The effects of future oil and natural gas development in southwestern Wyoming on wildlife populations are topical to conservation of the sagebrush steppe ecosystem. To aid in understanding these potential effects, the U.S. Geological Survey developed an Energy Footprint simulation model that forecasts the amount and pattern of energy development under different assumptions of development rates and well-drilling methods. The simulated disturbance patterns produced by the footprint model are used to assess the potential effects on wildlife habitat and populations. A goal of this modeling effort is to use measures of energy production (number of simulated wells), well-pad and road-surface disturbance, and potential effects on wildlife to identify build-out designs that minimize the physical and ecological footprint of energy development for different levels of energy production and development costs.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wyoming Land Conservation Initiative","publisherLocation":"Rock Springs, WY","usgsCitation":"Garman, S.L., 2015, Forecasting and evaluating patterns of energy development in southwestern Wyoming: WLCI Fact Sheet 7, 2 p.","productDescription":"2 p.","numberOfPages":"2","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-059845","costCenters":[{"id":318,"text":"Geosciences and Environmental Change Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":300415,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/70148045.jpg"},{"id":300413,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wlci/fs/7/"},{"id":300414,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wlci/fs/7/pdf/wlci7.pdf","text":"Report","size":"3.79 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Report"}],"country":"United States","state":"Wyoming","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -107.65674591064453,\n 41.04103806674338\n ],\n [\n -107.64232635498047,\n 41.05864414643029\n ],\n [\n -107.62859344482422,\n 41.100569059403675\n ],\n [\n -107.65640258789062,\n 41.13858889084487\n ],\n [\n -107.69622802734375,\n 41.236511201246216\n ],\n [\n -107.7703857421875,\n 41.35104125623227\n ],\n [\n -107.63031005859375,\n 41.62878802577303\n ],\n [\n -107.53898620605467,\n 41.65777973769656\n ],\n [\n -107.47650146484374,\n 41.65906225544112\n ],\n [\n -107.47718811035156,\n 41.74826273259059\n ],\n [\n -107.33779907226562,\n 41.748775021355044\n ],\n [\n -107.34054565429688,\n 41.65854925140818\n ],\n [\n -107.42088317871094,\n 41.52708581365462\n ],\n [\n -107.40165710449219,\n 41.03948436294272\n ],\n [\n -107.65674591064453,\n 41.04103806674338\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":2,"text":"Denver PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5555b932e4b0a92fa7e95124","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Garman, Steven L. 0000-0002-9032-9074 slgarman@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9032-9074","contributorId":3741,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Garman","given":"Steven","email":"slgarman@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":318,"text":"Geosciences and Environmental Change Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":546952,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70147397,"text":"ofr20151055 - 2015 - Effects of proposed sediment borrow pits on nearshore wave climate and longshore sediment transport rate along Breton Island, Louisiana","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-11-15T14:21:55","indexId":"ofr20151055","displayToPublicDate":"2015-05-14T12:45:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2015-1055","title":"Effects of proposed sediment borrow pits on nearshore wave climate and longshore sediment transport rate along Breton Island, Louisiana","docAbstract":"As part of a plan to preserve bird habitat on Breton Island, the southernmost extent of the Chandeleur Islands and part of the Breton National Wildlife Refuge in Louisiana, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service plans to increase island elevation with sand supplied from offshore resources. Proposed sand extraction sites include areas offshore where the seafloor morphology suggests suitable quantities of sediment may be found. Two proposed locations east and south of the island, between 5.5–9 kilometers from the island in 3–6 meters of water, have been identified. Borrow pits are perturbations to shallow-water bathymetry and thus can affect the wave field in a variety of ways, including alterations in sediment transport and new erosional or accretional patterns along the beach. A scenario-based numerical modeling strategy was used to assess the effects of the proposed offshore borrow pits on the nearshore wave field. Effects were assessed over a range of wave conditions and were gaged by changes in significant wave height and wave direction inshore of the borrow sites, as well as by changes in the calculated longshore sediment transport rate. The change in magnitude of the calculated sediment transport rate with the addition of the two borrow pits was an order of magnitude less than the calculated baseline transport rate.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20151055","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service","usgsCitation":"Dalyander, P.S., Mickey, R.C., Long, J.W., and Flocks, James, 2017, Effects of proposed borrow pits on the nearshore wave climate and longshore sediment transport rate along Breton Island, Louisiana (ver. 2.0, August 2017): U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2015–1055, 44 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20151055.","productDescription":"Report: vi, 44 p.; HTML Document; Downloads Directory; Data Release; Version History","numberOfPages":"51","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-059343","costCenters":[{"id":574,"text":"St. Petersburg Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":345194,"rank":5,"type":{"id":25,"text":"Version History"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2015/1055/VersionHist.txt","size":"1.18 KB","linkFileType":{"id":2,"text":"txt"}},{"id":300407,"rank":1,"type":{"id":2,"text":"Additional Report Piece"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2015/1055/pdf/ofr20151055.pdf","text":"Report","size":"3.37 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Report"},{"id":300406,"rank":2,"type":{"id":2,"text":"Additional Report Piece"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2015/1055/ofr2015-1055_abstract.html","text":"Report","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"Report"},{"id":299991,"rank":3,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2015/1055/index.html","text":"Index page"},{"id":300409,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2015/1055/coverthb2.jpg"},{"id":345198,"rank":6,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/F7ZC81B1","text":"USGS data release","description":"USGS data release","linkHelpText":"Wave Scenario Results of Proposed Sediment Borrow Pit 3 on the Nearshore Wave Climate of Breton Island, LA"}],"country":"United States","state":"Louisiana","otherGeospatial":"Breton Island","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -89.23301696777342,\n 29.453350219723674\n ],\n [\n -89.23301696777342,\n 29.51013490234384\n ],\n [\n -89.10873413085938,\n 29.51013490234384\n ],\n [\n -89.10873413085938,\n 29.453350219723674\n ],\n [\n -89.23301696777342,\n 29.453350219723674\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","edition":"Version 1.0: May 2015; Version 2.0: August 2017","contact":"Director, St. Petersburg Coastal and Marine Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
600 4th Street South
St. Petersburg, FL 33701
Reduction of cross-sectional data using a genetic algorithm method, and the effects of data reduction on channel geometry and steady-flow profiles, were analyzed. Two reduction methods─standard and genetic algorithms─were used to reduce cross-sectional data from the Kootenai River in northern Idaho. Cross sections that are representative of meander, straight, braided, and canyon reaches were used to evalutate the reduction methods. Visual and hydraulic analyses were used to assess the methods. The genetic algorithm-reduced cross sections approximated the shape of the original cross sections better than the standard-reduced cross sections. A greater number of cross-sectional data points were needed for reduced cross sections in the straight reach, and even more in the braided reach, because a greater amount of data points are needed to adequately define cross sections that have greater topographic varability. For the genetic algorithm-reduction method, about 40 data points were needed to adequately define the shape of a reduced cross section in the braided reach compared to 10 to 20 data points in the meander and canyon reaches. The standard-reduction method needed about 70 data points for the braided reach and more than 30 points for the meander and canyon reaches. The genetic algorithm can effectively reduce data while staying within the threshold set by the maximum number of points to be included in the reduced dataset.
\nThe effects of reduced cross-sectional data points on steady-flow profiles were also determined. Thirty-five cross sections of the original steady-flow model of the Kootenai River were used. These two methods were tested for all cross sections with each cross section resolution reduced to 10, 20 and 30 data points, that is, six tests were completed for each of the thirty-five cross sections. Generally, differences from the original water-surface elevation were smaller as the number of data points in reduced cross sections increased, but this was not always the case, especially in the braided reach. Differences were smaller for reduced cross sections developed by the genetic algorithm method than the standard algorithm method.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20155034","usgsCitation":"Berenbrock, C.E., 2015, Reducing cross-sectional data using a genetic algorithm method and effects on cross-section geometry and steady-flow profiles: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2015-5034, iv, 16 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20155034.","productDescription":"iv, 16 p.","numberOfPages":"24","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-040903","costCenters":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":300405,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sir20155034.jpg"},{"id":300403,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2015/5034/"},{"id":300404,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2015/5034/pdf/sir2015-5034.pdf","size":"639 KB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"publishingServiceCenter":{"id":1,"text":"Sacramento PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5555b938e4b0a92fa7e9512e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Berenbrock, Charles E. ceberenb@usgs.gov","contributorId":857,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Berenbrock","given":"Charles","email":"ceberenb@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":543786,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70148053,"text":"70148053 - 2015 - Evapotranspiration trends over the eastern United States during the 20th century","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-09-04T14:35:57","indexId":"70148053","displayToPublicDate":"2015-05-14T10:45:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1928,"text":"Hydrology and Earth System Sciences","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Evapotranspiration trends over the eastern United States during the 20th century","docAbstract":"Most models evaluated by the Intergovernmental Panel for Climate change estimate projected increases in temperature and precipitation with rising atmospheric CO2 levels. Researchers have suggested that increases in CO2 and associated increases in temperature and precipitation may stimulate vegetation growth and increase evapotranspiration (ET), which acts as a cooling mechanism, and on a global scale, may slow the climate-warming trend. This hypothesis has been modeled under increased CO2 conditions with models of different vegetation-climate dynamics. The significance of this vegetation negative feedback, however, has varied between models. Here we conduct a century-scale observational analysis of the Eastern US water balance to determine historical evapotranspiration trends and whether vegetation greening has affected these trends. We show that precipitation has increased significantly over the twentieth century while runoff has not. We also show that ET has increased and vegetation growth is partially responsible.
","language":"English","publisher":"European Geophysical Society","publisherLocation":"Katlenburg-Lindau, Germany","doi":"10.3390/hydrology2020093","usgsCitation":"Kramer, R.J., Bounoua, L., Zhang, P., Wolfe, R.E., Huntington, T.G., Imhoff, M.L., Thome, K., and Noyce, G.L., 2015, Evapotranspiration trends over the eastern United States during the 20th century: Hydrology and Earth System Sciences, v. 2, no. 2, p. 93-111, https://doi.org/10.3390/hydrology2020093.","productDescription":"19 p.","startPage":"93","endPage":"111","numberOfPages":"19","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-056810","costCenters":[{"id":371,"text":"Maine Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":466,"text":"New England Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":472089,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/hydrology2020093","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":300464,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"2","issue":"2","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":11,"text":"Pembroke PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2015-05-14","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"555b0d43e4b0a92fa7eac61c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kramer, Ryan J.","contributorId":140788,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Kramer","given":"Ryan","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":5112,"text":"University of Miami","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":546977,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bounoua, Lahouari","contributorId":140790,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Bounoua","given":"Lahouari","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":7049,"text":"NASA Goddard Space Flight Center","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":546979,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Zhang, Ping","contributorId":140789,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Zhang","given":"Ping","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":7049,"text":"NASA Goddard Space Flight Center","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":546978,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Wolfe, Robert E.","contributorId":56560,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wolfe","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":546980,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Huntington, Thomas G. 0000-0002-9427-3530 thunting@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9427-3530","contributorId":1884,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Huntington","given":"Thomas","email":"thunting@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":371,"text":"Maine Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":466,"text":"New England Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":546976,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Imhoff, Marc L.","contributorId":140791,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Imhoff","given":"Marc","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":13566,"text":"Joint Global Change Research Institute, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":546981,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Thome, Kurt","contributorId":140792,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Thome","given":"Kurt","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":7049,"text":"NASA Goddard Space Flight Center","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":546982,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Noyce, Genevieve L.","contributorId":140793,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Noyce","given":"Genevieve","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":13567,"text":"Goddard Space Flight Center, 100 St. George Street, Toronto, ON","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":546983,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8}]}} ,{"id":70143879,"text":"sir20155046 - 2015 - Assessing geomorphic change along the Trinity River downstream from Lewiston Dam, California, 1980-2011","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-05-14T08:43:47","indexId":"sir20155046","displayToPublicDate":"2015-05-14T09:30:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2015-5046","title":"Assessing geomorphic change along the Trinity River downstream from Lewiston Dam, California, 1980-2011","docAbstract":"The Trinity River Restoration Program, one of the nation’s largest adaptively managed river restoration programs, requires periodic assessment to determine the effectiveness of management actions in restoring channel dynamics and habitat features. This study documents riparian and channel changes along an intensively managed 65-kilometer reach of the Trinity River in California, downstream from Lewiston Dam. The two primary periods of interest, from 1980 to 2001 and from 2001 to 2011, are separated by a shift in restoration activities mandated by the U.S. Department of the Interior December 2000 Record of Decision. The post-2001 restoration strategy increased managed-flow releases, gravel augmentation, watershed restoration, and mechanical channel rehabilitation.
\nWe assessed the nature and extent of geomorphic change and a series of ecological performance measures (channel complexity, shoreline length, and channel–floodplain connectivity) by using a series of maps digitized from available rectified orthophotography acquired during low-flow conditions in 1980, 1997, 2001, 2006, 2009, and 2011. Lateral changes in riparian and channel features were used to quantify alluvial processes, and a review of existing streamflow, sediment, and restoration records was used to assess causal mechanisms. During the study period, natural bank erosion and mechanical rehabilitation of channel margins converted riparian features to channel features and expanded the active-channel area. The primary period of bank erosion and expansion of the active channel was from 1980 to 1997. Subsequent bar accretion from 1997 to 2001, followed by slightly greater bar scour from 2001 to 2006, took place primarily in the central and lower reaches of the study area, downstream of Indian Creek. In comparison, post‑2006 bank and bar changes were spatially limited to reaches that had sufficient local transport capacity or sediment supply supported by gravel augmentation, mechanical channel rehabilitation, and tributary contributions.
\nThe highest rates of change in the areal extents of channel and riparian features were observed during the pre‑2001 period, which was longer and relatively wetter than the post-2001 period. A series of tributary floods in 1997, 1998, and 2006 increased channel complexity and floodplain connectivity. During the post-2006 period, managed-flow releases, in the absence of tributary flooding, combined with gravel augmentation and mechanical restoration, caused localized increases in sediment supply and transport capacity that led to smaller, but measurable, increases in channel complexity and floodplain connectivity in the upper river near Lewiston Dam. Extensive pre-2001 channel widening and the muted geomorphic response of channel rehabilitation sites to post-2001 managed flows highlight the need for continued monitoring and assessment of the magnitude, duration, and timing of prescriptive flows and associated geomorphic responses.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20155046","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Trinity River Restoration Program","usgsCitation":"Curtis, J.A., Wright, S., Minear, J.T., and Flint, L.E., 2015, Assessing geomorphic change along the Trinity River downstream from Lewiston Dam, California, 1980-2011: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2015-5046, viii, 69 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20155046.","productDescription":"viii, 69 p.","numberOfPages":"82","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","temporalStart":"1980-01-01","temporalEnd":"2011-12-31","ipdsId":"IP-033655","costCenters":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science 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Washington, based on an airborne lidar survey of October 2007","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-05-14T09:38:52","indexId":"ds936","displayToPublicDate":"2015-05-14T09:15:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":310,"text":"Data Series","code":"DS","onlineIssn":"2327-638X","printIssn":"2327-0271","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"936","title":"High-resolution digital elevation model of lower Cowlitz and Toutle Rivers, adjacent to Mount St. Helens, Washington, based on an airborne lidar survey of October 2007","docAbstract":"The lateral blast, debris avalanche, and lahars of the May 18th, 1980, eruption of Mount St. Helens, Washington, dramatically altered the surrounding landscape. Lava domes were extruded during the subsequent eruptive periods of 1980–1986 and 2004–2008. More than three decades after the emplacement of the 1980 debris avalanche, high sediment production persists in the Toutle River basin, which drains the northern and western flanks of the volcano. Because this sediment increases the risk of flooding to downstream communities on the Toutle and lower Cowlitz Rivers, the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (USACE), under the direction of Congress to maintain an authorized level of flood protection, continues to monitor and mitigate excess sediment in North and South Fork Toutle River basins to help reduce this risk and to prevent sediment from clogging the shipping channel of the Columbia River. From October 22–27, 2007, Watershed Sciences, Inc., under contract to USACE, collected high-precision airborne lidar (light detection and ranging) data that cover 273 square kilometers (105 square miles) of lower Cowlitz and Toutle River tributaries from the Columbia River at Kelso, Washington, to upper North Fork Toutle River (below the volcano's edifice), including lower South Fork Toutle River. These data provide a digital dataset of the ground surface, including beneath forest cover. Such remotely sensed data can be used to develop sediment budgets and models of sediment erosion, transport, and deposition. The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) used these lidar data to develop digital elevation models (DEMs) of the study area. DEMs are fundamental to monitoring natural hazards and studying volcanic landforms, fluvial and glacial geomorphology, and surface geology. Watershed Sciences, Inc., provided files in the LASer (LAS) format containing laser returns that had been filtered, classified, and georeferenced. The USGS produced a hydro-flattened DEM from ground-classified points at Castle and Coldwater Lakes. Final results averaged about two laser last-return points per square meter. As reported by Watershed Sciences, Inc., vertical accuracy is 10 centimeters (cm) at the 95-percent confidence interval on bare road surfaces; however, over natural terrain, USGS found vertical accuracy to be 10–50 cm. This USGS data series contains the bare-earth lidar data as 1- and 10-meter (m) resolution Esri grid files. Digital-elevation data can be downloaded (1m_DEM.zip and 10m_DEM.zip), as well as a 1-m resolution hillshade image with pyramids (1m_hillshade.zip). These geospatial data files require geographic information system (GIS) software for viewing.
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complexity","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-05-19T07:47:08","indexId":"70148056","displayToPublicDate":"2015-05-14T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3219,"text":"Quaternary Science Reviews","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The Holocene history of the North American Monsoon: 'known knowns' and 'known unknowns' in understanding its spatial and temporal complexity","docAbstract":"Evidence for climatic change across the North American Monsoon (NAM) and adjacent areas is reviewed, drawing on continental and marine records and the application of climate models. Patterns of change at 12,000, 9000, 6000 and 4000 cal yr BP are presented to capture the nature of change from the Younger Dryas (YD) and through the mid-Holocene. At the YD, conditions were cooler overall, wetter in the north and drier in the south, while moving into the Holocene wetter conditions became established in the south and then spread north as the NAM strengthened. Until c. 8000 cal yr BP, the Laurentide Ice Sheet influenced precipitation in the north by pushing the Bermuda High further south. The peak extent of the NAM seems to have occurred around 6000 cal yr BP. 4000 cal yr BP marks the start of important changes across the NAM region, with drying in the north and the establishment of the clear differences between the summer-rain dominated south and central areas and the north, where winter rain is more important. This differentiation between south and north is crucial to understanding many climate responses across the NAM. This increasing variability is coincident with the declining influence of orbital forcing. 4000 cal yr BP also marks the onset of significant anthropogenic activity in many areas. For the last 2000 years, the focus is on higher temporal resolution change, with strong variations across the region. The Medieval Climate Anomaly (MCA) is characterised by centennial scale ‘megadrought’ across the southwest USA, associated with cooler tropical Pacific SSTs and persistent La Niña type conditions. Proxy data from southern Mexico, Central America and the Caribbean reveal generally wetter conditions, whereas records from the highlands of central Mexico and much of the Yucatan are typified by long -term drought. The Little Ice Age (LIA), in the north, was characterised by cooler, wetter winter conditions that have been linked with increased frequency of El Niño's. Proxy records in the central and southern regions reveal generally dry LIA conditions, consistent with cooler SSTs in the Caribbean and Gulf of Mexico. This synthesis demonstrates that in some periods, one major forcing can dominate across the whole area (e.g. insolation in the early-mid Holocene), but at other times there is strong variability in patterns of change due to the differential impact of forcings such as the Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO) and the Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation (AMO) on precipitation seasonality.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.quascirev.2015.04.004","usgsCitation":"Metcalfe, S.E., Barron, J.A., and Davies, S., 2015, The Holocene history of the North American Monsoon: 'known knowns' and 'known unknowns' in understanding its spatial and temporal complexity: Quaternary Science Reviews, v. 120, p. 1-27, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2015.04.004.","productDescription":"27 p.","startPage":"1","endPage":"27","numberOfPages":"27","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-059189","costCenters":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":472090,"rank":0,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"https://pure.aber.ac.uk/portal/en/publications/the-holocene-history-of-the-north-american-monsoon-known-knowns-and-known-unknowns-in-understanding-its-spatial-and-temporal-complexity(cf262a2e-ac81-4f29-97cf-b4398599dbde).html","text":"External Repository"},{"id":300433,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"otherGeospatial":"North America","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -149.765625,\n -4.214943141390639\n ],\n [\n -149.765625,\n 51.83577752045248\n ],\n [\n -37.96875,\n 51.83577752045248\n ],\n [\n -37.96875,\n -4.214943141390639\n ],\n [\n -149.765625,\n -4.214943141390639\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"120","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":14,"text":"Menlo Park PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"555718c0e4b0a92fa7e9d045","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Metcalfe, Sarah E.","contributorId":103555,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Metcalfe","given":"Sarah","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":546989,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Barron, John A. 0000-0002-9309-1145 jbarron@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9309-1145","contributorId":2222,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Barron","given":"John","email":"jbarron@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":546988,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Davies, Sarah J.","contributorId":140794,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Davies","given":"Sarah J.","affiliations":[{"id":13568,"text":"Department Geography, Aberystwyth University, Aberystwyth SY21 3DB, UK","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":546990,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70148024,"text":"70148024 - 2015 - Habitat selection and movements of Piping Plover broods suggest a tradeoff between breeding stages","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-12-14T12:13:44","indexId":"70148024","displayToPublicDate":"2015-05-13T15:45:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2409,"text":"Journal of Ornithology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Habitat selection and movements of Piping Plover broods suggest a tradeoff between breeding stages","docAbstract":"In precocial birds, adults select breeding areas using cues associated with habitat characteristics that are favorable for nesting success and chick survival, but there may be tradeoffs in habitat selection between these breeding stages. Here we describe habitat selection and intra-territory movements of 53 Piping Plover (Charadrius melodus) broods (320 observations) during the 2007–2008 breeding seasons on mainland- and island-shoreline habitats at Lake Sakakawea, North Dakota, USA. We used remotely sensed habitat characteristics to separately examine habitat selection and movements at two spatiotemporal scales to account for potential confounding effects of nest-site selection on brood-rearing habitat used. The scales used were (1) the entire brood-rearing period within available brood-rearing areas and (2) 2-day observation intervals within age-specific discrete habitat selection choice sets. Analyses at both scales indicated that broods selected areas which were non-vegetated, moderately level, and nearer to the shoreline. Rate of brood movement increased with age up to 5 days, then stabilized; broods that hatched >50 m away from the shoreline moved toward the shoreline. Brood movements were greater when they were in vegetated areas, when the brood-rearing area was of greater topographic complexity, and when broods aged 6–25 days were further away from the shoreline. Using inferences from our results and those of previously published work, we postulate how a potential tradeoff in habitat selection between nesting and brood-rearing can contribute to an ecological trap in a novel habitat. This work, in the context of published works, suggests that plover breeding habitat is a complex of both nesting and brood-rearing habitats and provides a basis for making remotely sensed abundance estimates of suitable breeding habitat for Piping Plovers.
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Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":546849,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Anteau, Michael J. 0000-0002-5173-5870 manteau@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5173-5870","contributorId":3427,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Anteau","given":"Michael","email":"manteau@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":480,"text":"Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":546850,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Sherfy, Mark H. 0000-0003-3016-4105 msherfy@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3016-4105","contributorId":125,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sherfy","given":"Mark","email":"msherfy@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[{"id":480,"text":"Northern Prairie Wildlife Research 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Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1198,"text":"Catena","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Late Holocene flood probabilities in the Black Hills, South Dakota with emphasis on the Medieval Climate Anomaly","docAbstract":"A stratigraphic record of 35 large paleofloods and four large historical floods during the last 2000 years for four basins in the Black Hills of South Dakota reveals three long-term flooding episodes, identified using probability distributions, at A.D.: 120–395, 900–1290, and 1410 to present. During the Medieval Climate Anomaly (~ A.D. 900–1300) the four basins collectively experienced 13 large floods compared to nine large floods in the previous 800 years, including the largest floods of the last 2000 years for two of the four basins. This high concentration of extreme floods is likely caused by one or more of the following: 1) instability of air masses caused by stronger than normal westerlies; 2) larger or more frequent hurricanes in the Gulf of Mexico and Atlantic Ocean; and/or 3) reduced land covering vegetation or increased forest fires caused by persistent regional drought.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.catena.2014.10.002","usgsCitation":"Harden, T., O'Connor, J., and Driscoll, D.G., 2015, Late Holocene flood probabilities in the Black Hills, South Dakota with emphasis on the Medieval Climate Anomaly: Catena, v. 130, p. 62-68, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.catena.2014.10.002.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"62","endPage":"68","numberOfPages":"7","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-055115","costCenters":[{"id":518,"text":"Oregon Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":615,"text":"Volcano Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":300376,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"South Dakota","otherGeospatial":"Black Hills","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -103.55318069458008,\n 44.078706730986426\n ],\n [\n -103.55781555175781,\n 44.08388589964452\n ],\n [\n -103.53378295898438,\n 44.31009208868226\n ],\n [\n -103.42889785766602,\n 44.2867486691176\n ],\n [\n -103.22959899902344,\n 43.97848702497319\n ],\n [\n -103.33946228027344,\n 43.9814516139716\n ],\n [\n -103.55318069458008,\n 44.078706730986426\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"130","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":12,"text":"Tacoma PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"555467a5e4b0a92fa7e94f11","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Harden, Tessa M. 0000-0001-9854-1347","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9854-1347","contributorId":85690,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Harden","given":"Tessa M.","affiliations":[{"id":6736,"text":"Bureau of Reclamation","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":546900,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"O'Connor, James E. oconnor@usgs.gov","contributorId":138998,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"O'Connor","given":"James E.","email":"oconnor@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":518,"text":"Oregon Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":546901,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Driscoll, Daniel G. dgdrisco@usgs.gov","contributorId":1558,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Driscoll","given":"Daniel","email":"dgdrisco@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":562,"text":"South Dakota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":546902,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70148020,"text":"ofr20151100 - 2015 - Salmon habitat assessment for conservation planning in the lower White Salmon River, Washington","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-05-13T14:32:53","indexId":"ofr20151100","displayToPublicDate":"2015-05-13T14:15:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2015-1100","title":"Salmon habitat assessment for conservation planning in the lower White Salmon River, Washington","docAbstract":"In 2011, Condit Dam was removed from the White Salmon River, Washington. Since dam removal, there has been interest among scientists (State and Federal), Tribes, non-profit organizations, and the general public in assessing Pacific salmon habitat and use in the White Salmon River for conservation planning and potential fishery management actions. The study area extended from the lower 6 miles of the White Salmon River to the confluence with the Columbia River, including the former reservoir area. The Mid-Columbia Fisheries Enhancement Group received a grant to initiate efforts to plan for salmon habitat protection in the lower 6 river miles of the White Salmon River. As part of efforts by the Mid-Columbia Fisheries Enhancement Group to conduct conservation planning, the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) used current and historical habitat information to assist in the planning process. The USGS compiled existing georeferenced habitat data into a Geographic Information System to identify areas of high quality habitat for salmon, potential areas for restoration/improvement, and areas that could be threatened. The primary sources of georeferenced data for this project include a lidar flight contracted by PacifiCorp, bathymetry from USGS, and fall Chinook salmon redd surveys from the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service and Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife. Redd observations provided support that the study area is a migratory corridor for salmon and steelhead and that the lowest 2–3 miles had the highest concentration of documented fall Chinook salmon redds. The study area has potential for restoration/conservation areas to improve/conserve salmon habitat.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20151100","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Mid-Columbia Fisheries Enhancement Group","usgsCitation":"Hardiman, J.M., and Allen, M.B., 2015, Salmon habitat assessment for conservation planning in the lower White Salmon River, Washington: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2015-1100, iv, 24 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20151100.","productDescription":"iv, 24 p.","numberOfPages":"32","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-063186","costCenters":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":300374,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr20151100.jpg"},{"id":300373,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2015/1100/pdf/ofr2015-1100.pdf","text":"Report","size":"4.6 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Report"},{"id":300372,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2015/1100/"}],"country":"United States","state":"Washington","otherGeospatial":"White Salmon River","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -121.51874542236328,\n 45.727753102939744\n ],\n [\n -121.52080535888672,\n 45.72589568526968\n ],\n [\n -121.52466773986816,\n 45.72613535553626\n ],\n [\n -121.5262985229492,\n 45.729071232850465\n ],\n [\n -121.52853012084961,\n 45.74368840625719\n ],\n [\n -121.5267276763916,\n 45.74728220704596\n ],\n [\n -121.53762817382814,\n 45.75740350234746\n ],\n [\n -121.5406322479248,\n 45.75884069721865\n ],\n [\n -121.54458045959473,\n 45.773210609996745\n ],\n [\n -121.52981758117676,\n 45.77991530249894\n ],\n [\n -121.52157783508301,\n 45.78015474089319\n ],\n [\n -121.51556968688965,\n 45.78745711798122\n ],\n [\n -121.50947570800781,\n 45.786140366574095\n ],\n [\n -121.51308059692381,\n 45.77788003463297\n ],\n [\n -121.52157783508301,\n 45.774228338431094\n ],\n [\n -121.52432441711424,\n 45.774168472566735\n ],\n [\n -121.53136253356934,\n 45.76614586546326\n ],\n [\n -121.53307914733888,\n 45.76620573993916\n ],\n [\n -121.52372360229491,\n 45.75267247443033\n ],\n [\n -121.51659965515138,\n 45.74842019573033\n ],\n [\n -121.51668548583984,\n 45.745425438859606\n ],\n [\n -121.51857376098634,\n 45.74440718492374\n ],\n [\n -121.51874542236328,\n 45.727753102939744\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":12,"text":"Tacoma PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"555467a6e4b0a92fa7e94f13","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hardiman, Jill M. 0000-0002-3661-9695 jhardiman@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3661-9695","contributorId":2672,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hardiman","given":"Jill","email":"jhardiman@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":546842,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Allen, M. 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Understanding its response to rainfall variability requires consideration of multiple timescales. We examine intra-annual to multi-year relationships using model simulations of soil moisture and vegetation growth over 50 years in the Mojave National Preserve in southeastern California (USA). Ecohydrological model parameters are conditioned on field and remote sensing data using an ensemble Kalman filter. Although no specific periodicities were detected in the rainfall record, simulated leaf-area-index exhibits multi-year dynamics that are driven by multi-year (∼3-years) rains, but with up to a 1-year delay in peak response. Within a multi-year period, Larrea tridentata is more sensitive to winter rains than summer. In the most active part of the root zone (above ∼80 cm), >1-year average soil moisture drives vegetation growth, but monthly average soil moisture is controlled by root uptake. Moisture inputs reach the lower part of the root zone (below ∼80 cm) infrequently, but once there they can persist over a year to help sustain plant growth. Parameter estimates highlight efficient plant physiological properties facilitating persistent growth and high soil hydraulic conductivity allowing deep soil moisture stores. We show that soil moisture as an ecological indicator is complicated by bidirectional interactions with vegetation that depend on timescale and depth. Under changing climate, Larrea tridentata will likely be relatively resilient to shorter-term moisture variability but will exhibit higher sensitivity to shifts in seasonal to multi-year moisture inputs.
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Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":835,"text":"Applied Geochemistry","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Using biotic ligand models to predict metal toxicity in mineralized systems","docAbstract":"The biotic ligand model (BLM) is a numerical approach that couples chemical speciation calculations with toxicological information to predict the toxicity of aquatic metals. This approach was proposed as an alternative to expensive toxicological testing, and the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency incorporated the BLM into the 2007 revised aquatic life ambient freshwater quality criteria for Cu. Research BLMs for Ag, Ni, Pb, and Zn are also available, and many other BLMs are under development. Current BLMs are limited to ‘one metal, one organism’ considerations. Although the BLM generally is an improvement over previous approaches to determining water quality criteria, there are several challenges in implementing the BLM, particularly at mined and mineralized sites. These challenges include: (1) historically incomplete datasets for BLM input parameters, especially dissolved organic carbon (DOC), (2) several concerns about DOC, such as DOC fractionation in Fe- and Al-rich systems and differences in DOC quality that result in variations in metal-binding affinities, (3) water-quality parameters and resulting metal-toxicity predictions that are temporally and spatially dependent, (4) additional influences on metal bioavailability, such as multiple metal toxicity, dietary metal toxicity, and competition among organisms or metals, (5) potential importance of metal interactions with solid or gas phases and/or kinetically controlled reactions, and (6) tolerance to metal toxicity observed for aquatic organisms living in areas with elevated metal concentrations.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.apgeochem.2014.07.005","usgsCitation":"Smith, K.S., Balistrieri, L.S., and Todd, A.S., 2015, Using biotic ligand models to predict metal toxicity in mineralized systems: Applied Geochemistry, v. 57, p. 55-72, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apgeochem.2014.07.005.","productDescription":"18 p.","startPage":"55","endPage":"72","numberOfPages":"18","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-057252","costCenters":[{"id":211,"text":"Crustal Geophysics and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":472092,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apgeochem.2014.07.005","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":300370,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"57","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":2,"text":"Denver PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"555467aae4b0a92fa7e94f1b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Smith, Kathleen S. 0000-0001-8547-9804 ksmith@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8547-9804","contributorId":182,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"Kathleen","email":"ksmith@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":211,"text":"Crustal Geophysics and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":546874,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Balistrieri, Laurie S. 0000-0002-6359-3849 balistri@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6359-3849","contributorId":1406,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Balistrieri","given":"Laurie","email":"balistri@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":662,"text":"Western Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":191,"text":"Colorado Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":200,"text":"Coop Res Unit Seattle","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":546875,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Todd, Andrew S. atodd@usgs.gov","contributorId":1022,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Todd","given":"Andrew","email":"atodd@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":211,"text":"Crustal Geophysics and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":546876,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70148026,"text":"70148026 - 2015 - 1000 dams down and counting","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-04-25T09:12:20","indexId":"70148026","displayToPublicDate":"2015-05-13T12:45:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3338,"text":"Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"1000 dams down and counting","docAbstract":"Forty years ago, the demolition of large dams was mostly fiction, notably plotted in Edward Abbey's novel The Monkey Wrench Gang. Its 1975 publication roughly coincided with the end of large-dam construction in the United States. Since then, dams have been taken down in increasing numbers as they have filled with sediment, become unsafe or inefficient, or otherwise outlived their usefulness (1) (see the figure, panel A). Last year's removals of the 64-m-high Glines Canyon Dam and the 32-m-high Elwha Dam in northwestern Washington State were among the largest yet, releasing over 10 million cubic meters of stored sediment. Published studies conducted in conjunction with about 100 U.S. dam removals and at least 26 removals outside the United States are now providing detailed insights into how rivers respond (2, 3).
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Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":546855,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Grant, Gordon E.","contributorId":30881,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Grant","given":"Gordon E.","affiliations":[{"id":12647,"text":"U.S. Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":546856,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70148025,"text":"70148025 - 2015 - The fate of cyanide in leach wastes at gold mines: an environmental perspective","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-05-13T11:22:28","indexId":"70148025","displayToPublicDate":"2015-05-13T11:15:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":835,"text":"Applied Geochemistry","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The fate of cyanide in leach wastes at gold mines: an environmental perspective","docAbstract":"This paper reviews the basic chemistry of cyanide, methods by which cyanide can be analyzed, and aspects of cyanide behavior that are most relevant to environmental considerations at mineral processing operations associated with gold mines. The emphasis is on research results reported since 1999 and on data gathered for a series of U.S. Geological Survey studies that began in the late 1990s. Cyanide is added to process solutions as the CN− anion, but ore leaching produces numerous other cyanide-containing and cyanide-related species in addition to the desired cyanocomplex of gold. These can include hydrogen cyanide (HCN); cyanometallic complexes of iron, copper, zinc, nickel, and many other metals; cyanate (CNO−); and thiocyanate (SCN−). The fate of these species in solid wastes and residual process solutions that remain once gold recovery activities are terminated and in any water that moves beyond the ore processing facility dictates the degree to which cyanide poses a risk to aquatic organisms and aquatic-dependent organisms in the local environment.
\nCyanide-containing and cyanide-related species are subject to attenuation mechanisms that lead to dispersal to the atmosphere, chemical transformation to other carbon and nitrogen species, or sequestration as cyanometallic precipitates or adsorbed species on mineral surfaces. Dispersal to the atmosphere and chemical transformation amount to permanent elimination of cyanide, whereas sequestration amounts to storage of cyanide in locations from which it can potentially be remobilized by infiltrating waters if conditions change. From an environmental perspective, the most significant cyanide releases from gold leach operations involve catastrophic spills of process solutions or leakage of effluent to the unsaturated or saturated zones. These release pathways are unfavorable for two important cyanide attenuation mechanisms that tend to occur naturally: dispersal of free cyanide to the atmosphere and sunlight-catalyzed dissociation of strong cyanometallic complexes, which produces free cyanide that can then disperse to the atmosphere. The widest margins of environmental safety will be achieved where mineral processing operations are designed so that time for offgassing, aeration, and sunlight exposure are maximized in the event that cyanide-bearing solutions are released inadvertently.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.apgeochem.2014.05.023","usgsCitation":"Johnson, C.A., 2015, The fate of cyanide in leach wastes at gold mines: an environmental perspective: Applied Geochemistry, v. 57, p. 194-205, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apgeochem.2014.05.023.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"194","endPage":"205","numberOfPages":"12","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-056745","costCenters":[{"id":211,"text":"Crustal Geophysics and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":300365,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"57","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":2,"text":"Denver PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"555467a6e4b0a92fa7e94f15","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Johnson, Craig A. 0000-0002-1334-2996 cjohnso@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1334-2996","contributorId":909,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnson","given":"Craig","email":"cjohnso@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":35995,"text":"Geology, Geophysics, and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":171,"text":"Central Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":211,"text":"Crustal Geophysics and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":546853,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70148015,"text":"70148015 - 2015 - User guide for luminescence sampling in archaeological and geological contexts","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-05-13T10:57:20","indexId":"70148015","displayToPublicDate":"2015-05-13T10:45:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":652,"text":"Advances in Archaeological Practice: A Journal of the Society for American Archaeology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"User guide for luminescence sampling in archaeological and geological contexts","docAbstract":"Luminescence dating provides a direct age estimate of the time of last exposure of quartz or feldspar minerals to light or heat and has been successfully applied to deposits, rock surfaces, and fired materials in a number of archaeological and geological settings. Sampling strategies are diverse and can be customized depending on local circumstances, although all sediment samples need to include a light-safe sample and material for dose-rate determination. The accuracy and precision of luminescence dating results are directly related to the type and quality of the material sampled and sample collection methods in the field. Selection of target material for dating should include considerations of adequacy of resetting of the luminescence signal (optical and thermal bleaching), the ability to characterize the radioactive environment surrounding the sample (dose rate), and the lack of evidence for post-depositional mixing (bioturbation in soils and sediment). Sample strategies for collection of samples from sedimentary settings and fired materials are discussed. This paper should be used as a guide for luminescence sampling and is meant to provide essential background information on how to properly collect samples and on the types of materials suitable for luminescence dating.
","language":"English","publisher":"Society for American Archaeology","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","doi":"10.7183/2326-3768.3.2.166","usgsCitation":"Nelson, M., Gray, H.J., Johnson, J.A., Rittenour, T.M., Feathers, J.K., and Mahan, S., 2015, User guide for luminescence sampling in archaeological and geological contexts: Advances in Archaeological Practice: A Journal of the Society for American Archaeology, v. 3, no. 2, p. 166-177, https://doi.org/10.7183/2326-3768.3.2.166.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"166","endPage":"177","numberOfPages":"12","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-060226","costCenters":[{"id":211,"text":"Crustal Geophysics and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":300363,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"3","issue":"2","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":2,"text":"Denver PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2017-01-16","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"555467a9e4b0a92fa7e94f19","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Nelson, Michelle S.","contributorId":140753,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Nelson","given":"Michelle S.","affiliations":[{"id":6682,"text":"Utah State University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":546813,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Gray, Harrison J. 0000-0002-4555-7473 hgray@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4555-7473","contributorId":4991,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gray","given":"Harrison","email":"hgray@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":318,"text":"Geosciences and Environmental Change Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":211,"text":"Crustal Geophysics and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":546814,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Johnson, Jack A.","contributorId":140754,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Johnson","given":"Jack","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":13553,"text":"University of Washington-Seattle","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":546815,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Rittenour, Tammy M.","contributorId":140755,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Rittenour","given":"Tammy","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":6682,"text":"Utah State University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":546816,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Feathers, James K.","contributorId":140756,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Feathers","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[{"id":13553,"text":"University of Washington-Seattle","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":546817,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Mahan, Shannon 0000-0001-5214-7774 smahan@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5214-7774","contributorId":1215,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mahan","given":"Shannon","email":"smahan@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":211,"text":"Crustal Geophysics and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":546812,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70148404,"text":"70148404 - 2015 - Mesozoic magmatism and timing of epigenetic Pb-Zn-Ag mineralization in the western Fortymile mining district, east-central Alaska: Zircon U-Pb geochronology, whole-rock geochemistry, and Pb isotopes","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-06-02T09:28:24","indexId":"70148404","displayToPublicDate":"2015-05-13T10:30:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1820,"text":"Geosphere","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Mesozoic magmatism and timing of epigenetic Pb-Zn-Ag mineralization in the western Fortymile mining district, east-central Alaska: Zircon U-Pb geochronology, whole-rock geochemistry, and Pb isotopes","docAbstract":"The Mesozoic magmatic history of the North American margin records the evolution from a more segmented assemblage of parautochthonous and allochthonous terranes to the more cohesive northern Cordilleran orogenic belt. We characterize the setting of magmatism, tectonism, and epigenetic mineralization in the western Fortymile mining district, east-central Alaska, where parautochthonous and allochthonous Paleozoic tectonic assemblages are juxtaposed, using sensitive high-resolution ion microprobe (SHRIMP) U-Pb zircon geochronology, whole-rock geochemistry, and feldspar Pb isotopes of Mesozoic intrusions and spatially associated mineral prospects. New SHRIMP U-Pb zircon ages and published U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar ages indicate four episodes of plutonism in the western Fortymile district: Late Triassic (216-208 Ma), Early Jurassic (199-181 Ma), mid-Cretaceous (112-94 Ma), and Late Cretaceous (70-66 Ma). All age groups have calc-alkalic arc compositions that became more evolved through time. Pb isotope compositions of feldspars from Late Triassic, Early Jurassic, and Late Cretaceous igneous rocks similarly became more radiogenic with time and are consistent with the magmas being mantle derived but extensively contaminated by upper crustal components with evolving Pb isotopic compositions. Feldspar Pb isotopes from mid-Cretaceous rocks have isotopic ratios that indicate magma derivation from upper crustal sources, probably thickened mid-Paleozoic basement. The origin of the mantle component in Late Cretaceous granitoids suggested by Pb isotopic ratios is uncertain, but we propose that it reflects asthenospheric upwelling following slab breakoff and sinking of an inactive inner subduction zone that delivered the previously accreted Wrangellia composite terrane to the North American continental margin, after the outer Farallon subduction zone was established.
\nEpigenetic Pb-Zn-Ag ± Cu prospects in the western Fortymile district are spatially associated with splays of the northeast-trending Kechumstuk sinistral-normal fault zone and with ca. 68-66 Ma felsic intrusions and dikes. The similarity between Pb isotope compositions of feldspars from the Late Cretaceous igneous bodies and sulfides from the epithermal prospects suggests a Late Cretaceous age for most of the mineralization. Fluid flow along the faults undoubtedly played a major role in mineralization. We interpret displacement on the northeast-trending faults to be a far-field effect of dextral translation along Late Cretaceous plate-scale boundaries and faults that were roughly parallel to the subsequently developed Denali and Tintina fault systems, which currently bound the region.
","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","publisherLocation":"Boulder, CO","doi":"10.1130/GES01092.1","usgsCitation":"Dusel-Bacon, C., Aleinkoff, J., Day, W.C., and Mortensen, J., 2015, Mesozoic magmatism and timing of epigenetic Pb-Zn-Ag mineralization in the western Fortymile mining district, east-central Alaska: Zircon U-Pb geochronology, whole-rock geochemistry, and Pb isotopes: Geosphere, v. 11, no. 3, p. 786-822, https://doi.org/10.1130/GES01092.1.","productDescription":"37 p.","startPage":"786","endPage":"822","numberOfPages":"37","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-049164","costCenters":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":472093,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1130/ges01092.1","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":300958,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","volume":"11","issue":"3","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":14,"text":"Menlo Park PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2015-05-13","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"556ed3c5e4b0d9246a9fa7eb","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Dusel-Bacon, Cynthia 0000-0001-8481-739X cdusel@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8481-739X","contributorId":2797,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dusel-Bacon","given":"Cynthia","email":"cdusel@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":548022,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Aleinkoff, J.N.","contributorId":141027,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Aleinkoff","given":"J.N.","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":590,"text":"U.S. Army Corps of Engineers","active":false,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":548023,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Day, W. C.","contributorId":6876,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Day","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":548024,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Mortensen, J.K.","contributorId":16597,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mortensen","given":"J.K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":548025,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70147469,"text":"fs20153037 - 2015 - Trace elements in coal ash","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-05-13T09:41:47","indexId":"fs20153037","displayToPublicDate":"2015-05-13T09:45:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":313,"text":"Fact Sheet","code":"FS","onlineIssn":"2327-6932","printIssn":"2327-6916","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2015-3037","title":"Trace elements in coal ash","docAbstract":"Coal ash is a residual waste product primarily produced by coal combustion for electric power generation. Coal ash includes fly ash, bottom ash, and flue-gas desulfurization products (at powerplants equipped with flue-gas desulfurization systems). Fly ash, the most common form of coal ash, is used in a range of products, especially construction materials. A new Environmental Protection Agency ruling upholds designation of coal ash as a non-hazardous waste under Subtitle D of the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act, allowing for the continued beneficial use of coal ash and also designating procedures and requirements for its storage.
\nIn this fact sheet, the form, distribution, and behavior of trace elements of environmental interest in samples of coal fly ash were investigated in response to concerns about element mobility in the event of an ash spill. The study includes laboratory-based leaching experiments to examine the behavior of trace elements, such as arsenic (As) and chromium (Cr), in response to key environmental factors including redox conditions (degree of oxygenation), which are known to vary with depth within coal ash impoundments and in natural ecosystems. The experiments show that As dissolves from samples of coal fly ash into simulated freshwater under both oxic (highly oxygenated) and anoxic (poorly oxygenated) conditions, whereas dissolved Cr concentrations are very redox dependent. This U.S. Geological Survey research helps define the distribution of elements such as As in coal ash and shows that element mobility can vary considerably under different conditions expected in the environment.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/fs20153037","usgsCitation":"Deonarine, A., Kolker, A., and Doughten, M.W., 2015, Trace elements in coal ash: U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 2015-3037, 6 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/fs20153037.","productDescription":"6 p.","numberOfPages":"6","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-055212","costCenters":[{"id":241,"text":"Eastern Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":300360,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2015/3037/pdf/fs2015-3037.pdf","text":"Report","size":"1.61 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Report"},{"id":300359,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2015/3037/"},{"id":300361,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/fs20153037.jpg"}],"publishingServiceCenter":{"id":9,"text":"Reston PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"555467a8e4b0a92fa7e94f17","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Deonarine, Amrika adeonarine@usgs.gov","contributorId":5072,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Deonarine","given":"Amrika","email":"adeonarine@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":241,"text":"Eastern Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":546841,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kolker, Allan 0000-0002-5768-4533 akolker@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5768-4533","contributorId":643,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kolker","given":"Allan","email":"akolker@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":241,"text":"Eastern Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":546028,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Doughten, Michael W. doughten@usgs.gov","contributorId":4717,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Doughten","given":"Michael","email":"doughten@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":436,"text":"National Research Program - Eastern Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":546029,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70148019,"text":"70148019 - 2015 - Characteristics and environmental aspects of slag: a review","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-09-25T10:52:00","indexId":"70148019","displayToPublicDate":"2015-05-13T09:30:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":835,"text":"Applied Geochemistry","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Characteristics and environmental aspects of slag: a review","docAbstract":"Slag is a waste product from the pyrometallurgical processing of various ores. Based on over 150 published studies, this paper provides an overview of mineralogical and geochemical characteristics of different types of slag and their environmental consequences, particularly from the release of potentially toxic elements to water. This chapter reviews the characteristics of both ferrous (steel and blast furnace Fe) and non-ferrous (Ag, Cu, Ni, Pb, Sn, Zn) slag. Interest in slag has been increasing steadily as large volumes, on the order of hundreds of millions of tonnes, are produced annually worldwide. Research on slag generally focuses on potential environmental issues related to the weathering of slag dumps or on its utility as a construction material or reprocessing for secondary metal recovery. The chemistry and mineralogy of slag depend on the metallurgical processes that create the material and will influence its fate as waste or as a reusable product.
\nThe composition of ferrous slag is dominated by Ca and Si. Steel slag may contain significant Fe, whereas Mg and Al may be significant in Fe slag. Calcium-rich olivine-group silicates, melilite-group silicates that contain Al or Mg, Ca-rich glass, and oxides are the most commonly reported major phases in ferrous slag. Calcite and trace amounts of a variety of sulfides, intermetallic compounds, and pure metals are typically also present. The composition of non-ferrous slag, most commonly from base-metal production, is dominated by Fe and Si with significant but lesser amounts of Al and Ca. Silicates in the olivine, pyroxene, and melilite groups, as well as glass, spinels, and SiO2 (i.e., quartz and other polymorphs) are commonly found in non-ferrous slag. Sulfides and intermetallic compounds are less abundant than the silicates and oxides. The concentrations of some elements exceed generic USEPA soil screening levels for human contact based on multiple exposure pathways; these elements include Al, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Pb, and Zn based on bulk chemical composition. Each slag type usually contains a specific suite of elements that may be of environmental concern. In general, non-ferrous slag may have a higher potential to negatively impact the environment compared to ferrous slag, and is thus a less attractive material for reuse, based on trace element chemistry, principally for base metals. However, the amount of elements released into the environment is not always consistent with bulk chemical composition. Many types of leaching tests have been used to help predict slag’s long-term environmental behavior. Overall, ferrous slags produce an alkaline leachate due to the dissolution of Ca oxides and silicates derived from compounds originally added as fluxing agents, such as lime. Ferrous slag leachate is commonly less metal-rich than leachate from non-ferrous slag generated during base metal extraction; the latter leachate may even be acidic due to the oxidation of sulfides. Because of its characteristics, ferrous slag is commonly used for construction and environmental applications, whereas both non-ferrous and ferrous slag may be reprocessed for secondary metal recovery. Both types of slag have been a source of some environmental contamination. Research into the environmental aspects of slag will continue to be an important topic whether the goal is its reuse, recycling, or remediation.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.apgeochem.2014.04.009","usgsCitation":"Piatak, N.M., Parsons, M.B., and Seal, R., 2015, Characteristics and environmental aspects of slag: a review: Applied Geochemistry, v. 57, p. 236-266, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apgeochem.2014.04.009.","productDescription":"31 p.","startPage":"236","endPage":"266","numberOfPages":"31","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-025316","costCenters":[{"id":245,"text":"Eastern Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":300358,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"57","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"555467a3e4b0a92fa7e94f0b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Piatak, Nadine M. 0000-0002-1973-8537 npiatak@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1973-8537","contributorId":2324,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Piatak","given":"Nadine","email":"npiatak@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":546838,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Parsons, Michael B.","contributorId":140759,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Parsons","given":"Michael","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[{"id":13092,"text":"Geological Survey of Canada","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":546839,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Seal, Robert R. II 0000-0003-0901-2529 rseal@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0901-2529","contributorId":397,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Seal","given":"Robert R.","suffix":"II","email":"rseal@usgs.gov","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":546840,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70162170,"text":"70162170 - 2015 - Pre-eruptive conditions of the Hideaway Park topaz rhyolite: Insights into metal source and evolution of magma parental to the Henderson porphyry molybdenum deposit, Colorado","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-01-15T14:34:34","indexId":"70162170","displayToPublicDate":"2015-05-13T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2420,"text":"Journal of Petrology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Pre-eruptive conditions of the Hideaway Park topaz rhyolite: Insights into metal source and evolution of magma parental to the Henderson porphyry molybdenum deposit, Colorado","docAbstract":"The Hideaway Park tuff is the only preserved extrusive volcanic unit related to the Red Mountain intrusive complex, which produced the world-class Henderson porphyry Mo deposit. Located within the Colorado Mineral Belt, USA, Henderson is the second largest Climax-type Mo deposit in the world, and is therefore an excellent location to investigate magmatic processes leading to Climax-type Mo mineralization. We combine an extensive dataset of major element, volatile, and trace element abundances in quartz-hosted melt inclusions and pumice matrix glass with major element geochemistry from phenocrysts to reconstruct the pre-eruptive conditions and the source and evolution of metals within the magma. Melt inclusions are slightly peraluminous topaz rhyolitic in composition and are volatile-charged (≤6 wt % H2O, ≤600 ppm CO2, ∼0·3–1·0 wt % F, ∼2300–3500 ppm Cl) and metal-rich (∼7–24 ppm Mo, ∼4–14 ppm W, ∼21–52 ppm Pb, ∼28–2700 ppm Zn, <0·1–29 ppm Cu, ∼0·3–1·8 ppm Bi, ∼40–760 ppb Ag, ∼690–1400 ppm Mn). Melt inclusion and pumice matrix glass chemistry reveal that the Hideaway Park magma evolved by large degrees of fractional crystallization (≤60–70%) during quartz crystallization and melt inclusion entrapment at pressures of ≤300 MPa (≤8 km depth), with little to no crystallization upon shallow ascent and eruption. Filter pressing, crystal settling, magma recharge and mixing of less evolved rhyolite melt, and volatile exsolution were important processes during magma evolution; the low estimated viscosities (∼105–1010 Pa s) of these H2O- and F-rich melts probably enhanced these processes. A noteworthy discrepancy between the metal contents in the pumice matrix glass and in the melt inclusions suggests that after quartz crystallization ceased upon shallow magma ascent and eruption, the Hideaway Park magma exsolved an aqueous fluid into which Mo, Bi, Ag, Zn, Mn, Cs, and Y strongly partitioned. Given that the Henderson deposit contains anomalous abundances of not only Mo, but also W, Pb, Zn, Cu, Bi, Ag, and Mn, we suggest that these metals were sourced from similar fluids exsolved from unerupted portions of the same magmatic system. Trace element ratios imply that Mo was sourced deep, from either the lower crust or metasomatized mantle. The origin of sulfur remains unresolved; however, given the extremely low S solubility of rhyolite melts in the shallow crust we favor the possibility that another source of S might supplement or account for that present in the ore deposit, probably the comagmatic, mantle-derived lamprophyres that occur in minor quantities with the voluminous topaz rhyolites in the area. To account for the 437 Mt of MoS2 (∼1·0 × 106 t Mo) present in the Henderson ore deposit, a volume of ∼45 km3 of Hideaway Park rhyolite magma would have been necessary to supply the Mo (a cylindrical pluton measuring 3·1 km × 6·0 km) along with sparging of ∼6·8 × 105 t of S from ∼0·05 km3 of lamprophyre magma. Based on a weighted mean 40Ar/39Ar age of 27·58 ± 0·24 Ma, similar melt geochemistry, and characteristically F-rich biotite phenocrysts, we conclude that the Hideaway Park tuff was cogenetic with the intrusions at Red Mountain that formed the Henderson deposit.
","language":"English","publisher":"Oxford University Press","publisherLocation":"Oxford","doi":"10.1093/petrology/egv010","usgsCitation":"Mercer, C.N., Hofstra, A.H., Todorov, T., Roberge, J., Burgisser, A., Adams, D.T., and Cosca, M.A., 2015, Pre-eruptive conditions of the Hideaway Park topaz rhyolite: Insights into metal source and evolution of magma parental to the Henderson porphyry molybdenum deposit, Colorado: Journal of Petrology, v. 56, no. 4, p. 645-679, https://doi.org/10.1093/petrology/egv010.","productDescription":"35 p.","startPage":"645","endPage":"679","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-059560","costCenters":[{"id":171,"text":"Central Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":472094,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1093/petrology/egv010","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":314435,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Colorado","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -105.94940185546875,\n 39.71986348549764\n ],\n [\n -105.94940185546875,\n 39.930800820752765\n ],\n [\n -105.72555541992188,\n 39.930800820752765\n ],\n [\n -105.72555541992188,\n 39.71986348549764\n ],\n [\n -105.94940185546875,\n 39.71986348549764\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"56","issue":"4","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":2,"text":"Denver PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2015-05-12","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"569a264ee4b0ec051295efd5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Mercer, Celestine N. 0000-0001-8359-4147 cmercer@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8359-4147","contributorId":4006,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mercer","given":"Celestine","email":"cmercer@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[{"id":171,"text":"Central Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":588743,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hofstra, Albert H. 0000-0002-2450-1593 ahofstra@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2450-1593","contributorId":1302,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hofstra","given":"Albert","email":"ahofstra@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[{"id":171,"text":"Central Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":588744,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Todorov, Todor I.","contributorId":39621,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Todorov","given":"Todor I.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":588745,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Roberge, Julie","contributorId":152268,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Roberge","given":"Julie","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":18893,"text":"Instituto Politecnico Nacional, ESIA-Ticoman","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":588746,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Burgisser, Alain","contributorId":152269,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Burgisser","given":"Alain","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":18894,"text":"Universite de Savoie- CNRS, ISTerre","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":588747,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Adams, David T. 0000-0003-2679-2344","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2679-2344","contributorId":25531,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Adams","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[{"id":35995,"text":"Geology, Geophysics, and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":588748,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Cosca, Michael A. 0000-0002-0600-7663 mcosca@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0600-7663","contributorId":1000,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cosca","given":"Michael","email":"mcosca@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":171,"text":"Central Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":35995,"text":"Geology, Geophysics, and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":588749,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}} ,{"id":70145247,"text":"ofr20151057 - 2015 - Field observations of artificial sand and oil agglomerates","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-05-12T11:41:56","indexId":"ofr20151057","displayToPublicDate":"2015-05-12T12:30:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2015-1057","title":"Field observations of artificial sand and oil agglomerates","docAbstract":"Oil that comes into the surf zone following spills, such as occurred during the 2010 Deepwater Horizon (DWH) blowout, can mix with local sediment to form heavier-than-water sand and oil agglomerates (SOAs), at times in the form of mats a few centimeters thick and tens of meters long. Smaller agglomerates that form in situ or pieces that break off of larger mats, sometimes referred to as surface residual balls (SRBs), range in size from sand-sized grains to patty-shaped pieces several centimeters (cm) in diameter. These mobile SOAs can cause beach oiling for extended periods following the spill, on the scale of years as in the case of DWH. Limited research, including a prior effort by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) investigating SOA mobility, alongshore transport, and seafloor interaction using numerical model output, focused on the physical dynamics of SOAs. To address this data gap, we constructed artificial sand and oil agglomerates (aSOAs) with sand and paraffin wax to mimic the size and density of genuine SOAs. These aSOAs were deployed in the nearshore off the coast of St. Petersburg, Florida, during a field experiment to investigate their movement and seafloor interaction. This report presents the methodology for constructing aSOAs and describes the field experiment. Data acquired during the field campaign, including videos and images of aSOA movement in the nearshore (1.5-meter and 0.5-meter water depth) and in the swash zone, are also presented in this report.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20151057","usgsCitation":"Dalyander, P., Long, J.W., Plant, N.G., McLaughlin, M.R., and Mickey, R., 2015, Field observations of artificial sand and oil agglomerates: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2015-1057, HTML Document, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20151057.","productDescription":"HTML Document","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-059854","costCenters":[{"id":574,"text":"St. Petersburg Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":300347,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr20151057.jpg"},{"id":300346,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2015/1057/ofr2015-1057_title-page.html","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":299400,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2015/1057/"}],"country":"United States","state":"Florida","county":"Pinellas County","city":"St. Petersberg","otherGeospatial":"Fort De Soto Park","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -82.75074005126953,\n 27.604910228553223\n ],\n [\n -82.75074005126953,\n 27.633048834227715\n ],\n [\n -82.72069931030273,\n 27.633048834227715\n ],\n [\n -82.72069931030273,\n 27.604910228553223\n ],\n [\n -82.75074005126953,\n 27.604910228553223\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":8,"text":"Raleigh PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"55531620e4b0a92fa7e94c43","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Dalyander, Patricia (Soupy) 0000-0001-9583-0872 sdalyander@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9583-0872","contributorId":5318,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dalyander","given":"Patricia (Soupy)","email":"sdalyander@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":574,"text":"St. Petersburg Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":544125,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Long, Joseph W. 0000-0003-2912-1992 jwlong@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2912-1992","contributorId":3303,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Long","given":"Joseph","email":"jwlong@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":574,"text":"St. Petersburg Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":544126,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Plant, Nathaniel G. 0000-0002-5703-5672 nplant@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5703-5672","contributorId":3503,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Plant","given":"Nathaniel","email":"nplant@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":508,"text":"Office of the AD Hazards","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":574,"text":"St. Petersburg Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":544127,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"McLaughlin, Molly R. 0000-0001-6962-6392 mmclaughlin@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6962-6392","contributorId":4089,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McLaughlin","given":"Molly","email":"mmclaughlin@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":574,"text":"St. Petersburg Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":544128,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Mickey, Rangley C. rmickey@usgs.gov","contributorId":5741,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mickey","given":"Rangley C.","email":"rmickey@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":574,"text":"St. Petersburg Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":544129,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70140155,"text":"ds912 - 2015 - Geospatial data for coal beds in the Powder River Basin, Wyoming and Montana","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-05-12T11:25:23","indexId":"ds912","displayToPublicDate":"2015-05-12T12:15:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":310,"text":"Data Series","code":"DS","onlineIssn":"2327-638X","printIssn":"2327-0271","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"912","title":"Geospatial data for coal beds in the Powder River Basin, Wyoming and Montana","docAbstract":"The purpose of this report is to provide geospatial data for various layers and themes in a Geographic Information System (GIS) format for the Powder River Basin, Wyoming and Montana. In 2015, as part of the U.S. Coal Resources and Reserves Assessment Project, the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) completed an assessment of coal resources and reserves within the Powder River Basin, Wyoming and Montana. This report is supplemental to USGS Professional Paper 1809 and contains GIS data that can be used to view digital layers or themes, including the Tertiary limit of the Powder River Basin boundary, locations of drill holes, clinker, mined coal, land use and technical restrictions, geology, mineral estate ownership, coal thickness, depth to the top of the coal bed (overburden), and coal reliability categories. Larger scale maps may be viewed using the GIS data provided in this report supplemental to the page-size maps provided in USGS Professional Paper 1809. Additionally, these GIS data can be exported to other digital applications as needed by the user. The database used for this report contains a total of 29,928 drill holes, of which 21,393 are in the public domain. The public domain database is linked to the geodatabase in this report so that the user can access the drill-hole data through GIS applications. Results of this report are available at the USGS Energy Resources Program Web site,http://energy.usgs.gov/RegionalStudies/PowderRiverBasin.aspx.
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entire Powder River Basin, northeastern Wyoming and southeastern Montana. The basin covers about 19,500 square miles, exclusive of the part of the basin within the Crow and Northern Cheyenne Indian Reservations in Montana. The Powder River Basin, which contains the largest resources of low-sulfur, low-ash, subbituminous coal in the United States, is the single most important coal basin in the United States. The U.S. Geological Survey used a geology-based assessment methodology to estimate an original coal resource of about 1.16 trillion short tons for 47 coal beds in the Powder River Basin; in-place (remaining) resources are about 1.15 trillion short tons. This is the first time that all beds were mapped individually over the entire basin. A total of 162 billion short tons of recoverable coal resources (coal reserve base) are estimated at a 10:1 stripping ratio or less. An estimated 25 billion short tons of that coal reserve base met the definition of reserves, which are resources that can be economically produced at or below the current sales price at the time of the evaluation. The total underground coal resource in coal beds 10–20 feet thick is estimated at 304 billion short tons.
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Osmonson, and Pierce, P.E., 2015, Coal geology and assessment of coal resources and reserves in the Powder River Basin, Wyoming and Montana: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1809, xiii, 218 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/pp1809.","productDescription":"xiii, 218 p.","numberOfPages":"236","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-051450","costCenters":[{"id":164,"text":"Central Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":300345,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/pp1809.jpg"},{"id":300338,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1809/pdf/pp1809.pdf","text":"Report","size":"pdf","description":"Report"},{"id":300339,"type":{"id":22,"text":"Related Work"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/ds/0912/","text":"This report supplements Data Series 912","description":"This report supplements Data Series 912"},{"id":300321,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index 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Osmonson","contributorId":139032,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Lee M. Osmonson","affiliations":[{"id":6676,"text":"USGS (retired)","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":775917,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Pierce, Paul E. 0000-0001-9675-7320 ppierce@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9675-7320","contributorId":3732,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pierce","given":"Paul","email":"ppierce@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":775918,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70147789,"text":"sir20155006 - 2015 - Summary of urban stormwater quality in Albuquerque, New Mexico, 2003-12","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-05-12T11:28:25","indexId":"sir20155006","displayToPublicDate":"2015-05-12T11:45:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2015-5006","title":"Summary of urban stormwater quality in Albuquerque, New Mexico, 2003-12","docAbstract":"Urban stormwater in the Albuquerque metropolitan area was sampled by the U.S. Geological Survey in cooperation with the City of Albuquerque, the Albuquerque Metropolitan Arroyo Flood Control Authority, the New Mexico Department of Transportation, and the University of New Mexico. Stormwater was sampled from a network of monitoring stations from 2003 to 2012 by following regulatory requirements for the National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System stormwater permit. During this period, stormwater was sampled in the Albuquerque metropolitan area at outfalls from nine drainage basins with residential, industrial, commercial, agricultural, and undeveloped land uses. Stormwater samples were analyzed for selected physical and chemical characteristics, nutrients, major ions, metals, organic compounds, and bacteria.
\nGeneral quality of stormwater samples, as measured by dissolved solids, nutrient (with the exception of phosphorus), major ion, and dissolved metal concentrations, was similar to that in samples from the Rio Grande.
\nOf the nearly 200 organic compounds that were analyzed for this study, less than one-third (58 constituents) were positively identified at or above the analytical detection limit in stormwater. Concentrations for volatile organic compounds, semivolatile organic compounds, polychlorinated biphenyls, and pesticides were generally low in the stormwater samples. Fifteen of the 16 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons listed on the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Priority Chemicals list were detected in at least one stormwater sample from each outfall. Maximum concentrations for some polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in stormwater did exceed a water-quality criterion.
\nMedian concentrations for Escherichia coli (E. coli) bacteria in the stormwater samples, including those from the background location (Embudo Arroyo), were above the New Mexico water-quality standard. Concentrations for E. coli in stormwater often exceeded the water-quality criterion.
\nThe stormwater quality in Albuquerque was compared with that of six other Western U.S. cities (Phoenix, Arizona; Tucson, Arizona; Las Vegas, Nevada; Denver, Colorado; Salt Lake City, Utah; and Boise, Idaho) for selected constituents. In general, water-quality data for stormwater samples from these six other Western U.S. cities were similar to water-quality data for the stormwater samples from the Albuquerque outfalls. Median concentrations for suspended solids, total phosphorus, and bacteria (E. coli and fecal coliform) in stormwater samples from the Albuquerque outfalls, as a whole, were higher than those in samples from the other Western U.S. cities except for Las Vegas.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20155006","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the City of Albuquerque, the Albuquerque Metropolitan Arroyo Flood Control Authority, the New Mexico Department of Transportation, and the University of New Mexico","usgsCitation":"Storms, E.F., Oelsner, G.P., Locke, E.A., Stevens, M.R., and Romero, O.C., 2015, Summary of urban stormwater quality in Albuquerque, New Mexico, 2003-12: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2015-5006, ix, 48 p.; 3 Appendices, https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20155006.","productDescription":"ix, 48 p.; 3 Appendices","numberOfPages":"61","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","temporalStart":"2003-01-01","temporalEnd":"2012-12-31","ipdsId":"IP-053307","costCenters":[{"id":472,"text":"New Mexico Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":300334,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sir20155006.jpg"},{"id":300330,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2015/5006/pdf/sir2015-5006.pdf","text":"Report","size":"1.62 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Report"},{"id":300331,"type":{"id":3,"text":"Appendix"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2015/5006/downloads/sir2015-5006_appendix1","text":"Appendix 1","description":"Appendix 1"},{"id":300332,"type":{"id":3,"text":"Appendix"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2015/5006/downloads/sir2015-5006_appendix2","text":"Appendix 2","description":"Appendix 2"},{"id":300333,"type":{"id":3,"text":"Appendix"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2015/5006/downloads/sir2015-5006_appendix3.xlsx","text":"Appendix 3","size":"238 kB","linkFileType":{"id":3,"text":"xlsx"},"description":"Appendix 3"},{"id":300127,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2015/5006/"}],"country":"United States","state":"New Mexico","city":"Albuquerque","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -106.81869506835938,\n 35.0120020431607\n ],\n [\n -106.81869506835938,\n 35.2355245419696\n ],\n [\n -106.46026611328125,\n 35.2355245419696\n ],\n [\n -106.46026611328125,\n 35.0120020431607\n ],\n [\n -106.81869506835938,\n 35.0120020431607\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":5,"text":"Lafayette PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"55531622e4b0a92fa7e94c4b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Storms, Erik F. estorms@usgs.gov","contributorId":5582,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Storms","given":"Erik","email":"estorms@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[{"id":472,"text":"New Mexico Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":546290,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Oelsner, Gretchen P. 0000-0001-9329-7357 goelsner@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9329-7357","contributorId":4440,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Oelsner","given":"Gretchen","email":"goelsner@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[{"id":472,"text":"New Mexico Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":451,"text":"National Water Quality Assessment Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":546291,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Locke, Evan A. elocke@usgs.gov","contributorId":5583,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Locke","given":"Evan","email":"elocke@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":472,"text":"New Mexico Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":546292,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Stevens, Michael R. 0000-0002-9476-6335 mrsteven@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9476-6335","contributorId":769,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stevens","given":"Michael","email":"mrsteven@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":191,"text":"Colorado Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":546293,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Romero, Orlando C. 0000-0003-0162-0239 ocromero@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0162-0239","contributorId":5077,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Romero","given":"Orlando","email":"ocromero@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":472,"text":"New Mexico Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":546294,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70145564,"text":"sir20155048 - 2015 - Bathymetric and velocimetric surveys at highway bridges crossing the Missouri and Mississippi Rivers on the periphery of Missouri, June 2014","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-05-12T10:31:47","indexId":"sir20155048","displayToPublicDate":"2015-05-12T11:30:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2015-5048","title":"Bathymetric and velocimetric surveys at highway bridges crossing the Missouri and Mississippi Rivers on the periphery of Missouri, June 2014","docAbstract":"Bathymetric and velocimetric data were collected by the U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with the Missouri Department of Transportation, in the vicinity of 8 bridges at 7 highway crossings of the Missouri and Mississippi Rivers on the periphery of Missouri from June 3 to 11, 2014. A multibeam echosounder mapping system was used to obtain channel-bed elevations for river reaches ranging from 1,525 to 1,640 feet longitudinally, and extending laterally across the active channel from bank to bank during low- to moderate-flow conditions. These bathymetric surveys indicate the channel conditions at the time of the surveys and provide characteristics of scour holes that may be useful in the development of predictive guidelines or equations for scour holes. These data also may be useful to the Missouri Department of Transportation as a low- to moderate-flow comparison to help assess the bridges for stability and integrity issues with respect to bridge scour during floods.
\nBathymetric data were collected around every pier that was in water, except those at the edge of water or in very shallow water (less than about 6 feet). Scour holes were observed at most piers for which bathymetry could be obtained, except at piers on channel banks, on exposed bedrock outcrops, or surrounded by riprap. Scour holes observed at the surveyed bridges were examined with respect to depth and shape, and the effects of riprap blankets or other rock near the piers. The presence of riprap blankets, depth of fluvial material on top of a riprap blanket, and alignment to flow had a substantial effect on the size of the scour hole observed for a given pier. Piers that were surrounded by riprap blankets had scour holes that were substantially smaller (to non-existent) compared to piers at which no rock or riprap was present. Although exposure of parts of foundational support elements was observed at several piers, at most sites the exposure likely can be considered minimal compared to the overall substructure that remains buried in channel-bed material; however, there were several notable exceptions where the bed material thickness between the bottom of the scour hole and bedrock was less than 6 feet. Such substantial exposure of usually buried substructural elements may warrant special observation in future flood events, even when designed to be exposed.
\nPrevious bathymetric surveys had been done at both of the sites on the Missouri River and one of the sites on the Mississippi River examined in this study. Comparisons between bathymetric surfaces from the previous surveys during the 2011 flood and those of this study generally indicate that there was an increase in the elevation of the channel bed at these sites that likely was caused by a substantial decrease in discharge and water-surface elevation compared to the 2011 surveys. However, the scour holes observed at these sites were either the same size or larger in 2014 compared to the 2011 surveys, indicating that the flow condition is not the sole variable in the determination of the size of scour holes, and that local velocity and depth also are critical variables, as indicated by predictive pier scour equations.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20155048","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Missouri Department of Transportation","usgsCitation":"Huizinga, R.J., 2015, Bathymetric and velocimetric surveys at highway bridges crossing the Missouri and Mississippi Rivers on the periphery of Missouri, June 2014: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2015-5048, ix, 81 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20155048.","productDescription":"ix, 81 p.","numberOfPages":"96","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","temporalStart":"2014-06-01","temporalEnd":"2014-06-30","ipdsId":"IP-062935","costCenters":[{"id":396,"text":"Missouri Water Science 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