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The Mahalanobis distance statistic was used to represent the standard squared distance between sample variates in the GIS database (forest cover type, elevation, slope, aspect, distance to streams, distance to roads, and forest cover richness) and variates at known bear dens. Two models were developed: a generalized model for all den locations and another specific to dens in rock cavities. Differences between habitat at den sites and habitat across the study area were represented in 2 new GIS themes as Mahalanobis distance values. Cells similar to the mean vector derived from the known dens had low Mahalanobis distance values, and dissimilar cells had high values. The reliability of the predictive model was tested by overlaying den locations collected subsequent to original model development on the resultant den habitat themes. Although the generalized model demonstrated poor reliability, the model specific to rock dens had good reliability. Bears were more likely to choose rock den locations with low Mahalanobis distance values and less likely to choose those with high values. The model can be used to plan the timing and extent of management actions (e.g., road building, prescribed fire, timber harvest) most appropriate for those sites with high or low denning potential.&nbsp;</p>","language":"English","publisher":"International Association for Bear Research and Management","usgsCitation":"Clark, J.D., Hayes, S., and Pledger, J., 1998, A female black bear denning habitat model using a geographic information system: Ursus, v. 10, p. 181-185.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"181","endPage":"185","numberOfPages":"5","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":481,"text":"Northern Rocky Mountain Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":129344,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Arkansas","otherGeospatial":"Dry Creek Wilderness Area, Ouachita Mountain region","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -93.8067626953125,\n              35.092945313732635\n            ],\n            [\n              -93.74633789062499,\n              35.088450570365396\n            ],\n            [\n              -93.680419921875,\n              35.088450570365396\n            ],\n            [\n              -93.61175537109375,\n              35.088450570365396\n            ],\n            [\n              -93.49227905273438,\n              35.099686964274724\n            ],\n            [\n              -93.48129272460936,\n              35.080584173400815\n            ],\n            [\n              -93.4771728515625,\n              35.023248960913385\n            ],\n            [\n              -93.48129272460936,\n              34.93885938523973\n            ],\n            [\n              -93.52935791015625,\n              34.918592949176926\n            ],\n            [\n              -93.61175537109375,\n              34.88367790965999\n            ],\n            [\n              -93.76144409179688,\n              34.84987503195418\n            ],\n            [\n              -93.84246826171875,\n              34.81154831029378\n            ],\n            [\n              -93.9276123046875,\n              34.78899484825181\n            ],\n            [\n              -94.0869140625,\n              34.785611296793306\n            ],\n            [\n              -94.26544189453125,\n              34.8025276659169\n            ],\n            [\n              -94.28741455078125,\n              34.83522280367885\n            ],\n            [\n              -94.31350708007812,\n              34.88818391007525\n            ],\n            [\n              -94.31076049804688,\n              34.942236637841184\n            ],\n            [\n              -94.31076049804688,\n              34.98275281869196\n            ],\n            [\n              -94.295654296875,\n              35.02662273458687\n            ],\n            [\n              -94.22836303710938,\n              35.064849103829204\n            ],\n            [\n              -94.12399291992188,\n              35.08957427943165\n            ],\n            [\n              -93.99627685546874,\n              35.1041810882765\n            ],\n            [\n              -93.91937255859375,\n              35.113168592954004\n            ],\n            [\n              -93.8067626953125,\n              35.092945313732635\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"10","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b24e4b07f02db6aecb0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Clark, J. D.","contributorId":85911,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Clark","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":321065,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hayes, S.G.","contributorId":97043,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hayes","given":"S.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":321066,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Pledger, J.M.","contributorId":59393,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pledger","given":"J.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":321064,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70021106,"text":"70021106 - 1998 - CAM Photosynthesis in Submerged Aquatic Plants","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-03-17T16:54:08","indexId":"70021106","displayToPublicDate":"1998-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1070,"text":"Botanical Review","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"CAM Photosynthesis in Submerged Aquatic Plants","docAbstract":"Crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM) is a CO2-concentrating mechanism selected in response to aridity in terrestrial habitats, and, in aquatic environments, to ambient limitations of carbon. Evidence is reviewed for its presence in five genera of aquatic vascular plants, including Isoe??tes, Sagittaria, Vallisneria, Crassula, and Littorella. Initially, aquatic CAM was considered by some to be an oxymoron, but some aquatic species have been studied in sufficient detail to say definitively that they possess CAM photosynthesis. CO2-concentrating mechanisms in photosynthetic organs require a barrier to leakage; e.g., terrestrial C4 plants have suberized bundle sheath cells and terrestrial CAM plants high stomatal resistance. In aquatic CAM plants the primary barrier to CO2 leakage is the extremely high diffusional resistance of water. This, coupled with the sink provided by extensive intercellular gas space, generates daytime CO2(Pi) comparable to terrestrial CAM plants. CAM contributes to the carbon budget by both net carbon gain and carbon recycling, and the magnitude of each is environmentally influenced. Aquatic CAM plants inhabit sites where photosynthesis is potentially limited by carbon. Many occupy moderately fertile shallow temporary pools that experience extreme diel fluctuations in carbon availability. CAM plants are able to take advantage of elevated nighttime CO2 levels in these habitats. This gives them a competitive advantage over non-CAM species that are carbon starved during the day and an advantage over species that expend energy in membrane transport of bicarbonate. Some aquatic CAM plants are distributed in highly infertile lakes, where extreme carbon limitation and light are important selective factors. Compilation of reports on diel changes in titratable acidity and malate show 69 out of 180 species have significant overnight accumulation, although evidence is presented discounting CAM in some. It is concluded that similar proportions of the aquatic and terrestrial floras have evolved CAM photosynthesis. Aquatic Isoe??tes (Lycophyta) represent the oldest lineage of CAM plants and cladistic analysis supports an origin for CAM in seasonal wetlands, from which it has radiated into oligotrophic lakes and into terrestrial habitats. Temperate Zone terrestrial species share many characteristics with amphibious ancestors, which in their temporary terrestrial stage, produce functional stomata and switch from CAM to C3. Many lacustrine Isoe??tes have retained the phenotypic plasticity of amphibious species and can adapt to an aerial environment by development of stomata and switching to C3. However, in some neotropical alpine species, adaptations to the lacustrine environment are genetically fixed and these constitutive species fail to produce stomata or loose CAM when artificially maintained in an aerial environment. It is hypothesized that neotropical lacustrine species may be more ancient in origin and have given rise to terrestrial species, which have retained most of the characteristics of their aquatic ancestry, including astomatous leaves, CAM and sediment-based carbon nutrition.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Botanical Review","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/BF02856581","issn":"00068101","usgsCitation":"Keeley, J., 1998, CAM Photosynthesis in Submerged Aquatic Plants: Botanical Review, v. 64, no. 2, p. 121-175, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02856581.","startPage":"121","endPage":"175","numberOfPages":"55","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":487388,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/bf02856581","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":230092,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":269509,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02856581"}],"volume":"64","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f2c4e4b0c8380cd4b359","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Keeley, Jon E. 0000-0002-4564-6521","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4564-6521","contributorId":69082,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Keeley","given":"Jon E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":388663,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70021144,"text":"70021144 - 1998 - Highly precise Re-Os dating for molybdenite using alkaline fusion and NTIMS","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:49","indexId":"70021144","displayToPublicDate":"1998-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3517,"text":"Talanta","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Highly precise Re-Os dating for molybdenite using alkaline fusion and NTIMS","docAbstract":"The technique described in this paper represents the modification and combination of two previously existing methods, alkaline fusion and negative thermal ion mass spectrometry (NTIMS). We have used this technique to analyze repeatedly a homogeneous molybdenite powder used as a reference standard in our laboratory. Analyses were made over a period of 18 months, using four different calibrations of two different spike solutions. The age of this standard reproduces at a level of ?? 0.13%. Each individual age analysis carries an uncertainty of about 0.4% that includes the uncertainty in the decay constant for 187Re. This new level of resolution has allowed us to recognize real differences in ages for two grain-size populations of molybdenite from some Archean samples.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Talanta","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/S0039-9140(97)00198-7","issn":"00399140","usgsCitation":"Markey, R., Stein, H., and Morgan, J., 1998, Highly precise Re-Os dating for molybdenite using alkaline fusion and NTIMS: Talanta, v. 45, no. 5, p. 935-946, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0039-9140(97)00198-7.","startPage":"935","endPage":"946","numberOfPages":"12","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":230055,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":206508,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0039-9140(97)00198-7"}],"volume":"45","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a3149e4b0c8380cd5ddc4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Markey, R.","contributorId":29982,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Markey","given":"R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":388790,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Stein, H.","contributorId":93654,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stein","given":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":388791,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Morgan, J.","contributorId":6216,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Morgan","given":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":388789,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70020717,"text":"70020717 - 1998 - Retention of NO3/- in an upland stream environment: A mass balance approach","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:42","indexId":"70020717","displayToPublicDate":"1998-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1007,"text":"Biogeochemistry","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Retention of NO3/- in an upland stream environment: A mass balance approach","docAbstract":"Models of the effects of atmospheric N deposition in forested watersheds have not adequately accounted for the effects of aquatic and near-stream processes on the concentrations and loads of NO3/- in surface waters. This study compared the relative effects of aquatic and near-stream processes with those from the terrestrial ecosystem on the retention and transport of NO3/- in two contrasting stream reaches of the Neversink River, a forested watershed in the Catskill Mountains of New York that receives among the highest load of atmospheric N deposition in the northeastern United States. Stream water samples were collected every two hours and ground-water and tributary samples were collected daily at base flow conditions during four 48-hour periods from April to October 1992, and NO3/- mass balances were calculated for each site. Results indicated diurnal variations in stream NO3/- concentrations in both reaches during all four sampling periods; this is consistent with uptake of NO3/- by photoautotrophs during daylight hours. Mass-balance results revealed significant stream reach losses of NO3/- at both sites during all sampling periods. The diurnal variations in NO3/- concentrations and the retention of NO3/- relative to terrestrial contributions to the stream reaches were greater downstream than upstream because physical factors such as the head gradients of inflowing ground water and the organic matter content of sediment are more favorable to uptake and denitrification downstream. The mass retention of NO3/- increased as the mean 48-hr stream discharge increased at each site, indicating that the responsible processes are dependent on NO3/- supply. Low stream temperatures during the April sampling period, however, probably reduced the rate of retention processes, resulting in smaller losses of NO3/- than predicted from stream discharge alone. Water samples collected from the stream, the hyporheic zone, and the alluvial ground water at sites in both reaches indicated that the net effect of hyporheic processes on downstream NO3/- transport ranged from conservative mixing to complete removal by denitrification. The relative effects of biological uptake and denitrification as retention mechanisms could not be quantified, but the results indicate that both processes are significant. These results generally confirm that aquatic and near-stream processes cause significant losses of NO3/- in the Neversink River, and that the losses by these processes at downstream locations can exceed the NO3/- contributions to the stream from the terrestrial environment during summer and fall base-flow conditions. Failure to consider these aquatic and near-stream processes in models of watershed response to atmospheric N deposition could result in underestimates of the amount of NO3/- leaching from forested ecosystems and to an inability to unequivocally relate geographic differences in NO3/- concentrations of stream waters to corresponding differences in terrestrial processes.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Biogeochemistry","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1023/A:1005916102026","issn":"01682563","usgsCitation":"Burns, D.A., 1998, Retention of NO3/- in an upland stream environment: A mass balance approach: Biogeochemistry, v. 40, no. 1, p. 73-96, https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1005916102026.","startPage":"73","endPage":"96","numberOfPages":"24","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":206862,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1005916102026"},{"id":230998,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"40","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505aac07e4b0c8380cd86afa","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Burns, Douglas A. 0000-0001-6516-2869","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6516-2869","contributorId":29450,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Burns","given":"Douglas","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":387251,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70020560,"text":"70020560 - 1998 - Deep earthquakes beneath the Fiji Basin, SW Pacific: Earth's most intense deep seismicity in stagnant slabs","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:16","indexId":"70020560","displayToPublicDate":"1998-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3071,"text":"Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Deep earthquakes beneath the Fiji Basin, SW Pacific: Earth's most intense deep seismicity in stagnant slabs","docAbstract":"Previous work has suggested that many of the deep earthquakes beneath the Fiji Basin occur in slab material that has been detached and foundered to the bottom of the transition zone or has been laid down by trench migration in a similar recumbent position. Since nowhere else in the Earth do so many earthquakes occur in slabs stagnated in the transition zone, these earthquakes merit closer study. Accordingly, we have assembled from historical and modern data a comprehensive catalogue of the relocated hypocenters and focal mechanisms of well-located deep events in the geographic area between the bottoms of the main Vanuatu and Tonga Wadati-Benioff zones. Two regions of deep seismogenesis are recognized there: (i) 163 deep shocks have occurred north of 15??S in the Vityaz Group from 1949 to 1996. These seismological observations and the absence of other features characteristic of active subduction suggest that the Vityaz group represents deep failure in a detached slab that has foundered to a horizontal orientation near the bottom of the transition zone. (ii) Another group of nearly 50 'outboard' deep shocks occur between about 450 and 660 km depth, west of the complexly buckled and offset western edge of the Tonga Wadati-Benioff zone. Their geometry is in the form of two or possibly three small-circle arcs that roughly parallel the inferred motion of Tonga trench migration. Earthquakes in the southernmost of these arcs occur in a recumbent high-seismic-wavespeed slab anomaly that connects both to the main inclined Tonga anomaly to the east and a lower mantle anomaly to the west [Van der Hilst, R., 1995. Complex morphology of subducted lithosphere in the mantle beneath the Tonga trench. Nature, Vol. 374, pp. 154-157.]. Both groups show complexity in their focal mechanisms. The major question raised by these observations is the cause of this apparent temporary arrest in the descent of the Tonga slab into the lower mantle. We approach these questions by considering the effects of buoyant metastable peridotite in cold slab material that was detached and rapidly foundered, or was buckled, segmented and laid out in the transition zone.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/S0031-9201(98)00116-2","issn":"00319201","usgsCitation":"Okal, E., and Kirby, S.H., 1998, Deep earthquakes beneath the Fiji Basin, SW Pacific: Earth's most intense deep seismicity in stagnant slabs: Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors, v. 109, no. 1-2, p. 25-63, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9201(98)00116-2.","startPage":"25","endPage":"63","numberOfPages":"39","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":206961,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9201(98)00116-2"},{"id":231375,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"109","issue":"1-2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059fe23e4b0c8380cd4eb3e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Okal, E.A.","contributorId":35082,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Okal","given":"E.A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":386699,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kirby, S. H.","contributorId":51721,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kirby","given":"S.","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":386700,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70020399,"text":"70020399 - 1998 - Quantitative measure of the variation in fault rheology due to fluid-rock interactions","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-07-19T13:51:55.948231","indexId":"70020399","displayToPublicDate":"1998-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2314,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Quantitative measure of the variation in fault rheology due to fluid-rock interactions","docAbstract":"<p><span>We analyze friction data from two published suites of laboratory tests on granite in order to explore and quantify the effects of temperature (</span><i>T</i><span>) and pore water pressure (</span><i>P<sub>p</sub></i><span>) on the sliding behavior of faults. Rate-stepping sliding tests were performed on laboratory faults in granite containing “gouge” (granite powder), both dry at 23° to 845°C [</span><i>Lockner et al.</i><span>, 1986], and wet (</span><i>P<sub>p</sub></i><span>&nbsp;= 100 MPa) at 23° to 600°C [</span><i>Blanpied et al</i><span>., 1991, 1995]. Imposed slip velocities (</span><i>V</i><span>) ranged from 0.01 to 5.5 μm/s, and effective normal stresses were near 400 MPa. For dried granite at all temperatures, and wet granite below ∼300°C, the coefficient of friction (μ) shows low sensitivity to&nbsp;</span><i>V</i><span>,&nbsp;</span><i>T</i><span>, and&nbsp;</span><i>P<sub>p</sub></i><span>. For wet granite above ∼350°, μ drops rapidly with increasing&nbsp;</span><i>T</i><span>&nbsp;and shows a strong, positive rate dependence and protracted strength transients following steps in&nbsp;</span><i>V</i><span>, presumably reflecting the activity of a water-aided deformation process. By inverting strength data from velocity stepping tests we determined values for parameters in three formulations of a rate- and state-dependent constitutive law. One or two state variables were used to represent slip history effects. Each velocity step yielded an independent set of values for the nominal friction level, five constitutive parameters (transient parameters&nbsp;</span><i>a</i><span>,&nbsp;</span><i>b</i><sub>1</sub><span>, and&nbsp;</span><i>b</i><sub>2</sub><span>&nbsp;and characteristic displacements&nbsp;</span><i>D<sub>c1</sub></i><span>&nbsp;and&nbsp;</span><i>D<sub>c2</sub></i><span>), and the velocity dependence of steady state friction ∂μ</span><sub>ss</sub><span>/∂ ln&nbsp;</span><i>V</i><span>&nbsp;=&nbsp;</span><i>a</i><span>-</span><i>b</i><sub>1</sub><span>−</span><i>b</i><sub>2</sub><span>. Below 250°, data from dry and most wet tests are adequately modeled by using the “slip law” [</span><i>Ruina</i><span>, 1983] and one state variable (</span><i>a</i><span>&nbsp;= 0.003 to 0.018,&nbsp;</span><i>b</i><span>&nbsp;= 0.001 to +0.018,&nbsp;</span><i>D<sub>c</sub></i><span>&nbsp;≈ 1 to 20 μm). Dried tests above 250° can also be fitted with one state variable. In contrast, wet tests above 350° require higher direct rate dependence (</span><i>a</i><span>&nbsp;= 0.03 to 0.12), plus a second state variable with large, negative amplitude (</span><i>b</i><sub>2</sub><span>&nbsp;= −0.03 to −0.14) and large characteristic displacement (</span><i>D</i><sub>c2</sub><span>&nbsp;= 300 to &gt;4000 μm). Thus the parameters&nbsp;</span><i>a</i><span>,&nbsp;</span><i>b</i><sub>1</sub><span>, and&nbsp;</span><i>b</i><sub>2</sub><span>&nbsp;for wet granite show a pronounced change in their temperature dependence in the range 270° to 350°C, which may reflect a change in underlying deformation mechanism. We quantify the trends in parameter values from 25° to 600°C by piecewise linear regressions, which provide a straightforward means to incorporate the full constitutive response of granite into numerical models of fault slip. The modeling results suggest that the succeptibility for unstable (stick-slip) sliding is maximized between 90° and 360°C, in agreement with laboratory observations and consistent with the depth range of earthquakes on mature faults in the continental crust.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/98JB00162","issn":"01480227","usgsCitation":"Blanpied, M., Marone, C., Lockner, D., Byerlee, J., and King, D., 1998, Quantitative measure of the variation in fault rheology due to fluid-rock interactions: Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth, v. 103, no. 5, p. 9691-9712, https://doi.org/10.1029/98JB00162.","productDescription":"22 p.","startPage":"9691","endPage":"9712","numberOfPages":"22","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":231368,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"103","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1998-05-10","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a921fe4b0c8380cd80685","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Blanpied, M.L.","contributorId":61961,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Blanpied","given":"M.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":386095,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Marone, C.J.","contributorId":26096,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Marone","given":"C.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":386094,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Lockner, D.A. 0000-0001-8630-6833","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8630-6833","contributorId":85603,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lockner","given":"D.A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":386098,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Byerlee, J.D.","contributorId":69982,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Byerlee","given":"J.D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":386096,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"King, D.P.","contributorId":83305,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"King","given":"D.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":386097,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":70020603,"text":"70020603 - 1998 - Energy resources - cornucopia or empty barrel?","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:16","indexId":"70020603","displayToPublicDate":"1998-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":701,"text":"American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Energy resources - cornucopia or empty barrel?","docAbstract":"Over the last 25 yr, considerable debate has continued about the future supply of fossil fuel. On one side are those who believe we are rapidly depleting resources and that the resulting shortages will have a profound impact on society. On the other side are those who see no impending crisis because long-term trends are for cheaper prices despite rising production. The concepts of resources and reserves have historically created considerable misunderstanding in the minds of many nongeologists. Hubbert-type predictions of energy production assume that there is a finite supply of energy that is measurable; however, estimates of resources and reserves are inventories of the amounts of a fossil fuel perceived to be available over some future period of time. As those resources/reserves are depleted over time, additional amounts of fossil fuels are inventoried. Throughout most of this century, for example, crude oil reserves in the United States have represented a 10-14-yr supply. For the last 50 yr, resource crude oil estimates have represented about a 60-70-yr supply for the United States. Division of reserve or resource estimates by current or projected annual consumption therefore is circular in reasoning and can lead to highly erroneous conclusions. Production histories of fossil fuels are driven more by demand than by the geologic abundance of the resource. Examination of some energy resources with well-documented histories leads to two conceptual models that relate production to price. The closed-market model assumes that there is only one source of energy available. Although the price initially may fall because of economies of scale long term, prices rise as the energy source is depleted and it becomes progressively more expensive to extract. By contrast, the open-market model assumes that there is a variety of available energy sources and that competition among them leads to long-term stable or falling prices. At the moment, the United States and the world approximate the open-market model, but in the long run the supply of fossil fuel is finite, and prices inevitably will rise unless alternate energy sources substitute for fossil energy supplies; however, there appears little reason to suspect that long-term price trends will rise significantly over the next few decades.Over the last 25 years, considerable debate has continued about the future supply of fossil fuel. On one side are those who believe that resources are rapidly depleting and that the resulting shortages will have a profound impact on society. On the other side are those who see no impending crisis because longterm trends are for cheaper prices despite rising production. This paper examines historic trends and clarify the foundations on which one may build one's predictions.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"AAPG","publisherLocation":"Tulsa, OK, United States","issn":"01491423","usgsCitation":"McCabe, P., 1998, Energy resources - cornucopia or empty barrel?: American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin, v. 82, no. 11, p. 2110-2134.","startPage":"2110","endPage":"2134","numberOfPages":"25","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":231497,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"82","issue":"11","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a094de4b0c8380cd51e70","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"McCabe, P.J.","contributorId":57608,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McCabe","given":"P.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":386835,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70020537,"text":"70020537 - 1998 - The effects of ultraviolet-B radiation on freshwater invertebrates: Experiments with a solar simulator","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-05-22T14:21:27","indexId":"70020537","displayToPublicDate":"1998-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2620,"text":"Limnology and Oceanography","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The effects of ultraviolet-B radiation on freshwater invertebrates: Experiments with a solar simulator","docAbstract":"There is concern that decreases in stratospheric ozone will lead to hazardous levels of ultraviolet-B (UV-B) radiation at the Earth's surface. In clear water, UV-B may penetrate to significant depths. The purpose of the current study was to compare the sensitivity of freshwater invertebrates to UV-B. We used a solar simulator, calibrated to match local ambient solar radiation, to expose five species of freshwater invertebrates to enhanced levels of UV-B radiation. UV-B measurements in a eutrophic pond revealed that 10% of the irradiance penetrated to 30-cm depth and 1% to 57-cm depth. The irradiance at the upper 5-20 cm was comparable to levels used in the simulator. Median lethal dose (LD50) values were determined for the cladocerans Ceriodaphnia reticulata, Scapholeberis kingii (two induced color morphs), and Daphnia magna; the ostracod Cyprinotus incongruens; and the amphipod Hyalella azteca. Among the species, 96-h LD50 estimates were quite variable, ranging from 4.2 to 84.0 ??W cm-2. These estimates indicated S. kingii to be highly sensitive and H. azteca, C. reticulata, and D. magna to be moderately sensitive, whereas the ostracod C. incongruens was very tolerant to UV-B radiation. Overall, this study suggests that, in shallow ponds without physical refuges, UV-B radiation would have the strongest effects upon cladocerans and amphipods occurring in the water column, whereas ostracods would be better protected.","language":"English","publisher":"ASLO","doi":"10.4319/lo.1998.43.6.1082","issn":"00243590","usgsCitation":"Hurtubise, R., Havel, J., and Little, E.E., 1998, The effects of ultraviolet-B radiation on freshwater invertebrates: Experiments with a solar simulator: Limnology and Oceanography, v. 43, no. 6, p. 1082-1088, https://doi.org/10.4319/lo.1998.43.6.1082.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"1082","endPage":"1088","numberOfPages":"7","costCenters":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":230987,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"43","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2003-12-22","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505baba3e4b08c986b322f8f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hurtubise, R.D.","contributorId":61592,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hurtubise","given":"R.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":386596,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Havel, J.E.","contributorId":72548,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Havel","given":"J.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":386597,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Little, E. E.","contributorId":13187,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Little","given":"E.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":386595,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70020761,"text":"70020761 - 1998 - Factors controlling mercury transport in an upland forested catchment","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:15","indexId":"70020761","displayToPublicDate":"1998-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3728,"text":"Water, Air, & Soil Pollution","onlineIssn":"1573-2932","printIssn":"0049-6979","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Factors controlling mercury transport in an upland forested catchment","docAbstract":"Total mercury (Hg) deposition and input/output relationships were investigated in an 11-ha deciduous forested catchment in northern Vermont as part of ongoing evaluations of rig cycling and transport in the Lake Champlain basin. Atmospheric Hg deposition (precipitation + modeled vapor phase downward flux) was 425 mg ha-1 during the one-year period March 1994 through February 1995 and 463 mg ha-1 from March 1995 through February 1996. In the same periods, stream export of total Hg was 32 mg ha-1 and 22 mg ha-1, respectively. Thus, there was a net retention of Hg by the catchment of 92% the first year and 95% the second year. In the first year, 16.9 mg ha-1 or about half of the annual stream export, occurred on the single day of peak spring snowmelt in April. In contrast, the maximum daily export in the second year, when peak stream flow was somewhat lower, was 3.5 mg ha-1 during a January thaw. The fate of file Hg retained by this forested catchment is not known. Dissolved (< 0.22 ??m) Hg concentrations in stream water ranged from 0.5-2.6 ng L-1, even when total (unfiltered) concentrations were greater than 10 ng L-1 during high flow events. Total Hg concentrations in stream water were correlated with the total organic fraction of suspended sediment, suggesting the importance of organic material in Hg transport within the catchment. High flow events and transport with organic material may be especially important mechanisms for the movement of Hg through forested ecosystems.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Water, Air, and Soil Pollution","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Kluwer Academic Publishers","publisherLocation":"Dordrecht, Netherlands","doi":"10.1023/A:1005053509133","issn":"00496979","usgsCitation":"Scherbatskoy, T., Shanley, J.B., and Keeler, G., 1998, Factors controlling mercury transport in an upland forested catchment: Water, Air, & Soil Pollution, v. 105, no. 1-2, p. 427-438, https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1005053509133.","startPage":"427","endPage":"438","numberOfPages":"12","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":487319,"rank":10000,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"http://hdl.handle.net/2027.42/43895>","text":"External Repository"},{"id":206880,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1005053509133"},{"id":231081,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"105","issue":"1-2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0eb9e4b0c8380cd535b8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Scherbatskoy, T.","contributorId":25726,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Scherbatskoy","given":"T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":387394,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Shanley, J. B.","contributorId":52226,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shanley","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":387395,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Keeler, G.J.","contributorId":96449,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Keeler","given":"G.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":387396,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70020214,"text":"70020214 - 1998 - Poroelastic rebound along the Landers 1992 earthquake surface rupture","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-07-17T16:09:37.988984","indexId":"70020214","displayToPublicDate":"1998-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2314,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Poroelastic rebound along the Landers 1992 earthquake surface rupture","docAbstract":"<p><span>Maps of surface displacement following the 1992 Landers, California, earthquake, generated by interferometric processing of ERS-1 synthetic aperture radar (SAR) images, reveal effects of various postseismic deformation processes along the 1992 surface rupture. The large-scale pattern of the postseismic displacement field includes large lobes, mostly visible on the west side of the fault, comparable in shape with the lobes observed in the coseismic displacement field. This pattern and the steep displacement gradient observed near the Emerson-Camp Rock fault cannot be simply explained by afterslip on deep sections of the 1992 rupture. Models show that horizontal slip occurring on a buried dislocation in a Poisson's material produces a characteristic quadripole pattern in the surface displacement field with several centimeters of vertical motion at distances of 10–20 km from the fault, yet this pattern is not observed in the postseismic interferograms. As previously proposed to explain local strain in the fault step overs [</span><i>Peltzer et al</i><span>., 1996b], we argue that poroelastic rebound caused by pore fluid flow may also occur over greater distances from the fault, compensating the vertical ground shift produced by fault afterslip. Such a rebound is explained by the gradual change of the crustal rocks' Poisson's ratio value from undrained (coseismic) to drained (postseismic) conditions as pore pressure gradients produced by the earthquake dissipate. Using the Poisson's ratio values of 0.27 and 0.31 for the drained and undrained crustal rocks, respectively, elastic dislocation models show that the combined contributions of afterslip on deep sections of the fault and poroelastic rebound can account for the range change observed in the SAR data and the horizontal displacement measured at Global Positioning System (GPS) sites along a 60-km-long transect across the Emerson fault [</span><i>Savage and Svarc</i><span>, 1997]. Using a detailed surface slip distribution on the Homestead Valley, Kickapoo, and Johnson Valley faults, we modeled the poroelastic rebound in the Homestead Valley pull apart. A Poisson's ratio value of 0.35 for the undrained gouge rocks in the fault zone is required to account for the observed surface uplift in the 3.5 years following the earthquake. This large value implies a seismic velocity ratio&nbsp;</span><i>V<sub>p</sub>/V<sub>s</sub></i><span>&nbsp;of 2.1, consistent with the observed low&nbsp;</span><i>V<sub>s</sub></i><span>&nbsp;values of fault zone guided waves at shallow depth [</span><i>Li et al</i><span>., 1997]. The SAR data also reveal postseismic creep along shallow patches of the Eureka Peak and Burnt Mountain faults with a characteristic decay time of 0.8 years. Coseismic, dilatant hardening (locking process) followed by post-seismic, pore pressure controlled fault creep provide a plausible mechanism to account for the decay time of the observed slip rate along this section of the fault.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/98JB02302","issn":"01480227","usgsCitation":"Peltzer, G., Rosen, P., Rogez, F., and Hudnut, K., 1998, Poroelastic rebound along the Landers 1992 earthquake surface rupture: Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth, v. 103, no. B12, p. 30131-30145, https://doi.org/10.1029/98JB02302.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"30131","endPage":"30145","numberOfPages":"15","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":487320,"rank":2,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/98jb02302","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":231084,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"103","issue":"B12","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1998-12-10","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a7dd6e4b0c8380cd7a1b8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Peltzer, G.","contributorId":41157,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Peltzer","given":"G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":385414,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Rosen, P.","contributorId":48920,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rosen","given":"P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":385415,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Rogez, F.","contributorId":26458,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rogez","given":"F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":385413,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Hudnut, K.","contributorId":92439,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hudnut","given":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":385416,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70020425,"text":"70020425 - 1998 - Use of 3H/3He Ages to evaluate and improve groundwater flow models in a complex buried-valley aquifer","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-03-16T09:46:33","indexId":"70020425","displayToPublicDate":"1998-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3722,"text":"Water Resources Research","onlineIssn":"1944-7973","printIssn":"0043-1397","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"displayTitle":"Use of <sup>3</sup>H/<sup>3</sup>He Ages to evaluate and improve groundwater flow models in a complex buried-valley aquifer","title":"Use of 3H/3He Ages to evaluate and improve groundwater flow models in a complex buried-valley aquifer","docAbstract":"<p><span>Combined use of the tritium/helium 3 (</span><sup>3</sup><span>H/</span><sup>3</sup><span>He) dating technique and particle-tracking analysis can improve flow-model calibration. As shown at two sites in the Great Miami buried-valley aquifer in southwestern Ohio, the combined use of<span>&nbsp;</span></span><sup>3</sup><span>H/</span><sup>3</sup><span>He age dating and particle tracking led to a lower mean absolute error between measured heads and simulated heads than in the original calibrated models and/or between simulated travel times and<span>&nbsp;</span></span><sup>3</sup><span>H/</span><sup>3</sup><span>He ages. Apparent groundwater ages were obtained for water samples collected from 44 wells at two locations where previously constructed finite difference models of groundwater flow were available (Mound Plant and Wright-Patterson Air Force Base (WPAFB)). The two-layer Mound Plant model covers 11 km</span><sup>2</sup><span><span>&nbsp;</span>within the buried-valley aquifer. The WPAFB model has three layers and covers 262 km</span><sup>2</sup><span><span>&nbsp;</span>within the buried-valley aquifer and adjacent bedrock uplands. Sampled wells were chosen along flow paths determined from potentiometric maps or particle-tracking analyses. Water samples were collected at various depths within the aquifer. In the Mound Plant area, samples used for comparison of<span>&nbsp;</span></span><sup>3</sup><span>H/</span><sup>3</sup><span>He ages with simulated travel times were from wells completed in the uppermost model layer. Simulated travel times agreed well with<span>&nbsp;</span></span><sup>3</sup><span>H/</span><sup>3</sup><span>He ages. The mean absolute error (MAE) was 3.5 years. Agreement in ages at WPAFB decreased with increasing depth in the system. The MAEs were 1.63, 17.2, and 255 years for model layers 1, 2, and 3, respectively. Discrepancies between the simulated travel times and<span>&nbsp;</span></span><sup>3</sup><span>H/</span><sup>3</sup><span>He ages were assumed to be due to improper conceptualization or incorrect parameterization of the flow models. Selected conceptual and parameter modifications to the models resulted in improved agreement between<span>&nbsp;</span></span><sup>3</sup><span>H/</span><sup>3</sup><span>He ages and simulated travel times and between measured and simulated heads and flows.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/98WR00007","usgsCitation":"Sheets, R., Bair, E.S., and Rowe, G.L., 1998, Use of 3H/3He Ages to evaluate and improve groundwater flow models in a complex buried-valley aquifer: Water Resources Research, v. 34, no. 5, p. 1077-1089, https://doi.org/10.1029/98WR00007.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"1077","endPage":"1089","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":231137,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Ohio","otherGeospatial":"Great Miami buried-valley aquifer","volume":"34","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bbe59e4b08c986b329546","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Sheets, Rodney A. rasheets@usgs.gov","contributorId":1848,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sheets","given":"Rodney A.","email":"rasheets@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":35860,"text":"Ohio-Kentucky-Indiana Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":386183,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bair, E. Scott","contributorId":194772,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Bair","given":"E.","email":"","middleInitial":"Scott","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":386184,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Rowe, Gary L. glrowe@usgs.gov","contributorId":1779,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rowe","given":"Gary","email":"glrowe@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":386182,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70021337,"text":"70021337 - 1998 - Chemical weathering in a tropical watershed, Luquillo Mountains, Puerto Rico: I. Long-term versus short-term weathering fluxes","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-01-30T19:27:28","indexId":"70021337","displayToPublicDate":"1998-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1759,"text":"Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Chemical weathering in a tropical watershed, Luquillo Mountains, Puerto Rico: I. Long-term versus short-term weathering fluxes","docAbstract":"<p>The pristine Rio Icacos watershed in the Luquillo Mountains in eastern Puerto Rico has the fastest documented weathering rate of silicate rocks on the Earth's surface. A regolith propagation rate of 58 m Ma-1 calculated from iso-volumetric saprolite formation from quartz diorite, is comparable to the estimated denudation rate (25-50 Ma-1) but is an order of magnitude faster than the global average weathering rate (6 Ma-1). Weathering occurs in two distinct environments; plagioclase and hornblende react at the saprock interface and biotite and quartz weather in the overlying thick saprolitic regolith. These environments produce distinctly different water chemistries, with K, Mg, and Si increasing linearly with depth in saprolite porewaters and with stream waters dominated by Ca, Na, and Si. Such differences are atypical of less intense weathering in temperate watersheds. Porewater chemistry in the shallow regolith is controlled by closed-system recycling of inorganic nutrients such as K. Long-term elemental fluxes through the regolith (e.g., Si = 1.7 ?? 10-8 moles m-2 s-1) are calculated from mass losses based on changes in porosity and chemistry between the regolith and bedrock and from the age of the regolith surface (200 Ma). Mass losses attributed to solute fluxes are determined using a step-wise infiltration model which calculates mineral inputs to the shallow and deep saprolite porewaters and to stream water. Pressure heads decrease with depth in the shallow regolith (-2.03 m H2O m-1), indicating that both increasing capillary tension and graviometric potential control porewater infiltration. Interpolation of experimental hydraulic conductivities produces an infiltration rate of 1 m yr-1 at average field moisture saturation which is comparable with LiBr tracer tests and with base discharge from the watershed. Short term weathering fluxes calculated from solute chemistries and infiltration rates (e.g., Si = 1.4 ?? 10-8 moles m-2 s-1) are compared to watershed flux rates (e.g., Si = 2.7 ?? 10-8 moles m-2 s-1). Consistency between three independently determined sets of weathering fluxes imply that possible changes in precipitation, temperature, and vegetation over the last several hundred thousand years have not significantly impacted weathering rates in the Luquillo Mountains of Puerto Rico. This has important ramifications for tropical environments and global climate change. Copyright ?? 1998 Elsevier Science Ltd.</p>","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"ScienceDirect","doi":"10.1016/S0016-7037(97)00335-9","issn":"00167037","usgsCitation":"White, A.F., Blum, A., Schulz, M.S., Vivit, D., Stonestrom, D.A., Larsen, M., Murphy, S., and Eberl, D., 1998, Chemical weathering in a tropical watershed, Luquillo Mountains, Puerto Rico: I. Long-term versus short-term weathering fluxes: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 62, no. 2, p. 209-226, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-7037(97)00335-9.","productDescription":"18 p.","startPage":"209","endPage":"226","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":156,"text":"Caribbean Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":230147,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"62","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f599e4b0c8380cd4c2eb","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"White, A. F.","contributorId":36546,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"White","given":"A.","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":389515,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Blum, A.E.","contributorId":100514,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Blum","given":"A.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":389520,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Schulz, M. S.","contributorId":7299,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schulz","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":389513,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Vivit, D.V.","contributorId":28609,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Vivit","given":"D.V.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":389514,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Stonestrom, David A. 0000-0001-7883-3385 dastones@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7883-3385","contributorId":2280,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stonestrom","given":"David","email":"dastones@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":389519,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Larsen, M.","contributorId":74148,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Larsen","given":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":389518,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Murphy, S.F.","contributorId":40751,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Murphy","given":"S.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":389516,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Eberl, D.","contributorId":68487,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Eberl","given":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":389517,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8}]}}
,{"id":70020318,"text":"70020318 - 1998 - Modelling of instream flow needs: The link between sediment and aquatic habitat","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-02-23T14:28:38","indexId":"70020318","displayToPublicDate":"1998-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3246,"text":"Regulated Rivers: Research & Management","printIssn":"0886-9375","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Modelling of instream flow needs: The link between sediment and aquatic habitat","docAbstract":"<p><span>Instream flows are needed to remove undesirable accumulations of sediment. Fines and sand accumulate on and in gravels during periods of low flow and must be removed (flushed) periodically in order for the gravel to continue as suitable habitat for aquatic animals. Sediment of all sizes can also fill pools in the river and must be removed in order to maintain pool habitat. A new technique relates the sizes of sediment important in the biological process to the size transported as wash, suspended and bed loads. The technique has a biological component, a hydraulic component and a selection component that links the two. The technique was used to determine the instream flows needed to maintain habitat for Colorado squawfish in the Gunnison River in western Colorado. Flows included a flushing flow to remove course sand form the riffles where Colorado squawfish spawn, to remove fines and sand from the river in general, to remove gravel from pools, and to scour side channels. The Gunnison River has a mean discharge of 73 m</span><sup>3</sup><span>/s and the flows of both sediment and water in the river have been modified by the construction of reservoirs and by major diversions for irrigation. The flows needed to maintain the spawning habitat for the Colorado squawfish by removing fines and sand from the riffles is 355 m</span><sup>3</sup><span>/s, to remove sand and fines from the river is 354 m</span><sup>3</sup><span>/s, to remove gravel from pools is 484 m</span><sup>3</sup><span>/s and to scour side channels is 210 m</span><sup>3</sup><span>/s. The flow required to maintain the riffles during spawning is 210 m</span><sup>3</sup><span>/s. These flushing flows are not required each year but they are required periodically (usually not less than once in every 3 years); and the maintenance flow is needed every year.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1002/(SICI)1099-1646(199801/02)14:1<79::AID-RRR478>3.0.CO;2-9","usgsCitation":"Milhous, R.T., 1998, Modelling of instream flow needs: The link between sediment and aquatic habitat: Regulated Rivers: Research & Management, v. 14, no. 1, p. 79-94, https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1099-1646(199801/02)14:1<79::AID-RRR478>3.0.CO;2-9.","productDescription":"16 p.","startPage":"79","endPage":"94","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":231328,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"14","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a5c6ee4b0c8380cd6fcba","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Milhous, Robert T.","contributorId":28646,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Milhous","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":385804,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70020334,"text":"70020334 - 1998 - Re-Os ages for Archean molybdenite and pyrite, Kuittila-Kivisuo, Finland and Proterozoic molybdenite, Kabeliai, Lithuania: Testing the chronometer in a metamorphic and metasomatic setting","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-01-24T14:22:10","indexId":"70020334","displayToPublicDate":"1998-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2746,"text":"Mineralium Deposita","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Re-Os ages for Archean molybdenite and pyrite, Kuittila-Kivisuo, Finland and Proterozoic molybdenite, Kabeliai, Lithuania: Testing the chronometer in a metamorphic and metasomatic setting","docAbstract":"<p>Seven <sup>18</sup>7Re-<sup>18</sup>7Os ages were determined for molybdenite and pyrite samples from two well-dated Precambrian intrusions in Fennoscandia to examine the sustainability of the Re-Os chronometer in a metamorphic and metasomatic setting. Using a new 187Re decay constant (1.666 x 10<sup>-1</sup>1y<sup>-1</sup>) with a much improved uncertainty (±0.31%), we determined replicate Re-Os ages for molybdenite and pyrite from the Kuittila and Kivisuo prospects in easternmost Finland and for molybdenite from the Kabeliai prospect in southernmost Lithuania. These two localities contain some of the oldest and youngest plutonic activity in Fennoscandia and are associated with newly discovered economic Au mineralization (Ilomantsi, Finland) and a Cu-Mo prospect (Kabeliai, Lithuania). Two Re-Os ages for veinhosted Kabeliai molybdenite average 1486 ± 5 Ma, in excellent agreement with a 1505 ± 11 Ma U-Pb zircon age for the hosting Kabeliai granite pluton. The slightly younger age suggests the introduction of Cu-Mo mineralization by a later phase of the Kabeliai magmatic system. Mean Re-Os ages of 2778 ± 8 Ma and 2781 ± 8 Ma for Kuittila and Kivisuo molybdenites, respectively, are in reasonable agreement with a 2753 ± 5 Ma weighted mean U-Pb zircon age for hosting Kuittila tonalite. These Re-Os ages agree well with less precise ages of 2789 ± 290 Ma for a Rb-Sr whole-rock isochron and 2771 ± 75 Ma for the average of six Sm-Nd T(DM) model ages for Kuittila tonalite. Three Re-Os analyses of a single pyrite mineral separate, from the same sample of Kuittila pluton that yielded a molybdenite separate, provide individual model ages of 2710 ± 27, 2777 ± 28, and 2830 ± 28 Ma (Re = 17.4, 12.1, and 8.4 ppb, respectively), with a mean value of 2770 ± 120 Ma in agreement with the Kuittila molybdenite age. The Re and <sup>187</sup>Os abundances in these three pyrite splits are highly correlated (r = 0.9994), and provide a 187Re-187Os isochron age of 2607 ± 47 Ma with an intercept of 21 ppt 187Os (MSWD = 1.1). It appears that the Re-Os isotopic system in pyrite has been reset on the millimeter scale and that the 21 ppt 187Os intercept reflects the in situ decay of 187Re during the ~160 to 170 m.y. interval from ~2778 Ma (time of molybdenite ± pyrite deposition) to ~2607 Ma (time of pyrite resetting). When the Re-Os data for molybdenites from the nearby Kivisuo prospect are plotted together with the Kuittila molybdenite and pyrite data, a well-constrained five-point isochron with an age of 2780 ± 8 Ma and a 187Os intercept (-2.4 ± 3.8 ppt) of essentially zero results (MSWD = 1.5). We suggest that the pyrite isochron age records a regional metamorphic and/or hydrothermal event, possibly the time of Au mineralization. A proposed Re-Os age of ~2607 Ma for Au mineralization is in good agreement with radiometric ages by other methods that address the timing of Archean Au mineralization in deposits worldwide (so-called 'late Au model'). Molybdenite, in contrast, provides a robust Re-Os chronometer, retaining its original formation age of ~2780 Ma, despite subsequent metamorphic disturbances in Archean and Proterozoic time.</p>","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Mineralium Deposita","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1007/s001260050153","issn":"00264598","usgsCitation":"Stein, H.J., Sundblad, K., Markey, R., Morgan, J.W., and Motuza, G., 1998, Re-Os ages for Archean molybdenite and pyrite, Kuittila-Kivisuo, Finland and Proterozoic molybdenite, Kabeliai, Lithuania: Testing the chronometer in a metamorphic and metasomatic setting: Mineralium Deposita, v. 33, no. 4, p. 329-345, https://doi.org/10.1007/s001260050153.","startPage":"329","endPage":"345","numberOfPages":"17","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":230895,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":206835,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s001260050153"}],"volume":"33","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a9568e4b0c8380cd819c2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Stein, H. J.","contributorId":98748,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stein","given":"H.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":385868,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Sundblad, K.","contributorId":45858,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sundblad","given":"K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":385865,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Markey, R.J.","contributorId":49954,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Markey","given":"R.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":385866,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Morgan, J. W.","contributorId":92384,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Morgan","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":385867,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Motuza, G.","contributorId":36707,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Motuza","given":"G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":385864,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":70020818,"text":"70020818 - 1998 - Oxygen and hydrogen isotope systematics of Lake Baikal, Siberia: Implications for paleoclimate studies","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:51","indexId":"70020818","displayToPublicDate":"1998-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2620,"text":"Limnology and Oceanography","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Oxygen and hydrogen isotope systematics of Lake Baikal, Siberia: Implications for paleoclimate studies","docAbstract":"We interpret oxygen and hydrogen isotope data for water samples from Lake Baikal, Siberia, its tributaries and other local rivers, and local precipitation in terms of the known water budget for the modem lake in order to gain insight into past limnological and climatic processes that influenced the lake. Lake Baikal is remarkably uniform in its isotopic composition (??18O = -15.8 ?? 0.2???; ??D = -123 ?? 2???) and lies slightly to the right of the global meteoric water line, which suggests significant evaporation. Water is supplied to the lake by over 300 rivers and streams. The oxygen isotope values (??18O) of the rivers in the Baikal catchment range from -13.4 to -21.2???. The hydrogen isotope values (??D) for the same area range from -103 to -156???. Both these ranges generally conform to the global meteoric water line. The weighted average isotopic composition of input to the lake (rivers plus precipitation) is -15.2??? for ??18O and -116??? for ??D, values higher than those of the modem lake. Therefore, the isotopic composition of the modem lake cannot be related to the modem input through simple evaporation. Instead, modeling of the isotopic mass balance of the lake suggests that inputs (precipitation and influx from rivers) and outputs (evaporation and outflow) are not at a steady-state equilibrium under current climate conditions. We found previous input to the lake had lower ??18O and ??D values than modem input, which reflects cooler climates in the past compared with modern conditions. Under constant climate conditions, steady-state conditions are not expected to be reached by the lake for at least 700 yr because of its large size and the long residence time of water in the lake.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Limnology and Oceanography","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"00243590","usgsCitation":"Seal, R., and Shanks, W.C., 1998, Oxygen and hydrogen isotope systematics of Lake Baikal, Siberia: Implications for paleoclimate studies: Limnology and Oceanography, v. 43, no. 6, p. 1251-1261.","startPage":"1251","endPage":"1261","numberOfPages":"11","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":230194,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"43","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a7281e4b0c8380cd76b33","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Seal, R.R. II","contributorId":102097,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Seal","given":"R.R.","suffix":"II","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":387649,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Shanks, Wayne C. III","contributorId":100527,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shanks","given":"Wayne","suffix":"III","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":387648,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70021297,"text":"70021297 - 1998 - Estimates of annual survival probabilities for adult Florida manatees (<i>Trichechus manatus latirostris</i>)","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-01-05T15:26:57","indexId":"70021297","displayToPublicDate":"1998-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1465,"text":"Ecology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Estimates of annual survival probabilities for adult Florida manatees (<i>Trichechus manatus latirostris</i>)","docAbstract":"<p>The population dynamics of large, long-lived mammals are particularly sensitive to changes in adult survival. Understanding factors affecting survival patterns is therefore critical for developing and testing theories of population dynamics and for developing management strategies aimed at preventing declines or extinction in such taxa. Few studies have used modern analytical approaches for analyzing variation and testing hypotheses about survival probabilities in large mammals. This paper reports a detailed analysis of annual adult survival in the Florida manatee (Trichechus manatus latirostris), an endangered marine mammal, based on a mark-recapture approach. Natural and boat-inflicted scars distinctively 'marked' individual manatees that were cataloged in a computer-based photographic system. Photo-documented resightings provided 'recaptures.' Using open population models, annual adult-survival probabilities were estimated for manatees observed in winter in three areas of Florida: Blue Spring, Crystal River, and the Atlantic coast. After using goodness-of-fit tests in Program RELEASE to search for violations of the assumptions of mark-recapture analysis, survival and sighting probabilities were modeled under several different biological hypotheses with Program SURGE. Estimates of mean annual probability of sighting varied from 0.948 for Blue Spring to 0.737 for Crystal River and 0.507 for the Atlantic coast. At Crystal River and Blue Spring, annual survival probabilities were best estimated as constant over the study period at 0.96 (95% CI = 0.951-0.975 and 0.900-0.985, respectively). On the Atlantic coast, where manatees are impacted more by human activities, annual survival probabilities had a significantly lower mean estimate of 0.91 (95% CI = 0.887-0.926) and varied unpredictably over the study period. For each study area, survival did not differ between sexes and was independent of relative adult age. The high constant adult-survival probabilities estimated for manatees in the Blue Spring and Crystal River areas were consistent with current mammalian life history theory and other empirical data available for large, long-lived mammals. Adult survival probabilities in these areas appeared high enough to maintain growing populations if other traits such as reproductive rates and juvenile survival were also sufficiently high lower and variable survival rates on the Atlantic coast are cause for concern.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Ecological Society of America","doi":"10.1890/0012-9658(1998)079[0981:EOASPF]2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Langtimm, C., O'Shea, T., Pradel, R., and Beck, C., 1998, Estimates of annual survival probabilities for adult Florida manatees (<i>Trichechus manatus latirostris</i>): Ecology, v. 79, no. 3, p. 981-997, https://doi.org/10.1890/0012-9658(1998)079[0981:EOASPF]2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"17 p.","startPage":"981","endPage":"997","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":566,"text":"Southeast Ecological Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":487357,"rank":1,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"https://hal.science/hal-02126423","text":"External Repository"},{"id":230144,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"79","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0ad6e4b0c8380cd52470","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Langtimm, C.A. 0000-0001-8499-5743","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8499-5743","contributorId":71133,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Langtimm","given":"C.A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":389387,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"O'Shea, T. J. 0000-0002-0758-9730","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0758-9730","contributorId":50100,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"O'Shea","given":"T. J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":389386,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Pradel, R.","contributorId":85692,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pradel","given":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":389389,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Beck, C.A. 0000-0002-5388-5418","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5388-5418","contributorId":78674,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Beck","given":"C.A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":389388,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70020817,"text":"70020817 - 1998 - An empirical model of the tidal currents in the Gulf of the Farallones","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:51","indexId":"70020817","displayToPublicDate":"1998-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1371,"text":"Deep-Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"An empirical model of the tidal currents in the Gulf of the Farallones","docAbstract":"Candela et al. (1990, 1992) showed that tides in an open ocean region can be resolved using velocity data from a ship-mounted ADCP. We use their method to build a spatially varying model of the tidal currents in the Gulf of the Farallones, an area of complicated bathymetry where the tidal velocities in some parts of the region are weak compared to the mean currents. We describe the tidal fields for the M2, S2, K1, and O1 constituents and show that this method is sensitive to the model parameters and the quantity of input data. In areas with complex bathymetry and tidal structures, a large amount of spatial data is needed to resolve the tides. A method of estimating the associated errors inherent in the model is described.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Deep-Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/S0967-0645(98)80004-0","issn":"09670645","usgsCitation":"Steger, J., Collins, C.A., Schwing, F., Noble, M., Garfield, N., and Steiner, M., 1998, An empirical model of the tidal currents in the Gulf of the Farallones: Deep-Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography, v. 45, no. 8-9, p. 1471-1505, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0967-0645(98)80004-0.","startPage":"1471","endPage":"1505","numberOfPages":"35","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":230193,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":206555,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0967-0645(98)80004-0"}],"volume":"45","issue":"8-9","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059ea38e4b0c8380cd486fc","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Steger, J.M.","contributorId":10189,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Steger","given":"J.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":387642,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Collins, C. A.","contributorId":43731,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Collins","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":387646,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Schwing, F.B.","contributorId":24516,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schwing","given":"F.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":387644,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Noble, M.","contributorId":15340,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Noble","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":387643,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Garfield, N.","contributorId":62364,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Garfield","given":"N.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":387647,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Steiner, M.T.","contributorId":26102,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Steiner","given":"M.T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":387645,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}}
,{"id":1014934,"text":"1014934 - 1998 - A comparison of triploid induction validation techniques","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-07-22T15:32:20.143996","indexId":"1014934","displayToPublicDate":"1998-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3196,"text":"Progressive Fish-Culturist","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A comparison of triploid induction validation techniques","docAbstract":"<p><span>Triploidy induction is a technique that allows genetic manipulation of chromosome number to control reproduction and potentially create faster‐growing animals; however, most methods for inducing polyploidy are not 100% effective. Using sunshine bass (white bass&nbsp;</span><i>Morone chrysops</i><span>&nbsp;♀ × striped bass&nbsp;</span><i>M. saxatilis</i><span>&nbsp;♂) as a model, we cross‐validated the most common verification techniques: DNA staining and fluorescence quantification with a flow cytometer, erythrocyte nuclear volume with a Coulter counter particle size analyzer, silver staining of nucleolar organizer regions (NORs), and cytological karyotyping. Results indicated that the electronic techniques of particle size analysis and flow cytometry were the simplest and quickest methods of validation. The major drawback of both electronic ploidy determination methods is the cost of the equipment required for analysis. Cytological karyotyping was the most accurate method for determining polyploidy because actual chromosome numbers were determined. It was also the most time‐consuming, tedious, and frustrating of the techniques, which reduces its applicability in mass screening of fish. Silver staining was the least expensive technique used for verifying a nominal number of fish, but it was also the most suspect because the NORs were sometimes difficult to detect, and there were conflicting results in older fish. All techniques demand a certain technical competence that can either be self‐taught or requires extramural training.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Oxford Academic","doi":"10.1577/1548-8640(1998)060%3C0221:ACOTIV%3E2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Harrell, R., Van Heukelem, W., and Kerby, J., 1998, A comparison of triploid induction validation techniques: Progressive Fish-Culturist, v. 60, no. 3, p. 221-226, https://doi.org/10.1577/1548-8640(1998)060%3C0221:ACOTIV%3E2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"221","endPage":"226","numberOfPages":"6","costCenters":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":131000,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"60","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b27e4b07f02db6b0f5f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Harrell, R.M.","contributorId":32471,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Harrell","given":"R.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":321576,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Van Heukelem, W.","contributorId":46902,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Van Heukelem","given":"W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":321577,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Kerby, J.H.","contributorId":71500,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kerby","given":"J.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":321578,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70020300,"text":"70020300 - 1998 - The Fremont complex: A behavioral perspective","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-05-23T14:59:21.67229","indexId":"70020300","displayToPublicDate":"1998-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2512,"text":"Journal of World Prehistory","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The Fremont complex: A behavioral perspective","docAbstract":"The Fremont complex is composed of farmers and foragers who occupied the Colorado Plateau and Great Basin region of western North America from about 2100 to 500 years ago. These people included both immigrants and indigenes who shared some material culture and symbolic attributes, but also varied in ways not captured by definitions of the Fremont as a shared cultural tradition. The complex reflects a mosaic of behaviors including full-time farmers, full-time foragers, part-time farmer/foragers who seasonally switched modes of production, farmers who switched to full-time foraging, and foragers who switched to full-time farming. Farming defines the Fremont, but only in the sense that it altered the matrix in which both farmers and foragers lived, a matrix which provided a variety of behavioral options to people pursuing an array of adaptive strategies. The mix of symbiotic and competitive relationships among farmers and between farmers and foragers presents challenges to detection in the archaeological record. Greater clarity results from use of a behavioral model which recognizes differing contexts of selection favoring one adaptive strategy over another. The Fremont is a case where the transition from foraging to farming is followed by a millennium of adaptive diversity and terminates with the abandonment of farming. As such, it serves as a potential comparison to other cases in the world during the early phases of the food producing transition.","language":"English","publisher":"Springer Link","doi":"10.1023/A:1022322619699","issn":"08927537","usgsCitation":"Madsen, D., and Simms, S., 1998, The Fremont complex: A behavioral perspective: Journal of World Prehistory, v. 12, no. 3, p. 255-336, https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1022322619699.","productDescription":"82 p.","startPage":"255","endPage":"336","numberOfPages":"82","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":231088,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"12","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505ba737e4b08c986b321434","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Madsen, D.B.","contributorId":65615,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Madsen","given":"D.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":385730,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Simms, S.R.","contributorId":17396,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Simms","given":"S.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":385729,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70020742,"text":"70020742 - 1998 - Before and after retrofit - response of a building during ambient and strong motions","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:17","indexId":"70020742","displayToPublicDate":"1998-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2511,"text":"Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Before and after retrofit - response of a building during ambient and strong motions","docAbstract":"This paper presents results obtained from ambient vibration and strong-motion responses of a thirteen-story, moment-resisting steel framed Santa Clara County Office Building (SCCOB) before being retrofitted by visco-elastic dampers and from ambient vibration response following the retrofit. Understanding the cumulative structural and site characteristics that affect the response of SCCOB before and after the retrofit is important in assessing earthquake hazards to other similar buildings and decision making in retrofitting them. The results emphasize the need to better evaluate structural and site characteristics in developing earthquake resisting designs that avoid resonating effects. Various studies of the strong-motion response records from the SCCOB during the 24 April 1984 (MHE) Morgan Hill (MS = 6.1), the 31 March 1986 (MLE) Mt. Lewis (MS = 6.1) and the 17 October 1989 (LPE) Loma Prieta (MS = 7.1) earthquakes show that the dynamic characteristics of the building are such that it (a) resonated (b) responded with a beating effect due to close-coupling of its translational and torsional frequencies, and (c) had a long-duration response due to low-damping. During each of these earthquakes, there was considerable contents damage and the occupants felt the rigorous vibration of the building. Ambient tests of SCCOB performed following LPE showed that both translational and torsional periods of the building are smaller than those derived from strong motions. Ambient tests performed following the retrofit of the building with visco-elastic dampers show that the structural fundamental mode frequency of the building has increased. The increased frequency implies a stiffer structure. Strong-motion response of the building during future earthquakes will ultimately validate the effectiveness of the retrofit method.This paper presents results obtained from ambient vibration and strong-motion responses of a thirteen-story, moment-resisting steel framed Santa Clara County Office Building (SCCOB) before being retrofitted by visco-elastic dampers and from ambient vibration response following the retrofit. Understanding the cumulative structural and site characteristics that affect the response of SCCOB before and after the retrofit is important in assessing earthquake hazards to other similar buildings and decision making in retrofitting them. The results emphasize the need to better evaluate structural and site characteristics in developing earthquake resisting designs that avoid resonating effects. Various studies of the strong-motion response records from the SCCOB during the 24 April 1984 (MHE) Morgan Hill (Ms = 6.1), the 31 March 1986 (MLE) Mt. Lewis (Ms = 6.1) and the 17 October 1989(LPE) Loma Prieta (Ms = 7.1) earthquakes show that the dynamic characteristics of the building are such that it (a) resonated (b) responded with a beating effect due to close-coupling of its translational and torsional frequencies, and (c) had a long-duration response due to low-damping. During each of these earthquakes, there was considerable contents damage and the occupants felt the rigorous vibration of the building. Ambient tests of SCCOB performed following LPE showed that both translational and torsional periods of the building are smaller than those derived from strong motions. Ambient tests performed following the retrofit of the building with visco-elastic dampers show that the structural fundamental mode frequency of the building has increased. The increased frequency implies a stiffer structure. Strong-motion response of the building during future earthquakes will ultimately validate the effectiveness of the retrofit method.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"conferenceTitle":"Proceedings of the 1997 8th US National Conference on Wind Engineering","conferenceDate":"5 June 1997 through 7 June 1997","conferenceLocation":"Baltimore, MD, USA","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier Sci B.V.","publisherLocation":"Amsterdam, Netherlands","doi":"10.1016/S0167-6105(98)00148-2","issn":"01676105","usgsCitation":"Çelebi, M., and Liu, H.P., 1998, Before and after retrofit - response of a building during ambient and strong motions: Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics, v. 77-78, p. 259-268, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0167-6105(98)00148-2.","startPage":"259","endPage":"268","numberOfPages":"10","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":206972,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0167-6105(98)00148-2"},{"id":231426,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"77-78","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f09be4b0c8380cd4a7e7","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Jones N.P.","contributorId":128296,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Jones N.P.","id":536466,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1}],"authors":[{"text":"Çelebi, M.","contributorId":36946,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Çelebi","given":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":387334,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Liu, Huaibao P.","contributorId":14581,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Liu","given":"Huaibao","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":387333,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70020628,"text":"70020628 - 1998 - Near-surface structural model for deformation associated with the February 7, 1812, New Madrid, Missouri, earthquake","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-12-20T23:52:14.640864","indexId":"70020628","displayToPublicDate":"1998-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1786,"text":"Geological Society of America Bulletin","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Near-surface structural model for deformation associated with the February 7, 1812, New Madrid, Missouri, earthquake","docAbstract":"<div id=\"15009088\" class=\"article-section-wrapper js-article-section js-content-section  \" data-section-parent-id=\"0\"><p>The February 7, 1812, New Madrid, Missouri, earthquake (M [moment magnitude] 8) was the third and final large-magnitude event to rock the northern Mississippi Embayment during the winter of 1811–1812. Although ground shaking was so strong that it rang church bells, stopped clocks, buckled pavement, and rocked buildings up and down the eastern seaboard, little coseismic surface deformation exists today in the New Madrid area. The fault(s) that ruptured during this event have remained enigmatic. We have integrated geomorphic data documenting differential surficial deformation (supplemented by historical accounts of surficial deformation and earthquake-induced Mississippi River waterfalls and rapids) with the interpretation of existing and recently acquired seismic reflection data, to develop a tectonic model of the near-surface structures in the New Madrid, Missouri, area. This model consists of two primary components: a north-northwest–trending thrust fault and a series of northeast-trending, strike-slip, tear faults. We conclude that the Reelfoot fault is a thrust fault that is at least 30 km long. We also infer that tear faults in the near surface partitioned the hanging wall into subparallel blocks that have undergone differential displacement during episodes of faulting. The northeast-trending tear faults bound an area documented to have been uplifted at least 0.5 m during the February 7, 1812, earthquake. These faults also appear to bound changes in the surface density of epicenters that are within the modern seismicity, which is occurring in the stepover zone of the left-stepping right-lateral strike-slip fault system of the modern New Madrid seismic zone.</p></div>","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/0016-7606(1998)110<0149:NSSMFD>2.3.CO;2","issn":"00167606","usgsCitation":"Odum, J.K., Stephenson, W.J., Shedlock, K.M., and Pratt, T.L., 1998, Near-surface structural model for deformation associated with the February 7, 1812, New Madrid, Missouri, earthquake: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 110, no. 2, p. 149-162, https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1998)110<0149:NSSMFD>2.3.CO;2.","startPage":"149","endPage":"162","numberOfPages":"14","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":231308,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Missouri","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -90.59451881317736,\n              37.1103527279694\n            ],\n            [\n              -90.59451881317736,\n              35.65100583298336\n            ],\n            [\n              -88.90262428192736,\n              35.65100583298336\n            ],\n            [\n              -88.90262428192736,\n              37.1103527279694\n            ],\n            [\n              -90.59451881317736,\n              37.1103527279694\n            ]\n          ]\n        ],\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"110","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a640ae4b0c8380cd7283d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Odum, J. K.","contributorId":105705,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Odum","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":386940,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Stephenson, W. J.","contributorId":87982,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stephenson","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":386939,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Shedlock, K. M.","contributorId":72805,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shedlock","given":"K.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":386938,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Pratt, T. L.","contributorId":53072,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pratt","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":386937,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70019845,"text":"70019845 - 1998 - Ground-water resource evaluation on Long Island, New York, using flow models and a geographic information system","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:17","indexId":"70019845","displayToPublicDate":"1998-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2897,"text":"Northeastern Geology and Environmental Sciences","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Ground-water resource evaluation on Long Island, New York, using flow models and a geographic information system","docAbstract":"[No abstract available]","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Northeastern Geology and Environmental Sciences","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"01941453","usgsCitation":"Schubert, C., Buxton, H., and Monti, J., 1998, Ground-water resource evaluation on Long Island, New York, using flow models and a geographic information system: Northeastern Geology and Environmental Sciences, v. 20, no. 4, p. 308-313.","startPage":"308","endPage":"313","numberOfPages":"6","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":227814,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"20","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a2cf0e4b0c8380cd5bdca","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Schubert, C.E.","contributorId":87576,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schubert","given":"C.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":384145,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Buxton, H. T.","contributorId":67873,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Buxton","given":"H. T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":384144,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Monti, J. Jr.","contributorId":39956,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Monti","given":"J.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":384143,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70020625,"text":"70020625 - 1998 - Glacioisostasy and Lake-Level Change at Moosehead Lake, Maine","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-01-25T13:18:29","indexId":"70020625","displayToPublicDate":"1998-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3218,"text":"Quaternary Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Glacioisostasy and Lake-Level Change at Moosehead Lake, Maine","docAbstract":"Reconstructions of glacioisostatic rebound based on relative sea level in Maine and adjacent Canada do not agree well with existing geophysical models. In order to understand these discrepancies better, we investigated the lake-level history of 40-km-long Moosehead Lake in northwestern Maine. Glacioisostasy has affected the level of Moosehead Lake since deglaciation ca. 12,500 14C yr B.P. Lowstand features at the southeastern end and an abandoned outlet at the northwestern end of the lake indicate that the lake basin was tilted down to the northwest, toward the retreating ice sheet, by 0.7 m/km at 10,000 14C yr B.P. Water level then rose rapidly in the southeastern end of the lake, and the northwestern outlet was abandoned, indicating rapid relaxation of landscape tilt. Lowstand features at the northwestern end of the lake suggest that the lake basin was tilted to the southeast at ca. 8750 14C yr B.P., possibly as the result of a migrating isostatic forebulge. After 8000 14C yr B.P., water level at the southeastern end was again below present lake level and rose gradually thereafter. We found no evidence suggesting that postglacial climate change significantly affected lake level. The rebound history inferred from lake-level data is consistent with previous interpretations of nearby relative sealevel data, which indicate a significantly steeper and faster-moving ice-proximal depression and ice-distal forebulge than geophysical models predict. ?? 1998 University of Washington.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Quaternary Research","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","publisherLocation":"Amsterdam, Netherlands","doi":"10.1006/qres.1998.1962","issn":"00335894","usgsCitation":"Balco, G., Belknap, D.F., and Kelley, J.T., 1998, Glacioisostasy and Lake-Level Change at Moosehead Lake, Maine: Quaternary Research, v. 49, no. 2, p. 157-170, https://doi.org/10.1006/qres.1998.1962.","startPage":"157","endPage":"170","numberOfPages":"14","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":231270,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":266453,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1006/qres.1998.1962"}],"volume":"49","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2017-01-20","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a2926e4b0c8380cd5a6ed","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Balco, G.","contributorId":44317,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Balco","given":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":386927,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Belknap, D. F.","contributorId":96739,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Belknap","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":386928,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Kelley, J. T.","contributorId":34197,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kelley","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":386926,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70020824,"text":"70020824 - 1998 - Forage site selection by lesser snow geese during autumn staging on the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge, Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-06-12T21:23:59","indexId":"70020824","displayToPublicDate":"1998-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3773,"text":"Wildlife Monographs","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Forage site selection by lesser snow geese during autumn staging on the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge, Alaska","docAbstract":"<p><span>Lesser snow geese (</span><i>Chen caerulescens caerulescens</i><span>) of the Western Canadian Arctic Population feed intensively for 2-4 weeks on the coastal plain of the Beaufort Sea in Canada and Alaska at the beginning of their autumn migration. Petroleum leasing proposed for the Alaskan portion of the staging area on the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge (ANWR) could affect staging habitats and their use by geese. Therefore we studied availability, distribution, and use by snow geese of tall and russett cotton-grass (</span><i>Eriophorum angustifolium</i><span> and </span><i>E. russeolum</i><span>, respectively) feeding habitats on the ANWR. We studied selection of feeding habitats at 3 spatial scales (feeding sites [0.06 m</span><sup>2</sup><span>], feeding patches [ca. 100 m</span><sup>2</sup><span>], and feeding areas [&gt;1 ha]) during 1990-93. We used logistic regression analysis to discriminate differences in soil moisture and vegetation between 1,548 feeding sites where snow geese exploited individual cotton-grass plants and 1,143 unexploited sites at 61 feeding patches in 1990. Feeding likelihood increased with greater soil moisture and decreased where nonforage species were present. We tested the logistic regression model in 1991 by releasing human-imprinted snow geese into 4 10 × 20-m enclosed plots where plant communities had been mapped, habitats sampled, and feeding probabilities calculated. Geese selected more feeding sites per square meter in areas of predicted high quality feeding habitat (feeding probability ≥ 0.6) than in medium (feeding probability = 0.3-0.59) or poor (feeding probability &lt; 0.3) quality habitat (P &lt; 0.0001). Geese increasingly used medium quality areas and spent more time feeding as trials progressed and forage was presumably reduced in high quality habitats. We examined relationships between underground biomass of plants, feeding probability, and surface microrelief at 474 0.06- m</span><sup>2</sup><span> sites in 20 thermokarst pits in 1992. Feeding probability was correlated with the percentage of underground biomass composed of cotton-grass (r = 0.56). Feeding probability and relative availability of cotton-grass forage were highest in flooded soils along the ecotone of flooded and upland habitats. In 1992, we also used the logistic regression model to estimate availability of high quality feeding sites on 192 80 × 90-m plots that were randomly located on 24 study areas. A mean of 1.6% of the area sampled in each plot was classified as high quality feeding habitat at 23 of the study areas. Relative availability of high quality sites was highest in troughs, thermokarst pits, and water tracks because saturated soils in those microreliefs were dominated by cotton-grass. Relative availability of high quality sites was lower in saturated soils of basins (low-centered polygons, wet meadows, and strangmoor) because that microrelief was dominated by </span><i>Carex</i><span> spp. Most (63%) of the saturated area on the ANWR coastal plain was in basins. We examined distribution of feeding patches relative to microrelief in 49 snow goose feeding areas in 1993. Only 2.5% of the tundra in each feeding area was exploited by snow geese. Snow geese preferentially fed in thermokarst pits, water tracks, and troughs, and avoided basins and uplands. Feeding areas had more thermokarst pit but less basin microrelief than adjacent randomly-selected areas. Thermokarst pits and water tracks occurred most frequently in regions of the coastal plain where geese were observed most often during aerial surveys (1982-93). Microrelief influenced selection of feeding patches and feeding areas and may have affected snow goose distribution on the ANWR. Potential feeding patches were widely distributed but composed a small percentage (≤2.5%) of the tundra landscape and were highly interspersed with less suitable habitat. The Western Canadian Arctic Population probably used a large staging area on the Beaufort Sea coastal plain because snow geese exploited a spatially and temporally heterogeneous resource.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","issn":"00840173","usgsCitation":"Hupp, J.W., and Robertson, D.G., 1998, Forage site selection by lesser snow geese during autumn staging on the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge, Alaska: Wildlife Monographs, v. 138, p. 1-40.","productDescription":"41 p.","startPage":"1","endPage":"40","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":230275,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Arctic National Wildlife Refuge","volume":"138","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a12f2e4b0c8380cd5446a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hupp, Jerry W. 0000-0002-6439-3910 jhupp@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6439-3910","contributorId":127803,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hupp","given":"Jerry","email":"jhupp@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":117,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology WTEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":387669,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Robertson, Donna G.","contributorId":29965,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Robertson","given":"Donna","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":387670,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70020692,"text":"70020692 - 1998 - Caledonian eclogite-facies metamorphism of early Proterozoic protoliths from the North-East Greenland Eclogite Province","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:19","indexId":"70020692","displayToPublicDate":"1998-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1336,"text":"Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Caledonian eclogite-facies metamorphism of early Proterozoic protoliths from the North-East Greenland Eclogite Province","docAbstract":"High-pressure metamorphic assemblages occur in mafic, ultramafic and a few intermediate rocks in a gneiss complex that covers an area of approximately 400 ?? 100 km in the North-East Greenland Caledonides. Detailed petrologic and geochronologic studies were carried out on three samples in order to clarify the P-T-t evolution of this eclogite province. Geothermobarometry yields temperature estimates of 700-800 ??C and pressure estimates of at least 1.5 GPa from an ecologite senu stricto and a high as 2.35 GPa for a garnet websterite. The eclogite defines a garnet-clinopyroxene-amphibole-whole rock Sm-Nd isochron age of 405 ?? 24 Ma (MSWSD 0.9). Isofacial garnet websterites define garnet-clinopyroxene-orthopyroxene-amphibole-whole rock-(biotite) ages of 439 ?? 8 Ma (MSWD = 2.1) for a coarse=grained sample and 370 ?? 12 Ma (MSWD = 0.6) for a finer-grained variety. Overgrowths on zircons from the fine-grained pyroxenite and the eclogite give a pooled 206Pb/238U SHRIMP age of 377 ?? 7 Ma (n = 4). Significantly younger Rb-Sr biotite ages of 357 ?? 8, 330 ?? 6 and 326 ?? 6 agree withyoung Rb-Sr, K-Ar and 40Ar/39Ar mineral ages from the gneiss complex and indicate slow cooling of the eclogitic rocks. High-pressure metamorphism may have been at least 439 Ma old (Siluro-Ordovician) with cooling through amphibolite-facies conditions in the Devonian and continued crustal thinning and exhumation well into the Carboniferous. Sm-Nd whole rock model ages indicate the eclogite protoliths are Early Proterozoic in age, while 207Pb/206Pb SHRIMP ages of 1889 ?? 8 from an-hedral zircon cores probably reflect Proterozoic metasomatism. The samples have negative ??Nd values (-5 to -16) and elevated 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.708-0.715), consistent with field evidence that the eclogite protoliths were an integral part of the continental crust long before Caledonian metamorphism. The presence of a large Caledonian eclogite terrane in Greenland requires modification of current tectonic models that postulate subduction of Baltica beneath Laurentia during the Caledonian orogeny.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1007/s004100050353","issn":"00107999","usgsCitation":"Brueckner, H., Gilotti, J.A., and Nutman, A., 1998, Caledonian eclogite-facies metamorphism of early Proterozoic protoliths from the North-East Greenland Eclogite Province: Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, v. 130, no. 2, p. 103-120, https://doi.org/10.1007/s004100050353.","startPage":"103","endPage":"120","numberOfPages":"18","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":206917,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004100050353"},{"id":231234,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"130","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f30be4b0c8380cd4b57d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Brueckner, H.K.","contributorId":75719,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brueckner","given":"H.K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":387162,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Gilotti, J. A.","contributorId":15776,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gilotti","given":"J.","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":387160,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Nutman, A.P.","contributorId":16177,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nutman","given":"A.P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":387161,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
]}