{"pageNumber":"125","pageRowStart":"3100","pageSize":"25","recordCount":4111,"records":[{"id":70216722,"text":"70216722 - 1997 - Debris flows in Grand Canyon National Park: Peak discharges, flow transformations, and hydrographs","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-12-03T13:14:25.156398","indexId":"70216722","displayToPublicDate":"1997-12-31T11:12:20","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Debris flows in Grand Canyon National Park: Peak discharges, flow transformations, and hydrographs","docAbstract":"<p><span>Direct measurements of debris-flow hydrograph and flow behavior in remote drainage areas are rare. We infer hydrographs and flow behavior for recent debris flow in bedrock tributaries of the Colorado River from preserved stratigraphic relations, sedimentology and surface morphology of debris fans and evidence of flow-surface elevations. We propose that 3 types of debris-flow hydrographs occur in Grand Canyon: Type I flows have a single debris-flow peak followed by recessional 'hyperconcentrated flow' or streamflow; Type II flows have multiple debris-flow peaks with intervening 'hyperconcentrated flow' and (or) streamflow phases; and Type III flows begin as either Type I or Type II flows, but late-stage recessional streamflow is higher than the stage(s) of the debris-flow phase(s) and extensively reworks debris-flow deposits of buries them beneath streamflow sand and gravel. Field evidence shows that debris-flow peaks last for seconds to minutes, while recessional flows have durations of several hours to a day.</span></p>","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Proceedings of the 1997 1st international conference on debris-flow hazards mitigation: Mechanics, prediction, and assessment","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"conferenceTitle":"International Conference on Debris-Flow Hazards Mitigation: Mechanics, Prediction, and Assessment","conferenceDate":"August 7-9, 1997","conferenceLocation":"San Francisco, CA","language":"English","publisher":"American Society of Civil Engineers","usgsCitation":"Melis, T., Webb, R., and Griffiths, P.G., 1997, Debris flows in Grand Canyon National Park: Peak discharges, flow transformations, and hydrographs, <i>in</i> Proceedings of the 1997 1st international conference on debris-flow hazards mitigation: Mechanics, prediction, and assessment, San Francisco, CA, August 7-9, 1997, p. 727-736.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"727","endPage":"736","costCenters":[{"id":49157,"text":"Rocky Mountain Regional Office","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":380928,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Arizona","otherGeospatial":"Colorado River, Grand Canyon","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -114.0380859375,\n              35.53222622770337\n            ],\n            [\n              -110.45654296875,\n              35.53222622770337\n            ],\n            [\n              -110.45654296875,\n              37.03763967977139\n            ],\n            [\n              -114.0380859375,\n              37.03763967977139\n            ],\n            [\n              -114.0380859375,\n              35.53222622770337\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Melis, Theodore S. 0000-0003-0473-3968 tmelis@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0473-3968","contributorId":1829,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Melis","given":"Theodore S.","email":"tmelis@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":568,"text":"Southwest Biological Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":805984,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Webb, Robert rhwebb@usgs.gov","contributorId":187755,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Webb","given":"Robert","email":"rhwebb@usgs.gov","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":805985,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Griffiths, Peter G. 0000-0002-8663-8907 pggriffi@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8663-8907","contributorId":187,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Griffiths","given":"Peter","email":"pggriffi@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":805986,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":33540,"text":"b2143 - 1997 - Sedimentary carbonate-hosted giant Bayan Obo REE-Fe-Nb ore deposit of Inner Mongolia, China; a cornerstone example for giant polymetallic ore deposits of hydrothermal origin","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:09:22","indexId":"b2143","displayToPublicDate":"1997-12-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":306,"text":"Bulletin","code":"B","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2143","title":"Sedimentary carbonate-hosted giant Bayan Obo REE-Fe-Nb ore deposit of Inner Mongolia, China; a cornerstone example for giant polymetallic ore deposits of hydrothermal origin","docAbstract":"Detailed, integrative field and laboratory studies of the textures, structures, chemical characteristics, and isotopically determined ages and signatures of mineralization of the Bayan Obo deposit provided evidence for the origin and characteristics favorable for its formation and parameters necessary for defining giant polymetallic deposits of hydrothermal origin. Bayan Obo is an epigenetic, metasomatic, hydrothermal rare earth element (REE)-Fe-Nb ore deposit that is hosted in the metasedimentary H8 dolostone marble of the Middle Proterozoic Bayan Obo Group. The metasedimentary sequence was deposited on the northern continental slope of the North China craton. The mine area is about 100 km south of the suture marking Caledonian subduction of the Mongolian oceanic plate from the north beneath the North China craton.\r\n\r\nThe mineralogy of the deposit is very complex, consisting of more than 120 different minerals, some of which are epigenetic minerals introduced by hydrothermal solutions, and some of which are primary and secondary metamorphic minerals. The major REE minerals are monazite and bastnaesite, whereas magnetite and hematite are the dominant Fe-ore minerals, and columbite is the most abundant Nb mineral. Dolomite, alkali amphibole, fluorite, barite, aegirine augite, apatite, phlogopite, albite, and microcline are the most widespread gangue minerals.\r\n\r\nThree general types of ores occur at Bayan Obo: disseminated, banded, and massive ores. Broad zoning of these ore types occurs in the Main and East Orebodies. Disseminated ores are in the outermost zone, banded ores are in the intermediate zone, and massive ores are in the cores of the orebodies. On the basis of field relations, host rocks, textures, structures, and mineral assemblages, many varieties of these three types of ores have been recognized and mapped.\r\n\r\nIsotopic dating of monazite, bastnaesite, aeschynite, and metamorphic and metasomatic alkali amphiboles associated with the deposit provides constraints on the ages of mineralization and the history of the deposit. Textural relations, differences in chemical composition, and 232Th/208Pb internal isochron ages of monazite and bastnaesite samples indicate that many episodes of REE mineralization occurred at Bayan Obo, ranging from about 555 Ma to about 398 Ma. Initial 208Pb/204Pb ratios suggest different sources of REE's for different generations of REE minerals. Relative ages of Fe mineralization were deduced from textural relationships of Fe minerals with other, dated mineral phases in the deposit. Most Nb mineralization was in the area of the West Orebodies and resulted in disseminated ore. Aeschynite, an early stage of Nb mineralization (438+-25.1 Ma), occurs with huanghoite and alkali amphiboles in veins.\r\n\r\nThe 40Ar/39Ar ages of amphiboles, as well as petrographic textures, were used to distinguish three periods of regional metamorphism in the Bayan Obo mine area: (1) Late Proterozoic, about 890 Ma, which recrystallized H8 carbonate to marble and crystallized lineated alkali amphiboles along foliation planes in the marble; (2) Caledonian, about 425-395 Ma, which resulted in metamorphic and metasomatic-metamorphic alkali amphiboles; and (3) Hercynian, about 300 Ma, based on biotite 40Ar/39Ar analyses from biotite schist and folded banded ores. The 40Ar/39Ar ages of metasomatic alkali amphiboles also place time constraints on the hydrothermal history of the ore deposit. Metasomatic amphiboles represent periods of intense hydrothermal activity, which began as early as 1.26 Ga; that date is based on the age of amphibole from a vein that crosscuts the H6 quartzite that underlies the H8 dolostone marble. Although much of the metasomatic amphibole formed during periods that overlapped the peak period of REE mineralization of banded ores, REE and alkali amphibole phases generally occur in different mineral assemblages or are of very different ages in the same assemblage and, therefore, may have been derived from ","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. G.P.O.,","doi":"10.3133/b2143","usgsCitation":"Chao, E.C., Back, J., Minkin, J., Tatsumoto, M., Junwen, W., Conrad, J., McKee, E., Zonglin, H., Qingrun, M., and Shengguang, H., 1997, Sedimentary carbonate-hosted giant Bayan Obo REE-Fe-Nb ore deposit of Inner Mongolia, China; a cornerstone example for giant polymetallic ore deposits of hydrothermal origin: U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin 2143, vi, 65 p. ill. (some col.), map ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/b2143.","productDescription":"vi, 65 p. ill. (some col.), map ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":163105,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/2143/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":3377,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/b2143/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":61435,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/2143/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a0be4b07f02db5fbd9b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Chao, E. C. T.","contributorId":96713,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chao","given":"E.","email":"","middleInitial":"C. T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":211504,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Back, J.M.","contributorId":15639,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Back","given":"J.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":211496,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Minkin, J.A.","contributorId":38588,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Minkin","given":"J.A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":211501,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Tatsumoto, M.","contributorId":76798,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tatsumoto","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":211502,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Junwen, Wang","contributorId":17258,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Junwen","given":"Wang","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":211497,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Conrad, J. E.","contributorId":32520,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Conrad","given":"J. E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":211500,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"McKee, E.H.","contributorId":20736,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McKee","given":"E.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":211498,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Zonglin, Hou","contributorId":93076,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zonglin","given":"Hou","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":211503,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Qingrun, Meng","contributorId":24372,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Qingrun","given":"Meng","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":211499,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Shengguang, Huang","contributorId":8145,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shengguang","given":"Huang","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":211495,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10}]}}
,{"id":70178418,"text":"70178418 - 1997 - An evaluation of the rust fungus <i>Gymnoconia nitensas</i> a potential biological control agent for alien <i>Rubus</i> species in Hawaii ","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-01-04T13:11:37","indexId":"70178418","displayToPublicDate":"1997-11-26T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1016,"text":"Biological Control","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"An evaluation of the rust fungus <i>Gymnoconia nitensas</i> a potential biological control agent for alien <i>Rubus</i> species in Hawaii ","docAbstract":"<p><span>The rust fungus&nbsp;</span><i>Gymnoconia nitens&nbsp;</i><span>infects blackberry (</span><i>Rubus argutus</i><span>) systemically in regions of the continental United States, producing bright yellow–orange masses of spores on newly developing floricanes during springtime. In tests to determine the suitability of this rust as a biological control agent for&nbsp;</span><i>R. penetrans</i><span>in Hawaii, a species now thought to be conspecific with&nbsp;</span><i>R. argutus,</i><span>rooted cuttings of the Hawaiian plants were grown at North Carolina State University, inoculated, and observed. Other introduced weedy&nbsp;</span><i>Rubus&nbsp;</i><span>spp. in Hawaii, including&nbsp;</span><i>R. ellipticus, R. rosifolius,&nbsp;</i><span>and&nbsp;</span><i>R. glaucus,</i><span>as well as the two endemic species&nbsp;</span><i>R. hawaiensis&nbsp;</i><span>and&nbsp;</span><i>R. macraei,</i><span>also were inoculated. No species of&nbsp;</span><i>Rubus</i><span>are of commercial importance in Hawaii, but the protection of the native species, of which&nbsp;</span><i>R. macraei&nbsp;</i><span>is rare, was of utmost concern. The native Hawaiian species did not survive well in North Carolina in this study, however. Later availability of a plant pathogen containment laboratory in Hawaii enabled similar tests to be conducted at that facility. In addition to the above species,&nbsp;</span><i>R. spectabilis&nbsp;</i><span>(salmonberry), a species native to the Pacific Northwest with which the Hawaiian&nbsp;</span><i>Rubus&nbsp;</i><span>spp. are thought to share a common ancestor, was inoculated in Hawaii. Infection with&nbsp;</span><i>G. nitens&nbsp;</i><span>under natural field conditions becomes apparent only when sporulation occurs on floricanes the second year following infection. However, experimental inoculation led to early responses of chlorotic leaf flecking and puckering, leaf and stem contortion, and stem gall formation, indicating the sensitivity of&nbsp;</span><i>R. penetrans&nbsp;</i><span>(=</span><i>R. argutus</i><span>),&nbsp;</span><i>R. hawaiensis,&nbsp;</i><span>and&nbsp;</span><i>R. macraei&nbsp;</i><span>to this rust. Apparent systemic infection also resulted in sporulation on one plant of&nbsp;</span><i>R. macraei.&nbsp;</i><span>Ability to attack the endemic species suggests that&nbsp;</span><i>G. nitens&nbsp;</i><span>would not be suitable for release in Hawaii as a biological control agent, at least on the islands with populations of the native species.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Academic Press","publisherLocation":"Orlando, FL","doi":"10.1006/bcon.1997.0554","usgsCitation":"Gardner, D., Hodges, C., Killgore, E., and Anderson, R.C., 1997, An evaluation of the rust fungus <i>Gymnoconia nitensas</i> a potential biological control agent for alien <i>Rubus</i> species in Hawaii : Biological Control, v. 10, no. 3, p. 151-158, https://doi.org/10.1006/bcon.1997.0554.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"151","endPage":"158","costCenters":[{"id":521,"text":"Pacific Island Ecosystems Research 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 \"}}]}","volume":"10","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"582ecff5e4b04d580bd43552","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Gardner, D.E.","contributorId":38742,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gardner","given":"D.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":654042,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hodges, C.S. Jr.","contributorId":176945,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Hodges","given":"C.S.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":654043,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Killgore, E.","contributorId":176946,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Killgore","given":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":654044,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Anderson, R. C.","contributorId":9755,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Anderson","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":654045,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70019517,"text":"70019517 - 1997 - Introgression and susceptibility to disease in a wild population of rainbow trout","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-03-26T16:07:01.672629","indexId":"70019517","displayToPublicDate":"1997-11-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2886,"text":"North American Journal of Fisheries Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Introgression and susceptibility to disease in a wild population of rainbow trout","docAbstract":"<p><span>We examined susceptibility of wild rainbow trout&nbsp;</span><i>Oncorhynchus mykiss</i><span>&nbsp;from the Metolius River, a tributary of the Deschutes River, Oregon, to genetic introgression and cerato myxosis as a result of stocking nonnative hatchery rainbow trout.&nbsp;</span><i>Ceratomyxa shasta</i><span>, an enzootic myxosporean parasite that can be lethal to nonnative hatchery rainbow trout, might have been limiting the interbreeding of hatchery and wild rainbow trout in the river. However, rainbow trout from the Metolius River had allozyme frequencies intermediate between those of wild and hatchery fish at&nbsp;</span><i>LDH‐82*</i><span>&nbsp;and&nbsp;</span><i>sSOD‐1*</i><span>, two diagnostic genetic loci that allow the inland subspecies of rainbow trout to be distinguished from hatchery strains of coastal origin. They also had notable frequencies of&nbsp;</span><i>ADA‐1 *85</i><span>, an allele documented in hatchery rainbow trout but rarely seen in wild populations. We also found that rainbow trout in the Metolius River averaged 138.9 scales in the lateral series, intermediate between the counts for 9 coastal or nonnative hatchery populations, which always had fewer than 140 scales, and 10 inland populations, which always had more than 140 scales. Disease challenges revealed that rainbow trout from the Metolius River had much greater susceptibility to&nbsp;</span><i>C. shasta</i><span>&nbsp;than rainbow trout from the Deschutes River, which have genetic resistance to the lethal disease. Based on these data, we concluded that introgression with nonnative hatchery rainbow trout has reduced the abilities of wild rainbow trout in the Metolius River to survive when conditions for ceratomyxosis infection occur.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Oxford Academic","doi":"10.1577/1548-8675(1997)017<1065:IASTDI>2.3.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Currens, K., Hemmingsen, A., French, R., Buchanan, D., Schreck, C., and Li, H., 1997, Introgression and susceptibility to disease in a wild population of rainbow trout: North American Journal of Fisheries Management, v. 17, no. 4, p. 1065-1078, https://doi.org/10.1577/1548-8675(1997)017<1065:IASTDI>2.3.CO;2.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"1065","endPage":"1078","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":226387,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Oregon","otherGeospatial":"Metolius River","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -121.6879574329636,\n              44.66210747731898\n            ],\n            [\n              -121.6879574329636,\n              44.280078693806814\n            ],\n            [\n              -121.54870752778533,\n              44.280078693806814\n            ],\n            [\n              -121.54870752778533,\n              44.66210747731898\n            ],\n            [\n              -121.6879574329636,\n              44.66210747731898\n            ]\n          ]\n        ],\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"17","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a3e15e4b0c8380cd63aaf","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Currens, K.P.","contributorId":86500,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Currens","given":"K.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383039,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hemmingsen, A.R.","contributorId":84313,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hemmingsen","given":"A.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383038,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"French, R.A.","contributorId":43921,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"French","given":"R.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383037,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Buchanan, D.V.","contributorId":33856,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Buchanan","given":"D.V.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383036,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Schreck, C.B.","contributorId":11977,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schreck","given":"C.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383034,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Li, H.W.","contributorId":23261,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Li","given":"H.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383035,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}}
,{"id":27921,"text":"wri974027 - 1997 - Effects of highway deicing chemicals on shallow unconsolidated aquifers in Ohio, interim report, 1988-93","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-01-10T21:46:25.961313","indexId":"wri974027","displayToPublicDate":"1997-11-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"97-4027","title":"Effects of highway deicing chemicals on shallow unconsolidated aquifers in Ohio, interim report, 1988-93","docAbstract":"Effects of the application of highway deicing chemicals during winter months on ground- water quality are being studied by the U.S. Geological Survey in cooperation with the Ohio Department of Transportation and the Federal Highway Administration. Eight sites throughout the State were selected along major undivided highways where drainage is by open ditches and ground-water flow is approximately perpendicular to the highway. At these sites, records of deicer application rates are being kept and apparent movement of deicing chemicals through shallow, unconsolidated aquifers is being monitored by means of periodic measurements of specific con ductance and concentrations of dissolved sodium, calcium, and chloride. The counties and corre sponding sections of state routes being monitored are the following: State Route (SR) 3 in Ashland County, SR 84 in Ashtabula County, SR 29 in Champaign County, SR 4 in Clark County, SR 2 in Lucas County, SR 104 in Pickaway County, SR 14 in Portage County, and SR 97 in Richland County.\r\n\r\nThe study began in January 1988 with background data collection, extensive literature review, and site selection. This process, including drilling of wells at the eight selected sites, lasted 3 years. Routine ground-water sampling at 4- to 6-week intervals began in January 1991. A relatively new type of multilevel, passive flow ground-water sampling device was constructed and used. Other conditions monitored on a regular basis included ground-water level (monitored con tinuously), specific conductance, air and soil temperature, precipitation, chloride concentration in soil samples, ground conductivity, and deicing chemical application times and rates.\r\n\r\nFor the interim reporting period, water samples were collected from January 1991 through September 1993. Evidence from water analysis, specific conductance measurements, and surface geophysical measurements indicates that four of the eight sites (Ashtabula County, Lucas County, Portage County, and Richland County sites) are potentially affected by direct application of deic ing chemicals. Climatic data from the period January 1991 through September 1993 show that cold weather, and therefore deicing chemical application rates, varied widely across the State. As a consequence, only minor traces of dissolved chloride above background concentrations (mean, 12-25 mg/L) were determined in ground-water samples from the Pickaway County, Clark County, and Champaign County sites. At the Ashland and Richland County sites, dissolved chlo ride concentrations increased above background concentrations (from the upgradient well, pre sumably unaffected by road salt) only intermittently (mean background concentrations of 3-25 mg/L, rising to a mean of 49-77 mg/L). For the interim reporting period, the mean dissolved chloride concentration for all downgradient wells was about 2 times the background concentra tion (25mg/L) at the Ashland County site (50 mg/L) and 14 times the background concentration (3 mg/L) at the Richland County site (40 mg/L). At the Lucas County, Portage County, and Ash tabula County sites, deicing-chemical application was consistent throughout the winter, and downgradient dissolved chloride concentrations rarely returned to background concentrations (mean 6-32 mg/L) throughout the period. For the interim reporting period, the mean dissolved chloride concentration for all downgradient wells was about 3 times the background concentra tion at the Lucas County site (92 mg/L), 72 times the background concentration at the Portage County site (432 mg/L, 2 downgradient wells), and 21 times the background concentration at the Ashtabula County site (279 mg/L).\r\n\r\nOther factors that may affect the movement of deicing chemicals through the aquifer were examined, such as precipitation amounts; the types of subsurface materials; ground-water velocity and gradient; hydraulic conductivity; soil type; land use; and ODOT deicing priority. A final report is planned for 2001 afte","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri974027","usgsCitation":"Jones, A., and Sroka, B., 1997, Effects of highway deicing chemicals on shallow unconsolidated aquifers in Ohio, interim report, 1988-93: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 97-4027, vii, 139 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri974027.","productDescription":"vii, 139 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":56735,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1997/4027/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":121662,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1997/4027/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":466087,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_48656.htm","text":"Ashland County site","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":466088,"rank":4,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_48657.htm","text":"Astabula County site","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":466089,"rank":5,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_48658.htm","text":"Champaign County site","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":466090,"rank":6,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_48659.htm","text":"Clark County site","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":466091,"rank":7,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_48660.htm","text":"Lucas County site","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":466092,"rank":8,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_48661.htm","text":"Pickaway County site","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":466093,"rank":9,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index 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 \"}}]}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a2de4b07f02db614db4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Jones, A.L.","contributorId":63049,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jones","given":"A.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":198904,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Sroka, B.N.","contributorId":72392,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sroka","given":"B.N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":198905,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70205524,"text":"70205524 - 1997 - A comparison of wetland tree growth response to hydrologic regime in Louisiana and South Carolina","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-09-23T11:57:29","indexId":"70205524","displayToPublicDate":"1997-09-23T11:42:30","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1687,"text":"Forest Ecology and Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A comparison of wetland tree growth response to hydrologic regime in Louisiana and South Carolina","docAbstract":"<p><span>Numerous investigations have examined the growth of wetland tree species under a variety of hydrologic conditions. Most studies have compared flooded versus non-flooded conditions in greenhouses or in one to a few field sites near each other or within the same region. Comparisons of wetland tree growth among widely separated areas of the country are rare. This study compared the diameter growth of&nbsp;</span><i>Nyssa sylvatica</i><span>&nbsp;var.&nbsp;</span><i>biflora, Nyssa aquatica</i><span>, and&nbsp;</span><i>Taxodium distichum</i><span>&nbsp;trees from Louisiana (Gulf Coastal Plain) and South Carolina (Atlantic Coastal Plain). In both regions, individual trees were distributed along a gradient of hydrologic regimes from infrequent to permanent flooding.&nbsp;</span><i>Nyssa sylvatica</i><span>&nbsp;var.&nbsp;</span><i>biflora</i><span>&nbsp;was restricted to periodically flooded sites in both regions. Within these sites, this species showed little response to differences in mean water depth. In contrast, significant differences among hydrologic regimes were detected for&nbsp;</span><i>N. aquatica</i><span>&nbsp;in both regions. In Louisiana, patterns of growth response did not correlate with the gradient of hydrologic regimes, but in South Carolina maximum growth was inversely related to mean water levels during the growing season. Maximum growth of&nbsp;</span><i>T. distichum</i><span>&nbsp;trees was observed at sites with shallow, permanent flooding in both regions.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/S0378-1127(96)03901-1","usgsCitation":"Keeland, B.D., Conner, W., and Sharitz, R.R., 1997, A comparison of wetland tree growth response to hydrologic regime in Louisiana and South Carolina: Forest Ecology and Management, v. 90, no. 2-3, p. 237-250, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0378-1127(96)03901-1.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"237","endPage":"250","costCenters":[{"id":455,"text":"National Wetlands Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":17705,"text":"Wetland and Aquatic Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":479915,"rank":0,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.558.1339","text":"External Repository"},{"id":367626,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Louisiana, South Carolina","otherGeospatial":"Barataria Basin, Island Creek,, Pearl River Swamp, Upper Three Runs Creek, Verret 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 \"}}]}","volume":"90","issue":"2-3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Keeland, Bobby D.","contributorId":103506,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Keeland","given":"Bobby","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":17705,"text":"Wetland and Aquatic Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":455,"text":"National Wetlands Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":771503,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Conner, William","contributorId":68624,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Conner","given":"William","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":771504,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Sharitz, Rebecca R.","contributorId":44598,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sharitz","given":"Rebecca","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":771505,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":28367,"text":"wri944206 - 1997 - Evaluation of agricultural best-management practices in the Conestoga River headwaters, Pennsylvania: Effects of pipe-outlet terracing on quantity and quality of surface runoff and ground water in a small carbonate-rock basin near Churchtown, Pennsylvania, 1983-89","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-01-31T21:49:26.384725","indexId":"wri944206","displayToPublicDate":"1997-09-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"94-4206","title":"Evaluation of agricultural best-management practices in the Conestoga River headwaters, Pennsylvania: Effects of pipe-outlet terracing on quantity and quality of surface runoff and ground water in a small carbonate-rock basin near Churchtown, Pennsylvania, 1983-89","docAbstract":"Terracing effects on surface-runoff and ground- water quantity and  quality were investigated by the U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation  with Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Resources, during 1983-89  at a 23.1-acre agricultural site in Lancaster County, Pa., as part of the  1982 Rural Clean Water Program. The site, underlain by carbonate rock,  was primarily corn and alfalfa fields; the median slope was 6 percent.Normal precipitation is about 42 inches per year. Average annual runoff  was 11 percent and ground- water recharge was 37 percent of precipitation.Runoff quantity, suspended-sediment, and nutrient data, ground-water  level and nutrient data, and precipitation-quantity data were collected  for 21 months prior to, and 58 months after, pipe-outlet terrace  construction. Data were analyzed by use of graphical, regression,  covariate, cluster, Mann- Whitney Rank Sum test, and double-mass curvetechniques.  Terracing changed runoff characteristics. Storm characteristics were  similar throughout the study period. However, after terracing, storms  producing less than 0.4 inch of precipitation rarely produced runoff.  Total-storm discharge as a function of precipitation did not change  significantly throughout the range of runoff-producing storms after  terracing. Multiple-discharge peaks on hydrographs before terracing did  not occur after terracing when hydrographs reflected the stepwisedraining of each terrace through the pipe outlet. After an initial 2-year period of terrace stabilization, suspended-sediment yield in runoff decreased significantly as a function  of runoff. This result was expected because terracing decreased runoff  energy, and because terrace ponding allowed time for sediment redeposition.  Nitrate plus nitrite yields increased proportionally throughout the  range of runoff during the post-terracing period relative to the  pre- terracing period. After terracing, a combination of increased soil  contact time and increased nitrification caused by wetter soils is  believed to have increased nitrate concentrations in runoff.  No significant change was found in yields of total nitrogen, ammonia  plus organic nitrogen, or total phosphorus relative to runoff before and  after terracing. Limited data suggest that fine-sediment particles (less  than 0.62 micrometers in diameter), which continued to be discharged from  the site, transported most of the phosphorus. Terracing did not significantly change the quantity of recharge to  the carbonate aquifer. The mean annual water-table altitude did not  change after terracing. Nitrate concentrations of ground water increased  significantly at four of the site wells after terracing, probably because  of increased contact time of the recharge with nutrient-rich soils in  ponded terrace water. Qualitative evidence indicates that large decreases  in nutrient requirements and nitrogen applications because of a crop  change from corn to alfalfa upgradient of two site wells resulted in  either no detectable change or a significant decrease in nitrate  concentrations of ground water after terracing.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri944206","usgsCitation":"Lietman, P., Gustafson-Minnich, L., and Hall, D.W., 1997, Evaluation of agricultural best-management practices in the Conestoga River headwaters, Pennsylvania: Effects of pipe-outlet terracing on quantity and quality of surface runoff and ground water in a small carbonate-rock basin near Churchtown, Pennsylvania, 1983-89: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 94-4206, vii, 62 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri944206.","productDescription":"vii, 62 p.","costCenters":[{"id":532,"text":"Pennsylvania Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":57174,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1994/4206/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":395191,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_48076.htm"},{"id":126888,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1994/4206/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Pennsylvania","city":"Churchtown","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -75.9825,\n              40.1264\n            ],\n            [\n              -75.9764,\n              40.1264\n            ],\n            [\n              -75.9764,\n              40.1319\n            ],\n            [\n              -75.9825,\n              40.1319\n            ],\n            [\n              -75.9825,\n              40.1264\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a4be4b07f02db6258df","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lietman, P. L.","contributorId":63040,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lietman","given":"P. L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":199682,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Gustafson-Minnich, L. C.","contributorId":6897,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gustafson-Minnich","given":"L. C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":199681,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hall, D. W.","contributorId":106528,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hall","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":199683,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70019666,"text":"70019666 - 1997 - Food resource partitioning by nine sympatric darter species","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2026-03-23T16:08:18.120016","indexId":"70019666","displayToPublicDate":"1997-09-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3624,"text":"Transactions of the American Fisheries Society","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Food resource partitioning by nine sympatric darter species","docAbstract":"<p><span id=\"_mce_caret\" data-mce-bogus=\"1\" data-mce-type=\"format-caret\"><span>We compared the diets among members of the diverse darter community of French Creek, Pennsylvania, in relation to seasonal prey availability, feeding ontogeny, and sex. Prey taxa and size attributes were characterized for nine syntopic darter species; taxon, size, and availability of macroinvertebrate prey were also analyzed from Surber samples. In general, darters fed opportunistically on immature insects; few taxa were consumed in greater proportions than they were found in the environment. Some variation in diet composition was expressed, however, among different life stages and species. Juvenile darters consumed smaller prey and more chironomids than did adults.&nbsp;</span><i>Etheostoma blennioides</i><span>&nbsp;and&nbsp;</span><i>E. zonale</i><span>&nbsp;consumed the fewest taxa (2–3), whereas&nbsp;</span><i>E. maculatum</i><span>,&nbsp;</span><i>E. variatum</i><span>, and&nbsp;</span><i>Percina evides</i><span>&nbsp;had the most diverse diets (7–10 taxa).&nbsp;</span><i>Etheostoma maculatum</i><span>,&nbsp;</span><i>E. flabellare</i><span>,&nbsp;</span><i>E. variatum</i><span>, and&nbsp;</span><i>P. evides</i><span>&nbsp;consumed larger prey (1–13 mm in standard length), whereas&nbsp;</span><i>E. blennioides</i><span>,&nbsp;</span><i>E. caeruleum</i><span>,&nbsp;</span><i>E. camurum</i><span>,&nbsp;</span><i>E. tippecanoe</i><span>, and&nbsp;</span><i>E. zonale</i><span>&nbsp;rarely consumed prey longer than 6 mm.&nbsp;</span><i>Percina evides</i><span>&nbsp;fed on larger prey, fewer chironomids, and more fish eggs than&nbsp;</span><i>Etheostoma</i><span>&nbsp;species. Females consumed more prey than males and overlapped less in diet composition with males during the spawning season than afterwards. Fish diets did not seem related to habitat use. Greater trophic partitioning was observed in April, when prey resources were scarce, than in July, when prey were abundant. Darter species fed opportunistically when prey were dense, whereas they partitioned food resources mainly through the prey size dimension when prey were less abundant. The divergence of darter diets during a period of low food availability may be attributed to interspecific competition. Alternatively, the greater abundance of large prey in April may have facilitated better prey size selectivity, resulting in less overlap among darter species.</span></span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"American Fisheries Society","doi":"10.1577/1548-8659(1997)126<0822:FRPBNS>2.3.CO;2","issn":"00028487","usgsCitation":"van Snik Gray, E., Boltz, J., Kellogg, K., and Stauffer, J.R., 1997, Food resource partitioning by nine sympatric darter species: Transactions of the American Fisheries Society, v. 126, no. 5, p. 822-840, https://doi.org/10.1577/1548-8659(1997)126<0822:FRPBNS>2.3.CO;2.","productDescription":"19 p.","startPage":"822","endPage":"840","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":228090,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Pennsylvania","otherGeospatial":"French Creek","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -75.82858920507657,\n              40.2467666519602\n            ],\n            [\n              -75.82858920507657,\n              40.19137549395177\n            ],\n            [\n              -75.7317659461644,\n              40.19137549395177\n            ],\n            [\n              -75.7317659461644,\n              40.2467666519602\n            ],\n            [\n              -75.82858920507657,\n              40.2467666519602\n            ]\n          ]\n        ],\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"126","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a12dee4b0c8380cd5442e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"van Snik Gray, E.","contributorId":35846,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"van Snik Gray","given":"E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383498,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Boltz, J.M.","contributorId":40358,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Boltz","given":"J.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383499,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Kellogg, K.A.","contributorId":104651,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kellogg","given":"K.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383501,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Stauffer, J. R. Jr.","contributorId":63905,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stauffer","given":"J.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383500,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70019591,"text":"70019591 - 1997 - Multiscale sampling of plant diversity: Effects of minimum mapping unit size","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-12-22T16:18:29.118384","indexId":"70019591","displayToPublicDate":"1997-08-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1450,"text":"Ecological Applications","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Multiscale sampling of plant diversity: Effects of minimum mapping unit size","docAbstract":"<p><span>Only a small portion of any landscape can be sampled for vascular plant diversity because of constraints of cost (salaries, travel time between sites, etc.). Often, the investigator decides to reduce the cost of creating a vegetation map by increasing the minimum mapping unit (MMU), and/or by reducing the number of vegetation classes to be considered. Questions arise about what information is sacrificed when map resolution is decreased. We compared plant diversity patterns from vegetation maps made with 100-ha, 50-ha, 2-ha, and 0.02-ha MMUs in a 754-ha study area in Rocky Mountain National Park, Colorado, United States, using four 0.025-ha and 21 0.1-ha multiscale vegetation plots. We developed and tested species–log(area) curves, correcting the curves for within-vegetation type heterogeneity with Jaccard’s coefficients. Total species richness in the study area was estimated from vegetation maps at each resolution (MMU), based on the corrected species–area curves, total area of the vegetation type, and species overlap among vegetation types. With the 0.02-ha MMU, six vegetation types were recovered, resulting in an estimated 552 species (95%&nbsp;</span><span class=\"smallCaps\">ci</span><span>&nbsp;= 520–583 species) in the 754-ha study area (330 plant species were observed in the 25 plots). With the 2-ha MMU, five vegetation types were recognized, resulting in an estimated 473 species for the study area. With the 50-ha MMU, 439 plant species were estimated for the four vegetation types recognized in the study area. With the 100-ha MMU, only three vegetation types were recognized, resulting in an estimated 341 plant species for the study area. Locally rare species and keystone ecosystems (areas of high or unique plant diversity) were missed at the 2-ha, 50-ha, and 100-ha scales. To evaluate the effects of minimum mapping unit size requires: (1) an initial stratification of homogeneous, heterogeneous, and rare habitat types; and (2) an evaluation of within-type and between-type heterogeneity generated by environmental gradients and other factors. We suggest that at least some portions of vegetation maps created at a coarser level of resolution be validated at a higher level of resolution.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Ecological Society of America","doi":"10.1890/1051-0761(1997)007[1064:MSOPDE]2.0.CO;2","issn":"10510761","usgsCitation":"Stohlgren, T.J., Chong, G.W., Kalkhan, M.A., and Schell, L.D., 1997, Multiscale sampling of plant diversity: Effects of minimum mapping unit size: Ecological Applications, v. 7, no. 3, p. 1064-1074, https://doi.org/10.1890/1051-0761(1997)007[1064:MSOPDE]2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"1064","endPage":"1074","numberOfPages":"11","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":228281,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"7","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a609be4b0c8380cd7158b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Stohlgren, Thomas J.","contributorId":213895,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Stohlgren","given":"Thomas","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":38925,"text":"Natural Resource Ecology Laboratory, Colorado State University, Fort Collins","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":383256,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Chong, Geneva W. 0000-0003-3883-5153 geneva_chong@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3883-5153","contributorId":419,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chong","given":"Geneva","email":"geneva_chong@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":481,"text":"Northern Rocky Mountain Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":383257,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Kalkhan, M. A.","contributorId":82655,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Kalkhan","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383259,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Schell, L. D.","contributorId":75881,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Schell","given":"L.","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383258,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70179305,"text":"70179305 - 1997 - Kauai's endangered solitaires: Update on population status and distribution 1996","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-01-04T13:12:51","indexId":"70179305","displayToPublicDate":"1997-07-17T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3643,"text":"Transactions of the Western Section of the Wildlife Society","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Kauai's endangered solitaires: Update on population status and distribution 1996","docAbstract":"<p>The puaioihi (<i>Myadestes palmeri</i>) and the kamao (<i>M. myadestinus</i>) are endangered solitaires endemic to Kauai in the Hawaiian Islands and now restricted to the Alakai Swamp. The puaiohi has been rare historically with population estimates declining since the first population surveys 1968-73. Puaiohi were believed to be on the verge of extinction with population estimates less than 35 birds since 1981. In 1995 intensive studies of the breeding biology and population status of the puaiohi began using mist netting, color banding, spot mapping, and surveys. Fifty active nests were discovered and 63-75 birds monitored at the Koaie study site. Seven survey expeditions in 1996 detected 55-70 more puaiohi from 6 of 8 main river drainages of four survey areas explored. Although still rare and vulnerable to extinction (145±19 individuals known), puaiohi are more widely distributed within the Alakai Swamp than previously believed. Our data from 1996 suggest previous surveys methods have underestimated the population size or that the population has increased since 1981. The kamao has not been confirmed since 1985, but unconfirmed reports were made from 1989-1996. We have not sighted kamao to date despite intensive search efforts. We infer from detection probabilities that the species in highly likely to be extinct.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Wildlife Society","publisherLocation":"Albany, CA","usgsCitation":"Reynolds, M.H., Snetsinger, T.J., and Herrmann, C.M., 1997, Kauai's endangered solitaires: Update on population status and distribution 1996: Transactions of the Western Section of the Wildlife Society, v. 33, p. 49-55.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"49","endPage":"55","costCenters":[{"id":521,"text":"Pacific Island Ecosystems Research Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":332568,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United 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M.","contributorId":176133,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Herrmann","given":"Christina","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":656686,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70197195,"text":"70197195 - 1997 - Classification of mineral deposits into types using mineralogy with a probabilistic neural network","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-05-21T16:40:56","indexId":"70197195","displayToPublicDate":"1997-03-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2879,"text":"Nonrenewable Resources","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Classification of mineral deposits into types using mineralogy with a probabilistic neural network","docAbstract":"<p><span>In order to determine whether it is desirable to quantify mineral-deposit models further, a test of the ability of a probabilistic neural network to classify deposits into types based on mineralogy was conducted. Presence or absence of ore and alteration mineralogy in well-typed deposits were used to train the network. To reduce the number of minerals considered, the analyzed data were restricted to minerals present in at least 20% of at least one deposit type. An advantage of this restriction is that single or rare occurrences of minerals did not dominate the results. Probabilistic neural networks can provide mathematically sound confidence measures based on Bayes theorem and are relatively insensitive to outliers. Founded on Parzen density estimation, they require no assumptions about distributions of random variables used for classification, even handling multimodal distributions. They train quickly and work as well as, or better than, multiple-layer feedforward networks. Tests were performed with a probabilistic neural network employing a Gaussian kernel and separate sigma weights for each class and each variable. The training set was reduced to the presence or absence of 58 reported minerals in eight deposit types. The training set included: 49 Cyprus massive sulfide deposits; 200 kuroko massive sulfide deposits; 59 Comstock epithermal vein gold districts; 17 quartzalunite epithermal gold deposits; 25 Creede epithermal gold deposits; 28 sedimentary-exhalative zinc-lead deposits; 28 Sado epithermal vein gold deposits; and 100 porphyry copper deposits. The most common training problem was the error of classifying about 27% of Cyprus-type deposits in the training set as kuroko. In independent tests with deposits not used in the training set, 88% of 224 kuroko massive sulfide deposits were classed correctly, 92% of 25 porphyry copper deposits, 78% of 9 Comstock epithermal gold-silver districts, and 83% of six quartzalunite epithermal gold deposits were classed correctly. Across all deposit types, 88% of deposits in the validation dataset were correctly classed. Misclassifications were most common if a deposit was characterized by only a few minerals, e.g., pyrite, chalcopyrite,and sphalerite. The success rate jumped to 98% correctly classed deposits when just two rock types were added. Such a high success rate of the probabilistic neural network suggests that not only should this preliminary test be expanded to include other deposit types, but that other deposit features should be added.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/BF02816922","usgsCitation":"Singer, D.A., and Kouda, R., 1997, Classification of mineral deposits into types using mineralogy with a probabilistic neural network: Nonrenewable Resources, v. 6, no. 1, p. 27-32, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02816922.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"27","endPage":"32","costCenters":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":354371,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"6","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5b15971de4b092d9651e2228","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Singer, Donald A. dsinger@usgs.gov","contributorId":5601,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Singer","given":"Donald","email":"dsinger@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":735965,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kouda, Ryoichi","contributorId":198036,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Kouda","given":"Ryoichi","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":735966,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70227490,"text":"70227490 - 1997 - Structure and kinematics of a complex impact crater, Upheaval Dome, southeast Utah","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-01-19T20:54:02.732244","indexId":"70227490","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T14:37:27","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1077,"text":"Brigham Young University Geology Studies","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Structure and kinematics of a complex impact crater, Upheaval Dome, southeast Utah","docAbstract":"<p>Two vastly different phenomena, impact and salt diapirism, have been proposed for the origin of Upheaval Dome, southeast Utah. Detailed geologic mapping, seismic refraction data, and the presence of shock metamorphosed rocks indicate that the dome originated by collapse of a transient cavity formed by impact. Evidence is: (1) the occurrence of a lag deposit of rare impactites, (2) fan-tailed fracture surfaces (shatter surfaces) and rare shatter cones are present near the center of the structure, (3) the top of the underlying salt horizon is at least 500 m below the surface at the center of the dome and there are no exposures of salt or associated rocks of the Paradox Formation in the dome to support the possibility that a salt diapir has ascended through it, (4) sedimentary strata in the center of the structure are pervasively imbricated by top-toward-the-center thrust faulting and are complexly folded as well, (5) top-toward-the-center normal faults are found at the perimeter of the structure, and 6) clastic dikes are widespread.</p><p>We show that the dome formed mainly by centerward motion of rock units along listric faults. Outcrop-scale folding and upturning of beds, especially common in the center, are largely a consequence of this motion. We have also detected some centerward motion of fault-bounded wedges resulting from displacements on subhorizontal faults that conjoin and die out within horizontal bedding near the perimeter of the structure. The observed deformation corresponds to the central uplift and the encircling ring structural depression seen in complex impact craters.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Brigham Young University","usgsCitation":"Kriens, B.J., Shoemaker, E.M., and Herkenhoff, K.E., 1997, Structure and kinematics of a complex impact crater, Upheaval Dome, southeast Utah: Brigham Young University Geology Studies, v. 42, no. 2, p. 19-31.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"19","endPage":"31","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":394539,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":394538,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://geology.byu.edu/free-articles"}],"country":"United States","state":"Utah","otherGeospatial":"Canyonlands National Park, Upheaval Dome","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n  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kherkenhoff@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3153-6663","contributorId":2275,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Herkenhoff","given":"Kenneth","email":"kherkenhoff@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":131,"text":"Astrogeology Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":831171,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70019953,"text":"70019953 - 1997 - Incorporation of rare earth elements in titanite: Stabilization of the A2/a dimorph by creation of antiphase boundaries","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:21","indexId":"70019953","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":738,"text":"American Mineralogist","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Incorporation of rare earth elements in titanite: Stabilization of the A2/a dimorph by creation of antiphase boundaries","docAbstract":"The atomic arrangement of a natural rare-earth-rich titanite and two synthetic rare-earth-doped titanites have been refined in space group A2/a, and the atomic arrangement of an undoped P21/a synthetic titanite was also refined for comparison. Previous work has shown that titanite possesses a domain structure, with domains formed of like-displaced Ti atoms in the [100] octahedral chains. P21/a titanite results when the crystal is formed of a single domain, but as Ti-reversal sites occur in the octahedral chain the apparent A2/a structure results from the average of antiphase domains. Antiphase boundaries occur at O1, which is alternately overbonded or underbonded at the boundaries, depending on the displacement of the neighboring Ti atoms. Type 2 antiphase boundaries exist where two Ti atoms are displaced away from the intervening O1 atom and are energetically unfavorable because of underbonding of that O1 atom. However, substitution of a trivalent rare earth element in the adjacent Ca2+ site relieves that underbonding, favoring the creation of type 2 antiphase boundaries and stabilization of the A2/a dimorph. The results of high-precision crystal structure analyses demonstrate that rare earth substituents for Ca stabilize the A2/a dimorph at lower substitution levels than required for octahedral substitutions.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"American Mineralogist","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"0003004X","usgsCitation":"Hughes, J., Bloodaxe, E., Hanchar, J., and Foord, E., 1997, Incorporation of rare earth elements in titanite: Stabilization of the A2/a dimorph by creation of antiphase boundaries: American Mineralogist, v. 82, no. 5-6, p. 512-516.","startPage":"512","endPage":"516","numberOfPages":"5","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":228183,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"82","issue":"5-6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a39f0e4b0c8380cd61abd","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hughes, J.M.","contributorId":18911,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hughes","given":"J.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":384483,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bloodaxe, E.S.","contributorId":22104,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bloodaxe","given":"E.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":384484,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hanchar, J.M.","contributorId":14588,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hanchar","given":"J.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":384482,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Foord, E.E.","contributorId":86835,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Foord","given":"E.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":384485,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70019977,"text":"70019977 - 1997 - Loparite, a rare-earth ore (Ce, Na, Sr, Ca)(Ti, Nb, Ta, Fe+3)O3","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-02-15T15:54:09.913384","indexId":"70019977","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2152,"text":"Journal of Alloys and Compounds","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"displayTitle":"Loparite, a rare-earth ore (Ce, Na, Sr, Ca)(Ti, Nb, Ta, Fe<sup>+3</sup>)O<sub>3</sub>","title":"Loparite, a rare-earth ore (Ce, Na, Sr, Ca)(Ti, Nb, Ta, Fe+3)O3","docAbstract":"<p><span>The mineral loparite (Ce, NA, Sr, Ca)(Ti, Nb, Ta, Fe</span><sup>+3</sup><span>)O</span><sub>3</sub><span>&nbsp;is the principal ore of the light-group rare-earth elements (LREE) in Russia. The complex oxide has a&nbsp;perovskite&nbsp;(ABO</span><sub>3</sub><span>) structure with coupled substitutions, polymorphism, defect chemistry and a tendency to become metamict. The A site generally contains weakly bonded, easily exchanged cations of the LREE, Na and Ca. The B site generally contains smaller, highly charged cations of Ti, Nb or Fe</span><sup>+3</sup><span>. Mine production is from Russia's Kola Peninsula. Ore is beneficiated to produce a 95% loparite concentrate containing 30% rare-earth oxides. Loparite concentrate is refined by either a chlorination process or acid decomposition process to recover rare-earths, titanium,&nbsp;niobium&nbsp;and&nbsp;tantalum. Rare-earths are separated by&nbsp;solvent extraction&nbsp;and selective precipitation/dissolution. The concentrate is processed at plants in Russia, Estonia and Kazakstan.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/S0925-8388(96)02824-1","issn":"09258388","usgsCitation":"Hedrick, J., Sinha, S., and Kosynkin, V., 1997, Loparite, a rare-earth ore (Ce, Na, Sr, Ca)(Ti, Nb, Ta, Fe+3)O3: Journal of Alloys and Compounds, v. 250, no. 1-2, p. 467-470, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0925-8388(96)02824-1.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"467","endPage":"470","numberOfPages":"4","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":227947,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"250","issue":"1-2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a49cfe4b0c8380cd688e0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hedrick, J.B.","contributorId":96717,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hedrick","given":"J.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":384563,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Sinha, S.P.","contributorId":44306,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sinha","given":"S.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":384562,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Kosynkin, V.D.","contributorId":96847,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kosynkin","given":"V.D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":384564,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70019978,"text":"70019978 - 1997 - Rare-earth metal prices in the USA ca. 1960 to 1994","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-02-15T15:51:09.345668","indexId":"70019978","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2152,"text":"Journal of Alloys and Compounds","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Rare-earth metal prices in the USA ca. 1960 to 1994","docAbstract":"<p>Rare-earth metal prices were compiled from the late 1950s and early 1960s through 1994. Although commercial demand for rare-earth metals began in 1908, as the alloy<span>&nbsp;</span>mischmetal, commercial quantities of a wide range of individual rare-earth metals were not available until the late 1950s.</p><p>The discovery of a large, high-grade rare-earth deposit at Mountain Pass, CA, USA, in 1949, was significant because it led to the production of commercial quantities of rare-earth elements that reduced prices and encouraged wider application of the materials.</p><p>The availability of ore from Mountain Pass, and other large rare-earth deposits, especially those in Australia and China, has provided the world with abundant resources for rare-earth metal production. This availability, coupled with improved technology from Government and private-sector metallurgical research, has resulted in substantial decreases in rare-earth metal prices since the late 1950s and early 1960s.</p><p>Price series for the individual rare-earth metals (except promethium) are quoted on a kilogram basis from the late 1950s and early 1960s through 1994. Prices are given in US dollars on an actual and constant dollar basis. Industrial and economic factors affecting prices during this time period are examined.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/S0925-8388(96)02532-7","issn":"09258388","usgsCitation":"Hedrick, J., 1997, Rare-earth metal prices in the USA ca. 1960 to 1994: Journal of Alloys and Compounds, v. 250, no. 1-2, p. 471-481, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0925-8388(96)02532-7.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"471","endPage":"481","numberOfPages":"11","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":227948,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"250","issue":"1-2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a952be4b0c8380cd8184a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hedrick, J.B.","contributorId":96717,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hedrick","given":"J.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":384565,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70019983,"text":"70019983 - 1997 - Rare-earth metal prices in the USA ca. 1960 to 1994","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:18","indexId":"70019983","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2152,"text":"Journal of Alloys and Compounds","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Rare-earth metal prices in the USA ca. 1960 to 1994","docAbstract":"Rare-earth metal prices were compiled from the late 1950s and early 1960s through 1994. Although commercial demand for rare-earth metals began in 1908, as the alloy mischmetal, commercial quantities of a wide range of individual rare-earth metals were not available until the late 1950s. The discovery of a large, high-grade rare-earth deposit at Mountain Pass. CA, USA, in 1949, was significant because it led to the production of commercial quantities or rare-earth elements that reduced prices and encouraged wider application of the materials. The availability of ore from Mountain Pass, and other large rare-earth deposits, especially those in Australia and China, has provided the world with abundant resources for rare-earth metal production. This availability, coupled with improved technology from Government and private-sector metallurgical research, has resulted in substantial decreases in rare-earth metal prices since the late 1950s and early 1960s. Price series for the individual rare-earth metals (except promethium) are quoted on a kilogram basis from the late 1950s and early 1960s through 1994. Prices are given in US dollars on an actual and constant dollar basis. Industrial and economic factors affecting prices during this time period are examined.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Alloys and Compounds","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"conferenceTitle":"Proceedings of the 1996 21st Rare Earth Research Conference. Part 2 (of 2)","conferenceDate":"7 July 1996 through 12 July 1996","conferenceLocation":"Duluth, MN, USA","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier Science S.A.","publisherLocation":"Lausanne, Switzerland","doi":"10.1016/S0925-8388(96)02532-7","issn":"09258388","usgsCitation":"Hedrick, J.B., 1997, Rare-earth metal prices in the USA ca. 1960 to 1994: Journal of Alloys and Compounds, v. 250, no. 1 -2 pt 2, p. 471-481, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0925-8388(96)02532-7.","startPage":"471","endPage":"481","numberOfPages":"11","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":206041,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0925-8388(96)02532-7"},{"id":228032,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"250","issue":"1 -2 pt 2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a952ce4b0c8380cd81850","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hedrick, James B.","contributorId":19993,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hedrick","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":384581,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70020003,"text":"70020003 - 1997 - Habitat associations and effects of urbanization on macroinvertebrates of a small, high-plains stream","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-04-03T11:24:38.840697","indexId":"70020003","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2299,"text":"Journal of Freshwater Ecology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Habitat associations and effects of urbanization on macroinvertebrates of a small, high-plains stream","docAbstract":"<div class=\"hlFld-Abstract\"><p class=\"last\">We described the relations between abundance of macroinvertebrates and several habitat variables in Crow Creek within F.E. Warren Air Force Base, Laramie County, Wyoming. Water velocity and longitudinal location showed the highest numbers of significant correlations with abundance of macroinvertebrate taxa. Changes in the macroinvertebrate community with changes in longitudinal location appeared to result from increasing urbanization with downstream movement.<span>&nbsp;</span><u class=\"uu\">Caenis lattipennis</u>, Ceratopogonidae, and<span>&nbsp;</span><u class=\"uu\">Dubiraphia</u><span>&nbsp;</span>sp. were rare in the downstream portion of the study reach that has received substantial human disturbance.</p></div>","language":"English","publisher":"Taylor and Francis","doi":"10.1080/02705060.1997.9663509","issn":"02705060","usgsCitation":"Elliott, A., Hubert, W., and Anderson, S., 1997, Habitat associations and effects of urbanization on macroinvertebrates of a small, high-plains stream: Journal of Freshwater Ecology, v. 12, no. 1, p. 61-73, https://doi.org/10.1080/02705060.1997.9663509.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"61","endPage":"73","numberOfPages":"13","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":227741,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"12","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a2ef8e4b0c8380cd5c990","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Elliott, A.G.","contributorId":68903,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Elliott","given":"A.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":384669,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hubert, W.A.","contributorId":12822,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hubert","given":"W.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":384667,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Anderson, S.H.","contributorId":33667,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Anderson","given":"S.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":384668,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70020010,"text":"70020010 - 1997 - Loparite, a rare-earth ore (Ce, Na, Sr, Ca)(Ti, Nb, Ta, Fe+3)O3","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:19","indexId":"70020010","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2152,"text":"Journal of Alloys and Compounds","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Loparite, a rare-earth ore (Ce, Na, Sr, Ca)(Ti, Nb, Ta, Fe+3)O3","docAbstract":"The mineral loparite (Ce, NA, Sr, Ca)(Ti, Nb, Ta, Fe+3)O3 is the principal ore of the light-group rare-earth elements (LREE) in Russia. The complex oxide has a perovskite (ABO3) structure with coupled substitutions, polymorphism, defect chemistry and a tendency to become metamict. The A site generally contains weakly bonded, easily exchanged cations of the LREE, Na and Ca. The B site generally contains smaller, highly charged cations of Ti, Nb or Fe+3. Mine production is from Russia's Kola Peninsula. Ore is beneficiated to produce a 95% loparite concentrate containing 30% rare-earth oxides. Loparite concentrate is refined by either a chlorination process or acid decomposition process to recover rare-earths, titanium, niobium and tantalum. Rare-earths are separated by solvent extraction and selective precipitation/dissolution. The concentrate is processed at plants in Russia, Estonia and Kazakstan.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Alloys and Compounds","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"conferenceTitle":"Proceedings of the 1996 21st Rare Earth Research Conference. Part 2 (of 2)","conferenceDate":"7 July 1996 through 12 July 1996","conferenceLocation":"Duluth, MN, USA","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier Science S.A.","publisherLocation":"Lausanne, Switzerland","doi":"10.1016/S0925-8388(96)02824-1","issn":"09258388","usgsCitation":"Hedrick, J.B., Sinha, S.P., and Kosynkin, V.D., 1997, Loparite, a rare-earth ore (Ce, Na, Sr, Ca)(Ti, Nb, Ta, Fe+3)O3: Journal of Alloys and Compounds, v. 250, no. 1 -2 pt 2, p. 467-470, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0925-8388(96)02824-1.","startPage":"467","endPage":"470","numberOfPages":"4","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":206012,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0925-8388(96)02824-1"},{"id":227861,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"250","issue":"1 -2 pt 2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a49cfe4b0c8380cd688e3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hedrick, James B.","contributorId":19993,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hedrick","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":384698,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Sinha, Shyama P.","contributorId":8241,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sinha","given":"Shyama","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":384697,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Kosynkin, Valery D.","contributorId":92004,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kosynkin","given":"Valery","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":384699,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70184289,"text":"70184289 - 1997 - Habitat use by nesting and brood rearing northern pintails on the Yukon-Kuskokwim Delta, Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-03-06T17:49:48","indexId":"70184289","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2508,"text":"Journal of Wildlife Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Habitat use by nesting and brood rearing northern pintails on the Yukon-Kuskokwim Delta, Alaska","docAbstract":"<p><span>We studied habitat use by nesting and brood-rearing northern pintails (<i>Anas acuta</i>) on the coastal Yukon-Kuskokwim (Y-K) Delta, 1991-93. We used a digital habitat map constructed from color infrared aerial photos to assign habitat types to nest and brood locations and estimate habitat availability. Sixty-nine percent of females nested on slough banks in highly saline, tidally influenced habitats where we observed few mammalian predators. Nesting pintails likely preferred slough banks because they were higher and well drained early in the nesting season. Radiomarked females selected moderately saline habitats that were only occasionally or rarely influenced by tides for brood rearing. Eighty percent of females that nested in saline habitats moved their broods to less saline habitats, and those that nested in preferred brood-rearing habitats never moved to more saline habitats to rear their broods. Managers should be aware that in coastal wetlands the proximity of good-quality nesting and brood rearing habitats is important, and the distribution of nesting pintails may not reflect the distribution of broods and vice versa.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.2307/3802117","usgsCitation":"Grand, J.B., Flint, P.L., and Heglund, P., 1997, Habitat use by nesting and brood rearing northern pintails on the Yukon-Kuskokwim Delta, Alaska: Journal of Wildlife Management, v. 61, no. 4, p. 1199-1207, https://doi.org/10.2307/3802117.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"1199","endPage":"1207","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":117,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology WTEB","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":198,"text":"Coop Res Unit Atlanta","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":336909,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Yukon-Kuskokwim Delta","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -165.75347900390625,\n              61.23787062512065\n            ],\n            [\n              -165.48294067382812,\n              61.23787062512065\n            ],\n            [\n              -165.48294067382812,\n              61.36909367265424\n            ],\n            [\n              -165.75347900390625,\n              61.36909367265424\n            ],\n            [\n              -165.75347900390625,\n              61.23787062512065\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"61","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58be833fe4b014cc3a3a9a13","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Grand, J. Barry 0000-0002-3576-4567 barry_grand@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3576-4567","contributorId":579,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Grand","given":"J.","email":"barry_grand@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"Barry","affiliations":[{"id":198,"text":"Coop Res Unit Atlanta","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":680872,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Flint, Paul L. 0000-0002-8758-6993 pflint@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8758-6993","contributorId":3284,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Flint","given":"Paul","email":"pflint@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":117,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology WTEB","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":680873,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Heglund, Patricia J.","contributorId":51248,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Heglund","given":"Patricia J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":680874,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70020176,"text":"70020176 - 1997 - Low shear stress gravel-bed river","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:16","indexId":"70020176","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Low shear stress gravel-bed river","docAbstract":"A low stress gravel bed river is a river where the cross-sectional average dimensionless shear stress (??*) rarely exceeds 0.047. That is the case for the Gunnison River below Delta in Western Colorado. The cross-sectional average ??* in the Gunnison River has not exceeded 0.047, except at one cross section during one year, in the 87 years of record. A ??* of 0.047 is the critical ??* in the bed-load equation considered to be most applicable to gravel/cobble bed rivers (the Meyer-Peter, Mueller equation). According to this equation, there has been no bed-material movement in the Gunnison River since 1920; in fact there has been bed-material movement and this movement is biologically important. Bed-material is moved when the ??* is 0.016 or larger. Streamflows that cause a ??* of at least 0.016 maintain the aquatic habitat in a low shear stress river.","largerWorkTitle":"Proceedings, Congress of the International Association of Hydraulic Research, IAHR","conferenceTitle":"Proceedings of the 1997 27th Congress of the International Association of Hydraulic Research, IAHR. Part D","conferenceDate":"10 August 1997 through 15 August 1997","conferenceLocation":"San Francisco, CA, USA","language":"English","publisher":"ASCE","publisherLocation":"New York, NY, United States","usgsCitation":"Milhous, R.T., 1997, Low shear stress gravel-bed river, <i>in</i> Proceedings, Congress of the International Association of Hydraulic Research, IAHR, v. B pt 1, San Francisco, CA, USA, 10 August 1997 through 15 August 1997, p. 599-604.","startPage":"599","endPage":"604","numberOfPages":"6","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":231123,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"B pt 1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a4a0be4b0c8380cd68aa9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Milhous, Robert T.","contributorId":28646,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Milhous","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":385284,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70020182,"text":"70020182 - 1997 - Phengite-hosted LILE enrichment in eclogite and related rocks: Implications for fluid-mediated mass transfer in subduction zones and arc magma genesis","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-06-04T11:00:09.666163","indexId":"70020182","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2420,"text":"Journal of Petrology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Phengite-hosted LILE enrichment in eclogite and related rocks: Implications for fluid-mediated mass transfer in subduction zones and arc magma genesis","docAbstract":"Geochemical differences between island arc basalts (LAB) and ocean-floor basalts (mid-ocean ridge basalts; MORB) suggest that the large-ion lithophile elements (LILE) K, Ba, Rb and Cs are probably mobilized in subduction zone fluids and melts. This study documents LILE enrichment of eclogite, amphibolite, and epidote ?? garnet blueschist tectonic blocks and related rocks from melanges of two subduction complexes. The samples are from six localities of the Franciscan Complex, California, and related terranes of Oregon and Baja California, and from the Samana Metamorphic Complex, Samana Peninsula, Dominican Republic. Most Franciscan blocks are MORB-like in their contents of rare earth elements (REE) and high field strength elements (HFSE); in contrast, most Samana blocks show an LAB signature of these elements. The whole-rock K2O contents of both groups range from 1 to 3 wt %; K, Ba, Rb, and Cs are all strongly intercorrelated. Many blocks display K/Ba similar to melasomatized transition zones and rinds at their outer margins. Some transition zones and rinds are enriched in LILE compared with host blocks; others are relatively depleted in these elements. Some LILE-rich blocks contain 'early' coarse-grained muscovite that is aligned in the foliation defined by coarse-grained omphacite or amphibole grains. Others display 'late' muscovite in veins and as a partial replacement of garnet; many contain both textural types. The muscovite is phengite that contains ???3??25-3??55 Si per 11 oxygens, and ???0??25-0??50 Mgper 11 oxygens. Lower-Si phengite has a significant paragonite component: Na per 11 oxygens ranges to ???0??12. Ba contents of phengite range to over 1 wt % (0??027 per 11 oxygens). Ba in phengite does not covary strongly with either Na or K. Ba contents of phengite increase from some blocks to their transition zones or rinds, or from blocks to their veins. Averaged KlBa ratios for phengite and host samples define an array which describes other subsamples of the block and other analyzed blocks. Phengite carries essentially all of the LILE in otherwise mafic eclogite, amphibolite, and garnet blueschist blocks that are enriched in these elements compared with MORE. It evidently tracks a distinctive type of LILE metasomatism that attends both high-T and retrograde subduction zone metamorphism. An obvious source for the LILE is a fluid in equilibrium with metasedimentary rocks. High-grade semipelitic schists from subduction complexes and subductable sediment display LILE values that resemble those seen in the most LILE-rich blocks. Modeling of Ba and Ti suggests that 1-40 wt % of phengite added to MORB can produce their observed LILE enrichment. Thus, the release of LILE from such rocks to fluids or melts in very high-T and -P parts of subduction zones probably depends critically on the stability and solubility relations of phengite, which is thought to be stable at pressures as high as 95-110 kbar at T= 750-1050??C.","language":"English","publisher":"Oxford Academic","doi":"10.1093/petroj/38.1.3","issn":"00223530","usgsCitation":"Sorensen, S.S., Grossman, J.N., and Perfit, M., 1997, Phengite-hosted LILE enrichment in eclogite and related rocks: Implications for fluid-mediated mass transfer in subduction zones and arc magma genesis: Journal of Petrology, v. 38, no. 1, p. 3-34, https://doi.org/10.1093/petroj/38.1.3.","productDescription":"32 p.","startPage":"3","endPage":"34","numberOfPages":"32","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":479981,"rank":2,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1093/petroj/38.1.3","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":231203,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"38","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a7887e4b0c8380cd78708","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Sorensen, Sorena S.","contributorId":7009,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sorensen","given":"Sorena","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":385292,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Grossman, J. N.","contributorId":41840,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Grossman","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":385293,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Perfit, M.R.","contributorId":45467,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Perfit","given":"M.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":385294,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70020232,"text":"70020232 - 1997 - Fossil zooplankton and the historical status of westslope cutthroat trout in a headwater lake of Glacier National Park, Montana","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:19","indexId":"70020232","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3624,"text":"Transactions of the American Fisheries Society","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Fossil zooplankton and the historical status of westslope cutthroat trout in a headwater lake of Glacier National Park, Montana","docAbstract":"Surviving pure-strain populations of westslope cutthroat trout Oncorhynchus clarki lewisi in headwater lakes of Glacier National Park could play an important role in the managed recovery of regional cutthroat trout fisheries. However, uncertainty exists about whether native trout could have naturally invaded several park lakes where they now occur. This study used paleolimnological techniques to address the question of whether the population of native trout in Avalanche Lake is indigenous or became established through an undocumented introduction. The validity of using fossil diapause eggs (ephippia) of the fish-sensitive cladocerans Daphnia spp. as indicators for the historical presence of zooplanktivorous fish was tested with a survey of live zooplankton and corresponding surface-sediment fossil assemblages in eight Glacier Park lakes with or without trout. Analysis of a sediment core from Avalanche Lake dated by lead radioisotopes, historical wildfires, and a flood allowed reconstruction of zooplankton dynamics from about 1700 A.D. to the present. Fossil Daphnia ephippia were rare or absent in Avalanche Lake sediments deposited before 1910, suggesting intense zooplanktivory due to sustained presence of an indigenous population of native cutthroat trout. Fossil evidence for larger Daphnia populations in the 1930s and early 1940s revealed a temporary disturbance of the lake's normal food web interactions during which zooplanktivory was significantly reduced. This disturbance may have resulted from a collapse of the native trout population caused indirectly by failed attempts between 1915 and 1943 to stock Avalanche Lake with Yellowstone cutthroat trout O. clarki bouvieri.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Transactions of the American Fisheries Society","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"00028487","usgsCitation":"Verschuren, D., and Marnell, L., 1997, Fossil zooplankton and the historical status of westslope cutthroat trout in a headwater lake of Glacier National Park, Montana: Transactions of the American Fisheries Society, v. 126, no. 1, p. 21-34.","startPage":"21","endPage":"34","numberOfPages":"14","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":231321,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"126","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a138ae4b0c8380cd546b4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Verschuren, D.","contributorId":16611,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Verschuren","given":"D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":385463,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Marnell, L.F.","contributorId":71346,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Marnell","given":"L.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":385464,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70020100,"text":"70020100 - 1997 - Age and significance of earthquake-induced liquefaction near Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-08-31T16:06:06.983085","indexId":"70020100","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1166,"text":"Canadian Geotechnical Journal","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Age and significance of earthquake-induced liquefaction near Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada","docAbstract":"In late 1994, sand dykes, large sand blows, and deformed strata were exposed in the walls of an excavation at Annacis Island on the Fraser River delta near Vancouver, British Columbia. The features record liquefaction during a large earthquake about 1700 years ago; this was perhaps the largest earthquake to affect the Vancouver area in the last 3500 years. Similar, less well-dated features have been reported from several other sites on the Fraser delta and may be products of the same earthquake. Three radiocarbon ages that closely delimit the time of liquefaction on Annacis Island are similar to the most precise radiocarbon ages on coseismically subsided marsh soils at estuaries in southern Washington and Oregon. Both the liquefaction and the subsidence may have been produced by a single great plate-boundary earthquake at the Cascadia subduction zone. Alternatively, liquefaction at Annacis Island may have been caused by a large crustal or subcrustal earthquake of about the same age as a plate-boundary earthquake farther west. The data from Annacis Island and other sites on the Fraser delta suggest that earthquakes capable of producing extensive liquefaction in this area are rare events. Further, liquefaction analysis using historical seismicity suggests that current assessment procedures may overestimate liquefaction risk.","language":"English","publisher":"Canadian Science Publishing","doi":"10.1139/t96-081","usgsCitation":"Clague, J.J., Naesgaard, E., and Nelson, A., 1997, Age and significance of earthquake-induced liquefaction near Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada: Canadian Geotechnical Journal, v. 34, no. 1, p. 53-62, https://doi.org/10.1139/t96-081.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"53","endPage":"62","numberOfPages":"10","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":228038,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Canada","state":"British Columbia","city":"Vancouver","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -123.31816679721818,\n              49.31800575292786\n            ],\n            [\n              -123.31816679721818,\n              49.00125031229382\n            ],\n            [\n              -122.7762456570658,\n              49.00125031229382\n            ],\n            [\n              -122.7762456570658,\n              49.31800575292786\n            ],\n            [\n              -123.31816679721818,\n              49.31800575292786\n            ]\n          ]\n        ],\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"34","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e8e2e4b0c8380cd47f47","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Clague, J. J.","contributorId":36306,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Clague","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":385024,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Naesgaard, E.","contributorId":39144,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Naesgaard","given":"E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":385025,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Nelson, A.R. 0000-0001-7117-7098","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7117-7098","contributorId":55078,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nelson","given":"A.R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":385026,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70019155,"text":"70019155 - 1997 - Martian drainage densities","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-07-31T15:42:30.64281","indexId":"70019155","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2317,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research E: Planets","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Martian drainage densities","docAbstract":"<p><span>Drainage densities on Mars range from zero over large areas of volcanic plains to 0.3–0.5 km</span><sup>−1</sup><span>&nbsp;locally on some volcanoes. These values refer to geologic units, not to drainage basins, as is normal for terrestrial drainage densities. The highest values are close to the lowest terrestrial values derived by similar techniques. Drainage densities were determined for every geologic unit portrayed on the 1:15,000,000 geologic map of Mars. Except for volcanoes the geologic unit with the highest drainage density is the dissected Noachian plains with a drainage density of 0.0074 km</span><sup>−1</sup><span>. The average drainage density for Noachian units is 0.0032 km</span><sup>−1</sup><span>, for Hesperian units is 0.00047 km</span><sup>−1</sup><span>, and for Amazonian units is 0.00007 km</span><sup>−1</sup><span>, excluding the volcanoes. These values are 2–3 orders of magnitude lower than typical terrestrial densities as determined by similar techniques from Landsat images. The low drainage densities, despite a cumulative record that spans billions of years, indicate that compared with the Earth, the channel-forming processes have been very inefficient or have operated only rarely or that the surface is extremely permeable. The high drainage density on volcanoes is attributed to a local cause, such as hydrothermal activity, rather than to a global cause such as climate change.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/97JE00113","issn":"01480227","usgsCitation":"Carr, M.H., and Chuang, F.C., 1997, Martian drainage densities: Journal of Geophysical Research E: Planets, v. 102, no. E4, p. 9145-9152, https://doi.org/10.1029/97JE00113.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"9145","endPage":"9152","numberOfPages":"8","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":226632,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"otherGeospatial":"Mars","volume":"102","issue":"E4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a5230e4b0c8380cd6c216","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Carr, M. H.","contributorId":84727,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Carr","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[{"id":131,"text":"Astrogeology Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":381831,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Chuang, F. C.","contributorId":105452,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Chuang","given":"F.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":381832,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70019219,"text":"70019219 - 1997 - Spring prey use by double-crested cormorants on the Penobscot River, Maine, USA","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:10","indexId":"70019219","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3731,"text":"Waterbirds","onlineIssn":"19385390","printIssn":"15244695","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Spring prey use by double-crested cormorants on the Penobscot River, Maine, USA","docAbstract":"We analyzed 2 sets of data for Double-crested Cormorant (Phalacrocorax auritus) stomach contents (including esophageal contents) that were collected from April through June of 1986-1988 (N = 580) and 1992-1993 (N = 200) on the Penobscot River, Maine. Our objectives were to examine temporal and spatial variation in the spring diet and estimate the importance of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) smolts to the cormorant diet. We analyzed stomach contents relative to samples from 3 river sections: 5 mainstem dams collectively, above the head of tide, and free-flowing areas above and below the head of tide. Between years composition of taxa lists were compared (P = 0.05) relative to time and river section. We estimated taxon importance for data collected during 1992-1993 by ranking taxa according to 3 statistics: frequency of occurrence, mean percent volume, and numerical abundance. Data from 1986-88 were analyzed by frequency of occurrence only. Across the 3 river sections, the number of prey species recovered from cormorant stomachs increased from 15 in late April to at least 31 through May. Cormorants collected above the head of tide consumed 12 fish species (including freshwater, anadromous, and catadromous types), whereas birds collected below the head of tide consumed 28 freshwater and seasonally-available estuarine, marine benthic, and pelagic species. Salmon smolts were not recovered from stomachs collected in April, rare in stomach samples during the first week of June, and absent from the diet thereafter. In contrast, smolts were among the 5 most frequently occurring (1986-88) and highest ranking (1992-1993) prey taxa across the 3 river sections through May.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Waterbirds","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"07386028","usgsCitation":"Blackwell, B., Krohn, W., Dube, N., and Godin, A., 1997, Spring prey use by double-crested cormorants on the Penobscot River, Maine, USA: Waterbirds, v. 20, no. 1, p. 77-86.","startPage":"77","endPage":"86","numberOfPages":"10","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":226824,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"20","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b9622e4b08c986b31b2fa","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Blackwell, B.F.","contributorId":45039,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Blackwell","given":"B.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":382030,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Krohn, W.B.","contributorId":64355,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Krohn","given":"W.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":382032,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Dube, N.R.","contributorId":31924,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dube","given":"N.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":382029,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Godin, A.J.","contributorId":48680,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Godin","given":"A.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":382031,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
]}