproductive tissues of several species increased; wood litter was minimal and did not change during this period. Root production decreased in 2010 but subsequently returned to pre-remediation values in 2011. Both litter and root production remained high in the second growing season after hydrologic remediation. Annual tree growth (circumference increment) was not significantly altered by the remediation. The potential of freshwater pulses for regulating tidal swamp production is further supported by observations of higher T.&thinsp;distichum growth in lower salinity and/or pulsed environments across the U.S. Gulf Coast. Usage of freshwater pulses to manage altered estuaries deserves further consideration, particularly because the timing and duration of such pulses could influence both primary production and peat accretion.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1002/eco.1625","usgsCitation":"Middleton, B.A., Johnson, D., and Roberts, B., 2015, Hydrologic remediation for the Deepwater Horizon incident drove ancillary primary production increase in coastal swamps: Ecohydrology, v. 8, no. 5, p. 838-850, https://doi.org/10.1002/eco.1625.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"838","endPage":"850","numberOfPages":"12","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-045601","costCenters":[{"id":455,"text":"National Wetlands Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":488714,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/eco.1625","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":306616,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Louisiana","otherGeospatial":"Davis Pond Diversion Outlet","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -90.5218505859375,\n              29.104176683949984\n            ],\n            [\n              -89.176025390625,\n              29.104176683949984\n            ],\n            [\n              -89.176025390625,\n              30.130875412002318\n            ],\n            [\n              -90.5218505859375,\n              30.130875412002318\n            ],\n            [\n              -90.5218505859375,\n              29.104176683949984\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"8","issue":"5","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":5,"text":"Lafayette PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2015-03-30","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"55cc6e29e4b08400b1fe0fd4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Middleton, Beth A. 0000-0002-1220-2326 middletonb@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1220-2326","contributorId":2029,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Middleton","given":"Beth","email":"middletonb@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":17705,"text":"Wetland and Aquatic Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":566607,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Johnson, Darren 0000-0002-0502-6045 johnsond@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0502-6045","contributorId":3663,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnson","given":"Darren","email":"johnsond@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":455,"text":"National Wetlands Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":566608,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Roberts, Brian J","contributorId":146207,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Roberts","given":"Brian J","affiliations":[{"id":16627,"text":"Louisiana Universities Marine Consortium (LUMCON)","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":566609,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70145308,"text":"70145308 - 2015 - Using natural archives to track sources and long-term trends of pollution: an introduction","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-11-16T16:15:02","indexId":"70145308","displayToPublicDate":"2015-03-28T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"Using natural archives to track sources and long-term trends of pollution: an introduction","docAbstract":"<p>This book explores the myriad ways that environmental archives can be used to study the distribution and long-term trajectories of contaminants. The volume first focuses on reviews that examine the integrity of the historic record, including factors related to hydrology, post-depositional diffusion, and mixing processes. This is followed by a series of chapters dealing with the diverse archives available for long-term studies of environmental pollution.</p>","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Environmental Contaminants","language":"English","publisher":"Springer Netherlands","doi":"10.1007/978-94-017-9541-8_1","usgsCitation":"Blais, J., Rosen, M.R., and John Smol, 2015, Using natural archives to track sources and long-term trends of pollution: an introduction, chap. <i>of</i> Environmental Contaminants, p. 1-3, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-9541-8_1.","productDescription":"3 p.","startPage":"1","endPage":"3","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-058003","costCenters":[{"id":509,"text":"Office of the Associate Director for Water","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":311402,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"edition":"1","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":9,"text":"Reston PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2015-03-28","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"564b0c69e4b0ebfbef0d3196","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Blais, Jules","contributorId":140070,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Blais","given":"Jules","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":13374,"text":"University of Ottawa, Canada","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":544155,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Rosen, Michael R. 0000-0003-3991-0522 mrosen@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3991-0522","contributorId":495,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rosen","given":"Michael","email":"mrosen@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":544154,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"John Smol","contributorId":140071,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"John Smol","affiliations":[{"id":13375,"text":"Queens University, Canada","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":544156,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70145307,"text":"70145307 - 2015 - The influence of hydrology on lacustrine sediment contaminant records","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-10-27T16:45:59","indexId":"70145307","displayToPublicDate":"2015-03-28T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"The influence of hydrology on lacustrine sediment contaminant records","docAbstract":"<p><span>The way water flows to a lake, through streams, as runoff, or as groundwater, can control the distribution and mass of sediment and contaminants deposited. Whether a lake is large or small, deep or shallow, open or closed, the movement of water to a lake and the circulation patterns of water within a lake control how and where sediment and contaminants are deposited. Particle-associated contaminants may stay close to the input source of contamination or be transported by currents to bathymetric lows. A complex morphology of the lake bottom or shoreline can also affect how contaminants will be distributed. Dissolved contaminants may be widely dispersed in smaller lakes, but may be diluted in large lakes away from the source. Although dissolved contaminants may not be deposited in lake sediments, the impact of dissolved contaminants (such as nitrogen) may be reflected by the ecosystem. For instance, increased phosphorus and nitrogen may increase organic content or algal biomass, and contribute to eutrophication of the lake over time. Changes in oxidation-reduction potential at the sediment-water interface may either release some contaminants to the water column or conversely deposit other contaminants to the sediment depending on the compound&rsquo;s chemical characteristics. Changes in land use generally affect the hydrology of the watershed surrounding a lake, providing more runoff if soil binding vegetation is removed or if more impervious cover (roads and buildings) is increased. Groundwater inputs may change if pumping of the aquifer connected to the lake occurs. Even if groundwater is only a small portion of the volume of water entering a lake, if contaminant concentrations in the aquifer are high compared to surface water inputs, the mass of contaminants from groundwater may be as, or more, important than surface water contributions.</span></p>","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Developments in Paleoenvironmental Research","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/978-94-017-9541-8_2","collaboration":"None","usgsCitation":"Rosen, M.R., 2015, The influence of hydrology on lacustrine sediment contaminant records, chap. <i>of</i> Developments in Paleoenvironmental Research, p. 5-33, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-9541-8_2.","productDescription":"29 p.","startPage":"5","endPage":"33","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-052181","costCenters":[{"id":509,"text":"Office of the Associate Director for Water","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":310694,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":299412,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.springer.com/us/book/9789401795401"}],"edition":"1","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":9,"text":"Reston PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2015-03-28","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5630a046e4b093cee782042e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Rosen, Michael R. 0000-0003-3991-0522 mrosen@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3991-0522","contributorId":495,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rosen","given":"Michael","email":"mrosen@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":544153,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70160373,"text":"70160373 - 2015 - Distribution of invasive and native riparian woody plants across the western USA in relation to climate, river flow, floodplain geometry and patterns of introduction","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-12-18T14:59:26","indexId":"70160373","displayToPublicDate":"2015-03-28T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1445,"text":"Ecography","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Distribution of invasive and native riparian woody plants across the western USA in relation to climate, river flow, floodplain geometry and patterns of introduction","docAbstract":"<p><span>Management of riparian plant invasions across the landscape requires understanding the combined influence of climate, hydrology, geologic constraints and patterns of introduction. We measured abundance of nine riparian woody taxa at 456 stream gages across the western USA. We constructed conditional inference recursive binary partitioning models to discriminate the influence of eleven environmental variables on plant occurrence and abundance, focusing on the two most abundant non-native taxa,&nbsp;</span><i>Tamarix</i><span>&nbsp;spp. and&nbsp;</span><i>Elaeagnus angustifolia</i><span>, and their native competitor&nbsp;</span><i>Populus deltoides</i><span>. River reaches in this study were distributed along a composite gradient from cooler, wetter higher-elevation reaches with higher stream power and earlier snowmelt flood peaks to warmer, drier lower-elevation reaches with lower power and later peaks. Plant distributions were strongly related to climate, hydrologic and geomorphic factors, and introduction history. The strongest associations were with temperature and then precipitation. Among hydrologic and geomorphic variables, stream power, peak flow timing and 10-yr flood magnitude had stronger associations than did peak flow predictability, low-flow magnitude, mean annual flow and channel confinement. Nearby intentional planting of&nbsp;</span><i>Elaeagnus</i><span>&nbsp;was the best predictor of its occurrence, but planting of&nbsp;</span><i>Tamarix</i><span>&nbsp;was rare. Higher temperatures were associated with greater abundance of&nbsp;</span><i>Tamarix</i><span>&nbsp;relative to&nbsp;</span><i>P. deltoides</i><span>, and greater abundance of&nbsp;</span><i>P. deltoides</i><span>&nbsp;relative to</span><i>Elaeagnus. Populus deltoides</i><span>&nbsp;abundance was more strongly related to peak flow timing than was that of&nbsp;</span><i>Elaeagnus</i><span>&nbsp;or&nbsp;</span><i>Tamarix</i><span>. Higher stream power and larger 10-yr floods were associated with greater abundance of&nbsp;</span><i>P. deltoides</i><span>&nbsp;and&nbsp;</span><i>Tamarix</i><span>&nbsp;relative to&nbsp;</span><i>Elaeagnus</i><span>. Therefore, increases in temperature could increase abundance of&nbsp;</span><i>Tamarix</i><span>&nbsp;and decrease that of&nbsp;</span><i>Elaeagnus</i><span>&nbsp;relative to&nbsp;</span><i>P. deltoides</i><span>, changes in peak flow timing caused by climate change or dam operations could increase abundance of both invasive taxa, and dam-induced reductions in flood peaks could increase abundance of&nbsp;</span><i>Elaeagnus</i><span>&nbsp;relative to&nbsp;</span><i>Tamarix</i><span>&nbsp;and&nbsp;</span><i>P. deltoides</i><span>.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley-Blackwell Publishing, Inc.","publisherLocation":"Malden, MA","doi":"10.1111/ecog.01285","collaboration":"Ryan McShane, Colorado State University; Daniel Auerbach, Colorado State University; Leroy Poff, Colorado State University; Michael Merigliano University of Montana","usgsCitation":"McShane, R., Auerbach, D., Friedman, J.M., Auble, G.T., Shafroth, P.B., Merigliano, M., Scott, M.L., and Poff, N.L., 2015, Distribution of invasive and native riparian woody plants across the western USA in relation to climate, river flow, floodplain geometry and patterns of introduction: Ecography, v. 38, no. 12, p. 1254-1265, https://doi.org/10.1111/ecog.01285.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"1254","endPage":"1265","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-061191","costCenters":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":312541,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Arizona, California, Colorado, Idaho, Kansas, Montana, Nebraska, New Mexico, Nevada, North Dakota, Oklahoma, Oregon, South Dakota, Texas, Utah, Washington, Wyoming","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -98.4375,\n              49.009050809382046\n            ],\n            [\n              -98.26171875,\n              29.305561325527698\n            ],\n            [\n              -101.162109375,\n              29.458731185355344\n            ],\n            [\n              -101.689453125,\n              29.80251790576445\n            ],\n            [\n              -102.65625,\n              29.878755346037977\n            ],\n            [\n              -104.80957031249999,\n              30.221101852485987\n            ],\n            [\n              -105.2490234375,\n              30.90222470517144\n            ],\n            [\n              -106.3037109375,\n              31.57853542647338\n            ],\n            [\n              -106.962890625,\n              31.80289258670676\n            ],\n            [\n              -108.369140625,\n              31.80289258670676\n            ],\n            [\n              -108.369140625,\n              31.42866311735861\n            ],\n            [\n              -111.09374999999999,\n              31.353636941500987\n            ],\n            [\n              -115.09277343749999,\n              32.509761735919426\n            ],\n            [\n              -114.9169921875,\n              32.76880048488168\n            ],\n            [\n              -117.20214843749999,\n              32.509761735919426\n            ],\n            [\n              -117.7734375,\n              33.211116472416855\n            ],\n            [\n              -118.21289062499999,\n              33.46810795527896\n            ],\n            [\n              -118.91601562499999,\n              33.50475906922606\n            ],\n            [\n              -119.5751953125,\n              33.7243396617476\n            ],\n            [\n              -120.673828125,\n              34.016241889667015\n            ],\n            [\n              -121.1572265625,\n              34.813803317113155\n            ],\n            [\n              -121.4208984375,\n              35.460669951495305\n            ],\n            [\n              -122.16796875,\n              36.20882309283712\n            ],\n            [\n              -122.25585937500001,\n              36.77409249464195\n            ],\n            [\n              -123.26660156249999,\n              37.68382032669382\n            ],\n            [\n              -123.6181640625,\n              38.41055825094609\n            ],\n            [\n              -124.365234375,\n              39.26628442213066\n            ],\n            [\n              -124.23339843749999,\n              39.740986355883564\n            ],\n            [\n              -124.67285156250001,\n              40.74725696280421\n            ],\n            [\n              -124.45312499999999,\n              41.11246878918086\n            ],\n            [\n              -124.62890625,\n              41.86956082699455\n            ],\n            [\n              -124.892578125,\n              42.81152174509788\n            ],\n            [\n              -124.49707031249999,\n              44.213709909702054\n            ],\n            [\n              -124.3212890625,\n              46.07323062540838\n            ],\n            [\n              -124.76074218749999,\n              47.2195681123155\n            ],\n            [\n              -125.1123046875,\n              47.90161354142075\n            ],\n            [\n              -124.0576171875,\n              48.31242790407178\n            ],\n            [\n              -123.26660156249999,\n              48.45835188280866\n            ],\n            [\n              -123.26660156249999,\n              49.06666839558117\n            ],\n            [\n              -98.4375,\n              49.009050809382046\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"38","issue":"12","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":2,"text":"Denver PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2015-03-28","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"56753c3ae4b0da412f4f8bcb","chorus":{"doi":"10.1111/ecog.01285","url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/ecog.01285","publisher":"Wiley-Blackwell","authors":"McShane Ryan R., Auerbach Daniel A., Friedman Jonathan M., Auble Gregor T., Shafroth Patrick B., Merigliano Michael F., Scott Michael L., Poff N. LeRoy","journalName":"Ecography","publicationDate":"3/28/2015"},"contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"McShane, Ryan","contributorId":150718,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"McShane","given":"Ryan","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":6737,"text":"Colorado State University, Department of Ecosystem Science and Sustainability, and Natural Resource Ecology Laboratory","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":582748,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Auerbach, Daniel","contributorId":150719,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Auerbach","given":"Daniel","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":6737,"text":"Colorado State University, Department of Ecosystem Science and Sustainability, and Natural Resource Ecology Laboratory","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":582749,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Friedman, Jonathan M. 0000-0002-1329-0663 friedmanj@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1329-0663","contributorId":2473,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Friedman","given":"Jonathan","email":"friedmanj@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":582747,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Auble, Gregor T. 0000-0002-0843-2751 aubleg@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0843-2751","contributorId":2187,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Auble","given":"Gregor","email":"aubleg@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":582750,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Shafroth, Patrick B. 0000-0002-6064-871X shafrothp@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6064-871X","contributorId":2000,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shafroth","given":"Patrick","email":"shafrothp@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":582751,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Merigliano, Michael","contributorId":150720,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Merigliano","given":"Michael","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":5097,"text":"University of Montana, Division of Biological Sciences","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":582752,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Scott, Michael L. scottm@usgs.gov","contributorId":1169,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Scott","given":"Michael","email":"scottm@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":582753,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Poff, N. Leroy","contributorId":150721,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Poff","given":"N.","email":"","middleInitial":"Leroy","affiliations":[{"id":6737,"text":"Colorado State University, Department of Ecosystem Science and Sustainability, and Natural Resource Ecology Laboratory","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":582754,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8}]}}
,{"id":70143012,"text":"fs20153024 - 2015 - Return to normal streamflows and water levels: summary of hydrologic conditions in Georgia, 2013","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-12-07T11:48:45","indexId":"fs20153024","displayToPublicDate":"2015-03-27T09:30:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":313,"text":"Fact Sheet","code":"FS","onlineIssn":"2327-6932","printIssn":"2327-6916","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2015-3024","title":"Return to normal streamflows and water levels: summary of hydrologic conditions in Georgia, 2013","docAbstract":"<p>The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) South Atlantic Water Science Center (SAWSC) Georgia office, in cooperation with local, State, and other Federal agencies, maintains a long-term hydrologic monitoring network of more than 340 real-time continuous-record streamflow-gaging stations (streamgages), including 10 real-time lake-level monitoring stations, 67 real-time surface-water-quality monitors, and several water-quality sampling programs. Additionally, the SAWSC Georgia office operates more than 180 groundwater monitoring wells, 39 of which are real-time. The wide-ranging coverage of streamflow, reservoir, and groundwater monitoring sites allows for a comprehensive view of hydrologic conditions across the State. One of the many benefits of this monitoring network is that the analyses of the data provide a spatially distributed overview of the hydrologic conditions of creeks, rivers, reservoirs, and aquifers in Georgia.</p>\n<p>Streamflow and groundwater data are verified throughout the year by USGS hydrographers. Hydrologic conditions are determined by comparing the results of statistical analyses of the data collected during the current water year (WY) to historical data collected over the period of record. Changing hydrologic conditions emphasize the need for accurate, timely data to help Federal, State, and local officials make informed decisions regarding the management and conservation of Georgia&rsquo;s water resources for agricultural, recreational, ecological, and water-supply needs and for use in protecting life and property.</p>\n<p>Drought conditions, persistent in the area since 2010, continued into the 2013 WY. In February 2013, Georgia was free of extreme (D3) drought conditions, as defined by the U.S. Drought Monitor, for the first time since August 2010 due to extended periods of heavy rainfall (U.S. Drought Monitor, 2013). According to the Office of the State Climatologist, the city of Savannah recorded 9.75 inches of rain in February 2013, the highest monthly total in February out of 143 years of record. Macon and Columbus also received record rainfalls in February 2013. Above-normal precipitation continued in June 2013, and the cities of Augusta and Savannah recorded the wettest June on record. In July, precipitation for the entire State of Georgia was 3.53 inches above normal (Dunkley, 2013). Above-normal rainfall from February to September 2013 increased streamflow and raised groundwater levels, and lakes and reservoirs were raised to full-pool elevations.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/fs20153024","usgsCitation":"Knaak, A.E., Caslow, K., and Peck, M., 2015, Return to normal streamflows and water levels: summary of hydrologic conditions in Georgia, 2013: U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 2015-3024, 8 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/fs20153024.","productDescription":"8 p.","numberOfPages":"5","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","temporalStart":"2013-01-01","temporalEnd":"2013-12-31","ipdsId":"IP-061982","costCenters":[{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":299018,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/fs20153024.jpg"},{"id":299016,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2015/3024/"},{"id":299017,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2015/3024/pdf/fs2015-3024.pdf","size":"5.65 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Georgia","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -85.60546875,\n              35.0120020431607\n            ],\n            [\n              -83.07861328125,\n              35.0120020431607\n            ],\n            [\n              -83.3203125,\n              34.70549341022544\n            ],\n            [\n              -82.85888671875,\n              34.50655662164561\n            ],\n            [\n              -82.1337890625,\n              33.669496972795535\n            ],\n            [\n              -81.4306640625,\n              32.99023555965106\n            ],\n            [\n              -80.9912109375,\n              32.008075959291055\n            ],\n            [\n              -81.474609375,\n              30.619004797647808\n            ],\n            [\n              -81.9580078125,\n              30.78903675126116\n            ],\n            [\n              -82.0458984375,\n              30.315987718557867\n            ],\n            [\n              -82.2216796875,\n              30.315987718557867\n            ],\n            [\n              -82.30957031249999,\n              30.543338954230222\n            ],\n            [\n              -84.90234375,\n              30.694611546632302\n            ],\n            [\n              -85.14404296875,\n              31.203404950917395\n            ],\n            [\n              -85.14404296875,\n              31.522361470421437\n            ],\n            [\n              -85.23193359375,\n              31.82156451492074\n            ],\n            [\n              -85.05615234375,\n              32.342841356393045\n            ],\n            [\n              -85.60546875,\n              35.0120020431607\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":8,"text":"Raleigh PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5516711ce4b0323842781ade","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Knaak, Andrew E. 0000-0003-1813-8959 aknaak@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1813-8959","contributorId":3123,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Knaak","given":"Andrew","email":"aknaak@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":542431,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Caslow, Kerry","contributorId":139935,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Caslow","given":"Kerry","affiliations":[{"id":316,"text":"Georgia Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":543498,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Peck, Michael F. mfpeck@usgs.gov","contributorId":1467,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Peck","given":"Michael F.","email":"mfpeck@usgs.gov","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":543499,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70146142,"text":"70146142 - 2015 - Biokinetics of different-shaped copper oxide nanoparticles in the freshwater gastropod, <i>Potamopyrgus antipodarum</i>","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-09-04T16:24:57","indexId":"70146142","displayToPublicDate":"2015-03-27T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":874,"text":"Aquatic Toxicology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Biokinetics of different-shaped copper oxide nanoparticles in the freshwater gastropod, <i>Potamopyrgus antipodarum</i>","docAbstract":"<p><span>Sediment is recognized as a major environmental sink for contaminants, including engineered nanoparticles (NPs). Consequently, sediment-living organisms are likely to be exposed to NPs. There is evidence that both accumulation and toxicity of metal NPs to sediment-dwellers increase with decreasing particle size, although NP size does not always predict effects. In contrast, not much is known about the influence of particle shape on bioaccumulation and toxicity. Here, we examined the influence of copper oxide (CuO) NP shape (rods, spheres, and platelets) on their bioaccumulation kinetics and toxicity to the sediment-dwelling gastropod,&nbsp;</span><i>Potamopyrgus antipodarum</i><span>. The influence of Cu added as CuCl</span><sub>2</sub><span>&nbsp;(i.e., aqueous Cu treatment) was also examined. Exposure to sediment mixed with aqueous Cu or with different-shaped CuO NPs at an average measured exposure concentration of 207&nbsp;&mu;g Cu per g dry weight sediment for 14 days did not significantly affect snail mortality. However, growth decreased for snails exposed to sediment amended with CuO NP spheres and platelets.&nbsp;</span><i>P. antipodarum</i><span>&nbsp;accumulated Cu from all Cu forms/shapes in significant amounts compared to control snails. In addition, once accumulated, Cu was efficiently retained (i.e., elimination rate constants were generally not significantly different from zero). Consequently, snails are likely to concentrate Cu over time, from both aqueous and NP sources, resulting in a high potential for toxicity.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.aquatox.2015.03.020","usgsCitation":"Ramskov, T., Croteau, M.N., Forbes, V.E., and Selck, H., 2015, Biokinetics of different-shaped copper oxide nanoparticles in the freshwater gastropod, <i>Potamopyrgus antipodarum</i>: Aquatic Toxicology, v. 163, p. 71-80, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquatox.2015.03.020.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"71","endPage":"80","numberOfPages":"10","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-060599","costCenters":[{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":299656,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"163","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":14,"text":"Menlo Park PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"552e3a29e4b0b22a157fa09d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ramskov, Tina","contributorId":140202,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Ramskov","given":"Tina","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":13410,"text":"Department of Environmental, Social and Spatial Change, Roskilde University, PO Box 260, Universitetsvej 1, DK-4000 Roskilde, Denmark","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":544730,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Croteau, Marie Noele 0000-0003-0346-3580 mcroteau@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0346-3580","contributorId":895,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Croteau","given":"Marie","email":"mcroteau@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"Noele","affiliations":[{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":544729,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Forbes, Valery E.","contributorId":140203,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Forbes","given":"Valery","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":13411,"text":"School of Biological Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln,  Lincoln NB","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":544731,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Selck, Henriette","contributorId":28475,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Selck","given":"Henriette","affiliations":[{"id":13410,"text":"Department of Environmental, Social and Spatial Change, Roskilde University, PO Box 260, Universitetsvej 1, DK-4000 Roskilde, Denmark","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":544732,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70144118,"text":"70144118 - 2015 - Storage and mobilization of natural and septic nitrate in thick unsaturated zones, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-03-25T14:33:42","indexId":"70144118","displayToPublicDate":"2015-03-25T14:15:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2342,"text":"Journal of Hydrology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Storage and mobilization of natural and septic nitrate in thick unsaturated zones, California","docAbstract":"<p><span>Mobilization of natural and septic nitrate from the unsaturated zone as a result of managed aquifer recharge has degraded water quality from public-supply wells near Yucca Valley in the western Mojave Desert, California. The effect of nitrate storage and potential for denitrification in the unsaturated zone to mitigate increasing nitrate concentrations were investigated. Storage of water extractable nitrate in unsaturated alluvium up to 160&nbsp;meters (m) thick, ranged from 420 to 6600&nbsp;kilograms per hectare (kg/ha) as nitrogen (N) beneath undeveloped sites, from 6100 to 9200&nbsp;kg/ha as N beneath unsewered sites. Nitrate reducing and denitrifying bacteria were less abundant under undeveloped sites and more abundant under unsewered sites; however, &delta;</span><sup>15</sup><span>N&ndash;NO</span><sub>3</sub><span>, and &delta;</span><sup>18</sup><span>O&ndash;NO</span><sub>3</sub><span><span class=\"Apple-converted-space\">&nbsp;</span>data show only about 5&ndash;10% denitrification of septic nitrate in most samples&mdash;although as much as 40% denitrification occurred in some parts the unsaturated zone and near the top of the water table. Storage of nitrate in thick unsaturated zones and dilution with low-nitrate groundwater are the primary attenuation mechanisms for nitrate from septic discharges in the study area. Numerical simulations of unsaturated flow, using the computer program TOUGH2, showed septic effluent movement through the unsaturated zone increased as the number and density of the septic tanks increased, and decreased with increased layering, and increased slope of layers, within the unsaturated zone. Managing housing density can delay arrival of septic discharges at the water table, especially in layered unsaturated alluvium, allowing time for development of strategies to address future water-quality issues.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.jhydrol.2015.02.005","usgsCitation":"Izbicki, J., Flint, A.L., O’Leary, D.R., Nishikawa, T., Martin, P., Johnson, R.D., and Clark, D.A., 2015, Storage and mobilization of natural and septic nitrate in thick unsaturated zones, California: Journal of Hydrology, v. 524, p. 147-165, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2015.02.005.","productDescription":"19 p.","startPage":"147","endPage":"165","numberOfPages":"19","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-024969","costCenters":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":472196,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2015.02.005","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":298977,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Mojave Desert, Yucca Valley","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -116.2466812133789,\n              34.21719638568665\n            ],\n            [\n              -116.26178741455078,\n              34.21691248755925\n            ],\n            [\n              -116.26556396484374,\n              34.179429539103374\n            ],\n            [\n              -116.30985260009766,\n              34.14931753487509\n            ],\n            [\n              -116.38469696044923,\n              34.14477139380641\n            ],\n            [\n              -116.48082733154297,\n              34.12033169446951\n            ],\n            [\n              -116.48632049560547,\n              34.10810919505794\n            ],\n            [\n              -116.47636413574219,\n              34.10441367312451\n            ],\n            [\n              -116.35002136230469,\n              34.115783994045756\n            ],\n            [\n              -116.30882263183592,\n              34.12487915033016\n            ],\n            [\n              -116.26075744628906,\n              34.11834210562594\n            ],\n            [\n              -116.23226165771484,\n              34.11265730814678\n            ],\n            [\n              -116.20651245117188,\n              34.12232123650219\n            ],\n            [\n              -116.20548248291016,\n              34.1802816093354\n            ],\n            [\n              -116.2466812133789,\n              34.21719638568665\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"524","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":1,"text":"Sacramento PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5513ce1ae4b032384276c999","chorus":{"doi":"10.1016/j.jhydrol.2015.02.005","url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2015.02.005","publisher":"Elsevier BV","authors":"Izbicki John A., Flint Alan L., O’Leary David R., Nishikawa Tracy, Martin Peter, Johnson Russell D., Clark Dennis A.","journalName":"Journal of Hydrology","publicationDate":"5/2015","auditedOn":"7/24/2015","publiclyAccessibleDate":"2/9/2015"},"contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Izbicki, John A. 0000-0003-0816-4408 jaizbick@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0816-4408","contributorId":1375,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Izbicki","given":"John A.","email":"jaizbick@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":543381,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Flint, Alan L. 0000-0002-5118-751X aflint@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5118-751X","contributorId":1492,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Flint","given":"Alan","email":"aflint@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":657,"text":"Western Geographic Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":543378,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"O’Leary, David R. 0000-0001-9888-1739 doleary@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9888-1739","contributorId":2143,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"O’Leary","given":"David","email":"doleary@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":543380,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Nishikawa, Tracy 0000-0002-7348-3838 tnish@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7348-3838","contributorId":1515,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nishikawa","given":"Tracy","email":"tnish@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":543384,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Martin, Peter pmmartin@usgs.gov","contributorId":799,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Martin","given":"Peter","email":"pmmartin@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":543382,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Johnson, Russell D.","contributorId":21829,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnson","given":"Russell","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":543385,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Clark, Dennis A. daclark@usgs.gov","contributorId":1477,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Clark","given":"Dennis","email":"daclark@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":543379,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}}
,{"id":70137830,"text":"sir20155007 - 2015 - Assessment of aquifer properties, evapotranspiration, and the effects of ditching in the Stoney Brook watershed, Fond du Lac Reservation, Minnesota, 2006-9","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-04-17T10:30:26","indexId":"sir20155007","displayToPublicDate":"2015-03-25T11:30:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2015-5007","title":"Assessment of aquifer properties, evapotranspiration, and the effects of ditching in the Stoney Brook watershed, Fond du Lac Reservation, Minnesota, 2006-9","docAbstract":"<p>The U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with the Fond du Lac Band of Lake Superior Chippewa, assessed hydraulic properties of geologic material, recharge, and evapotranspiration, and the effects of ditching on the groundwater resources in the Stoney Brook watershed in the Fond du Lac Reservation. Geologic, groundwater, and surface-water data were collected during 2006&ndash;9 to estimate hydrologic properties in the watershed. Streamflow and groundwater levels in the shallow glacial deposits in the Stoney Brook watershed were analyzed to estimate groundwater-flow directions, groundwater recharge, and evapotranspiration within the watershed and to assess the effect of ditches on surrounding groundwater resources. Groundwater, streamflow, and precipitation data collected during the study (2006&ndash;9) can be used to update the U.S. Department of Agriculture&rsquo;s Natural Resource Conservation Service and Fond du Lac Resource Management Division surface-water models, which are used to evaluate the effect of proposed adjustments to the ditching system on streamflow on wild rice production and aquatic habitats.</p>\n<p>Specific yields calculated from the well water levels ranged from 0.11 to 0.40, and hydraulic conductivities determined from water levels measured during well slug tests ranged from 1 to 7 feet per day. The values for specific yields were similar to values obtained in other studies done in glacial materials of similar composition in Minnesota. The higher hydraulic conductivity estimate (7 feet per day) was similar to lower hydraulic conductivities estimated in another hydrologic study conducted in Carlton County, Minnesota.</p>\n<p>The installation of drainage ditches in the Stoney Brook watershed has reduced water levels in lakes connected to the ditch system, and has locally reduced groundwater levels in shallow groundwater adjacent to the ditches and lakes. Differences in near-ditch groundwater hydrographs relative to far-ditch groundwater hydrographs indicate that the effect of the ditches on groundwater is only localized to near-ditch areas. These hydrograph differences resulted in large differences between recharge estimated at wells near and far from ditches. In this study, recharge estimated at wells within 50 feet of a ditch was influenced by ditch-water levels. Annual groundwater recharge estimates from water levels and streamflows during 2006&ndash;9 ranged from 0.36 to 34.8 inches, and varied with climate, geology, and well location relative to ditches. The higher recharge estimates were determined from analysis of groundwater levels in wells near the ditches because the shallow groundwater in these wells received both infiltration from ditches and areal groundwater recharge from precipitation. The water-table fluctuation method using a manual groundwater recession approach for wells far from ditches provided the best estimates of areal groundwater recharge to the shallow glacial aquifer because water levels in these wells were not affected by water infiltrating from ditches (bank storage). For wells more than 400 feet from ditches, mean annual areal groundwater recharge estimates using the manual groundwater recession approach for wells screened mostly in outwash sands during 2007, 2008, and 2009 ranged from 4.47 to 18.6 inches (wells 5, 7, 13, 14 and 15), and ranged from 0.43 to 2.85 inches for wells screened mostly in clayey sand or sandy clay (wells 9 and 16). Recharge estimates at wells far from ditches were similar to basinwide recharge estimates from streamflow.</p>\n<p>Daily fluctuations in water levels in two wells indicated that the evapotranspiration extinction depth in the Stoney Brook watershed is approximately 4.6 to 6 feet below the land surface. A polynomial regression fit of the daily evapotranspiration rates during 2006&ndash;9 for well 1 produced a total evapotranspiration estimate of 16.1 inches from June 26 to October 6 for every year. Evapotranspiration estimated from daily water-level fluctuations in wells near ditches is relatively high. The ditch-water surface allowed for relatively high evaporation compared to the land surface, which, with a good hydraulic connection to surrounding groundwater, resulted in relatively high fluctuations in daily groundwater levels near ditches, resulting in high evapotranspiration estimates.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20155007","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Fond du Lac Band of Lake Superior Chippewa","usgsCitation":"Jones, P.M., and Tomasek, A.A., 2015, Assessment of aquifer properties, evapotranspiration, and the effects of ditching in the Stoney Brook watershed, Fond du Lac Reservation, Minnesota, 2006-9: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2015-5007, vi, 33 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20155007.","productDescription":"vi, 33 p.","numberOfPages":"44","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","temporalStart":"2006-01-01","temporalEnd":"2009-12-31","ipdsId":"IP-048896","costCenters":[{"id":392,"text":"Minnesota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":298967,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sir20155007.jpg"},{"id":298965,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2015/5007/"},{"id":298966,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2015/5007/pdf/sir2015-5007.pdf","text":"Report","size":"2.86 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Report"}],"projection":"Universal Transverse Mercator projection, Zone 15","datum":"North American Datum of 1983","country":"United States","state":"Minnesota","otherGeospatial":"Fond du Lac Reservation, Stoney Brook watershed","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -92.64461517333984,\n              46.79488875091874\n            ],\n            [\n              -92.67894744873045,\n              46.79935438115391\n            ],\n            [\n              -92.7187728881836,\n              46.83553581454299\n            ],\n            [\n              -92.7304458618164,\n              46.836944988044465\n            ],\n            [\n              -92.82159805297852,\n              46.7988843322654\n            ],\n            [\n              -92.82142639160156,\n              46.78830714664984\n            ],\n            [\n              -92.80477523803711,\n              46.7660882900233\n            ],\n            [\n              -92.80082702636719,\n              46.71915170604123\n            ],\n            [\n              -92.76477813720702,\n              46.68100772325949\n            ],\n            [\n              -92.70709991455078,\n              46.641422536237094\n            ],\n            [\n              -92.63671875,\n              46.641422536237094\n            ],\n            [\n              -92.63980865478514,\n              46.713267047330255\n            ],\n            [\n              -92.62504577636719,\n              46.722682193238484\n            ],\n            [\n              -92.625732421875,\n              46.75773915478246\n            ],\n            [\n              -92.60307312011719,\n              46.76926297371475\n            ],\n            [\n              -92.60307312011719,\n              46.784780956138846\n            ],\n            [\n              -92.64461517333984,\n              46.79488875091874\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":4,"text":"Rolla PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5513ce17e4b032384276c98d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Jones, Perry M. 0000-0002-6569-5144 pmjones@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6569-5144","contributorId":2231,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jones","given":"Perry","email":"pmjones@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":392,"text":"Minnesota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":543297,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Tomasek, Abigail A.","contributorId":138614,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Tomasek","given":"Abigail","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":6672,"text":"former: USGS Southwest Biological Science Center, Colorado Plateau Research Station, Flagstaff, AZ. Current address:  TN-SCORE, Univ of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, e-mail: jennen@gmail.com","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":543298,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70143873,"text":"70143873 - 2015 - Wide-area ratios of evapotranspiration to precipitation in monsoon-dependent semiarid vegetation communities","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-03-23T15:09:50","indexId":"70143873","displayToPublicDate":"2015-03-23T14:15:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2183,"text":"Journal of Arid Environments","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Wide-area ratios of evapotranspiration to precipitation in monsoon-dependent semiarid vegetation communities","docAbstract":"<p><span>Evapotranspiration (ET) and the ratio of ET to precipitation (PPT) are important factors in the water budget of semiarid rangelands and are in part determined by the dominant plant communities. Our goal was to see if landscape changes such as tree or shrub encroachment and replacement of native grasses by invasive grasses impacted ET and ET/PPT and therefore watershed hydrology in this biome. We determined ET and ET/PPT for shrublands, grasslands and mesquite savannas in southern Arizona at five moisture flux towers and determined the environmental factors controlling ET in each plant community. We then scaled ET over areas of 4&ndash;36&nbsp;km</span><sup>2</sup><span>, representing homogeneous patches of each plant community, using the Enhanced Vegetation Index (EVI) from MODIS sensors on the Terra satellite. Over wide areas, estimated ET/PPT projected from MODIS EVI ranged from 0.71 for a sparsely-vegetated shrub site to 1.00 for grasslands and mesquite savannas. The results did not support hypotheses that encroachment of mesquites into grasslands or that replacement of native grasses with introduced<span class=\"Apple-converted-space\">&nbsp;</span></span><i>Eragrostis lehmanniana</i><span><span class=\"Apple-converted-space\">&nbsp;</span>(lehmann lovegrass) have increased rangeland ET.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.jaridenv.2015.02.010","usgsCitation":"Glenn, E., Scott, R.L., Nguyen, U., and Nagler, P.L., 2015, Wide-area ratios of evapotranspiration to precipitation in monsoon-dependent semiarid vegetation communities: Journal of Arid Environments, v. 117, p. 84-95, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaridenv.2015.02.010.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"84","endPage":"95","numberOfPages":"12","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-057910","costCenters":[{"id":568,"text":"Southwest Biological Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":298879,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Arizona","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -111.05804443359375,\n              31.59959193922864\n            ],\n            [\n              -111.05804443359375,\n              31.961483557268558\n            ],\n            [\n              -109.71221923828125,\n              31.961483557268558\n            ],\n            [\n              -109.71221923828125,\n              31.59959193922864\n            ],\n            [\n              -111.05804443359375,\n              31.59959193922864\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"117","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":14,"text":"Menlo Park PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"55112b21e4b02e76d75b50bc","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Glenn, Edward P.","contributorId":56542,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Glenn","given":"Edward P.","affiliations":[{"id":13060,"text":"Department of Soil, Water and Environmental Science, University of Arizona","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":543095,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Scott, Russell L.","contributorId":39875,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Scott","given":"Russell","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":543096,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Nguyen, Uyen","contributorId":71863,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Nguyen","given":"Uyen","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":13060,"text":"Department of Soil, Water and Environmental Science, University of Arizona","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":543097,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Nagler, Pamela L. 0000-0003-0674-103X pnagler@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0674-103X","contributorId":1398,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nagler","given":"Pamela","email":"pnagler@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":568,"text":"Southwest Biological Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":543098,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70141851,"text":"sir20155030 - 2015 - Hydrologic characteristics of low-impact stormwater control measures at two sites in northeastern Ohio, 2008-13","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-03-20T12:40:05","indexId":"sir20155030","displayToPublicDate":"2015-03-20T13:30:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2015-5030","title":"Hydrologic characteristics of low-impact stormwater control measures at two sites in northeastern Ohio, 2008-13","docAbstract":"<p><span>This report updates and examines hydrologic data gathered to characterize the performance of two stormwater-control measure (SCM) sites in the Chagrin River watershed, Ohio. At the Sterncrest Drive site, roadside bioswales and rain gardens were used to alleviate drainage problems in this residential neighborhood area. At the Washington Street site, a treatment train (including a pervious-paver system, rain garden, and bioswales) was used to reduce and delay stormwater runoff at a small business development. Selected metrics were used to demonstrate SCM system performance with regard to stormwater-management objectives at each site. Rain-garden overflow-frequency data collected at the Sterncrest Drive site during 2008&ndash;13 were used to characterize system sensitivity to rainfall characteristics. Approximately 70 percent of storms exceeding 0.75 inches during 3 hours or more resulted in overflows. Drainage-design features that may restrict flow through the system were identified. Overall, the data and local observations confirmed the continued success of the SCM at the Sterncrest Drive site in preventing roadway closure due to flooding. The additional years of data collected at the Washington Street site indicated that a previous analysis of increased runoff removal, based on only the first 2 years (2009&ndash;10) of data, provided premature conclusions. With 5 years of data (2009&ndash;13) and adjusting for changes in rainfall characteristics, it appears that the percentage of runoff removed by the system is decreasing; however, the lag time (time from onset of rainfall to runoff) has remained nearly constant. The annual mean percent removal for 2010&ndash;13 ranged from 55 to 37 percent with an overall mean of 45 percent, and this does meet the project objective of reducing runoff from the business complex. One possible explanation for the combination of increased volume of runoff and no change in the timing of runoff is the preferential flow paths developed in the SCM, increasing the capacity for internal drainage. Data indicated that the SCM system at the Washington Street site had reduced functionality over time.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20155030","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development","usgsCitation":"Darner, R.A., Shuster, W.D., and Dumouchelle, D.H., 2015, Hydrologic characteristics of low-impact stormwater control measures at two sites in northeastern Ohio, 2008-13: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2015-5030, v, 27 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20155030.","productDescription":"v, 27 p.","numberOfPages":"38","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","temporalStart":"2008-01-01","temporalEnd":"2013-12-31","ipdsId":"IP-056876","costCenters":[{"id":513,"text":"Ohio Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":298841,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sir20155030.jpg"},{"id":298839,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2015/5030/"},{"id":298840,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2015/5030/pdf/sir2015-5030.pdf","size":"3.69 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"projection":"Universal Transverse Mercator projection","datum":"North American Datum of 1983","country":"United States","state":"Ohio","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -81.47838592529297,\n              41.381703200976666\n            ],\n            [\n              -81.47838592529297,\n              41.45301999377133\n            ],\n            [\n              -81.34620666503906,\n              41.45301999377133\n            ],\n            [\n              -81.34620666503906,\n              41.381703200976666\n            ],\n            [\n              -81.47838592529297,\n              41.381703200976666\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":6,"text":"Columbus PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"550d369ce4b02e76d759d869","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Darner, Robert A. 0000-0003-1333-8265 radarner@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1333-8265","contributorId":1972,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Darner","given":"Robert","email":"radarner@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":513,"text":"Ohio Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":35860,"text":"Ohio-Kentucky-Indiana Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":543009,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Shuster, William D.","contributorId":139413,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Shuster","given":"William","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":12772,"text":"USEPA","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":543010,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Dumouchelle, Denise H. ddumouch@usgs.gov","contributorId":1847,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dumouchelle","given":"Denise","email":"ddumouch@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[{"id":513,"text":"Ohio Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":543011,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70141850,"text":"sir20155026 - 2015 - Nutrient, suspended sediment, and trace element loads in the Blackstone River Basin in Massachusetts and Rhode Island, 2007 to 2009","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-04-03T11:33:56","indexId":"sir20155026","displayToPublicDate":"2015-03-18T09:00:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2015-5026","title":"Nutrient, suspended sediment, and trace element loads in the Blackstone River Basin in Massachusetts and Rhode Island, 2007 to 2009","docAbstract":"<p>Nutrients, suspended sediment, and trace element loads in the Blackstone River and selected tributaries were estimated from composite water-quality samples in order to better understand the distribution and sources of these constituents in the river basin. The flow-proportional composite water-quality samples were collected during sequential 2-week periods at six stations along the river&rsquo;s main stem, at three stations on tributaries, and at four wastewater treatment plants in the Massachusetts segment of the basin from June 2007 to September 2009. Samples were collected at an additional station on the Blackstone River near the mouth in Pawtucket, Rhode Island, from September 2008 to September 2009. The flow-proportional composite samples were used to estimate average daily loads during the sampling periods; annual loads for water years 2008 and 2009 also were estimated for the monitoring station on the Blackstone River near the Massachusetts-Rhode Island border. The effects of hydrologic conditions and net attenuation of nitrogen were investigated for loads in the Massachusetts segment of the basin. Sediment resuspension and contaminant loading dynamics were evaluated in two Blackstone River impoundments, the former Rockdale Pond (a breached impoundment) and Rice City Pond.</p>\n<p>Total nitrogen and phosphorus loads along the Blackstone River in Massachusetts showed similar general patterns during the sampling periods monitored in this study. Total nitrogen loads were relatively low at the farthest upstream monitoring station in Millbury, Massachusetts (typically less than 430 kilograms per day (kg/d) for total nitrogen and 37 kg/d for total phosphorus). Loads typically increased (5- to 10-fold for nitrogen and 6- to 15-fold for phosphorus) downstream from the first, large wastewater treatment plant along the river, the Upper Blackstone Water Pollution Control Abatement District in Millbury. Further downstream, total nitrogen and phosphorus loads remained elevated but variable (typically about 1,000 to 3,000 kg/d for nitrogen and about 100 to 370 kg/d for phosphorus) from Millbury to the Massachusetts-Rhode Island border near Millville, Mass. Monitored tributaries of the Blackstone River and wastewater treatment plants other than the Upper Blackstone Water Pollution Control Abatement District rarely contributed more than a small fraction of the total nitrogen and phosphorus loads observed at the main stem monitoring stations. Loads of suspended sediment also were substantially larger along the river&rsquo;s main stem than in tributaries during most sampling periods. Very large loads of suspended sediment from the West River tributary during several sampling periods may have been associated with flood-control operations.</p>\n<p>The estimated annual load of total nitrogen in the Blackstone River at Millville, about 1.3 miles upstream from the Massachusetts-Rhode Island border, was 936,000 kilograms (kg) (2,600 kg/d) in water year 2008 and 878,000 kg (2,400 kg/d) in water year 2009. The estimated annual load of total phosphorus at Millville was 81,400 kg in water year 2008 (223 kg/d) and 80,900 kg (222 kg/d) in water year 2009. The estimated annual load of suspended sediment in was 4,940,000 kg (13,600 kg/d) in water year 2008 and 7,040,000 kg (19,300 kg/d) in water year 2009. The higher load in water year 2009 likely reflects several large storms in summer 2009, which resulted in streamflows in the Blackstone River that were 10 times the typical July flows. Loads of total nitrogen, total phosphorus, and trace elements were almost always lower in the Blackstone River at Millville than in the river near its mouth at the Pawtucket monitoring station, when loads were monitored at both stations in the latter part of water year 2008 and in water year 2009. Loads of suspended sediment at Millville and Pawtucket varied by about the same range, but were usually lower at Pawtucket than at Millville.</p>\n<p>Total nitrogen loads were higher during sampling periods when the base-flow contribution to streamflow was substantially less than the runoff contribution than in sampling periods when the base-flow dominated. During these sampling periods when the runoff component of streamflow was relatively large, loads of total nitrogen in wastewater discharge from Upper Blackstone Water Pollution Control Abatement District also were high but also constituted smaller fractions of the total nitrogen loads in the river. Nitrogen attenuation may have occurred during some sampling periods, based on net changes in total nitrogen load between consecutive monitoring stations, especially in the Blackstone River reach between the South Grafton and Uxbridge monitoring stations.</p>\n<p>Analysis of the representative constituents (total phosphorus, total chromium, and suspended sediment) upstream and downstream of impoundments indicated that the existing impoundments, such as Rice City Pond, can be sources of particulate contaminant loads in the Blackstone River. Loads of particulate phosphorus, particulate chromium, and suspended sediment were consistently higher downstream from Rice City Pond than upstream during high-flow events, and there was a positive, linear relation between streamflow and changes in these constituents from upstream to downstream of the impoundment. Thus, particulate contaminants were mobilized from Rice City Pond during high-flow events and transported downstream. In contrast, downstream loads of particulate phosphorus, particulate chromium, and suspended sediment were generally lower than or equal to upstream loads for the former Rockdale Pond impoundment. Sediments associated with the former impoundment at Rockdale Pond, breached in the late 1960s, did not appear to be mobilized during the high-flow events monitored during this study.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20155026","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Massachusetts Department of Environmental Protection","usgsCitation":"Zimmerman, M.J., Waldron, M.C., and DeSimone, L., 2015, Nutrient, suspended sediment, and trace element loads in the Blackstone River Basin in Massachusetts and Rhode Island, 2007 to 2009: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2015-5026, Report x, 112 p.; Appendix 1-5; Readme, https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20155026.","productDescription":"Report x, 112 p.; Appendix 1-5; Readme","numberOfPages":"126","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","temporalStart":"2007-06-01","temporalEnd":"2009-09-30","ipdsId":"IP-013241","costCenters":[{"id":376,"text":"Massachusetts Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":298661,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sir20155026.jpg"},{"id":298656,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2015/5026/"},{"id":298657,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2015/5026/pdf/sir2015-5026.pdf","text":"Report","size":"20.5 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Report"},{"id":298658,"rank":3,"type":{"id":3,"text":"Appendix"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2015/5026/attachments/sir2015-5026_app1-5.xlsx","text":"Appendix 1-5","size":"163 KB","linkFileType":{"id":3,"text":"xlsx"},"description":"Appendix 1-5","linkHelpText":"This is an electronic copy of Appendix 1-5. See Readme.txt file for more information."},{"id":298659,"rank":4,"type":{"id":20,"text":"Read Me"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2015/5026/attachments/readme.txt","linkFileType":{"id":2,"text":"txt"}}],"projection":"Massachusetts State Plane Coordinate System, mainland zone","country":"United States","state":"Massachusetts, Rhode Island","otherGeospatial":"Blackstone River","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -71.75033569335938,\n              41.83785101947692\n            ],\n            [\n              -71.34796142578124,\n              41.864447405239375\n            ],\n            [\n              -71.3507080078125,\n              42.09312731992276\n            ],\n            [\n              -71.52168273925781,\n              42.2341099541558\n            ],\n            [\n              -71.69128417968749,\n              42.39202286040118\n            ],\n            [\n              -71.96044921875,\n              42.36564700281194\n            ],\n            [\n              -71.75033569335938,\n              41.83785101947692\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":11,"text":"Pembroke PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"550a939ee4b02e76d7590bbb","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Zimmerman, Marc J. mzimmerm@usgs.gov","contributorId":3245,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zimmerman","given":"Marc","email":"mzimmerm@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":376,"text":"Massachusetts Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":541148,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Waldron, Marcus C. mwaldron@usgs.gov","contributorId":1867,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Waldron","given":"Marcus","email":"mwaldron@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":376,"text":"Massachusetts Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":541147,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"DeSimone, Leslie A. 0000-0003-0774-9607 ldesimon@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0774-9607","contributorId":176711,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"DeSimone","given":"Leslie A.","email":"ldesimon@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":376,"text":"Massachusetts Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":466,"text":"New England Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":541149,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70139748,"text":"ds918 - 2015 - Sample descriptions and geophysical logs for cored well BP-3-USGS, Great Sand Dunes National Park and Preserve, Alamosa County, Colorado","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-03-17T14:13:31","indexId":"ds918","displayToPublicDate":"2015-03-17T15:00:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":310,"text":"Data Series","code":"DS","onlineIssn":"2327-638X","printIssn":"2327-0271","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"918","title":"Sample descriptions and geophysical logs for cored well BP-3-USGS, Great Sand Dunes National Park and Preserve, Alamosa County, Colorado","docAbstract":"<p>The BP-3-USGS well was drilled at the southwestern corner of Great Sand Dunes National Park in the San Luis Valley, south-central Colorado, 68 feet (ft, 20.7 meters [m]) southwest of the National Park Service&rsquo;s boundary-piezometer (BP) well 3. BP-3-USGS is located at latitude 37&deg;43ʹ18.06ʺN. and longitude 105&deg;43ʹ39.30ʺW., at an elevation of 7,549 ft (2,301 m). The well was drilled through poorly consolidated sediments to a depth of 326 ft (99.4 m) in September 2009. Water began flowing from the well after penetrating a clay-rich layer that was first intercepted at a depth of 119 ft (36.3 m). The base of this layer, at an elevation of 7,415 ft (2,260 m) above sea level, likely marks the top of a regional confined aquifer recognized throughout much of the San Luis Valley. Approximately 69 ft (21 m) of core was recovered (about 21 percent), almost exclusively from clay-rich zones. Coarser grained fractions were collected from mud extruded from the core barrel or captured from upwelling drilling fluids. Natural gamma-ray, full waveform sonic, density, neutron, resistivity, spontaneous potential, and induction logs were acquired. The well is now plugged and abandoned.</p>\n<p>This report presents lithologic descriptions from the well samples and core, along with a compilation and basic data processing of the geophysical logs. The succession of sediments in the well can be generalized into three lithologic packages: (1) mostly sand from the surface to about 77 ft (23.5 m) depth; (2) interbedded sand, silt, and clay, decreasing in overall grain size downward, from 77 to 232 ft (23.5 to 70.7 m) depth; and (3) layers of massive clay alternating with layers of fine sand to silt from 232 to 326 ft (70.7 to 99.4 m), the total depth of the well. The topmost clay layers of the deepest package have a blue tint, prompting a correlation with the &ldquo;blue clay&rdquo; of the San Luis Valley that is commonly considered as the top of the confined aquifer. However, a confining clay was intercepted 113 ft (34.4 m) higher than the blue clay in BP-3-USGS.</p>\n<p>Most of the geophysical logs have good correspondence to the lithologic variations in the well. Exceptions are the gamma-ray log, which is likely affected by naturally occurring radiation from abundant volcanic detritus, and one interval within the deepest lithologic package, which appears to be abnormally electrically conductive. Resistivity logs and variations in sand versus clay content within the well are consistent with electrical resistivity models derived from time-domain electromagnetic geophysical surveys for the area. In particular, the topmost blue clay corresponds to a strong electrical conductor that is prominent in the electromagnetic geophysical data throughout the park and vicinity.</p>\n<p>BP-3-USGS was sited to test hypotheses developed from geophysical studies and to answer questions about the history and evolution of Pliocene and Pleistocene Lake Alamosa, which is represented by lacustrine deposits sampled by the well. The findings reported here represent a basis from which future studies can answer these questions and address other important scientific questions in the San Luis Valley regarding geologic history and climate change, groundwater hydrology, and geophysical interpretation.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ds918","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with National Park Service","usgsCitation":"Grauch, V.J., Skipp, G.L., Thomas, J.V., Davis, J.K., and Benson, M.E., 2015, Sample descriptions and geophysical logs for cored well BP-3-USGS, Great Sand Dunes National Park and Preserve, Alamosa County, Colorado: U.S. Geological Survey Data Series 918, Report: vi, 53 p.; Log files; Photographs, https://doi.org/10.3133/ds918.","productDescription":"Report: vi, 53 p.; Log files; Photographs","numberOfPages":"64","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-059656","costCenters":[{"id":211,"text":"Crustal Geophysics and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":298635,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ds918.jpg"},{"id":298632,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/ds/0918/pdf/ds918.pdf","size":"3.10 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":298633,"rank":3,"type":{"id":7,"text":"Companion Files"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/ds/0918/downloads/LogFiles/","text":"Log files--data for borehole geophysical logs"},{"id":298634,"rank":4,"type":{"id":7,"text":"Companion Files"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/ds/0918/downloads/PhotoFiles/","text":"Photographs of samples taken onsite"},{"id":298630,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/ds/0918/"}],"country":"United States","state":"Colorado","otherGeospatial":"Great Sand Dune National Park, Great Sand Dune National Preserve","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -106.754150390625,\n              37.00255267215955\n            ],\n            [\n              -106.754150390625,\n              39.16414104768742\n            ],\n            [\n              -104.117431640625,\n              39.16414104768742\n            ],\n            [\n              -104.117431640625,\n              37.00255267215955\n            ],\n            [\n              -106.754150390625,\n              37.00255267215955\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":2,"text":"Denver PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"55094222e4b02e76d757d919","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Grauch, V. J. S. 0000-0002-0761-3489 tien@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0761-3489","contributorId":886,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Grauch","given":"V.","email":"tien@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J. S.","affiliations":[{"id":211,"text":"Crustal Geophysics and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":542500,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Skipp, Gary L. 0000-0002-9404-0980 gskipp@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9404-0980","contributorId":2102,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Skipp","given":"Gary","email":"gskipp@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":318,"text":"Geosciences and Environmental Change Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":542501,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Thomas, Jonathan V. 0000-0003-0903-9713 jvthomas@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0903-9713","contributorId":2194,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thomas","given":"Jonathan","email":"jvthomas@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"V.","affiliations":[{"id":583,"text":"Texas Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":542502,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Davis, Joshua K.","contributorId":138996,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Davis","given":"Joshua","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[{"id":12430,"text":"University of Texas at Austin","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":542503,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Benson, Mary Ellen 0000-0002-4424-0730 mbenson@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4424-0730","contributorId":4724,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Benson","given":"Mary","email":"mbenson@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"Ellen","affiliations":[{"id":171,"text":"Central Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":542504,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":70138818,"text":"ds915 - 2015 - Hydrological, water-quality, and ecological data for streams in Independence, Missouri, June 2005 through September 2013","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-03-12T16:36:48","indexId":"ds915","displayToPublicDate":"2015-03-12T17:15:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":310,"text":"Data Series","code":"DS","onlineIssn":"2327-638X","printIssn":"2327-0271","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"915","title":"Hydrological, water-quality, and ecological data for streams in Independence, Missouri, June 2005 through September 2013","docAbstract":"<p>Water-quality, hydrological, and ecological data collected from June 2005 through September 2013 from the Little Blue River and smaller streams within the City of Independence, Missouri, are presented in this report. These data were collected as a part of an ongoing cooperative study between the U.S. Geological Survey and the City of Independence Water Pollution Control Department to characterize the water quality and ecological condition of Independence streams. The quantities, sources of selected constituents, and processes affecting water quality and aquatic life were evaluated to determine the resulting ecological condition of streams within Independence. Data collected for this study fulfill the municipal separate sewer system permit requirements for the City of Independence and can be used to provide a baseline with which city managers can determine the effectiveness of current (2014) and future best management practices within Independence. Continuous streamflow and water-quality data, collected during base flow and stormflow, included physical and chemical properties, inorganic constituents, common organic micro-constituents, pesticides in streambed sediment and surface water, fecal indicator bacteria and microbial source tracking data, and suspended sediment. Dissolved oxygen, pH, specific conductance, water temperature, and turbidity data were measured continuously at seven sites within Independence. Base-flow and stormflow samples were collected at eight gaged and two ungaged sites. Fecal sources samples were collected for reference for microbial source tracking, and sewage influent samples were collected as additional source samples. Dry-weather screening was done on 11 basins within Independence to identify potential contaminant sources to the streams. Benthic macroinvertebrate community surveys and habitat assessments were done on 10 stream sites and 2 comparison sites outside the city. Sampling and laboratory procedures and quality-assurance and quality-control methods used in data collection for this study are described in this report.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ds915","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the City of Independence, Missouri, Water Pollution Control Department","usgsCitation":"Niesen, S.L., and Christensen, E.D., 2015, Hydrological, water-quality, and ecological data for streams in Independence, Missouri, June 2005 through September 2013: U.S. Geological Survey Data Series 915, Report: x, 80 p.; 2 Appendices; 5 Tables, https://doi.org/10.3133/ds915.","productDescription":"Report: x, 80 p.; 2 Appendices; 5 Tables","startPage":"80","numberOfPages":"92","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","temporalStart":"2005-01-01","ipdsId":"IP-059795","costCenters":[{"id":396,"text":"Missouri Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":298475,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ds915.jpg"},{"id":298466,"rank":3,"type":{"id":3,"text":"Appendix"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/ds/0915/downloads/ds915_Appendix01.xlsx","text":"Appendix 1","size":"170 KB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Appendix 1"},{"id":298464,"rank":4,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/ds/0915/"},{"id":298467,"rank":5,"type":{"id":3,"text":"Appendix"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/ds/0915/downloads/ds915_Appendix02.xlsx","text":"Appendix 2","size":"266 KB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Appendix 2"},{"id":298468,"rank":6,"type":{"id":2,"text":"Additional Report Piece"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/ds/0915/downloads/ds915_table08.xlsx","text":"Table 8","size":"223 KB","linkFileType":{"id":3,"text":"xlsx"},"description":"Table 8"},{"id":298465,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/ds/0915/pdf/ds915.pdf","text":"Report","size":"6.91 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Report"},{"id":298469,"rank":7,"type":{"id":2,"text":"Additional Report Piece"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/ds/0915/downloads/ds915_table09.xlsx","text":"Table 9","size":"231 KB","linkFileType":{"id":3,"text":"xlsx"},"description":"Table 9"},{"id":298470,"rank":8,"type":{"id":2,"text":"Additional Report Piece"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/ds/0915/downloads/ds915_table10.xlsx","text":"Table 10","size":"229 KB","linkFileType":{"id":3,"text":"xlsx"},"description":"Table 10"},{"id":298473,"rank":9,"type":{"id":2,"text":"Additional Report Piece"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/ds/0915/downloads/ds915_table19.xlsx","text":"Table 19","size":"237 KB","linkFileType":{"id":3,"text":"xlsx"},"description":"Table 19"},{"id":298474,"rank":10,"type":{"id":2,"text":"Additional Report Piece"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/ds/0915/downloads/ds915_table21.xlsx","text":"Table 21","size":"282 KB","linkFileType":{"id":3,"text":"xlsx"},"description":"Table 21"}],"country":"United States","state":"Missouri","city":"Independence","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -94.51194763183594,\n              39.03945298873317\n            ],\n            [\n              -94.51194763183594,\n              39.13964713662539\n            ],\n            [\n              -94.32518005371094,\n              39.13964713662539\n            ],\n            [\n              -94.32518005371094,\n              39.03945298873317\n            ],\n            [\n              -94.51194763183594,\n              39.03945298873317\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":4,"text":"Rolla PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5502aa98e4b02e76d7564e94","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Niesen, Shelley L. ssevern@usgs.gov","contributorId":4583,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Niesen","given":"Shelley","email":"ssevern@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":396,"text":"Missouri Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":542199,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Christensen, Eric D. echriste@usgs.gov","contributorId":4230,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Christensen","given":"Eric","email":"echriste@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":396,"text":"Missouri Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":542202,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70137387,"text":"sir20155001 - 2015 - Low-flow characteristics and flow-duration statistics for selected USGS continuous-record streamgaging stations in North Carolina through 2012","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-01-18T13:18:37","indexId":"sir20155001","displayToPublicDate":"2015-03-12T14:00:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2015-5001","title":"Low-flow characteristics and flow-duration statistics for selected USGS continuous-record streamgaging stations in North Carolina through 2012","docAbstract":"<p>In 2013, the U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with the North Carolina Division of Water Resources, compiled updated low-flow characteristics and flow-duration statistics for selected continuous-record streamgages in North Carolina. The compilation of updated streamflow statistics provides regulators and planners with relevant hydrologic information reflective of the recent droughts, which can be used to better manage the quantity and quality of streams in North Carolina. Streamflow records available through the 2012 water year1 were used to determine the annual (based on climatic year2) and winter 7-day, 10-year (7Q10, W7Q10) low-flow discharges, the 30-day, 2-year (30Q2) low-flow discharge, and the 7-day, 2-year (7Q2) low-flow discharge. Consequently, streamflow records available through March 31, 2012 (or the 2011 climatic year) were used to determine the updated low-flow characteristics. Low-flow characteristics were published for 177 unregulated sites, 56 regulated sites, and 33 sites known or considered to be affected by varying degrees of minor regulation and (or) diversions upstream from the streamgages (266 sites total). The updated 7Q10 discharges were compared for 63 streamgages across North Carolina where (1) long-term streamflow record consisted of 30 or more climatic years of data available as of the 1998 climatic year, and (2) streamflows were not known to be regulated. The 7Q10 discharges did not change for 3 sites, whereas increases and decreases were noted at 5 and 55 sites, respectively. Positive changes (increases) ranged from 4.3 percent (site 362) to 34.1 percent (site 112) with a median of 13.2 percent. Negative percentage changes (decreases) ranged from &ndash;3.3 percent (site 514) to &ndash;80.0 percent (site 308) with a median of &ndash;22.2 percent. The median percentage change for all 63 streamgages was &ndash;18.4 percent. Streamflow statistics determined as a part of this compilation included minimum, mean, maximum, and flow-duration statistics of daily mean discharges for categorical periods. Flow-duration statistics based on the daily mean discharge records were compiled in this study for the 5th, 10th, 25th, 50th, 75th, 90th, and 95th percentiles. Flow-duration statistics were determined for each complete water year of record at a streamgage as well as the available period of record (or selected periods if flows were regulated) and selected seasonal, monthly, and calendar day periods. In addition to the streamflow statistics compiled for each of the water years, the number of days the daily mean discharge was at or below the 10th percentile was summed for each water year as well as the number of events during the water year when streamflow was consistently at or below the 10th percentile. All low-flow characteristics for the streamgages were added into the StreamStatsDB, which is a database accessible to users through the recently released USGS StreamStats application for North Carolina. The minimum, mean, maximum, and flow-duration statistics of daily mean discharges based on the available (or selected if regulated flows) period of record were updated in the North Carolina StreamStatsDB. However, for the selected seasonal, monthly, calendar day, and annual water year periods, tab-delimited American Standard Code for Information Interchange (ASCII) tables of the streamflow statistics are available online to users from a link provided in the StreamStats application. 1The annual period from October 1 through September 30, designated by the year in which the period ends. 2The annual period from April 1 through March 31, designated by the year in which the period begins.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20155001","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with North Carolina Department of Environment and Natural Resources, Division of Water Resources","usgsCitation":"Weaver, J.C., 2016, Low-flow characteristics and flow-duration statistics for selected USGS continuous-record streamgaging stations in North Carolina through 2012 (ver. 1.1, March 2016): U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2015–5001, 89 p., https://dx.doi.org/10.3133/sir20155001.","productDescription":"vii, 89 p.","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-051713","costCenters":[{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":318509,"rank":4,"type":{"id":25,"text":"Version History"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2015/5001/versionHist.txt","size":"3.96 KB","linkFileType":{"id":2,"text":"txt"},"description":"SIR 2015-5001"},{"id":318636,"rank":3,"type":{"id":7,"text":"Companion Files"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2015/5001/downloads/","text":"Downloads Directory","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"linkHelpText":"An alternative method to accessing the streamflow statistcs not provided in the report outside of the StreamStats application http://water.usgs.gov/osw/streamstats/north_carolina.html is through the Downloads Directory link above. Tables 3 and 5 in the report provide the low-flow characteristics and flow-duration statistics, respectively, for the available (or selected if regulated flows) period of records at the streamages.  The Downloads directory contains the minimum, mean, maximum, and flow-duration statistics of daily mean discharges based on the available (or selected if regulated flows) period of record, each complete water year of record, each calendar day, each month, and selected seasonal periods."},{"id":318508,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2015/5001/pdf/sir20155001.pdf","text":"Report","size":"4.73 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"SIR 2015-5001"},{"id":318510,"rank":5,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2015/5001/images/coverthb2.jpg"},{"id":298463,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2015/5001/index.html"}],"country":"United States","state":"North Carolina","geographicExtents":"{\"type\":\"FeatureCollection\",\"features\":[{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"MultiPolygon\",\"coordinates\":[[[[-75.753765,35.199612],[-75.718015,35.209377],[-75.684006,35.232913],[-75.664512,35.227514],[-75.630358,35.238487],[-75.599005,35.256253],[-75.596915,35.269491],[-75.581935,35.263917],[-75.535741,35.272856],[-75.529393,35.288272],[-75.487678,35.485056],[-75.487528,35.525889],[-75.47861,35.553069],[-75.48133,35.622896],[-75.487678,35.648287],[-75.507385,35.680564],[-75.515397,35.73038],[-75.533512,35.773577],[-75.522232,35.774178],[-75.496086,35.728515],[-75.458659,35.596597],[-75.471355,35.479615],[-75.486771,35.391652],[-75.52592,35.233839],[-75.533627,35.225825],[-75.560225,35.232048],[-75.610101,35.227514],[-75.769705,35.180359],[-75.944725,35.105091],[-76.013145,35.061855],[-76.013561,35.068832],[-75.99188,35.092395],[-75.989175,35.115165],[-75.98395,35.120042],[-75.9547,35.1196],[-75.893942,35.150433],[-75.801444,35.183079],[-75.785729,35.194244],[-75.753765,35.199612]]],[[[-75.675245,35.929024],[-75.65954,35.919564],[-75.662019,35.906522],[-75.64512,35.905788],[-75.62767,35.883149],[-75.616833,35.856331],[-75.619772,35.847606],[-75.614361,35.815659],[-75.620454,35.809253],[-75.63898,35.818639],[-75.667891,35.82354],[-75.675054,35.830204],[-75.660086,35.83861],[-75.663356,35.869835],[-75.67283,35.882423],[-75.681415,35.88398],[-75.697672,35.901639],[-75.696871,35.909556],[-75.702165,35.915428],[-75.723782,35.925569],[-75.727251,35.93362],[-75.718266,35.939714],[-75.705323,35.939403],[-75.675245,35.929024]]],[[[-76.12236,36.550621],[-75.867044,36.550754],[-75.818735,36.357579],[-75.773329,36.231529],[-75.71831,36.113674],[-75.658537,36.02043],[-75.569794,35.863301],[-75.533012,35.787377],[-75.536428,35.780118],[-75.543259,35.779691],[-75.573083,35.828867],[-75.588878,35.844926],[-75.619151,35.889415],[-75.620114,35.925288],[-75.648899,35.965758],[-75.668379,35.978394],[-75.678909,35.993925],[-75.723662,36.003139],[-75.727084,36.01051],[-75.722609,36.037362],[-75.737088,36.040784],[-75.74051,36.046839],[-75.73972,36.07527],[-75.75572,36.153922],[-75.783676,36.215949],[-75.811588,36.244014],[-75.808165,36.259545],[-75.814483,36.285344],[-75.822907,36.291662],[-75.837913,36.294558],[-75.845284,36.305614],[-75.841335,36.328517],[-75.831858,36.339047],[-75.831595,36.346418],[-75.836201,36.363135],[-75.85147,36.379456],[-75.85147,36.415785],[-75.864106,36.430527],[-75.888325,36.441583],[-75.899908,36.482124],[-75.907279,36.485809],[-75.924127,36.482124],[-75.935473,36.490601],[-75.972545,36.494671],[-76.003708,36.506235],[-76.023627,36.500778],[-76.031949,36.482496],[-76.012337,36.447462],[-75.98005,36.435464],[-75.962285,36.41724],[-75.940676,36.41885],[-75.928369,36.428588],[-75.923601,36.425788],[-75.916409,36.38901],[-75.923331,36.361863],[-75.895285,36.319615],[-75.882154,36.284674],[-75.864933,36.284674],[-75.86052,36.280607],[-75.867356,36.252483],[-75.864154,36.235522],[-75.858703,36.222628],[-75.848838,36.21657],[-75.838367,36.200129],[-75.839924,36.17711],[-75.823915,36.158332],[-75.822531,36.145957],[-75.800378,36.112728],[-75.791637,36.082267],[-75.793974,36.07171],[-75.836084,36.092616],[-75.867792,36.127262],[-75.863914,36.159226],[-75.882987,36.186807],[-75.910658,36.212157],[-75.922344,36.244122],[-75.94984,36.25787],[-75.96462,36.254433],[-75.957058,36.247903],[-75.945372,36.222468],[-75.956027,36.198065],[-75.936436,36.18088],[-75.904999,36.164188],[-75.939047,36.165518],[-76.016984,36.186367],[-76.029086,36.202036],[-76.043838,36.210126],[-76.054308,36.229162],[-76.08148,36.237935],[-76.132005,36.287773],[-76.184702,36.298166],[-76.188717,36.281242],[-76.171378,36.265806],[-76.149486,36.263902],[-76.115851,36.214219],[-76.080106,36.19944],[-76.05992,36.15514],[-76.064224,36.143775],[-76.092555,36.135794],[-76.178946,36.123424],[-76.206873,36.137521],[-76.254064,36.18419],[-76.273316,36.189062],[-76.27699,36.184952],[-76.247401,36.161823],[-76.228527,36.130647],[-76.191715,36.107197],[-76.216599,36.095409],[-76.265037,36.104886],[-76.329921,36.133396],[-76.373571,36.138208],[-76.3935,36.163251],[-76.447812,36.192514],[-76.454414,36.189901],[-76.456061,36.183577],[-76.375892,36.12042],[-76.346418,36.121023],[-76.334965,36.110903],[-76.298733,36.1012],[-76.303998,36.092776],[-76.323478,36.084879],[-76.355069,36.086458],[-76.410878,36.078034],[-76.420881,36.06066],[-76.451418,36.039073],[-76.459316,36.024331],[-76.491959,36.018013],[-76.514335,36.00564],[-76.547505,36.009852],[-76.580674,36.00722],[-76.60384,36.033018],[-76.615423,36.037757],[-76.653332,36.035124],[-76.676484,36.043612],[-76.721445,36.147838],[-76.719401,36.199441],[-76.675462,36.266882],[-76.693253,36.278357],[-76.744436,36.212725],[-76.7521,36.147328],[-76.722996,36.066585],[-76.679657,35.991951],[-76.70019,35.964573],[-76.692376,35.945342],[-76.667547,35.933509],[-76.528551,35.944039],[-76.473795,35.960888],[-76.460632,35.970365],[-76.398242,35.984317],[-76.38192,35.971681],[-76.381394,35.96273],[-76.362966,35.942197],[-76.340327,35.94325],[-76.317687,35.946935],[-76.272408,35.972734],[-76.213966,35.988002],[-76.176585,35.993267],[-76.093697,35.993001],[-76.083131,35.989845],[-76.062071,35.993004],[-76.024162,35.970891],[-76.014159,35.957202],[-76.01995,35.934036],[-76.014353,35.920746],[-76.063203,35.853433],[-76.050485,35.806689],[-76.046813,35.717935],[-76.036393,35.690344],[-76.046361,35.659067],[-76.04015,35.65131],[-76.029863,35.649443],[-76.013808,35.669103],[-75.9869,35.768194],[-75.987148,35.836967],[-75.97783,35.897181],[-75.962562,35.901393],[-75.94782,35.920347],[-75.927286,35.93193],[-75.92676,35.940354],[-75.943608,35.952464],[-75.947293,35.959835],[-75.899382,35.977209],[-75.84989,35.976156],[-75.80935,35.959308],[-75.800926,35.944566],[-75.782498,35.935615],[-75.778813,35.918241],[-75.751961,35.878227],[-75.748276,35.852428],[-75.734587,35.839266],[-75.727216,35.822703],[-75.726689,35.811361],[-75.739357,35.770994],[-75.724743,35.742892],[-75.71294,35.69849],[-75.713502,35.693993],[-75.741605,35.672073],[-75.742167,35.655212],[-75.729802,35.625985],[-75.747225,35.610248],[-75.778138,35.592262],[-75.775328,35.579335],[-75.837154,35.570904],[-75.859636,35.586641],[-75.895045,35.573152],[-75.916403,35.538305],[-75.950126,35.530998],[-75.964178,35.511326],[-75.963053,35.493903],[-75.987222,35.484348],[-75.995652,35.475355],[-75.997901,35.453435],[-76.009704,35.442194],[-76.01139,35.423084],[-76.020945,35.410719],[-76.025441,35.408471],[-76.050171,35.415778],[-76.059726,35.410157],[-76.063661,35.405099],[-76.059726,35.383741],[-76.069281,35.370813],[-76.132793,35.349455],[-76.14291,35.338776],[-76.14291,35.32866],[-76.149655,35.326411],[-76.182254,35.336528],[-76.20586,35.336528],[-76.235087,35.350017],[-76.253072,35.350017],[-76.257569,35.344397],[-76.265437,35.343273],[-76.282299,35.345521],[-76.304781,35.355638],[-76.327263,35.356762],[-76.335132,35.355638],[-76.340752,35.346645],[-76.349745,35.345521],[-76.382344,35.356762],[-76.399206,35.348893],[-76.408199,35.350017],[-76.431805,35.362383],[-76.436301,35.37812],[-76.448666,35.383741],[-76.462156,35.380368],[-76.472273,35.371375],[-76.485762,35.371375],[-76.540292,35.410657],[-76.586349,35.508957],[-76.476706,35.511707],[-76.456427,35.550546],[-76.471207,35.55742],[-76.48358,35.538172],[-76.55679,35.528892],[-76.600441,35.538516],[-76.634468,35.510332],[-76.601472,35.460838],[-76.580187,35.387113],[-76.606041,35.387113],[-76.710083,35.427155],[-76.759234,35.418906],[-76.830897,35.447949],[-76.942022,35.473529],[-77.023912,35.514802],[-77.026638,35.490569],[-76.967214,35.438296],[-76.891938,35.433649],[-76.664027,35.345696],[-76.500375,35.321915],[-76.482389,35.314046],[-76.467776,35.276951],[-76.467776,35.261213],[-76.477893,35.243228],[-76.490258,35.233111],[-76.494755,35.212877],[-76.521733,35.192643],[-76.536346,35.174657],[-76.539719,35.166788],[-76.536346,35.142058],[-76.546463,35.122948],[-76.557704,35.116204],[-76.568945,35.097094],[-76.60042,35.067867],[-76.631895,35.056626],[-76.801426,34.964369],[-76.982904,35.060607],[-76.989778,35.045484],[-76.977404,35.004926],[-76.89354,34.957495],[-76.762931,34.920374],[-76.635072,34.989116],[-76.588055,34.991428],[-76.566697,34.998173],[-76.502623,35.007166],[-76.491382,35.017283],[-76.490258,35.034144],[-76.474521,35.070116],[-76.463468,35.076411],[-76.435762,35.057941],[-76.425461,35.001464],[-76.395625,34.975179],[-76.332044,34.970917],[-76.326361,34.976245],[-76.329557,34.986901],[-76.364367,35.034853],[-76.318546,35.020645],[-76.288354,35.005726],[-76.296524,34.976245],[-76.275567,34.960971],[-76.277698,34.940014],[-76.347673,34.872171],[-76.368274,34.872881],[-76.379641,34.86258],[-76.400242,34.855476],[-76.463016,34.785076],[-76.524712,34.681964],[-76.586236,34.698805],[-76.582421,34.767757],[-76.604796,34.787482],[-76.620606,34.784389],[-76.616567,34.714059],[-76.673619,34.71491],[-76.673537,34.70757],[-76.523303,34.652271],[-76.383827,34.807906],[-76.322808,34.86116],[-76.233672,34.925926],[-76.093349,35.048705],[-76.069906,35.075701],[-76.043621,35.070017],[-76.035933,35.058987],[-76.137269,34.987858],[-76.233088,34.905477],[-76.31021,34.852309],[-76.386804,34.784579],[-76.494068,34.66197],[-76.524199,34.615416],[-76.535946,34.588577],[-76.555196,34.615993],[-76.549343,34.645585],[-76.579467,34.660174],[-76.642939,34.677618],[-76.676312,34.693151],[-76.770044,34.696899],[-76.817453,34.693722],[-76.990262,34.669623],[-77.136843,34.632926],[-77.209161,34.605032],[-77.322524,34.535574],[-77.462922,34.471354],[-77.556943,34.417218],[-77.661673,34.341868],[-77.740136,34.272546],[-77.829209,34.162618],[-77.878161,34.067963],[-77.915536,33.971723],[-77.946568,33.912261],[-77.960172,33.853315],[-77.970606,33.844517],[-78.009973,33.861406],[-78.018689,33.888289],[-78.095429,33.906031],[-78.17772,33.914272],[-78.276147,33.912364],[-78.383964,33.901946],[-78.509042,33.865515],[-78.541087,33.851112],[-79.358317,34.545358],[-79.675299,34.804744],[-80.797543,34.819786],[-80.782042,34.935782],[-80.93495,35.107409],[-81.041489,35.044703],[-81.057648,35.062433],[-81.058029,35.07319],[-81.052078,35.096276],[-81.032806,35.108049],[-81.038968,35.126299],[-81.05042,35.131048],[-81.044391,35.147918],[-81.239358,35.159974],[-82.27492,35.200071],[-82.314863,35.191089],[-82.32335,35.184789],[-82.344554,35.193115],[-82.361469,35.190831],[-82.36899,35.181747],[-82.379712,35.186884],[-82.378744,35.198053],[-82.390439,35.215395],[-82.403348,35.204473],[-82.417597,35.200131],[-82.439595,35.165863],[-82.448969,35.165037],[-82.455609,35.177425],[-82.460092,35.178143],[-82.483937,35.173798],[-82.495506,35.164312],[-82.516044,35.163442],[-82.529973,35.155617],[-82.550508,35.159498],[-82.556168,35.151736],[-82.563767,35.151575],[-82.578316,35.142104],[-82.609706,35.139039],[-82.629031,35.126155],[-82.642237,35.129215],[-82.662381,35.118123],[-82.683625,35.125833],[-82.694898,35.098456],[-82.72701,35.094142],[-82.738379,35.079453],[-82.749491,35.078487],[-82.757704,35.068019],[-82.777376,35.064143],[-82.781973,35.066817],[-82.776357,35.081349],[-82.787867,35.085024],[-83.108535,35.000771],[-83.620185,34.992091],[-83.619985,34.986592],[-84.321869,34.988408],[-84.29024,35.225572],[-84.28322,35.226577],[-84.223718,35.269078],[-84.211818,35.266078],[-84.202879,35.255772],[-84.200117,35.244679],[-84.188417,35.239979],[-84.170416,35.245779],[-84.12889,35.243679],[-84.12115,35.250644],[-84.097508,35.247382],[-84.081117,35.261146],[-84.052612,35.269982],[-84.02141,35.301383],[-84.02651,35.309283],[-84.03501,35.311983],[-84.029377,35.333197],[-84.038081,35.348363],[-84.024756,35.353896],[-84.007586,35.371661],[-84.008207,35.389683],[-84.021782,35.407418],[-84.00225,35.422548],[-83.992568,35.438065],[-83.973057,35.448921],[-83.971439,35.455145],[-83.966656,35.454941],[-83.961054,35.462838],[-83.949389,35.461164],[-83.937015,35.471511],[-83.911773,35.476028],[-83.905612,35.48906],[-83.880074,35.518745],[-83.859261,35.521851],[-83.848502,35.519259],[-83.827428,35.524653],[-83.802434,35.541588],[-83.780129,35.550387],[-83.771736,35.562118],[-83.749894,35.561146],[-83.735669,35.565455],[-83.723459,35.561874],[-83.707199,35.568533],[-83.676268,35.570289],[-83.640498,35.566075],[-83.608889,35.579451],[-83.582,35.562684],[-83.56609,35.565993],[-83.498335,35.562981],[-83.485527,35.568204],[-83.479317,35.582764],[-83.455722,35.598045],[-83.445802,35.611803],[-83.421576,35.611186],[-83.396626,35.62272],[-83.388602,35.632352],[-83.366941,35.638728],[-83.35156,35.659858],[-83.334965,35.665471],[-83.321101,35.662815],[-83.312757,35.654809],[-83.297154,35.65775],[-83.290682,35.672638],[-83.258117,35.691924],[-83.255489,35.714974],[-83.251247,35.719916],[-83.240669,35.72676],[-83.214501,35.724434],[-83.18837,35.729798],[-83.159208,35.764892],[-83.120183,35.766234],[-83.07403,35.790016],[-83.036209,35.787405],[-83.001473,35.773752],[-82.992053,35.773948],[-82.964088,35.78998],[-82.961724,35.800491],[-82.945515,35.824662],[-82.920171,35.841664],[-82.918312,35.863977],[-82.901301,35.872593],[-82.901843,35.890274],[-82.911936,35.921618],[-82.901577,35.931446],[-82.898506,35.9451],[-82.874159,35.952698],[-82.860724,35.94743],[-82.852554,35.949089],[-82.826045,35.929721],[-82.82257,35.922531],[-82.804997,35.927168],[-82.805771,35.935316],[-82.800431,35.944155],[-82.787465,35.952163],[-82.785356,35.96253],[-82.774905,35.971978],[-82.785558,35.977795],[-82.785267,35.987927],[-82.776001,36.000103],[-82.750065,36.006004],[-82.688865,36.038604],[-82.684765,36.045004],[-82.637165,36.065805],[-82.618664,36.056105],[-82.618164,36.047005],[-82.609663,36.044906],[-82.596177,36.03188],[-82.595525,36.026012],[-82.614362,36.003506],[-82.613028,35.994],[-82.604239,35.987319],[-82.610889,35.967409],[-82.581003,35.965557],[-82.576678,35.959255],[-82.557874,35.953901],[-82.549682,35.964275],[-82.507068,35.977475],[-82.483498,35.996284],[-82.460658,36.007809],[-82.409458,36.083409],[-82.355157,36.115609],[-82.336756,36.114909],[-82.321448,36.119551],[-82.289455,36.13571],[-82.270954,36.12761],[-82.260353,36.13371],[-82.247521,36.130865],[-82.213852,36.159112],[-82.182549,36.143714],[-82.147948,36.149516],[-82.136547,36.128817],[-82.137974,36.119576],[-82.127146,36.104417],[-82.105444,36.108119],[-82.080303,36.105728],[-82.061342,36.113121],[-82.054142,36.126821],[-82.033141,36.120422],[-81.908137,36.302013],[-81.879382,36.313767],[-81.857333,36.334787],[-81.841268,36.343321],[-81.800812,36.358073],[-81.766102,36.338517],[-81.730976,36.341187],[-81.707438,36.335171],[-81.707785,36.346007],[-81.721334,36.353101],[-81.732865,36.376502],[-81.729813,36.388033],[-81.737952,36.39719],[-81.739648,36.406686],[-81.720734,36.422537],[-81.715229,36.436532],[-81.71489,36.45722],[-81.695311,36.467912],[-81.697829,36.507544],[-81.707573,36.526101],[-81.707963,36.536209],[-81.699962,36.536829],[-81.69003,36.552154],[-81.690236,36.568718],[-81.677036,36.570718],[-81.677535,36.588117],[-81.003802,36.563629],[-80.837954,36.559131],[-80.704831,36.562319],[-80.295243,36.543973],[-80.122183,36.542646],[-78.529722,36.540981],[-77.16966,36.547315],[-77.152691,36.544078],[-76.916048,36.543815],[-76.916989,36.550742],[-76.12236,36.550621]]]]},\"properties\":{\"name\":\"North Carolina\",\"nation\":\"USA  \"}}]}","edition":"Originally posted March 12, 2015; Version 1.1: March 3, 2016","contact":"<p><a href=\"mailto:dc_nc@usgs.gov\">Director</a>, South Atlantic Water Science Center<br /> U.S. Geological Survey<br /> 3916 Sunset Ridge Road<br /> Raleigh, NC 27607<br /> <a href=\"http://nc.water.usgs.gov/\">http://nc.water.usgs.gov/</a></p>","tableOfContents":"<ul>\n<li>Abstract</li>\n<li>Introduction</li>\n<li>Low-Flow Characteristics</li>\n<li>Flow-Duration Statistics</li>\n<li>Summary and Conclusions</li>\n<li>References Cited</li>\n<li>Glossary</li>\n</ul>","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":8,"text":"Raleigh PSC"},"publishedDate":"2015-03-12","revisedDate":"2016-03-03","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2015-03-12","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5502aa9be4b02e76d7564e96","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Weaver, J. Curtis 0000-0001-7068-5445 jcweaver@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7068-5445","contributorId":2229,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Weaver","given":"J.","email":"jcweaver@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"Curtis","affiliations":[{"id":476,"text":"North Carolina Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":542198,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70142635,"text":"70142635 - 2015 - Integrated climate and land use change scenarios for California rangeland ecosystem services: wildlife habitat, soil carbon, and water supply","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-09-13T14:44:28","indexId":"70142635","displayToPublicDate":"2015-03-09T02:45:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2602,"text":"Landscape Ecology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Integrated climate and land use change scenarios for California rangeland ecosystem services: wildlife habitat, soil carbon, and water supply","docAbstract":"<h5 class=\"a-plus-plus\">Context</h5>\n<p class=\"a-plus-plus\">In addition to biodiversity conservation, California rangelands generate multiple ecosystem services including livestock production, drinking and irrigation water, and carbon sequestration. California rangeland ecosystems have experienced substantial conversion to residential land use and more intensive agriculture.</p>\n<h5 class=\"a-plus-plus\">Objectives</h5>\n<p class=\"a-plus-plus\">To understand the potential impacts to rangeland ecosystem services, we developed six spatially explicit (250 m) climate/land use change scenarios for the Central Valley of California and surrounding foothills consistent with three&nbsp;Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change&nbsp;emission scenario narratives.</p>\n<h5 class=\"a-plus-plus\">Methods</h5>\n<p class=\"a-plus-plus\">We quantified baseline and projected change in wildlife habitat, soil organic carbon (SOC), and water supply (recharge and runoff). For six case study watersheds we quantified the interactions of future development and changing climate on recharge, runoff and streamflow, and precipitation thresholds where dominant watershed hydrological processes shift through analysis of covariance.</p>\n<h5 class=\"a-plus-plus\">Results</h5>\n<p class=\"a-plus-plus\">The scenarios show that across the region, habitat loss is expected to occur predominantly in grasslands, primarily due to future development (up to a 37 % decline by 2100), however habitat loss in priority conservation errors will likely be due to cropland and hay/pasture expansion (up to 40 % by 2100). Grasslands in the region contain approximately 100 teragrams SOC in the top 20 cm, and up to 39 % of this SOC is subject to conversion by 2100. In dryer periods recharge processes typically dominate runoff. Future development lowers the precipitation value at which recharge processes dominate runoff, and combined with periods of drought, reduces the opportunity for recharge, especially on deep soils.</p>\n<h5 class=\"a-plus-plus\">Conclusion</h5>\n<p class=\"a-plus-plus\">Results support the need for climate-smart land use planning that takes recharge areas into account, which will provide opportunities for water storage in dry years. Given projections for agriculture, more modeling is needed on feedbacks between agricultural expansion on rangelands and water supply.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/s10980-015-0159-7","usgsCitation":"Byrd, K.B., Flint, L.E., Alvarez, P., Casey, F., Sleeter, B.M., Soulard, C.E., Flint, A.L., and Sohl, T.L., 2015, Integrated climate and land use change scenarios for California rangeland ecosystem services: wildlife habitat, soil carbon, and water supply: Landscape Ecology, v. 30, no. 4, p. 729-750, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10980-015-0159-7.","productDescription":"22 p.","startPage":"729","endPage":"750","numberOfPages":"22","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-059547","costCenters":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":657,"text":"Western Geographic Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":472218,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10980-015-0159-7","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":298389,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Central Valley","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -120.574951171875,\n              34.379712580462204\n            ],\n            [\n              -122.37670898437499,\n              36.99377838872517\n            ],\n            [\n              -123.81591796875,\n              38.90813299596705\n            ],\n            [\n              -124.024658203125,\n              40.74725696280421\n            ],\n            [\n              -121.981201171875,\n              40.76390128094589\n            ],\n            [\n              -121.62963867187499,\n              40.287906612507406\n            ],\n            [\n              -120.904541015625,\n              39.257778150283336\n            ],\n            [\n              -118.57543945312501,\n              36.60670888641815\n            ],\n            [\n              -118.5205078125,\n              34.397844946449865\n            ],\n            [\n              -120.574951171875,\n              34.379712580462204\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"30","issue":"4","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":14,"text":"Menlo Park PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2015-02-05","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"54feb61be4b02419550deb9b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Byrd, Kristin B. 0000-0002-5725-7486 kbyrd@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5725-7486","contributorId":3814,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Byrd","given":"Kristin","email":"kbyrd@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[{"id":657,"text":"Western Geographic Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":542067,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Flint, Lorraine E. 0000-0002-7868-441X lflint@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7868-441X","contributorId":1184,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Flint","given":"Lorraine","email":"lflint@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":542068,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Alvarez, Pelayo","contributorId":139613,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Alvarez","given":"Pelayo","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":12808,"text":"California Rangeland Conservation Coalition","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":542069,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Casey, Frank ccasey@usgs.gov","contributorId":4188,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Casey","given":"Frank","email":"ccasey@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":436,"text":"National Research Program - Eastern Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":542070,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Sleeter, Benjamin M. 0000-0003-2371-9571 bsleeter@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2371-9571","contributorId":3479,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sleeter","given":"Benjamin","email":"bsleeter@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":657,"text":"Western Geographic Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":542071,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Soulard, Christopher E. 0000-0002-5777-9516 csoulard@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5777-9516","contributorId":2642,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Soulard","given":"Christopher","email":"csoulard@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":657,"text":"Western Geographic Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":542072,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Flint, Alan L. 0000-0002-5118-751X aflint@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5118-751X","contributorId":1492,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Flint","given":"Alan","email":"aflint@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":657,"text":"Western Geographic Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":542073,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Sohl, Terry L. 0000-0002-9771-4231 sohl@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9771-4231","contributorId":648,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sohl","given":"Terry","email":"sohl@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":223,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center (Geography)","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":542074,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8}]}}
,{"id":70142156,"text":"ofr20131024E - 2015 - Laboratory electrical resistivity analysis of geologic samples from Fort Irwin, California","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":70142156,"text":"ofr20131024E - 2015 - Laboratory electrical resistivity analysis of geologic samples from Fort Irwin, California","indexId":"ofr20131024E","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"chapter":"E","displayTitle":"Laboratory Electrical Resistivity Analysis of Geologic Samples from Fort Irwin, California","title":"Laboratory electrical resistivity analysis of geologic samples from Fort Irwin, California"},"predicate":"IS_PART_OF","object":{"id":70201192,"text":"ofr20131024 - 2014 - Geology and geophysics applied to groundwater hydrology at Fort Irwin, California","indexId":"ofr20131024","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"title":"Geology and geophysics applied to groundwater hydrology at Fort Irwin, California"},"id":1}],"isPartOf":{"id":70201192,"text":"ofr20131024 - 2014 - Geology and geophysics applied to groundwater hydrology at Fort Irwin, California","indexId":"ofr20131024","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"title":"Geology and geophysics applied to groundwater hydrology at Fort Irwin, California"},"lastModifiedDate":"2018-12-14T11:56:25","indexId":"ofr20131024E","displayToPublicDate":"2015-03-05T13:45:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2013-1024","chapter":"E","displayTitle":"Laboratory Electrical Resistivity Analysis of Geologic Samples from Fort Irwin, California","title":"Laboratory electrical resistivity analysis of geologic samples from Fort Irwin, California","docAbstract":"<p><span>Correlating laboratory resistivity measurements with geophysical resistivity models helps constrain these models to the geology and lithology of an area. Throughout the Fort Irwin National Training Center area, 111 samples from both cored boreholes and surface outcrops were collected and processed for laboratory measurements. These samples represent various lithologic types that include plutonic and metamorphic (basement) rocks, lava flows, consolidated sedimentary rocks, and unconsolidated sedimentary deposits that formed in a series of intermountain basins. Basement rocks, lava flows, and some lithified tuffs are generally resistive (≥100 ohm-meters [Ω·m]) when saturated. Saturated unconsolidated samples are moderately conductive to conductive, with resistivities generally less than 100 Ω·m, and many of these samples are less than 50 Ω·m. The unconsolidated samples can further be separated into two broad groups: (1) younger sediments that are moderately conductive, owing to their limited clay content, and (2) older, more conductive sediments with a higher clay content that reflects substantial amounts of originally glassy volcanic ash subsequently altered to clay. The older sediments are believed to be Tertiary. Time-domain electromagnetic (TEM) data were acquired near most of the boreholes, and, on the whole, close agreements between laboratory measurements and resistivity models were found. </span></p>","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"Geology and geophysics applied to groundwater hydrology at Fort Irwin, California","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20131024E","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the U.S. Army, Fort Irwin National Training Center","usgsCitation":"Bloss, B.R., and Bedrosian, P.A, 2015, Laboratory electrical resistivity analysis of geologic samples from Fort Irwin, California, chap. E <i>of</i> Buesch, D.C., ed., Geology and geophysics applied to groundwater hydrology at Fort Irwin, California: U.S. Geological Survey Open-file Report 2013-1024, 104 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20131024E.","productDescription":"Report: vii, 104 p.; Supplemental Data ReadMe; Supplemental Data ZIP","numberOfPages":"104","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-060545","costCenters":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":298311,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2013/1024/e/images/coverthb.jpg"},{"id":298308,"rank":1,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2013/1024/e/downloads/ofr2013-1024_e.pdf","text":"Report","size":"15.7 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Report"},{"id":298309,"rank":2,"type":{"id":20,"text":"Read Me"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2013/1024/e/downloads/ofr2013-1024_e_README.pdf","text":"Supplemental Data README","size":"78 kB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Supplemental Data README"},{"id":298310,"rank":3,"type":{"id":7,"text":"Companion Files"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2013/1024/e/downloads/ofr2013-1024_supplemental_data.zip","text":"Supplemental Data","size":"362 kB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Supplemental Data"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","county":"San Bernardino County","city":"Fort Irwin","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -116.99890136718749,\n              35.12889434101051\n            ],\n            [\n              -116.99890136718749,\n              35.639441068973916\n            ],\n            [\n              -116.18591308593749,\n              35.639441068973916\n            ],\n            [\n              -116.18591308593749,\n              35.12889434101051\n            ],\n            [\n              -116.99890136718749,\n              35.12889434101051\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","contact":"<p><a href=\"https://geomaps.wr.usgs.gov/gmeg/staff.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" data-mce-href=\"https://geomaps.wr.usgs.gov/gmeg/staff.htm\">Contact Information</a>,<br><a href=\"https://geomaps.wr.usgs.gov/gmeg/index.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" data-mce-href=\"https://geomaps.wr.usgs.gov/gmeg/index.htm\">Geology, Minerals, Energy, &amp; Geophysics Science Center</a>—Menlo Park<br><a href=\"https://usgs.gov\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" data-mce-href=\"https://usgs.gov\">U.S. Geological Survey</a><br>345 Middlefield Road<br>Menlo Park, CA 94025-3591</p>","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":14,"text":"Menlo Park PSC"},"publishedDate":"2015-03-05","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2015-03-05","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"54f97e2be4b02419550d9b58","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Buesch, David C. 0000-0002-4978-5027 dbuesch@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4978-5027","contributorId":1154,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Buesch","given":"David","email":"dbuesch@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":234,"text":"Earthquake Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":309,"text":"Geology and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":737453,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1}],"authors":[{"text":"Bloss, Benjamin R. bbloss@usgs.gov","contributorId":4821,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bloss","given":"Benjamin","email":"bbloss@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":211,"text":"Crustal Geophysics and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":541897,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bedrosian, Paul A. 0000-0002-6786-1038 pbedrosian@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6786-1038","contributorId":839,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bedrosian","given":"Paul","email":"pbedrosian@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":211,"text":"Crustal Geophysics and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":541898,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70180868,"text":"70180868 - 2015 - A new approach for continuous estimation of baseflow using discrete water quality data: Method description and comparison with baseflow estimates from two existing approaches","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-05-03T13:36:22","indexId":"70180868","displayToPublicDate":"2015-03-05T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2342,"text":"Journal of Hydrology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A new approach for continuous estimation of baseflow using discrete water quality data: Method description and comparison with baseflow estimates from two existing approaches","docAbstract":"<p><span>Understanding how watershed characteristics and climate influence the baseflow component of stream discharge is a topic of interest to both the scientific and water management communities. Therefore, the development of baseflow estimation methods is a topic of active research. Previous studies have demonstrated that graphical hydrograph separation (GHS) and conductivity mass balance (CMB) methods can be applied to stream discharge data to estimate daily baseflow. While CMB is generally considered to be a more objective approach than GHS, its application across broad spatial scales is limited by a lack of high frequency specific conductance (SC) data. We propose a new method that uses discrete SC data, which are widely available, to estimate baseflow at a daily time step using the CMB method. The proposed approach involves the development of regression models that relate discrete SC concentrations to stream discharge and time. Regression-derived CMB baseflow estimates were more similar to baseflow estimates obtained using a CMB approach with measured high frequency SC data than were the GHS baseflow estimates at twelve snowmelt dominated streams and rivers. There was a near perfect fit between the regression-derived and measured CMB baseflow estimates at sites where the regression models were able to accurately predict daily SC concentrations. We propose that the regression-derived approach could be applied to estimate baseflow at large numbers of sites, thereby enabling future investigations of watershed and climatic characteristics that influence the baseflow component of stream discharge across large spatial scales.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","publisherLocation":"Amsterdam","doi":"10.1016/j.jhydrol.2014.12.039","usgsCitation":"Miller, M.P., Johnson, H.M., Susong, D.D., and Wolock, D.M., 2015, A new approach for continuous estimation of baseflow using discrete water quality data: Method description and comparison with baseflow estimates from two existing approaches: Journal of Hydrology, v. 522, p. 203-210, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2014.12.039.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"203","endPage":"210","ipdsId":"IP-057375","costCenters":[{"id":353,"text":"Kansas Water Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":451,"text":"National Water Quality Assessment Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":610,"text":"Utah Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":334804,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Arizona, Colorado, New Mexico, Utah, Wyoming","otherGeospatial":"Upper Colorado River Basin","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -110.4345703125,\n              43.32517767999296\n            ],\n            [\n              -110.58837890625,\n              42.90816007196054\n            ],\n            [\n              -110.76416015625,\n              42.50450285299051\n            ],\n            [\n              -110.93994140625,\n              42.049292638686836\n            ],\n            [\n              -110.89599609375,\n              41.623655390686395\n            ],\n            [\n              -110.85205078124999,\n              41.261291493919884\n            ],\n            [\n              -110.91796875,\n              40.93011520598305\n            ],\n            [\n              -111.0498046875,\n              40.58058466412761\n            ],\n            [\n              -111.357421875,\n              40.07807142745009\n            ],\n            [\n              -111.59912109375,\n              39.487084981687495\n            ],\n            [\n              -112.0166015625,\n              39.027718840211605\n            ],\n            [\n              -112.69775390625,\n              38.272688535980976\n            ],\n            [\n              -112.5,\n              37.78808138412046\n            ],\n            [\n              -112.54394531249999,\n              37.17782559332976\n            ],\n            [\n              -112.3681640625,\n              36.86204269508728\n            ],\n            [\n              -111.99462890625,\n              36.61552763134925\n            ],\n            [\n              -111.22558593749999,\n              36.527294814546245\n            ],\n            [\n              -110.67626953125,\n              36.54494944148322\n            ],\n            [\n              -110.3466796875,\n              36.26199220445664\n            ],\n            [\n              -110.19287109375,\n              36.06686213257888\n            ],\n            [\n              -109.64355468749999,\n              35.94243575255426\n            ],\n            [\n              -109.248046875,\n              35.782170703266075\n            ],\n            [\n              -108.19335937499999,\n              35.7286770448517\n            ],\n            [\n              -107.60009765625,\n              35.88905007936091\n            ],\n            [\n              -107.09472656249999,\n              36.33282808737917\n            ],\n            [\n              -106.89697265625,\n              36.756490329505176\n            ],\n            [\n              -106.85302734374999,\n              37.055177106660814\n            ],\n            [\n              -106.875,\n              37.56199695314352\n            ],\n            [\n              -107.20458984375,\n              37.735969208590504\n            ],\n            [\n              -107.38037109375,\n              37.78808138412046\n            ],\n            [\n              -106.89697265625,\n              38.20365531807149\n            ],\n            [\n              -106.875,\n              38.53097889440024\n            ],\n            [\n              -106.89697265625,\n              38.805470223177466\n            ],\n            [\n              -106.50146484374999,\n              39.30029918615029\n            ],\n            [\n              -106.3916015625,\n              39.45316112807394\n            ],\n            [\n              -106.083984375,\n              39.7240885773337\n            ],\n            [\n              -106.083984375,\n              40.212440718286466\n            ],\n            [\n              -106.06201171875,\n              40.44694705960048\n            ],\n            [\n              -106.4794921875,\n              40.44694705960048\n            ],\n            [\n              -106.67724609375,\n              40.78054143186033\n            ],\n            [\n              -106.98486328124999,\n              41.11246878918088\n            ],\n            [\n              -107.138671875,\n              41.52502957323801\n            ],\n            [\n              -106.74316406249999,\n              41.77131167976407\n            ],\n            [\n              -106.962890625,\n              42.19596877629178\n            ],\n            [\n              -107.40234375,\n              42.24478535602799\n            ],\n            [\n              -108.5888671875,\n              42.24478535602799\n            ],\n            [\n              -108.984375,\n              42.293564192170095\n            ],\n            [\n              -109.1162109375,\n              42.69858589169842\n            ],\n            [\n              -109.48974609375,\n              43.229195113965005\n            ],\n            [\n              -110.10498046875,\n              43.43696596521823\n            ],\n            [\n              -110.3466796875,\n              43.32517767999296\n            ],\n            [\n              -110.4345703125,\n              43.32517767999296\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"522","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58999942e4b0efcedb71a08b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Miller, Matthew P. 0000-0002-2537-1823 mamiller@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2537-1823","contributorId":3919,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Miller","given":"Matthew","email":"mamiller@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[{"id":610,"text":"Utah Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":662639,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Johnson, Henry M. 0000-0002-7571-4994","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7571-4994","contributorId":105291,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnson","given":"Henry","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":662640,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Susong, David D. ddsusong@usgs.gov","contributorId":1040,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Susong","given":"David","email":"ddsusong@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":610,"text":"Utah Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":662641,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Wolock, David M. 0000-0002-6209-938X dwolock@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6209-938X","contributorId":540,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wolock","given":"David","email":"dwolock@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":353,"text":"Kansas Water Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":27111,"text":"National Water Quality Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":37778,"text":"WMA - Integrated Modeling and Prediction Division","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":503,"text":"Office of Water Quality","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":451,"text":"National Water Quality Assessment Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":662642,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70146995,"text":"70146995 - 2015 - Effects of human alterations on the hydrodynamics and sediment transport in the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-12-21T15:09:34","indexId":"70146995","displayToPublicDate":"2015-03-03T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Effects of human alterations on the hydrodynamics and sediment transport in the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta, California","docAbstract":"<p>The Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta, California, (Delta) has been significantly altered since the mid-nineteenth century. Many existing channels have been widened or deepened and new channels have been created for navigation and water conveyance. Tidal marshes have been drained and leveed to form islands that have subsided, some of which have permanently flooded. To understand how these alterations have affected hydrodynamics and sediment transport in the Delta, we analysed measurements from 27 sites, along with other spatial data, and previous literature. Results show that: (a) the permanent flooding of islands results in an increase in the shear velocity of channels downstream, (b) artificial widening and deepening of channels generally results in a decrease in shear velocity except when the channel is also located downstream of a flooded island, (c) 1.5 Mt/year of sediment was deposited in the Delta (1997&ndash;2010), and of this deposited sediment, 0.31 Mt/year (21%) was removed through dredging.</p>","largerWorkType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"largerWorkTitle":"Proceedings of the International Association of Hydrological Sciences","conferenceTitle":"International Association of Hydrological Sciences","conferenceDate":"11–14 December 2014","conferenceLocation":"New Orleans, Louisiana","language":"English","publisher":"International Association of Hydrological Sciences (IAHS)","doi":"10.5194/piahs-367-399-2015","collaboration":"BOR","usgsCitation":"Marineau, M.D., and Wright, S., 2015, Effects of human alterations on the hydrodynamics and sediment transport in the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta, California, <i>in</i> Proceedings of the International Association of Hydrological Sciences, v. 367, New Orleans, Louisiana, 11–14 December 2014, p. 399-406, https://doi.org/10.5194/piahs-367-399-2015.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"399","endPage":"406","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-054154","costCenters":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":472226,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5194/piahs-367-399-2015","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":312649,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -121.76696777343749,\n              38.49444388772503\n            ],\n            [\n              -121.47857666015625,\n              38.49444388772503\n            ],\n            [\n              -121.30828857421875,\n              37.931200459333716\n            ],\n            [\n              -121.4208984375,\n              37.80761398306056\n            ],\n            [\n              -121.53350830078124,\n              37.77722770873696\n            ],\n            [\n              -121.65435791015625,\n              37.88569271818349\n            ],\n            [\n              -121.69830322265625,\n              38.004819966413194\n            ],\n            [\n              -121.83837890625,\n              38.013476231041935\n            ],\n            [\n              -121.84112548828125,\n              38.067554724225275\n            ],\n            [\n              -121.717529296875,\n              38.151837403006766\n            ],\n            [\n              -121.78619384765624,\n              38.39764411353181\n            ],\n            [\n              -121.88507080078125,\n              38.436379603\n            ],\n            [\n              -121.79992675781249,\n              38.49444388772503\n            ],\n            [\n              -121.76696777343749,\n              38.49444388772503\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"367","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":1,"text":"Sacramento PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2015-03-03","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"567930c6e4b0da412f4fb553","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Marineau, Mathieu D. 0000-0002-6568-0743 mmarineau@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6568-0743","contributorId":4954,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Marineau","given":"Mathieu","email":"mmarineau@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":545558,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wright, Scott 0000-0002-0387-5713 sawright@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0387-5713","contributorId":1536,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wright","given":"Scott","email":"sawright@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":545559,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70157346,"text":"70157346 - 2015 - Higher-order statistical moments and a procedure that detects potentially anomalous years as two alternative methods describing alterations in continuous environmental data","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-11-22T18:01:31","indexId":"70157346","displayToPublicDate":"2015-03-02T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1928,"text":"Hydrology and Earth System Sciences","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Higher-order statistical moments and a procedure that detects potentially anomalous years as two alternative methods describing alterations in continuous environmental data","docAbstract":"<p><span>Statistics of central tendency and dispersion may not capture relevant or desired characteristics of the distribution of continuous phenomena and, thus, they may not adequately describe temporal patterns of change. Here, we present two methodological approaches that can help to identify temporal changes in environmental regimes. First, we use higher-order statistical moments (skewness and kurtosis) to examine potential changes of empirical distributions at decadal extents. Second, we adapt a statistical procedure combining a non-metric multidimensional scaling technique and higher density region plots to detect potentially anomalous years. We illustrate the use of these approaches by examining long-term stream temperature data from minimally and highly human-influenced streams. In particular, we contrast predictions about thermal regime responses to changing climates and human-related water uses. Using these methods, we effectively diagnose years with unusual thermal variability and patterns in variability through time, as well as spatial variability linked to regional and local factors that influence stream temperature. Our findings highlight the complexity of responses of thermal regimes of streams and reveal their differential vulnerability to climate warming and human-related water uses. The two approaches presented here can be applied with a variety of other continuous phenomena to address historical changes, extreme events, and their associated ecological responses.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Copernicus Publications","doi":"10.5194/hess-19-1169-2015","usgsCitation":"Arismendi, I., Johnson, S.L., and Dunham, J.B., 2015, Higher-order statistical moments and a procedure that detects potentially anomalous years as two alternative methods describing alterations in continuous environmental data: Hydrology and Earth System Sciences, v. 19, p. 1169-1180, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-19-1169-2015.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"1169","endPage":"1180","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-056997","costCenters":[{"id":290,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":472230,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-19-1169-2015","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":308333,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":308307,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.hydrol-earth-syst-sci.net/19/1169/2015/hess-19-1169-2015.html"}],"volume":"19","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":12,"text":"Tacoma PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2015-03-02","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"56012a52e4b03bc34f544402","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Arismendi, Ivan","contributorId":70661,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Arismendi","given":"Ivan","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":572770,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Johnson, Sherri L.","contributorId":91757,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnson","given":"Sherri","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":572771,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Dunham, Jason B. 0000-0002-6268-0633 jdunham@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6268-0633","contributorId":147808,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dunham","given":"Jason","email":"jdunham@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[{"id":289,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosys Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":290,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":572769,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70198332,"text":"70198332 - 2015 - Life in the main channel: long-term hydrologic control of microbial mat abundance in McMurdo Dry Valley streams, Antarctica","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-07-30T16:03:50","indexId":"70198332","displayToPublicDate":"2015-03-01T15:13:02","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1478,"text":"Ecosystems","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Life in the main channel: long-term hydrologic control of microbial mat abundance in McMurdo Dry Valley streams, Antarctica","docAbstract":"<p><span>Given alterations in global hydrologic regime, we examine the role of hydrology in regulating stream microbial mat abundance in the McMurdo Dry Valleys, Antarctica. Here, perennial mats persist as a desiccated crust until revived by summer streamflow, which varies inter-annually, and has increased since the 1990s. We predicted high flows to scour mats, and intra-seasonal drying to slow growth. Responses were hypothesized to differ based on mat location within streams, along with geomorphology, which may promote (high coverage) or discourage (low coverage) accrual. We compared hydrologic trends with the biomass of green and orange mats, which grow in the channel, and black mats growing at stream margins for 16 diverse stream transects over two decades. We found mat biomass collectively decreased during first decade coinciding with low flows, and increased following elevated discharges. Green mat biomass showed the greatest correlations with hydrology and was stimulated by discharge in high coverage transects, but negatively correlated in low coverage due to habitat scour. In contrast, orange mat biomass was negatively related to flow in high coverage transects, but positively correlated in low coverage because of side-channel expansion. Black mats were weakly correlated with all hydrologic variables regardless of coverage. Lastly, model selection indicated the best combination of predictive hydrologic variables for biomass differed between mat types, but also high and low coverage transects. These results demonstrate the importance of geomorphology and species composition to modeling primary production, and will be useful in predicting ecological responses of benthic habitats to altered hydrologic regimes.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/s10021-014-9829-6","usgsCitation":"Kohler, T.J., Stanish, L.F., Crisp, S.W., Koch, J.C., Liptzin, D., Baeseman, J.L., and McKnight, D.M., 2015, Life in the main channel: long-term hydrologic control of microbial mat abundance in McMurdo Dry Valley streams, Antarctica: Ecosystems, v. 18, no. 2, p. 310-327, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10021-014-9829-6.","productDescription":"28 p.","startPage":"310","endPage":"327","ipdsId":"IP-052879","costCenters":[{"id":120,"text":"Alaska Science Center Water","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":356007,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"otherGeospatial":"McMurdo Dry Valley, Antarctica","volume":"18","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2014-12-23","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5b6fcc2de4b0f5d57878ecd1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kohler, Tyler J.","contributorId":206557,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Kohler","given":"Tyler","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":25642,"text":"Institute of arctic and Alpine Research, Univ. of Co, Boulder, C","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":741108,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Stanish, Lee F.","contributorId":206565,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Stanish","given":"Lee","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":741109,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Crisp, Steven W.","contributorId":206558,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Crisp","given":"Steven","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":25620,"text":"Institute of Arctic and Alpine Research, University of Colorado – Boulder","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":741110,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Koch, Joshua C. 0000-0001-7180-6982 jkoch@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7180-6982","contributorId":202532,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Koch","given":"Joshua","email":"jkoch@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":116,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology MFEB","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":120,"text":"Alaska Science Center Water","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":741111,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Liptzin, Daniel","contributorId":168551,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Liptzin","given":"Daniel","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":741112,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Baeseman, Jenny L.","contributorId":189421,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Baeseman","given":"Jenny","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":741113,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"McKnight, Diane M.","contributorId":59773,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"McKnight","given":"Diane","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":16833,"text":"INSTAAR, University of Colorado","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":741114,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}}
,{"id":70150428,"text":"70150428 - 2015 - Importance of reservoir tributaries to spawning of migratory fish in the upper Paraná River","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-06-26T12:01:15","indexId":"70150428","displayToPublicDate":"2015-03-01T13:00:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3301,"text":"River Research and Applications","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Importance of reservoir tributaries to spawning of migratory fish in the upper Paraná River","docAbstract":"<p>Regulation of rivers by dams transforms previously lotic reaches above the dam into lentic ones and limits or prevents longitudinal connectivity, which impairs access to suitable habitats for the reproduction of many migratory fish species. Frequently, unregulated tributaries can provide important habitat heterogeneity to a regulated river and may mitigate the influence of impoundments on the mainstem river. We evaluated the importance of tributaries to spawning of migratory fish species over three spawning seasons, by comparing several abiotic conditions and larval fish distributions in four rivers that are tributaries to an impounded reach of the Upper Parana River, Brazil. Our study confirmed reproduction of at least 8 long-distance migrators, likely nine, out of a total of 19 occurring in the Upper Parana River. Total larval densities and percentage species composition differed among tributaries, but the differences were not consistent among spawning seasons and unexpectedly were not strongly related to annual differences in temperature and hydrology. We hypothesize that under present conditions, densities of larvae of migratory species may be better related to efficiency of fish passage facilities than to temperature and hydrology. Our study indicates that adult fish are finding suitable habitat for spawning in tributaries, fish eggs are developing into larvae, and larvae are finding suitable rearing space in lagoons adjacent to the tributaries. Our findings also suggest the need for establishment of protected areas in unregulated and lightly regulated tributaries to preserve essential spawning and nursery habitats.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"John Wiley & Sons","publisherLocation":"Chichester, West Sussex, UK","doi":"10.1002/rra.2755","usgsCitation":"da Silva, P.S., Makrakis, M.C., Miranda, L.E., Makrakis, S., Assumpcao, L., Paula, S., Dias, J.H., and Marques, H., 2015, Importance of reservoir tributaries to spawning of migratory fish in the upper Paraná River: River Research and Applications, v. 31, no. 3, p. 313-322, https://doi.org/10.1002/rra.2755.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"313","endPage":"322","numberOfPages":"10","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-049149","costCenters":[{"id":198,"text":"Coop Res Unit Atlanta","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":302460,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":302320,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/rra.2755/abstract"}],"volume":"31","issue":"3","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":8,"text":"Raleigh PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2014-04-02","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"558e77b7e4b0b6d21dd6595d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"da Silva, P. S.","contributorId":143807,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"da Silva","given":"P.","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":557147,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Makrakis, Maristela Cavicchioli","contributorId":90208,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Makrakis","given":"Maristela","email":"","middleInitial":"Cavicchioli","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":557148,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Miranda, Leandro E. 0000-0002-2138-7924 smiranda@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2138-7924","contributorId":531,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Miranda","given":"Leandro","email":"smiranda@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":198,"text":"Coop Res Unit Atlanta","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":556871,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Makrakis, Sergio","contributorId":95349,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Makrakis","given":"Sergio","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":557149,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Assumpcao, L.","contributorId":143808,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Assumpcao","given":"L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":557150,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Paula, S.","contributorId":143809,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Paula","given":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":557151,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Dias, Joao Henrique Pinheiro","contributorId":23843,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dias","given":"Joao","email":"","middleInitial":"Henrique Pinheiro","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":557152,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Marques, H.","contributorId":143810,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Marques","given":"H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":557153,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8}]}}
]}