ABSTRACT: In using non-linear optimization techniques for estimation of parameters in a distributed ground water model, the initial values of the parameters and prior information about them play important roles. In this paper, the genetic algorithm (GA) is combined with the truncated-Newton search technique to estimate groundwater parameters for a confined steady-state ground water model. Use of prior information about the parameters is shown to be important in estimating correct or near-correct values of parameters on a regional scale. The amount of prior information needed for an accurate solution is estimated by evaluation of the sensitivity of the performance function to the parameters. For the example presented here, it is experimentally demonstrated that only one piece of prior information of the least sensitive parameter is sufficient to arrive at the global or near-global optimum solution. For hydraulic head data with measurement errors, the error in the estimation of parameters increases as the standard deviation of the errors increases. Results from our experiments show that, in general, the accuracy of the estimated parameters depends on the level of noise in the hydraulic head data and the initial values used in the truncated-Newton search technique.
This paper assesses the validity of the generalized viscoplastic fluid (GVF) model in light of the established constitutive relations in two asymptotic flow regimes, namely, the macroviscous and grain-inertia regimes. A comprehensive review of the literature on constitutive relations in both regimes reveals that except for some material constants, such as the coefficient of restitution, the normalized shear stress in both regimes varies only with the grain concentration, C. It is found that Krieger-Dougherty's relative viscosity, μ*(C), is sufficiently coherent among the monotonically nondecreasing functions of C used in describing the variation of the shear stress with C in both regimes. It not only accurately represents the C-dependent relative viscosity of a suspension in the macroviscous regime, but also plays a role of the radial distribution function that describes the statistics of particle collisions in the grain-inertia regime. Use of μ*(C) alone, however, cannot link the two regimes. Another parameter, the shear-rate number, N, is needed in modeling the rheology of neutrally buoyant granular flows in transition between the two asymptotic regimes. The GVF model proves compatible with most established relations in both regimes.
","language":"English","publisher":"ASCE","doi":"10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9399(1998)124:3(301)","issn":"07339399","usgsCitation":"Chen, C., and Ling, C.#., 1998, Rheological equations in asymptotic regimes of granular flow: Journal of Engineering Mechanics, v. 124, no. 3, p. 301-310, https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9399(1998)124:3(301).","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"301","endPage":"310","numberOfPages":"10","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":230999,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"124","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505aad3be4b0c8380cd86e71","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Chen, Chiu-Lan","contributorId":100979,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chen","given":"Chiu-Lan","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":387253,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ling, C. #NAME?","contributorId":14133,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ling","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"#NAME?","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":387252,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70021109,"text":"70021109 - 1998 - The seismic response of the Los Angeles basin, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-10-22T14:50:50.221699","indexId":"70021109","displayToPublicDate":"1998-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1135,"text":"Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America","onlineIssn":"1943-3573","printIssn":"0037-1106","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The seismic response of the Los Angeles basin, California","docAbstract":"Using strong-motion data recorded in the Los Angeles region from the 1992 (Mw 7.3) Landers earthquake, we have tested the accuracy of existing three-dimensional (3D) velocity models on the simulation of long-period (≧2 sec) ground motions in the Los Angeles basin and surrounding San Fernando and San Gabriel Valleys. First, the overall pattern and degree of long-period excitation of the basins were identified in the observations. Within the Los Angeles basin, the recorded amplitudes are about three to four times larger than at sites outside the basins; amplitudes within the San Fernando and San Gabriel Valleys are nearly a factor of 3 greater than surrounding bedrock sites. Then, using a 3D finite-difference numerical modeling approach, we analyzed how variations in 3D earth structure affect simulated waveforms, amplitudes, and the fit to the observed patterns of amplification. Significant differences exist in the 3D velocity models of southern California that we tested (Magistrale et al., 1996; Graves, 1996a; Hauksson and Haase, 1997). Major differences in the models include the velocity of the assumed background models; the depth of the Los Angeles basin; and the depth, location, and geometry of smaller basins. The largest disparities in the response of the models are seen for the San Fernando Valley and the deepest portion of the Los Angeles basin. These arise in large part from variations in the structure of the basins, particularly the effective depth extent, which is mainly due to alternative assumptions about the nature of the basin sediment fill. The general ground-motion characteristics are matched by the 3D model simulations, validating the use of 3D modeling with geologically based velocity-structure models. However, significant shortcomings exist in the overall patterns of amplification and the duration of the long-period response. The successes and limitations of the models for reproducing the recorded ground motions as discussed provide the basis and direction for necessary improvements to earth structure models, whether geologically or tomographically derived. The differences in the response of the earth models tested also translate to variable success in the ability to successfully model the data and add uncertainty to estimates of the basin response given input “scenario” earthquake source models.
Existing data on base-flow and groundwater nitrate loads were compiled and analyzed to assess the significance of groundwater discharge as a source of the nitrate load to nontidal streams of the Chesapeake Bay watershed. These estimates were then related to hydrogeomorphic settings based on lithology and physiographic province to provide insight on the areal distribution of ground-water discharge. Base-flow nitrate load accounted for 26 to about 100 percent of total-flow nitrate load, with a median value of 56 percent, and it accounted for 17 to 80 percent of total-flow total-nitrogen load, with a median value of 48 percent.
Hydrograph separations were conducted on continuous streamflow records from 276 gaging stations within the watershed. The values for base flow thus calculated were considered an estimate of ground-water discharge. The ratio of base flow to total flow provided an estimate of the relative importance of ground-water discharge within a basin.
Base-flow nitrate loads, total-flow nitrate loads, and total-flow total-nitrogen loads were previously computed from water-quality and discharge measurements by use of a regression model. Base-flow nitrate loads were available from 78 stations, total-flow nitrate loads were available from 86 stations, and total-flow total-nitrogen loads were available for 48 stations. The percentage of base-flow nitrate load to total-flow nitrate load could be computed for 57 stations, whereas the percentage of base-flow nitrate load to totalflow total-nitrogen load could be computed for 36 stations. These loads were divided by the basin area to obtain yields, which were used to compare the nitrate discharge from basins of different sizes.
The results indicate that ground-water discharge is a significant source of water and nitrate to the total streamflow and nitrate load. Base flow accounted for 16 to 92 percent of total streamflow at the 276 sampling sites, with a median value of 54 percent. It is estimated that of the 50 billion gallons of water that reaches the Chesapeake Bay each day, nearly 27 billion gallons is base flow.
Generalized lithology (siliciclastic, carbonate, crystalline, and unconsolidated) was combined with physiographic province (the Appalachian Plateau, the Valley and Ridge, the Blue Ridge, the Piedmont, including the Mesozoic Lowland section, and the Coastal Plain) to delineate 11 hydrogeomorphic regions. Areal variation of base flow and base-flow nitrate yield were assessed by means of nonparametric, one-way analysis of variance on basins grouped by the dominant hydrogeomorphic region and by correlation analysis of base flow or base-flow nitrate yield with the percentage of land area of a given hydrogeomorphic region within a basin.
Base flow appeared to have a significant relation to the hydrogeomorphic regions. The highest percentages of base flow were found in areas underlain by carbonate rock, crystalline rock with relatively low relief, and unconsolidated sediments. Lower percentages were found in areas underlain by siliclastic rocks and crystalline rocks with relatively high relief.
The relation between base-flow nitrate yield and hydrogeomorphic region is less clear. Although there is a relation between low nitrate yields and areas underlain by highrelief siliciclastic rocks, and a relation between high yields and carbonate rocks, much of this relation can be explained by the strong association between the hydrogeomorphic units and land use. In addition, most basins are mixtures of several hydrogeomorphic regions, so the nitrate yield from a basin depends on a large number of complex interacting factors. These unclear results indicate that the sample of available data used here may not be adequate to fully assess the relation between base-flow nitrate yield and the hydrogeomorphic setting of the basin. The results appear to show, however, that ground-water discharge is an important component of the total nontidal streamflow, and that ground-water discharge varies according to the hydrogeomorphic regions. Environmental management of the nontidal streams in the Chesapeake Bay watershed will thus have to consider the prevention of nutrient infiltration into aquifers as well as prevention of overland runoff of high-nitrogen waters.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri984059","usgsCitation":"Bachman, L.J., Lindsey, B., Brakebill, J.W., and Powars, D.S., 1998, Ground-water discharge and base-flow nitrate loads of nontidal streams, and their relation to a hydrogeomorphic classification of the Chesapeake Bay watershed, middle Atlantic Coast: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 98-4059, iv, 71 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri984059.","productDescription":"iv, 71 p.","costCenters":[{"id":374,"text":"Maryland Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":532,"text":"Pennsylvania Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":40020,"text":"Florence Bascom Geoscience Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":415596,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_48941.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":1894,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index 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The system was characterized for adsorption by ACFC, electrothermal desorption, and cryogenic condensation to separate acetone and methyl ethyl ketone from gas streams. Adsorption dynamics are numerically modeled to predict system characteristics during scale-up and optimization of the process in the future. The model requires diffusivities of TCVs into an activated-carbon fiber (ACF) as an input. Effective diffusivities of TCVs into ACFs were modeled as a function of temperature, concentration, and pore size distribution. Effective diffusivities for acetone at 65 °C and 30−60 ppmv were measured using a chromatography method. The energy factor for surface diffusion was determined from comparison between the experimental and modeled effective diffusivities. The modeled effective diffusivities were used in a dispersive computational model to predict mass transfer zones of TCVs in fixed beds of ACFC under realistic conditions for industrial applications.
Ecosystem studies are difficult to interpret because of the complexity and number of pathways that may affect a phenomenon of interest. It is not possible to study all aspects of a problem; thus subjective judgment is required to weigh what has been observed in the context of components that were not studied but may have been important. This subjective judgment is usually a poorly documented and ad hoc addendum to a statistical analysis of the data. We present a Bayesian methodology for documenting, quantifying, and incorporating these necessary subjective elements into an ecosystem study. The end product of this methodology is the probability of each of the competing hypotheses. As an example, this method is applied to an ecosystem study designed to discriminate among competing hypotheses for a low abundance of sea otters at a previously oiled site in Prince William Sound, Alaska.
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Proceedings of the international symposium on fishery stock assessment models for the 21st century; 15th Lowell Wakefield fisheries symposium","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"conferenceTitle":" International Symposium on Fishery Stock Assessment Models for the 21st Century; 15th Lowell Wakefield Fisheries Symposium","conferenceDate":"October 8-11, 1997","conferenceLocation":"Fairbanks, AK","language":"English","publisher":"Alaska Sea Grant College Program, University of Alaska Fairbanks","publisherLocation":"Anchorage, AK","doi":"10.4027/fsam.1998","isbn":"978-1-56612-057-9","usgsCitation":"Adkison, M.D., Ballachey, B.E., Bodkin, J.L., and Holland-Bartels, L.E., 1998, Integrating ecosystem studies: A Bayesian comparison of hypotheses, in Proceedings of the international symposium on fishery stock assessment models for the 21st century; 15th Lowell Wakefield fisheries symposium, Fairbanks, AK, October 8-11, 1997, p. 495-509, https://doi.org/10.4027/fsam.1998.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"495","endPage":"509","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":479738,"rank":0,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"https://repository.library.noaa.gov/view/noaa/40687","text":"External Repository"},{"id":339067,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Prince William Sound","publicComments":"Larger Work is University of Alaska Sea Grant College Program report no. AK-SG-98-01","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58e35f8ce4b09da67997ecca","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Funk, F.","contributorId":190308,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Funk","given":"F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":688139,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Quinn, T.J. II","contributorId":190310,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Quinn","given":"T.J.","suffix":"II","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":688140,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Heifetz, J.","contributorId":190311,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Heifetz","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":688141,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Ianelli, J.N.","contributorId":190312,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Ianelli","given":"J.N.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":688142,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Powers, J.E.","contributorId":190313,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Powers","given":"J.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":688143,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Schweigert, J.F.","contributorId":190314,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Schweigert","given":"J.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":688144,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Sullivan, P.J.","contributorId":38762,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sullivan","given":"P.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":688145,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Zhang, C.-I.","contributorId":190315,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Zhang","given":"C.-I.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":688146,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":8}],"authors":[{"text":"Adkison, Milo D.","contributorId":100791,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Adkison","given":"Milo","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":688135,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ballachey, Brenda E. 0000-0003-1855-9171 bballachey@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1855-9171","contributorId":2966,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ballachey","given":"Brenda","email":"bballachey@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":116,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology MFEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":688136,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Bodkin, James L. 0000-0003-1641-4438 jbodkin@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1641-4438","contributorId":748,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bodkin","given":"James","email":"jbodkin@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":116,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology MFEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":688137,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Holland-Bartels, Leslie E. lholland-bartels@usgs.gov","contributorId":222,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Holland-Bartels","given":"Leslie","email":"lholland-bartels@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":688138,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70185245,"text":"70185245 - 1998 - Responses of brown bears to human activities at O'Malley River, Kodiak Island, Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-03-16T15:40:25","indexId":"70185245","displayToPublicDate":"1998-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3671,"text":"Ursus","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Responses of brown bears to human activities at O'Malley River, Kodiak Island, Alaska","docAbstract":"We classified levels of direct response of brown bears (Ursus arctos middendorffi) to aircraft, watercraft, and groups of people on the O'Malley River area of Kodiak Island, Alaska. General public use occurred on the area in 1991 and 1993, whereas structured bear viewing programs used the area in 1992 and 1994. Brown bears displayed high (running) or moderate (walking away) response on 18 (48%) occasions when fixed-wing aircraft flew over the animals <100 m above ground. Three of 4 helicopter flights <200 m overhead and 9 interactions with watercraft at ≤200 m distance also elicited strong response. Encounters between people and bears resulted in strong responses from bears more frequently (37%, n = 134) during years of general public use than in years of structured bear viewing (6%, n = 72, P < 0.0001). We suggest that higher levels of low or neutral response by bears to encounters with guided bear viewing groups was the result of consistent and predictable patterns of human activity.
","language":"English","publisher":"International Association for Bear Research and Management","usgsCitation":"Wilker, G.A., and Barnes, V.G., 1998, Responses of brown bears to human activities at O'Malley River, Kodiak Island, Alaska: Ursus, v. 10, p. 557-561.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"557","endPage":"561","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":337777,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":337776,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.bearbiology.com/index.php?id=ursvol9_20","text":"Volume 10 on Journal's Website"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Kodiak Island, O'Malley River","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -154.05921936035156,\n 57.24924472842805\n ],\n [\n -153.9459228515625,\n 57.24924472842805\n ],\n [\n -153.9459228515625,\n 57.30557149205643\n ],\n [\n -154.05921936035156,\n 57.30557149205643\n ],\n [\n -154.05921936035156,\n 57.24924472842805\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"10","publicComments":"This volume is titled \"A selection of papers from the Tenth International Conference on Bear Research and Management, Fairbanks, Alaska, July 1995, and Mora, Sweden, September 1995.\"","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58cba425e4b0849ce97dc7be","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wilker, Gregory A.","contributorId":89811,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Wilker","given":"Gregory","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":684852,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Barnes, Victor G. Jr.","contributorId":95113,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Barnes","given":"Victor","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":35655,"text":"Kodiak Brown Bear Trust, Westcliffe, CO","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":684853,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70175687,"text":"70175687 - 1998 - Coupled atmosphere-terrestrial ecosystem-hydrology models for environmental modeling","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-02-21T16:00:34","indexId":"70175687","displayToPublicDate":"1998-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":15,"text":"Monograph"},"title":"Coupled atmosphere-terrestrial ecosystem-hydrology models for environmental modeling","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"Colorado State University","publisherLocation":"Fort Collins, CO","usgsCitation":"Walko, R.L., Band, L., Baron, J., Kittel, T.G., Lammers, R., Lee, T.J., Pielke, R., Taylor, C., Tague, C., Tremback, C., and Vidale, P., 1998, Coupled atmosphere-terrestrial ecosystem-hydrology models for environmental modeling, 46 p.","productDescription":"46 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":326792,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"57b6dc4de4b03fd6b7d94c28","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Walko, R. L.","contributorId":25521,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Walko","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":646055,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Band, L.E.","contributorId":70342,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Band","given":"L.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":646056,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Baron, Jill 0000-0002-5902-6251 jill_baron@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5902-6251","contributorId":194124,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Baron","given":"Jill","email":"jill_baron@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":646057,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Kittel, Timothy G.F.","contributorId":66612,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kittel","given":"Timothy","email":"","middleInitial":"G.F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":646058,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Lammers, R.","contributorId":46904,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lammers","given":"R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":646059,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Lee, T. J.","contributorId":26234,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lee","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":646060,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Pielke, R.A. Sr.","contributorId":96224,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pielke","given":"R.A.","suffix":"Sr.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":646061,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Taylor, C.","contributorId":73958,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Taylor","given":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":646062,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Tague, C.","contributorId":13579,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tague","given":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":646063,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Tremback, C.J.","contributorId":52530,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tremback","given":"C.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":646064,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10},{"text":"Vidale, P.L.","contributorId":35690,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Vidale","given":"P.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":646065,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":11}]}} ,{"id":81445,"text":"81445 - 1998 - Great Lakes","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":81445,"text":"81445 - 1998 - Great Lakes","indexId":"81445","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"title":"Great Lakes"},"predicate":"IS_PART_OF","object":{"id":70103848,"text":"70103848 - 1998 - Status and trends of the nation's biological resources","indexId":"70103848","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"title":"Status and trends of the nation's biological resources"},"id":1}],"isPartOf":{"id":70103848,"text":"70103848 - 1998 - Status and trends of the nation's biological resources","indexId":"70103848","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"title":"Status and trends of the nation's biological resources"},"lastModifiedDate":"2019-08-09T16:01:42","indexId":"81445","displayToPublicDate":"1998-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"Great Lakes","docAbstract":"The Great Lakes region, as defined here, includes the Great Lakes and their drainage basins in Minnesota, Wisconsin, Illinois, Indiana, Ohio, Pennsylvania, and New York. The region also includes the portions of Minnesota, Wisconsin, and the 21 northernmost counties of Illinois that lie in the Mississippi River drainage basin, outside the floodplain of the river. The region spans about 9º of latitude and 20º of longitude and lies roughly halfway between the equator and the North Pole in a lowland corridor that extends from the Gulf of Mexico to the Arctic Ocean.
The Great Lakes are the most prominent natural feature of the region (Fig. 1). They have a combined surface area of about 245,000 square kilometers and are among the largest, deepest lakes in the world. They are the largest single aggregation of fresh water on the planet (excluding the polar ice caps) and are the only glacial feature on Earth visible from the surface of the moon (The Nature Conservancy 1994a).
The Great Lakes moderate the region’s climate, which presently ranges from subarctic in the north to humid continental warm in the south (Fig. 2), reflecting the movement of major weather masses from the north and south (U.S. Department of the Interior 1970; Eichenlaub 1979). The lakes act as heat sinks in summer and heat sources in winter and are major reservoirs that help humidify much of the region. They also create local precipitation belts in areas where air masses are pushed across the lakes by prevailing winds, pick up moisture from the lake surface, and then drop that moisture over land on the other side of the lake. The mean annual frost-free period—a general measure of the growing-season length for plants and some cold-blooded animals—varies from 60 days at higher elevations in the north to 160 days in lakeshore areas in the south. The climate influences the general distribution of wild plants and animals in the region and also influences the activities and distribution of the human population.
The wild plants and animals and the natural systems that support them in the Great Lakes region are valuable resources of considerable local, regional, and national interest. They are also, in part, transboundary resources that we share with our Canadian neighbors to the north. The way these resources are changing over time is inadequately known and is a cause for concern for resource users and for those charged with managing and protecting these unique and valuable resources. This chapter describes the wild plants and animals and the systems that support them in the Great Lakes region; addresses their condition; and points out the gaps in our knowledge about them that, if filled, would aid in their conservation and appropriate use.
","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"Status and trends of the nation's biological resources","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":9,"text":"Other Report"},"language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","isbn":"016053285X","usgsCitation":"Edsall, T.A., 1998, Great Lakes, chap. of Status and trends of the nation's biological resources, p. 219-254.","productDescription":"36 p.","startPage":"219","endPage":"254","costCenters":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":128171,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Illinois, Indiana, Minnesota, New York, Ohio, Pennsylvania, Wisconsin","otherGeospatial":"Great Lakes basin","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4abae4b07f02db671ed8","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Mac, Michael J.","contributorId":16772,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mac","given":"Michael","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":504102,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Opler, Paul A.","contributorId":86690,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Opler","given":"Paul","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":504105,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Puckett Haecker, Catherine E.","contributorId":45630,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Puckett Haecker","given":"Catherine","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":504104,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Doran, Peter D.","contributorId":17533,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Doran","given":"Peter","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":504103,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":4}],"authors":[{"text":"Edsall, Thomas A.","contributorId":84302,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Edsall","given":"Thomas","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":295385,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":1014705,"text":"1014705 - 1998 - Importance of rearing-unit design and stocking density to the behavior, growth and metabolism of lake trout (Salvelinus namaycush)","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-08-09T15:15:11.836385","indexId":"1014705","displayToPublicDate":"1998-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":852,"text":"Aquacultural Engineering","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"displayTitle":"Importance of rearing-unit design and stocking density to the behavior, growth and metabolism of lake trout (Salvelinus namaycush)","title":"Importance of rearing-unit design and stocking density to the behavior, growth and metabolism of lake trout (Salvelinus namaycush)","docAbstract":"Juvenile lake trout (Salvelinus namaycush) were held at different stocking densities (48 and 96 kg m−3) in rearing-units of different design (rectangular plug-flow, circular and cylindrical cross-flow) and the effects on behavior, growth and metabolism were examined. Ambient light levels and current velocities were measured in each of three tank sectors (upstream, middle and downstream) to determine their relative contributions to fish behavior and distribution. Rearing-unit design affected orientation to current, contact with surfaces, agonistic responses, turn rates and avoidance of or contact with other fish. Stocking density primarily affected contact with tank surfaces, avoidance and contact with other fish. Fish in circular tanks distributed themselves uniformly, whereas those in plug-flow tanks crowded upstream and those in cross-flow tanks congregated downstream. Stocking density affected fish distribution most in cross-flow and least in circular tanks. Ambient light, current velocity and total in situ aggression modified fish distribution at low stocking density, but at high density the effects of current velocity and total aggression were undetectable. Growth and food conversion were best in plug-flow, followed by cross-flow and then circular tanks. Net ammonia excretion and oxygen consumption were highest in circular tanks and lowest in cross-flow (NH3) or cross-flow and plug-flow (O2) tanks. Ammonia production was correlated with stocking density, but oxygen consumption was unrelated to density. Results demonstrate the interrelatedness of abiotic and biotic factors in fish culture and the ability to control fish behavior, growth and metabolism through the alteration of several physical and biological variables in the rearing unit.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/S0144-8609(98)00041-7","usgsCitation":"Ross, R.M., and Watten, B.J., 1998, Importance of rearing-unit design and stocking density to the behavior, growth and metabolism of lake trout (Salvelinus namaycush): Aquacultural Engineering, v. 19, no. 1, p. 41-56, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0144-8609(98)00041-7.","productDescription":"16 p.","startPage":"41","endPage":"56","numberOfPages":"16","costCenters":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":131442,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"19","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49fde4b07f02db5f5eef","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ross, Robert M.","contributorId":62562,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ross","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":320965,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Watten, Barnaby J. 0000-0002-2227-8623 bwatten@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2227-8623","contributorId":2002,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Watten","given":"Barnaby","email":"bwatten@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":320964,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70021064,"text":"70021064 - 1998 - Physiological tolerances of juvenile robust redhorse, Moxostoma robustum: Conservation implications for an imperiled species","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:48","indexId":"70021064","displayToPublicDate":"1998-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1528,"text":"Environmental Biology of Fishes","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Physiological tolerances of juvenile robust redhorse, Moxostoma robustum: Conservation implications for an imperiled species","docAbstract":"The robust redhorse, Moxostoma robustum (Teleostei: Catostomidae), is an imperiled sucker native to large rivers of the Atlantic slope of the southeastern United States. Juvenile M. robustum were tested for tolerances to temperature, salinity, pH, and hypoxia in order to evaluate basic early life-history requirements. Static (acute) tests resulted in estimates of mean lower temperature tolerances (5.3-19.4 ??C) that varied with prior thermal acclimation and indicated no apparent difference in tolerance among fish 30, 60, and 90 days old. Fish acclimated to 20 ??C and 30 ??C had significantly different mean critical thermal maxima (34.9 ??C and 37.2 ??C, respectively) and exhibited pronounced increased opercular ventilation rates with elevated temperatures. Fish exposed to acute and chronic increases in salinity showed unusual patterns of mortality above the isosmotic point (9 ppt) that reflected possible differences in body mass and prior acclimation conditions (i.e., water ionic composition); small fish and those held in soft water were the least tolerant of increased salinity. Abrupt exposure to extreme pH values resulted in greater than 50% mortality at pH values below 4.3 and above 9.5 within a 96-hour period. Fish exposed to progressive hypoxia utilized aquatic surface respiration at a mean oxygen concentration of 0.72-0.80 mg O2 l-1 (20 ??C and 30 ??C acclimated fish, respectively), and lost equilibrium at 0.54-.57 mg O2 l-1. Juvenile M. robustum are moderately tolerant of a wide range of ambient physicochemical parameters, but further research is needed to determine how both abiotic and biotic factors have contributed to population decline and extirpation of this species.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Environmental Biology of Fishes","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1023/A:1007486632102","issn":"03781909","usgsCitation":"Walsh, S., Haney, D.C., Timmerman, C.M., and Dorazio, R., 1998, Physiological tolerances of juvenile robust redhorse, Moxostoma robustum: Conservation implications for an imperiled species: Environmental Biology of Fishes, v. 51, no. 4, p. 429-444, https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1007486632102.","startPage":"429","endPage":"444","numberOfPages":"16","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":206519,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1007486632102"},{"id":230089,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"51","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a7b29e4b0c8380cd792b3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Walsh, S. J. 0000-0002-1009-8537","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1009-8537","contributorId":62171,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Walsh","given":"S. J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":388514,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Haney, D. C.","contributorId":97854,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Haney","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":388515,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Timmerman, C. M.","contributorId":98898,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Timmerman","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":388516,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Dorazio, R.M. 0000-0003-2663-0468","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2663-0468","contributorId":23475,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dorazio","given":"R.M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":388513,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70020830,"text":"70020830 - 1998 - Mixed conifer forest mortality and establishment before and after prescribed fire in Sequoia National Park, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:37","indexId":"70020830","displayToPublicDate":"1998-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1688,"text":"Forest Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Mixed conifer forest mortality and establishment before and after prescribed fire in Sequoia National Park, California","docAbstract":"Pre-and post-burn tree mortality rates, size structure, basal area, and ingrowth were determined for four 1.0 ha mixed conifer forest stands in the Log Creek and Tharp's Creek watersheds of Sequoia National Park. Mean annual mortality between 1986 and 1990 was 0.8% for both watersheds. In the fall of 1990, the Tharp's Creek watershed was treated with a prescribed burn. Between 1991 and 1995, mean annual mortality was 1.4% in the unburned Log Creek watershed and 17.2% in the burned Tharp's Creek watershed. A drought from 1987 to 1992 likely contributed to the mortality increase in the Log Creek watershed. The high mortality in the Tharp's Creek watershed was primarily related to crown scorch from the 1990 fire and was modeled with logistic regression for white fir (Abies concolor [Gord. and Glend.]) and sugar pine (Pinus lambertiana [Dougl.]). From 1989 to 1994, basal area declined an average of 5% per year in the burned Tharp's Creek watershed, compared to average annual increases of less than 1% per year in the unburned Log Creek watershed and in the Tharp's watershed prior to burning. Post-burn size structure was dramatically changed in the Tharp's Creek stands: 75% of trees ???50 cm and 25% of trees >50 cm were killed by the fire.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Forest Science","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"0015749X","usgsCitation":"Mutch, L., and Parsons, D., 1998, Mixed conifer forest mortality and establishment before and after prescribed fire in Sequoia National Park, California: Forest Science, v. 44, no. 3, p. 341-355.","startPage":"341","endPage":"355","numberOfPages":"15","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":229756,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"44","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a5b7ce4b0c8380cd6f5a6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Mutch, L.S.","contributorId":103227,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mutch","given":"L.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":387685,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Parsons, D.J.","contributorId":47721,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Parsons","given":"D.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":387684,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70019796,"text":"70019796 - 1998 - Analysis of simulated advanced spaceborne thermal emission and reflection (ASTER) radiometer data of the Iron Hill, Colorado, study area for mapping lithologies","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-05-02T15:33:38.22959","indexId":"70019796","displayToPublicDate":"1998-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2316,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research D: Atmospheres","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Analysis of simulated advanced spaceborne thermal emission and reflection (ASTER) radiometer data of the Iron Hill, Colorado, study area for mapping lithologies","docAbstract":"The advanced spaceborne thermal emission and reflection (ASTER) radiometer was designed to record reflected energy in nine channels with 15 or 30 m resolution, including stereoscopic images, and emitted energy in five channels with 90 m resolution from the NASA Earth Observing System AMI platform. A simulated ASTER data set was produced for the Iron Hill, Colorado, study area by resampling calibrated, registered airborne visible/infrared imaging spectrometer (AVIRIS) data, and thermal infrared multispectral scanner (TIMS) data to the appropriate spatial and spectral parameters. A digital elevation model was obtained to simulate ASTER-derived topographic data. The main lithologic units in the area are granitic rocks and felsite into which a carbonatite stock and associated alkalic igneous rocks were intruded; these rocks are locally covered by Jurassic sandstone, Tertiary rhyolitic tuff, and colluvial deposits. Several methods were evaluated for mapping the main lithologic units, including the unsupervised classification and spectral curve-matching techniques. In the five thermalinfrared (TIR) channels, comparison of the results of linear spectral unmixing and unsupervised classification with published geologic maps showed that the main lithologic units were mapped, but large areas with moderate to dense tree cover were not mapped in the TIR data. Compared to TIMS data, simulated ASTER data permitted slightly less discrimination in the mafic alkalic rock series, and carbonatite was not mapped in the TIMS nor in the simulated ASTER TIR data. In the nine visible and near-infrared channels, unsupervised classification did not yield useful results, but both the spectral linear unmixing and the matched filter techniques produced useful results, including mapping calcitic and dolomitic carbonatite exposures, travertine in hot spring deposits, kaolinite in argillized sandstone and tuff, and muscovite in sericitized granite and felsite, as well as commonly occurring illite/muscovite. However, the distinction made in AVIRIS data between calcite and dolomite was not consistently feasible in the simulated ASTER data. Comparison of the lithologie information produced by spectral analysis of the simulated ASTER data to a photogeologic interpretation of a simulated ASTER color image illustrates the high potential of spectral analysis of ASTER data to geologic interpretation.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/98JD02118","issn":"01480227","usgsCitation":"Rowan, L.C., 1998, Analysis of simulated advanced spaceborne thermal emission and reflection (ASTER) radiometer data of the Iron Hill, Colorado, study area for mapping lithologies: Journal of Geophysical Research D: Atmospheres, v. 103, no. D24, p. 32291-32306, https://doi.org/10.1029/98JD02118.","productDescription":"16 p.","startPage":"32291","endPage":"32306","numberOfPages":"16","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":479823,"rank":2,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/98jd02118","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":227687,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"103","issue":"D24","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059eb30e4b0c8380cd48c8e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Rowan, L. C.","contributorId":40584,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rowan","given":"L.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383941,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":1014744,"text":"1014744 - 1998 - A female black bear denning habitat model using a geographic information system","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-04-20T17:39:15","indexId":"1014744","displayToPublicDate":"1998-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3671,"text":"Ursus","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A female black bear denning habitat model using a geographic information system","docAbstract":"We used the Mahalanobis distance statistic and a raster geographic information system (GIS) to model potential black bear (Ursus americanus) denning habitat in the Ouachita Mountains of Arkansas. The Mahalanobis distance statistic was used to represent the standard squared distance between sample variates in the GIS database (forest cover type, elevation, slope, aspect, distance to streams, distance to roads, and forest cover richness) and variates at known bear dens. Two models were developed: a generalized model for all den locations and another specific to dens in rock cavities. Differences between habitat at den sites and habitat across the study area were represented in 2 new GIS themes as Mahalanobis distance values. Cells similar to the mean vector derived from the known dens had low Mahalanobis distance values, and dissimilar cells had high values. The reliability of the predictive model was tested by overlaying den locations collected subsequent to original model development on the resultant den habitat themes. Although the generalized model demonstrated poor reliability, the model specific to rock dens had good reliability. Bears were more likely to choose rock den locations with low Mahalanobis distance values and less likely to choose those with high values. The model can be used to plan the timing and extent of management actions (e.g., road building, prescribed fire, timber harvest) most appropriate for those sites with high or low denning potential.
","language":"English","publisher":"International Association for Bear Research and Management","usgsCitation":"Clark, J.D., Hayes, S., and Pledger, J., 1998, A female black bear denning habitat model using a geographic information system: Ursus, v. 10, p. 181-185.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"181","endPage":"185","numberOfPages":"5","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":481,"text":"Northern Rocky Mountain Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":129344,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Arkansas","otherGeospatial":"Dry Creek Wilderness Area, Ouachita Mountain region","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -93.8067626953125,\n 35.092945313732635\n ],\n [\n -93.74633789062499,\n 35.088450570365396\n ],\n [\n -93.680419921875,\n 35.088450570365396\n ],\n [\n -93.61175537109375,\n 35.088450570365396\n ],\n [\n -93.49227905273438,\n 35.099686964274724\n ],\n [\n -93.48129272460936,\n 35.080584173400815\n ],\n [\n -93.4771728515625,\n 35.023248960913385\n ],\n [\n -93.48129272460936,\n 34.93885938523973\n ],\n [\n -93.52935791015625,\n 34.918592949176926\n ],\n [\n -93.61175537109375,\n 34.88367790965999\n ],\n [\n -93.76144409179688,\n 34.84987503195418\n ],\n [\n -93.84246826171875,\n 34.81154831029378\n ],\n [\n -93.9276123046875,\n 34.78899484825181\n ],\n [\n -94.0869140625,\n 34.785611296793306\n ],\n [\n -94.26544189453125,\n 34.8025276659169\n ],\n [\n -94.28741455078125,\n 34.83522280367885\n ],\n [\n -94.31350708007812,\n 34.88818391007525\n ],\n [\n -94.31076049804688,\n 34.942236637841184\n ],\n [\n -94.31076049804688,\n 34.98275281869196\n ],\n [\n -94.295654296875,\n 35.02662273458687\n ],\n [\n -94.22836303710938,\n 35.064849103829204\n ],\n [\n -94.12399291992188,\n 35.08957427943165\n ],\n [\n -93.99627685546874,\n 35.1041810882765\n ],\n [\n -93.91937255859375,\n 35.113168592954004\n ],\n [\n -93.8067626953125,\n 35.092945313732635\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"10","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b24e4b07f02db6aecb0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Clark, J. D.","contributorId":85911,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Clark","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":321065,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hayes, S.G.","contributorId":97043,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hayes","given":"S.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":321066,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Pledger, J.M.","contributorId":59393,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pledger","given":"J.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":321064,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70020742,"text":"70020742 - 1998 - Before and after retrofit - response of a building during ambient and strong motions","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:17","indexId":"70020742","displayToPublicDate":"1998-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2511,"text":"Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Before and after retrofit - response of a building during ambient and strong motions","docAbstract":"This paper presents results obtained from ambient vibration and strong-motion responses of a thirteen-story, moment-resisting steel framed Santa Clara County Office Building (SCCOB) before being retrofitted by visco-elastic dampers and from ambient vibration response following the retrofit. Understanding the cumulative structural and site characteristics that affect the response of SCCOB before and after the retrofit is important in assessing earthquake hazards to other similar buildings and decision making in retrofitting them. The results emphasize the need to better evaluate structural and site characteristics in developing earthquake resisting designs that avoid resonating effects. Various studies of the strong-motion response records from the SCCOB during the 24 April 1984 (MHE) Morgan Hill (MS = 6.1), the 31 March 1986 (MLE) Mt. Lewis (MS = 6.1) and the 17 October 1989 (LPE) Loma Prieta (MS = 7.1) earthquakes show that the dynamic characteristics of the building are such that it (a) resonated (b) responded with a beating effect due to close-coupling of its translational and torsional frequencies, and (c) had a long-duration response due to low-damping. During each of these earthquakes, there was considerable contents damage and the occupants felt the rigorous vibration of the building. Ambient tests of SCCOB performed following LPE showed that both translational and torsional periods of the building are smaller than those derived from strong motions. Ambient tests performed following the retrofit of the building with visco-elastic dampers show that the structural fundamental mode frequency of the building has increased. The increased frequency implies a stiffer structure. Strong-motion response of the building during future earthquakes will ultimately validate the effectiveness of the retrofit method.This paper presents results obtained from ambient vibration and strong-motion responses of a thirteen-story, moment-resisting steel framed Santa Clara County Office Building (SCCOB) before being retrofitted by visco-elastic dampers and from ambient vibration response following the retrofit. Understanding the cumulative structural and site characteristics that affect the response of SCCOB before and after the retrofit is important in assessing earthquake hazards to other similar buildings and decision making in retrofitting them. The results emphasize the need to better evaluate structural and site characteristics in developing earthquake resisting designs that avoid resonating effects. Various studies of the strong-motion response records from the SCCOB during the 24 April 1984 (MHE) Morgan Hill (Ms = 6.1), the 31 March 1986 (MLE) Mt. Lewis (Ms = 6.1) and the 17 October 1989(LPE) Loma Prieta (Ms = 7.1) earthquakes show that the dynamic characteristics of the building are such that it (a) resonated (b) responded with a beating effect due to close-coupling of its translational and torsional frequencies, and (c) had a long-duration response due to low-damping. During each of these earthquakes, there was considerable contents damage and the occupants felt the rigorous vibration of the building. Ambient tests of SCCOB performed following LPE showed that both translational and torsional periods of the building are smaller than those derived from strong motions. Ambient tests performed following the retrofit of the building with visco-elastic dampers show that the structural fundamental mode frequency of the building has increased. The increased frequency implies a stiffer structure. Strong-motion response of the building during future earthquakes will ultimately validate the effectiveness of the retrofit method.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"conferenceTitle":"Proceedings of the 1997 8th US National Conference on Wind Engineering","conferenceDate":"5 June 1997 through 7 June 1997","conferenceLocation":"Baltimore, MD, USA","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier Sci B.V.","publisherLocation":"Amsterdam, Netherlands","doi":"10.1016/S0167-6105(98)00148-2","issn":"01676105","usgsCitation":"Çelebi, M., and Liu, H.P., 1998, Before and after retrofit - response of a building during ambient and strong motions: Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics, v. 77-78, p. 259-268, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0167-6105(98)00148-2.","startPage":"259","endPage":"268","numberOfPages":"10","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":206972,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0167-6105(98)00148-2"},{"id":231426,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"77-78","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f09be4b0c8380cd4a7e7","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Jones N.P.","contributorId":128296,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Jones N.P.","id":536466,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1}],"authors":[{"text":"Çelebi, M.","contributorId":36946,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Çelebi","given":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":387334,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Liu, Huaibao P.","contributorId":14581,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Liu","given":"Huaibao","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":387333,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70020705,"text":"70020705 - 1998 - Heat flow and thermal history of the Anadarko basin, Oklahoma","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:17","indexId":"70020705","displayToPublicDate":"1998-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":701,"text":"American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Heat flow and thermal history of the Anadarko basin, Oklahoma","docAbstract":"New heat-flow values for seven sites in the Anadarko basin, Oklahoma, were determined using high-precision temperature logs and thermal conductivity measurements from nearly 300 core plugs. Three of the sites are on the northern shelf, three sites are in the deep basin, and one site is in the frontal fault zone of the northern Wichita Mountains. The heat flow decreased from 55 to 64 mW/m2 in the north, and from 39 to 54 mW/m2 in the south, due to a decrease in heat generation in the underlying basement rock toward the south. Lateral lithologic changes in the basin, combined with the change in heat flow across the basin, resulted in an unusual pattern of thermal maturity. The vitrinite reflectance values of the Upper Devonian-Lower Mississippian Woodford formation are highest 30-40 km north-northwest of the deepest part of the basin. The offset in highest reflectance values is due to the contrast in thermal conductivity between the Pennsylvanian \"granite wash\" section adjacent to the Wichita uplift and the Pennsylvanian shale section to the north. The geothermal gradient in the low-conductivity shale section is elevated relative to the geothermal gradient in the high-conductivity \"granite wash\" section, thus displacing the highest temperatures to the north of the deepest part of the basin. Apatite fission-track, vitrinite reflectance, and heat-flow data were used to constrain regional aspects of the burial history of the Anadarko basin. By combining these data sets, we infer that at least 1.5 km of denudation has occurred at two sites in the deep Anadarko basin since the early to middle Cenozoic (40 ?? 10 m.y.). The timing of the onset of denudation in the southern Anadarko basin coincides with the period of late Eocene erosion observed in the southern Rocky Mountains and in the northern Great Plains. Burial history models for two wells from the deep Anadarko basin predict that shales of the Woodford formation passed through the hydrocarbon maturity window by the end of the Permian section in the deep basin moved into the hydrocarbon maturity window during Mesozoic burial of the region. Presently, the depth interval of the main zone of oil maturation (% Ro = 0.7-0.9) is approximately 2800-3800 m in the eastern deep basin basin and 2200-3000 m in the western deep basin. The greater depth to the top of the oil maturity zone and larger depth range of the zone in the eastern part of the deep basin are due to the lower heat flow associated with more mafic basement toward the east. The burial history model for the northern shelf indicates that the Woodford formation has been in the early oil maturity zone since the Early Permian.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"01491423","usgsCitation":"Carter, L., Kelley, S., Blackwell, D., and Naeser, N.D., 1998, Heat flow and thermal history of the Anadarko basin, Oklahoma: American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin, v. 82, no. 2, p. 291-316.","startPage":"291","endPage":"316","numberOfPages":"26","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":231425,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"82","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a2ffbe4b0c8380cd5d28b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Carter, L.S.","contributorId":77699,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Carter","given":"L.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":387201,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kelley, S.A.","contributorId":31151,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kelley","given":"S.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":387199,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Blackwell, D.D.","contributorId":20905,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Blackwell","given":"D.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":387198,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Naeser, N. D.","contributorId":74510,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Naeser","given":"N.","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":387200,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70020608,"text":"70020608 - 1998 - Earthquake triggering by transient and static deformations","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-07-19T14:08:40.754198","indexId":"70020608","displayToPublicDate":"1998-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2314,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Earthquake triggering by transient and static deformations","docAbstract":"Observational evidence for both static and transient near-field and far-field triggered seismicity are explained in terms of a frictional instability model, based on a single degree of freedom spring-slider system and rate- and state-dependent frictional constitutive equations. In this study a triggered earthquake is one whose failure time has been advanced by Δt (clock advance) due to a stress perturbation. Triggering stress perturbations considered include square-wave transients and step functions, analogous to seismic waves and coseismic static stress changes, respectively. Perturbations are superimposed on a constant background stressing rate which represents the tectonic stressing rate. The normal stress is assumed to be constant. Approximate, closed-form solutions of the rate-and-state equations are derived for these triggering and background loads, building on the work of Dieterich [1992, 1994]. These solutions can be used to simulate the effects of static and transient stresses as a function of amplitude, onset time t0, and in the case of square waves, duration. The accuracies of the approximate closed-form solutions are also evaluated with respect to the full numerical solution and t0. The approximate solutions underpredict the full solutions, although the difference decreases as t0 approaches the end of the earthquake cycle. The relationship between Δt and t0 differs for transient and static loads: a static stress step imposed late in the cycle causes less clock advance than an equal step imposed earlier, whereas a later applied transient causes greater clock advance than an equal one imposed earlier. For equal Δt, transient amplitudes must be greater than static loads by factors of several tens to hundreds depending on t0. We show that the rate-and-state model requires that the total slip at failure is a constant, regardless of the loading history. Thus a static load applied early in the cycle, or a transient applied at any time, reduces the stress at the initiation of failure, whereas static loads that are applied sufficiently late raise it. Rate-and-state friction predictions differ markedly from those based on Coulomb failure stress changes (ΔCFS) in which Δt equals the amplitude of the static stress change divided by the background stressing rate. The ΔCFS model assumes a stress failure threshold, while the rate-and-state equations require a slip failure threshold. The complete rate-and-state equations predict larger Δt than the ΔCFS model does for static stress steps at small t0, and smaller Δt than the ΔCFS model for stress steps at large t0. The ΔCFS model predicts nonzero Δt only for transient loads that raise the stress to failure stress levels during the transient. In contrast, the rate-and-state model predicts nonzero Δt for smaller loads, and triggered failure may occur well after the transient is finished. We consider heuristically the effects of triggering on a population of faults, as these effects might be evident in seismicity data. Triggering is manifest as an initial increase in seismicity rate that may be followed by a quiescence or by a return to the background rate. Available seismicity data are insufficient to discriminate whether triggered earthquakes are “new” or clock advanced. However, if triggering indeed results from advancing the failure time of inevitable earthquakes, then our modeling suggests that a quiescence always follows transient triggering and that the duration of increased seismicity also cannot exceed the duration of a triggering transient load. Quiescence follows static triggering only if the population of available faults is finite.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/98JB01125","issn":"01480227","usgsCitation":"Gomberg, J., Beeler, N., Blanpied, M., and Bodin, P., 1998, Earthquake triggering by transient and static deformations: Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth, v. 103, no. 10, p. 24411-24426, https://doi.org/10.1029/98JB01125.","productDescription":"16 p.","startPage":"24411","endPage":"24426","numberOfPages":"16","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":230953,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"103","issue":"10","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1998-10-10","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0507e4b0c8380cd50c19","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Gomberg, J.","contributorId":95994,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gomberg","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":386851,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Beeler, N.M. 0000-0002-3397-8481","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3397-8481","contributorId":68894,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Beeler","given":"N.M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":386850,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Blanpied, M.L.","contributorId":61961,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Blanpied","given":"M.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":386849,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Bodin, P.","contributorId":29554,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bodin","given":"P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":386848,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70020717,"text":"70020717 - 1998 - Retention of NO3/- in an upland stream environment: A mass balance approach","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:42","indexId":"70020717","displayToPublicDate":"1998-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1007,"text":"Biogeochemistry","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Retention of NO3/- in an upland stream environment: A mass balance approach","docAbstract":"Models of the effects of atmospheric N deposition in forested watersheds have not adequately accounted for the effects of aquatic and near-stream processes on the concentrations and loads of NO3/- in surface waters. This study compared the relative effects of aquatic and near-stream processes with those from the terrestrial ecosystem on the retention and transport of NO3/- in two contrasting stream reaches of the Neversink River, a forested watershed in the Catskill Mountains of New York that receives among the highest load of atmospheric N deposition in the northeastern United States. Stream water samples were collected every two hours and ground-water and tributary samples were collected daily at base flow conditions during four 48-hour periods from April to October 1992, and NO3/- mass balances were calculated for each site. Results indicated diurnal variations in stream NO3/- concentrations in both reaches during all four sampling periods; this is consistent with uptake of NO3/- by photoautotrophs during daylight hours. Mass-balance results revealed significant stream reach losses of NO3/- at both sites during all sampling periods. The diurnal variations in NO3/- concentrations and the retention of NO3/- relative to terrestrial contributions to the stream reaches were greater downstream than upstream because physical factors such as the head gradients of inflowing ground water and the organic matter content of sediment are more favorable to uptake and denitrification downstream. The mass retention of NO3/- increased as the mean 48-hr stream discharge increased at each site, indicating that the responsible processes are dependent on NO3/- supply. Low stream temperatures during the April sampling period, however, probably reduced the rate of retention processes, resulting in smaller losses of NO3/- than predicted from stream discharge alone. Water samples collected from the stream, the hyporheic zone, and the alluvial ground water at sites in both reaches indicated that the net effect of hyporheic processes on downstream NO3/- transport ranged from conservative mixing to complete removal by denitrification. The relative effects of biological uptake and denitrification as retention mechanisms could not be quantified, but the results indicate that both processes are significant. These results generally confirm that aquatic and near-stream processes cause significant losses of NO3/- in the Neversink River, and that the losses by these processes at downstream locations can exceed the NO3/- contributions to the stream from the terrestrial environment during summer and fall base-flow conditions. Failure to consider these aquatic and near-stream processes in models of watershed response to atmospheric N deposition could result in underestimates of the amount of NO3/- leaching from forested ecosystems and to an inability to unequivocally relate geographic differences in NO3/- concentrations of stream waters to corresponding differences in terrestrial processes.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Biogeochemistry","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1023/A:1005916102026","issn":"01682563","usgsCitation":"Burns, D.A., 1998, Retention of NO3/- in an upland stream environment: A mass balance approach: Biogeochemistry, v. 40, no. 1, p. 73-96, https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1005916102026.","startPage":"73","endPage":"96","numberOfPages":"24","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":206862,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1005916102026"},{"id":230998,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"40","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505aac07e4b0c8380cd86afa","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Burns, Douglas A. 0000-0001-6516-2869","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6516-2869","contributorId":29450,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Burns","given":"Douglas","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":387251,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70020097,"text":"70020097 - 1998 - Determination of a wide range of volatile organic compounds in ambient air using multisorbent adsorption/thermal desorption and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-02-01T06:47:09","indexId":"70020097","displayToPublicDate":"1998-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":761,"text":"Analytical Chemistry","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Determination of a wide range of volatile organic compounds in ambient air using multisorbent adsorption/thermal desorption and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry","docAbstract":"Adsorption/thermal desorption with multisorbent air-sampling cartridges was developed for the determination of 87 method analytes including halogenated alkanes, halogenated alkenes, ethers, alcohols, nitriles, esters, ketones, aromatics, a disulfide, and a furan. The volatilities of the compounds ranged from that of dichlorofluoromethane (CFC12) to that of 1,2,3- trichlorobenzene. The eight most volatile compounds were determined using a 1.5-L air sample and a sample cartridge containing 50 mg of Carbotrap B and 280 mg of Carboxen 1000; the remaining 79 compounds were determined using a 5-L air sample and a cartridge containing 180 mg of Carbotrap B and 70 mg of Carboxen 1000. Analysis and detection were by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. The minimum detectable level (MDL) concentration values ranged from 0.01 parts per billion by volume (ppbv) for chlorobenzene to 0.4 ppbv for bromomethane; most of the MDL values were in the range 0.02-0.06 ppbv. No breakthrough was detected with the prescribed sample volumes. Analyte stability on the cartridges was very good. Excellent recoveries were obtained with independent check standards. Travel spike recoveries ranged from 90 to 110% for 72 of the 87 compounds. The recoveries were less than 70% for bromomethane and chloroethene and for a few compounds such as methyl acetate that are subject to losses by hydrolysis; the lowest travel spike recovery was obtained for bromomethane (62%). Blank values for all compounds were either below detection or very low. Ambient atmospheric sampling was conducted in New Jersey from April to December, 1997. Three sites characterized by low, moderate, and high densities of urbanization/traffic were sampled. The median detected concentrations of the compounds were either similar at all three sites (as with the chlorofluorocarbon compounds) or increased with the density of urbanization/traffic (as with dichloromethane, MTBE, benzene, and toluene). For toluene, the median detected concentrations were 0.23, 0.42, and 0.70 ppbv at the three sites. Analytical precision was measured using duplicate sampling. As expected, the precision deteriorated with decreasing concentration. At concentrations greater than 0.2 ppbv, most duplicates differed by less than 20%; below the MDL values, the differences between the duplicates were larger, but they were still typically less than 40%.","language":"English","publisher":"ACS","doi":"10.1021/ac980481t","issn":"00032700","usgsCitation":"Pankow, J.F., Luo, W., Isabelle, L., Bender, D., and Baker, R., 1998, Determination of a wide range of volatile organic compounds in ambient air using multisorbent adsorption/thermal desorption and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry: Analytical Chemistry, v. 70, no. 24, p. 5213-5221, https://doi.org/10.1021/ac980481t.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"5213","endPage":"5221","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":227999,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":206034,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ac980481t"}],"volume":"70","issue":"24","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1998-11-13","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059ff8ee4b0c8380cd4f25d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Pankow, J. F.","contributorId":20917,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pankow","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":385014,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Luo, W.","contributorId":71331,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Luo","given":"W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":385017,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Isabelle, L.M.","contributorId":54746,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Isabelle","given":"L.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":385016,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Bender, D.A.","contributorId":49537,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bender","given":"D.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":385015,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Baker, R.J.","contributorId":85915,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Baker","given":"R.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":385018,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70020147,"text":"70020147 - 1998 - Seismic-reflection evidence that the hayward fault extends into the lower crust of the San Francisco Bay Area, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-10-22T13:22:42.695706","indexId":"70020147","displayToPublicDate":"1998-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1135,"text":"Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America","onlineIssn":"1943-3573","printIssn":"0037-1106","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Seismic-reflection evidence that the hayward fault extends into the lower crust of the San Francisco Bay Area, California","docAbstract":"This article presents deep seismic-reflection data from an experiment across San Francisco Peninsula in 1995 using large (125 to 500 kg) explosive sources. Shot gathers show a mostly nonreflective upper crust in both the Franciscan and Salinian terranes (juxtaposed across the San Andreas fault), an onset of weak lower-crustal reflectivity beginning at about 6-sec two-way travel time (TWTT) and bright southwest-dipping reflections between 11 and 13 sec TWTT. Previous studies have shown that the Moho in this area is no deeper than 25 km (∼8 to 9 sec TWTT). Three-dimensional reflection travel-time modeling of the 11 to 13 sec events from the shot gathers indicates that the bright events may be explained by reflectors 15 to 20 km into the upper mantle, northeast of the San Andreas fault. However, upper mantle reflections from these depths were not observed on marine-reflection profiles collected in San Francisco Bay, nor were they reported from a refraction prifile on San Francisco Peninsula. The most consistent interpretation of these events from 2D raytracing and 3D travel-time modeling is that they are out-of-plane reflections from a high-angle (dipping ∼70° to the southwest) impedance contrast in the lower crust that corresponds with the surface trace of the Hayward fault. These results suggest that the Hayward fault truncates the horizontal detachment fault suggested to be active beneath San Francisco Bay.