The Malvern TCE Superfund Site, a former solvent recycling facility that now stores and sells solvents, consists of a plant and disposal area, which are approximately 1,900 ft (feet) apart. The site is underlain by an unconfined carbonate bedrock aquifer in which permeability has been enhanced in places by solution. Water levels respond quickly to precipitation and show a similar seasonal variation, response to precipitation, and range of fluctuation. The altitude of water levels in wells at the disposal area is nearly identical because of the small hydraulic gradient. A comparison of water-table maps for 1983, 1993, and 1994 shows that the general shape of the water table and hydraulic gradients in the area have remained the same through time and for different climatic conditions.
The plant area is underlain by dolomite of the Elbrook Formation. The dolomite at the plant area does not yield as much water as the dolomite at the disposal area because it is less fractured, and wells penetrate few water-bearing fractures. Yields of nine wells at the plant area range from 1 to 200 gal/min (gallons per minute); the median yield is 6 gal/min. Specific capacities range from 0.08 to 2 (gal/min)/ft (gallons per minute per foot). Aquifer tests were conducted in two wells; median transmissivities estimated from the aquifer-test data ranged from 528 to 839 feet squared per day. Maximum concentrations of volatile organic compounds (VOC's) in ground water at the plant area in 1996 were 53,900 ug/L (micrograms per liter) for trichloroethylene (TCE), 7,110 ug/L for tetrachloroethylene (PCE), and 17,700 ug/L for 1,1,1-trichloroethane (TCA).
A ground-water divide is located between the plant area and the disposal area. Ground-water withdrawal for dewatering the Catanach quarry has caused a cone of depression in the water-table surface that reaches to the plant area. From the plant area, ground water flows 1.2 miles to the northeast and discharges to the Catanach quarry. The regional hydraulic gradient between the plant and the Catanach quarry is 0.019. Concentrations of VOC's in water from wells drilled northeast and donwgradient of the plant property boundary are one to two orders of magnitude less than concentrations in water from wells less than 100 ft away at the plant.
A capture-zone analysis was performed for two wells at the plant area. The analysis showed that pumping well CC-19 at 20 gal/min would be sufficient to capture all ground-water flow from the plant area. Although water from other wells at the plant site contains higher concentrations of VOC's than water from well CC-19, pumping well CC-19 would induce the flow of water with higher concentrations of VOC's; however, pumping well CC-19 might causes VOC's to move lower into the aquifer.
The disposal area is underlain by the Ledger Dolomite. The dolomite at the disposal area is much more fractured than the dolomite at the plant area. Although many of the fractures are filled or partially filled with clay, the dolomite at the disposal area yields more water than the dolomite at the plant area. Yields of eight wells at the disposal area range from 15 to more than 200 gal/min; the median yield is greater than 100 gal/min. Specific capacities range from 2 to 280 (gal/min)/ft. Aquifer tests were conducted in two wells; estimated transimissivities were 34,900 and 56,300 feet squared per day. Concentrations of VOC's in ground water are lower at the disposal area than at the plant area. Water samples collected from wells at the disposal area in 1996 had maximum concentrations of TCE of 768 ug/L, PCE of 111 ug/L, and TCA of 108 ug/L. These concentrations are lower than concentrations in water samples collected before cleanup of drums in the disposal area was completed in 1984.
Ground water from the disposal area flows south-southeast toward Valley Creek. The hydraulic gradient between the disposal area and Valley Creek is 0.001. A well-defined plume of VOC’s in ground water extends downgradient from the disposal area toward Valley Creek. A comparison of data from 1995 to 1996 with data from 1981 to 1984 shows that concentrations of TCE, PCE, and TCA in water from most off-site wells have decreased and that water from fewer wells contains detectable concentrations of those compounds.
A capture-zone analysis was performed for three wells at the disposal area. The analysis showed that pumping wells CC-16, CC-17, and CC-18 at a combined rate of 270 gal/min would form a capture zone ranging from approximately 443 to 477 ft wide at a distance 500 ft upgradient from the center of the pumping wells. Pumping wells CC-16 and CC-17 together at a combined rate of 172 gal/min would form a capture zone ranging from approximately 172 to 400 ft wide at a distance 500 ft upgradient from the center of the pumping wells.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/wri964286","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency","usgsCitation":"Sloto, R.A., 1997, Hydrogeologic investigation of the Malvern TCE Superfund Site, Chester County, Pennsylvania: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 96-4286, Report: xiv, 124 p.; 1 Plate: 15.81 x 22.82 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/wri964286.","productDescription":"Report: xiv, 124 p.; 1 Plate: 15.81 x 22.82 inches","onlineOnly":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":532,"text":"Pennsylvania Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":415723,"rank":4,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_48610.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":95781,"rank":3,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1996/4286/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":58580,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1996/4286/wri19964286.pdf","text":"Report","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"WRI 1996-4286"},{"id":119626,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1996/4286/coverthb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Pennsylvania","county":"Chester County","otherGeospatial":"Malvern TCE Superfund Site","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -75.6,\n 40.0778\n ],\n [\n -75.6,\n 40.0458\n ],\n [\n -75.525,\n 40.0458\n ],\n [\n -75.525,\n 40.0778\n ],\n [\n -75.6,\n 40.0778\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Director, Pennsylvania Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
215 Limekiln Road
New Cumberland, PA 17070
Water-quality and geohydrologic data were collected between September 1993 and September 1994, from 56 wells and 2 springs, in two agricultural areas in the Western Lake Michigan Drainages study unit of the National-Water Quality Assessment Program. These data were used to study the effects of land use and geohydrology on shallow ground-water quality. Water samples from each well and spring were analyzed for major ions, nutrients, dissolved organic carbon, pesticides, volatile organic compounds, oxygen and hydrogen isotopes, and uranium; measurements of temperature, pH, specific conductance, and dissolved oxygen were made in the field. Ground-water samples were also analyzed for tritium or chlorofluorocarbons, or both, to estimate the recharge date of the ground water. Slug tests were performed on most of the wells to estimate the hydraulic conductivity of the surficial deposits in the vicinity of the well.
\nThe two areas chosen for study had similar agricultural land uses but different geohydrologic characteristics. Sampled monitor wells and springs were located down gradient from farm fields having similar crop rotation patterns, mainly corn and alfalfa. Area l is characterized by sand and clay surficial deposits overlying carbonate bedrock, and area 2 is characterized by sand and gravel surficial deposits overlying sandstone or crystalline bedrock. The depth to water was significantly deeper and the hydraulic conductivity of the surficial deposits was significantly higher in area 2.
\nWater-quality analyses indicate that agricultural land use has affected the ground-water quality of both of the study areas, however, Wisconsin ground-water-quality enforcement standards were exceeded in only 22 percent (13 of 58) of samples for dissolved nitrate and 2 percent (l of 58) of samples for dissolved atrazine plus deethyl atrazine. There was a significant difference between the two areas in the concentrations of dissolved nitrate and atrazine plus deethyl atrazine in the shallow ground water. Although the amount of nitrogen fertilizer and manure applied to the land surface was similar or slightly higher in area 2, as compared to area 1, and atrazine application rates may have been slightly higher in area l, area 2 had significantly higher concentrations of both dis solved nitrate and atrazine plus deethyl atrazine in shallow ground water. The areal difference in nitrate and atrazine concentrations was likely due to the relatively higher permeability and lower organic matter content of the surficial deposits in area 2. The more permeable surficial deposits in area 2 allowed nitrate and atrazine (and its metabolites) to readily move from the land surface to ground water. Additionally, the lower organic matter content in area 2 helped to maintain higher dis solved oxygen concentrations in recharging water and throughout the saturated zone, thus reducing the possibility of denitrification or assimilative uptake.
\nEstimated recharge dates showed that historic patterns of atrazine plus deethyl atrazine concentrations in ground water mimic historic patterns of atrazine use on corn. Concentrations in ground water that recharged prior to the early 1960s, when atrazine started to become widely used on corn in Wisconsin, were very low or not detectable. As atrazine use on corn steadily increased from the late 1960s to the late 1970s and early 1980s, detectable concentrations of atrazine plus deethyl atrazine in ground water became more common. The recharge dates of some of the highest measured concentrations of atrazine plus ethyl atrazine in ground water from both study areas correspond to the period of highest atrazine use on corn within the State.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri964292","usgsCitation":"Saad, D.A., 1997, Effects of land use and geohydrology on the quality of shallow ground water in two agricultural areas in the western Lake Michigan drainages, Wisconsin: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 96-4292, Report: viii, 69 p.; Errata, https://doi.org/10.3133/wri964292.","productDescription":"Report: viii, 69 p.; Errata","numberOfPages":"77","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","temporalStart":"1993-09-01","temporalEnd":"1994-09-30","costCenters":[{"id":677,"text":"Wisconsin Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":124720,"rank":3,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/wri_96_4292.jpg"},{"id":12286,"rank":4,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/wri96-4292/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":310465,"rank":1,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/wri96-4292/"},{"id":310466,"rank":2,"type":{"id":12,"text":"Errata"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/wri96-4292/errata.html"}],"country":"United States","state":"Michigan, Wisconsin","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -86.2646484375,\n 45.836454050187726\n ],\n [\n -88.077392578125,\n 46.78501604269254\n ],\n [\n -88.406982421875,\n 46.702202151643455\n ],\n [\n -88.70361328125,\n 45.9511496866914\n ],\n [\n -89.01123046875,\n 45.55252525134013\n ],\n [\n -89.219970703125,\n 45.1510532655634\n ],\n [\n -89.5166015625,\n 44.74673324024678\n ],\n [\n -89.69238281249999,\n 43.213183300738876\n ],\n [\n -88.70361328125,\n 42.76314586689494\n ],\n [\n -88.341064453125,\n 42.65012181368025\n ],\n [\n -87.879638671875,\n 42.569264372193864\n ],\n [\n -87.725830078125,\n 42.52069952914966\n ],\n [\n -87.6708984375,\n 43.14909399920127\n ],\n [\n -87.4072265625,\n 44.174324837518895\n ],\n [\n -87.418212890625,\n 44.6061127451739\n ],\n [\n -86.781005859375,\n 45.19752230305685\n ],\n [\n -86.59423828125,\n 45.55252525134013\n ],\n [\n -86.2646484375,\n 45.836454050187726\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a4ae4b07f02db6250d2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Saad, David A. dasaad@usgs.gov","contributorId":121,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Saad","given":"David","email":"dasaad@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":677,"text":"Wisconsin Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":201621,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":30092,"text":"wri964261 - 1997 - Changes in cross-section geometry and channel volume in two reaches of the Kankakee River in Illinois, 1959-94","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:09:08","indexId":"wri964261","displayToPublicDate":"1997-11-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"96-4261","title":"Changes in cross-section geometry and channel volume in two reaches of the Kankakee River in Illinois, 1959-94","docAbstract":"The upstream reaches of the Kankakee River in Indiana have been channelized, straightened, and ditched to facilitate agriculture; the downstream reaches of the river in Illinois have not been so altered. Concerns about the adjustments of this low-gradient river in response to these disturbances have led to studies of sedimentation along the Kankakee River in Illinois. The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) began a study in 1992 to determine sedimentation characteristics of the Kankakee River in Illinois. As part of this study, changes in channel cross-section geometry and channel volume were determined by comparing measurements of cross-section geometry over time in two reaches of the Kankakee River. The study documents some of the adjustments of the Kankakee River to land-use changes and channelization in the upstream drainage area. The timing, magnitude, and process of adjustment are of interest in developing a better understanding of how alluvial stream systems in agricultural areas respond to disturbances in the drainage area. The data used for the study included cross-section measurements made by two State of Illinois agencies from 1959 to 1980 and measurements made by the USGS in 1994.\r\nThe analyses indicated a net aggradation of about 133,600 cubic yards (yd3) of sediment in the Momence Wetlands reach, a naturally meandering reach of the river, from 1980 to 1994. Aggradation occurred at 25 cross sections in this reach, and scour occurred at 10 cross sections. All but one of the cross sections in the upstream third of the reach indicated aggradation, whereas aggradation and scour were found in the middle and downstream thirds of the reach. The magnitude of change was greatest in the middle third of the reach and was least in the downstream third of the reach.\r\n\r\nA net aggradation of approximately 298,600 yd3 of sediment was indicated for the Six-Mile Pool, a pooled reach of the river upstream from a dam, from 1978 to 1994. Approximately 182,900 yd3 of sediment accumulated from 1980 to 1994, and approximately 115,700 yd3 of sediment accumulated from 1978 to 1980. Most of the aggradation occurred in the middle third of the Six-Mile Pool reach.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nBranch of Information Services [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/wri964261","usgsCitation":"Terrio, P.J., and Nazimek, J.E., 1997, Changes in cross-section geometry and channel volume in two reaches of the Kankakee River in Illinois, 1959-94: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 96-4261, iv, 41 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri964261.","productDescription":"iv, 41 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":2507,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://il.water.usgs.gov/pubsearch/reports.cgi/view?series=WRIR&number=96-4261","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":124537,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1996/4261/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":58906,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1996/4261/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49abe4b07f02db5c5dc6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Terrio, Paul J. 0000-0002-1515-9570 pjterrio@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1515-9570","contributorId":3313,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Terrio","given":"Paul","email":"pjterrio@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":36532,"text":"Central Midwest Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":202663,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Nazimek, John E.","contributorId":19596,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nazimek","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":202664,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":28704,"text":"wri974042 - 1997 - Results of the application of seismic-reflection and electromagnetic techniques for near-surface hydrogeologic and environmental investigations at Fort Bragg, North Carolina","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:46","indexId":"wri974042","displayToPublicDate":"1997-11-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"97-4042","title":"Results of the application of seismic-reflection and electromagnetic techniques for near-surface hydrogeologic and environmental investigations at Fort Bragg, North Carolina","docAbstract":"As part of the U.S. Geological Survey's Resource Conservation and Recovery Act, Facilities Investigations at Fort Bragg, North Carolina, selected geophysical techniques were evaluated for their usefulness as assessment tools for determining subsurface geology, delineating the areal extent of potentially contaminated landfill sites, and locating buried objects and debris of potential environmental concern. Two shallow seismic-reflection techniques (compression and shear wave) and two electromagnetic techniques (ground-penetrating radar and terrain conductivity) were evaluated at several sites at the U.S. Army Base. The electromagnetic techniques also were tested for tolerance to cultural noise, such as nearby fences, vehicles, and power lines. For the terrain conductivity tests, two instruments were used--the EM31 and EM34, which have variable depths of exploration. The shallowest reflection event was 70 feet below land surface observed in common-depth point, stacked compression-wave data from 24- and 12-fold shallow-seismic-reflection surveys. Several reflection events consistent with clay-sand interfaces between 70 and 120 feet below land surface, along with basement-saprolite surfaces, were imaged in the 24-fold, common- depth-point stacked data. 12-fold, common-depth-point stacked data set contained considerably more noise than the 24-fold, common-depth-point data, due to reduced shot-to-receiver redundancy. Coherent stacked reflection events were not observed in the 24-fold, common-depth-point stacked shear-wave data because of the partial decoupling of the shear- wave generator from the ground. At one site, ground-penetrating radar effectively delineated a shallow, 2- to 5-foot thick sand unit bounded by thin (less than 1 foot) clay layers. The radar signal was completely attenuated where the overlying and underlying clay units thickened and the sand unit thinned. The pene- tration depth of the radar signal was less than 10 feet below land surface. A slight increase in electromagnetic conductivity across shallow sampling EM31 and EM34 profiles provided corroborative evidence of the shallow, thickening clay units. Plots of raw EM31 and EM34 data provided no direct interpretable information to delineate sand and clay units in the shallow subsurface. At two sites, the ground-penetrating radar effectively delineated the lateral continuity of surficial sand units 5 to 25 feet in thickness and the tops of their underlying clay units. The effective exploration depth of the ground-penetrating radar was limited by the proximity of clay units to the subsurface and their thickness. The ground-penetrating radar delineated the areal extent and depth of cover at a previously unrecognized extension of a trench-like landfill underlying a vehicle salvage yard. Attenuation of the radar signal beneath the landfill cover and the adjacent subsurface clays made these two mediums indistinguishable by ground-penetrating radar; however, EM31 data indicated that the electrical conductivity of the landfill was higher than the subsurface material adjacent to the landfill. The EM31 and EM34 conductivity surveys defined the areal extent of a landfill whose boundaries were inaccurately mapped, and also identified the locations of an old dumpsite and waste incinerator site at another landfill. A follow-up ground-penetrating radar survey of the abandoned dumpsite showed incongruities in some of the shallow radar reflections interpreted as buried refuse dispersed throughout the landfill. The ground-penetrating radar and EM31 effectively delineated a shallow buried fuel-oil tank. Of the three electromagnetic instruments, the ground-penetrating radar with the shielded 100-megahertz antenna was the least affected by cultural noise followed, in order, by the EM31 and EM34. The combination of terrain- conductivity and ground-penetrating radar for the site assessment of the landfill provided a powerful means to identify the areal extent of the landfill, potenti","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nBranch of Information Services [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/wri974042","usgsCitation":"Meyer, M.T., and Fine, J., 1997, Results of the application of seismic-reflection and electromagnetic techniques for near-surface hydrogeologic and environmental investigations at Fort Bragg, North Carolina: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 97-4042, iv, 40 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri974042.","productDescription":"iv, 40 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":159170,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1997/4042/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":57543,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1997/4042/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a18e4b07f02db605577","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Meyer, M. T.","contributorId":92279,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Meyer","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":200261,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Fine, J.M.","contributorId":53001,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fine","given":"J.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":200260,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":23301,"text":"ofr96657A - 1997 - Selected well data in the vicinity of the Savannah River Site, South Carolina and Georgia","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-01-05T10:02:22","indexId":"ofr96657A","displayToPublicDate":"1997-11-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"96-657","chapter":"A","title":"Selected well data in the vicinity of the Savannah River Site, South Carolina and Georgia","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nBranch of Information Services [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/ofr96657A","issn":"0094-9140","usgsCitation":"Harrelson, L., Falls, W.F., and Clarke, J., 1997, Selected well data in the vicinity of the Savannah River Site, South Carolina and Georgia: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 96-657, iv, 215 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm. +1 envelope (12 maps), https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr96657A.","productDescription":"iv, 215 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm. +1 envelope (12 maps)","costCenters":[{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science 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F. 0000-0003-2928-9795 wffalls@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2928-9795","contributorId":60251,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Falls","given":"W.","email":"wffalls@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":189850,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Clarke, J.S.","contributorId":89526,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Clarke","given":"J.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":189852,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":25804,"text":"wri974003 - 1997 - Transport and transformations of chlorinated-solvent contamination in a saprolite and fractured rock aquifer near a former wastewater-treatment plant, Greenville, South Carolina","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-10-16T06:48:45","indexId":"wri974003","displayToPublicDate":"1997-11-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"97-4003","title":"Transport and transformations of chlorinated-solvent contamination in a saprolite and fractured rock aquifer near a former wastewater-treatment plant, Greenville, South Carolina","docAbstract":"The transport and fate of chlorinated-ethene contamination was investigated in a fractured-rock aquifer downgradient from a wastewater-treatment plant at a gas-turbine manufacturing facility in Greenville, South Carolina. A vapor-diffusion-sampler technique, developed for this investigation, located fracture zones that discharged contaminated ground water to surface water. The distribution of chlorinated compounds and sulfate, comparison of borehole geophysical data, driller's logs, and the aquifer response to pumpage allowed subsurface contaminant-transport pathways to be delineated.The probable contaminant-transport pathway from the former aeration lagoon was southward. The probable pathway of contaminant transport from the former sludge lagoon was southward to and beneath Little Rocky Creek. South of the creek, the major pathway of contaminant transport appeared to be at a depth of approximately 80 to 107 feet below land surface. The contaminant-transport pathway from the former industrial lagoon was not readily discernible from existing data. A laboratory investigation, as well as examination of ground- water-chemistry data collected during this investigation and concentrations of chlorinated compounds collected during previous investigations,indicates that higher chlorinated compounds are being degraded to lower-chlorinated compounds in the contaminated aquifer. The approaches used in this investigation, as well as the findings, have potential application to other fractured-rock aquifers contaminated by chlorinated ethenes.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/wri974003","usgsCitation":"Vroblesky, D., Bradley, P., Lane, J., and Robertson, J., 1997, Transport and transformations of chlorinated-solvent contamination in a saprolite and fractured rock aquifer near a former wastewater-treatment plant, Greenville, South Carolina: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 97-4003, vi, 76 p. , https://doi.org/10.3133/wri974003.","productDescription":"vi, 76 p. 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M. 0000-0001-7522-8606","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7522-8606","contributorId":29465,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bradley","given":"P. M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":195144,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Lane, J.W. Jr.","contributorId":66723,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lane","given":"J.W.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":195145,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Robertson, J. F.","contributorId":11194,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Robertson","given":"J. F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":195143,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":25497,"text":"wri974007 - 1997 - Evaluation of radionuclide, inorganic constituent, and organic compound data from selected wells and springs from the southern boundary of the Idaho National Engineering Laboratory to the Hagerman Area, Idaho, 1989 through 1992","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:14","indexId":"wri974007","displayToPublicDate":"1997-11-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"97-4007","title":"Evaluation of radionuclide, inorganic constituent, and organic compound data from selected wells and springs from the southern boundary of the Idaho National Engineering Laboratory to the Hagerman Area, Idaho, 1989 through 1992","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nBranch of Information Services [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/wri974007","usgsCitation":"Bartholomay, R.C., Williams, L.M., and Campbell, L., 1997, Evaluation of radionuclide, inorganic constituent, and organic compound data from selected wells and springs from the southern boundary of the Idaho National Engineering Laboratory to the Hagerman Area, Idaho, 1989 through 1992: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 97-4007, vi, 73 p. :maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri974007.","productDescription":"vi, 73 p. :maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":118889,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1997/4007/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":54217,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1997/4007/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a09e4b07f02db5fabb9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bartholomay, R. 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The sampling protocols used were designed for the NAWQA Program. The protocols include sampling equipment, cleaning procedures, sample-collection methods, and quality-control plans to monitor the accuracy of the data collected. One of the goals of the NAWQA Program was to collect data using similar methcds to build a nationally consistent water-quality data base.
\nQuality-control data demonstrated that most constituents measured for this study yielded reproducible data, with low to undetectable contamination from the sampling and analytical procedures. Several constituents were occasionally or frequently detected in blank samples at levels similar to low-concentration ground-water-quality samples. For example, iron was detected in 75 percent of the blank samples, with a maximum concentration of 27 [ig/L, indicating that iron contamination may interfere with its determination at low levels in ground waters. Copper, aluminum, and dissolved organic carbon concentrations in blank samples overlap those determined in ground-waterquality samples, thereby precluding quantitative reporting of those constituents. Most pesticide data are reproducible, with minimal bias. Some pesticides had low but consistent recoveries; these data may be useful if spike and surrogate data are carefully considered. Data for some pesticides measured in this study should not be quantitatively reported or used, because they may underestimate the concentrations of those pesticides in ground waters.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Mounds View, MN","doi":"10.3133/wri964317","usgsCitation":"Menheer, M., and Brigham, M.E., 1997, Ground-water sampling methods and quality-control data for the Red River of the North basin, Minnesota, North Dakota, and South Dakota, 1993-95: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 96-4317, viii, 34 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri964317.","productDescription":"viii, 34 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":392,"text":"Minnesota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":478,"text":"North Dakota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":34685,"text":"Dakota Water Science 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49.001843917978526 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a96e4b07f02db65a3be","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Menheer, M.A.","contributorId":59842,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Menheer","given":"M.A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":200240,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Brigham, M. E.","contributorId":87535,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brigham","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":200241,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":22769,"text":"ofr96418 - 1997 - Hydrologic and water-quality data from selected sites in the Charleston Harbor Estuary and tributary rivers, South Carolina, water years 1992-95","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-01-04T13:24:32","indexId":"ofr96418","displayToPublicDate":"1997-11-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"96-418","title":"Hydrologic and water-quality data from selected sites in the Charleston Harbor Estuary and tributary rivers, South Carolina, water years 1992-95","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nBranch of Information Services [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/ofr96418","issn":"0094-9140","usgsCitation":"Conrads, P., Cooney, T., and Long, K., 1997, Hydrologic and water-quality data from selected sites in the Charleston Harbor Estuary and tributary rivers, South Carolina, water years 1992-95: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 96-418, iii, 987 p. :maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr96418.","productDescription":"iii, 987 p. :maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":157065,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1996/0418/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":52204,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1996/0418/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"South Carolina","city":"Charleston","otherGeospatial":"Charleston Harbor Estuary","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -81.18621826171875,\n 32.44952057251957\n ],\n [\n -81.18621826171875,\n 33.97753113740941\n ],\n [\n -78.8543701171875,\n 33.97753113740941\n ],\n [\n -78.8543701171875,\n 32.44952057251957\n ],\n [\n -81.18621826171875,\n 32.44952057251957\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a29e4b07f02db6116c8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Conrads, P.A.","contributorId":57493,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Conrads","given":"P.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":188842,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Cooney, T.W.","contributorId":25194,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cooney","given":"T.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":188840,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Long, K.B.","contributorId":52612,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Long","given":"K.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":188841,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":22649,"text":"ofr96581 - 1997 - Hydrogeologic framework and ground-water resources at Seymour Johnson Air Force Base, North Carolina","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:07:57","indexId":"ofr96581","displayToPublicDate":"1997-11-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"96-581","title":"Hydrogeologic framework and ground-water resources at Seymour Johnson Air Force Base, North Carolina","docAbstract":"A preliminary hydrogeologic framework of the Seymour Johnson Air Force Base was constructed from published data, available well data, and reports from Air Base files, City of Goldsboro and Wayne County records, and North Carolina Geological Survey files. Borehole geophysical logs were run in selected wells; and the surficial, Black Creek, and upper Cape Fear aquifers were mapped. \r\n\r\nResults indicate that the surficial aquifer appears to have the greatest lateral variability of clay units and aquifer material of the three aquifers. A surficial aquifer water-level surface map, constructed from selected monitoring wells screened exclusively in the surficial aquifer, indicates the general direction of ground-water movement in this mostly unconfined aquifer is toward the Neuse River and Stoney Creek. However, water-level gradient data from a few sites in the surficial aquifer did not reflect this trend, and there are insufficient hydrologic and hydrogeologic data to determine the cause of these few anamalous measurements. \r\n\r\nThe Black Creek aquifer underlies the surficial aquifer and is believed to underlie most of Wayne County, including the Air Base where the aquifer and overlying confining unit are estimated from well log data to be as much as 100 feet thick. The Black Creek confining unit ranges in thickness from less than 8 feet to more than 20 feet. There are currently no accessible wells screened exclusively in the Black Creek aquifer from which to measure water levels. \r\n\r\nThe upper Cape Fear aquifer and confining unit are generally found at depths greater than 80 feet below land surface at the Air Base, and are estimated to be as much as 70 feet thick. Hydrologic and hydrogeologic data are insufficient to determine localized surficial aquifer hydrogeology, ground-water movement at several sites, or hydraulic head differences between the three aquifers.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nBranch of Information Services [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/ofr96581","issn":"0094-9140","usgsCitation":"Cardinell, A., and Howe, S.S., 1997, Hydrogeologic framework and ground-water resources at Seymour Johnson Air Force Base, North Carolina: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 96-581, iv, 21 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr96581.","productDescription":"iv, 21 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":155239,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1996/0581/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":52117,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1996/0581/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ac9e4b07f02db67c463","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cardinell, A.P.","contributorId":59033,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cardinell","given":"A.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":188637,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Howe, S. S.","contributorId":103293,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Howe","given":"S.","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":188638,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":28121,"text":"wri974018 - 1997 - Determination of traveltimes in the lower San Joaquin River basin, California, from dye-tracer studies during 1994-1995","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:41","indexId":"wri974018","displayToPublicDate":"1997-11-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"97-4018","title":"Determination of traveltimes in the lower San Joaquin River basin, California, from dye-tracer studies during 1994-1995","docAbstract":"Dye-tracer studies were done in the lower San Joaquin River Basin in February 1994, June 1994, and February 1995. Dye releases were made in the Merced River (February 1994), Salt Slough (June 1994), Tuolumne River (February 1995), and Dry Creek (February 1995). The traveltimes determined in the studies aided the interpretation of pesticide data collected during storm sampling and guided sample collection during a Lagrangian pesticide study. All three studies used rhodamine WT 20-percent dye solution, which was released as a slug in midstream. The mean traveltime determined in the dye studies were compared to estimates based on regression equations of mean stream velocity as a function of streamflow. Dye recovery, the ratio of the calculated dye load at downstream sites to the initial amount of dye released, was determined for the 1994 studies and a dye-dosage formula was evaluated for all studies.\r\nIn the February 1994 study, mean traveltime from the Merced River at River Road to the San Joaquin River near Vernalis (46.8 river miles) was 38.5 hours, and to the Delta-Mendota Canal at Tracy pumps (84.3 river miles) was 90.4 hours. In the June 1994 study, mean traveltime from Salt Slough at Highway 165 to Vernalis (64.0 river miles) was 80.1 hours. In the February 1995 study, the mean traveltime from the Tuolumne River at Roberts Ferry to Vernalis (51.5 river miles) was 35.8 hours. For the 1994 studies, the regression equations provided suitable estimates of travel-time, with ratios of estimated traveltime to mean dye traveltime of 0.94 to 1.08. However, for the 1995 dye studies, the equations considerably underestimated traveltime, with ratios of 0.49 to 0.73.In the February 1994 study, 70 percent of the dye released was recovered at Vernalis and 35percent was recovered at the Delta-Mendota Canal at Tracy pumps. In the June 1994 study, recovery was 61 percent at Patterson, 43 percent just upstream of the Tuolumne River confluence, and 37 percent at Vernalis. The dye-dosage formula overestimated the dye required for a given downstream concentration for the 1994 studies by ratios of 1.07 to 2.12. The ratios for the February 1995 studies were 0.67 to 0.95 for the Tuolumne River and 1.21 for Dry Creek. In all studies, the estimates improved with length of dye study.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nBranch of Information Services [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/wri974018","usgsCitation":"Kratzer, C.R., and Biagtan, R.N., 1997, Determination of traveltimes in the lower San Joaquin River basin, California, from dye-tracer studies during 1994-1995: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 97-4018, iv, 20 p. :ill., map ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri974018.","productDescription":"iv, 20 p. :ill., map ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":124326,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1997/4018/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":56952,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1997/4018/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4aa8e4b07f02db66744c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kratzer, Charles R.","contributorId":30619,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kratzer","given":"Charles","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":199257,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Biagtan, Rhoda N.","contributorId":57900,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Biagtan","given":"Rhoda","email":"","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":199258,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":30593,"text":"wri974012 - 1997 - Geohydrology and water chemistry in the Rialto-Colton Basin, San Bernardino County, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:09:12","indexId":"wri974012","displayToPublicDate":"1997-11-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"97-4012","title":"Geohydrology and water chemistry in the Rialto-Colton Basin, San Bernardino County, California","docAbstract":"The 40-square-mile Rialto-Colton ground- water basin is in western San Bernardino County, California, about 60 miles east of Los Angeles.This basin was chosen for storage of imported water because of the good quality of native ground water, the known capacity for additional ground-water storage in the basin, and the availability of imported water. Because the movement and mixing of imported water needed to be determined, the San Bernardino Valley Municipal Water District entered into a cooperative program with the U.S.Geological Survey in 1991 to study the geohydrology and water chemistry in the Rialto- Colton basin. Ground-water flow and chemistry were investigated using existing data, borehole- geophysical and lithologic logs from newly drilled test holes, measurement of water levels, and chemical analyses of water samples. The Rialto-Colton basin is bounded on the northwest and southeast by the San Gabriel Mountains and the Badlands, respectively. The San Jacinto Fault and Barrier E form the northeastern boundary, and the Rialto-Colton Fault forms the southwestern boundary. Except in the southeastern part of the basin, the San Jacinto and Rialto-Colton Faults act as groundwater barriers that impede ground- water flow into and out of the basin.Barrier E generally does not impede ground- water flow into the basin. The ground-water system consists primarily of gravel, sand, silt, and clay. The maximum thickness is greater than 1,000 feet. The ground- water system is divided into four water-bearing units: river-channel deposits, and upper, middle, and lower water-bearing units. Relatively impermeable consolidated deposits underlie the lower water- bearing unit and form the lower boundary of the ground- water system. Ground water moves from east to west in the river-channel deposits and upper water-bearing unit in the southeastern part of the basin, and from northwest to southeast in the middle and lower water-bearing units. Two major internal faults, Barrier J and an unnamed fault, affect ground-water movement. Ground water moves across Barrier J in the unfaulted part of the ground-water system. The unnamed fault is a partial barrier to ground-water movement in the middle water- bearing unit and an effective barrier in the lower water-bearing unit.Imported water flows laterally across the unnamed fault above the saturated zone. Major sources of recharge to the ground- water system are underflow; precipitation that collects in small streams that drain the San Gabriel Mountains and the Badlands or runs off the mountain front as sheet flow, and sub-surface inflow; imported water; seepage loss from the Santa Ana River and Warm Creek; infiltration of rainfall; and irrigation return flow. The main component of discharge is pumpage. Long-term water levels in production wells reflect precipitation cycles. During a 194777 dry period, water levels in three wells declined almost continuously?as much as 100 feet in one well.Water levels in a well north of Barrier J are not affected by stresses on the groundwater system south of the barrier, indicating that these two parts of the ground-water system are not well connected. Water levels in cluster wells east of the unnamed fault north and south of the Linden Ponds artificial-recharge site rose as much as 70 feet during 1992-95. The rise in water levels in wells near the recharge ponds was observed within 2 months after the beginning of recharge. Water levels in most wells west of the unnamed fault changed very little during 1992-95. Water-chemistry data indicate that chemical characteristics vary within the groundwater system, and that dissolvedsolids concentrations are generally higher in the river-channel deposits, upper water- bearing unit, and the consolidated deposits than in the middle and lower water-bearing units. The chemical characteristics in water from the middle water-bearing unit were similar for most wells sampled west of the unnamed fault. In water from well","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nInformation Services [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/wri974012","usgsCitation":"Woolfenden, L.R., and Kadhim, D., 1997, Geohydrology and water chemistry in the Rialto-Colton Basin, San Bernardino County, California: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 97-4012, vi, 101 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri974012.","productDescription":"vi, 101 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":122487,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1997/4012/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":59351,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1997/4012/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b1be4b07f02db6a8be6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Woolfenden, Linda R. 0000-0003-3500-4709 lrwoolfe@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3500-4709","contributorId":1476,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Woolfenden","given":"Linda","email":"lrwoolfe@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":203508,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kadhim, Dina","contributorId":16876,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kadhim","given":"Dina","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":203509,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":28560,"text":"wri964299 - 1997 - Mass balance, meteorological, ice motion, surface altitude, and runoff data at Gulkana Glacier, Alaska, 1993 balance year","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:53","indexId":"wri964299","displayToPublicDate":"1997-11-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"96-4299","title":"Mass balance, meteorological, ice motion, surface altitude, and runoff data at Gulkana Glacier, Alaska, 1993 balance year","docAbstract":"The 1993 measured winter snow, maximum winter snow, net, and annual balances in the Gulkana Glacier basin were evaluated on the basis of meteorological, hydrological, and glaciological data measured in the basin and are reported herein. Averaged over the glacier, the measured winter snow balance was 0.81 meter on March 31, 1993, 1.2 standard deviations below the long-term average; the maximum winter snow balance, 0.84 meter, was reached on May 10, 1993 and remained until May 11, 1993; the net balance (from August 18, 1992 to September 8, 1993) was 1.80 meters, the most negative balance year on record at 2.8 standard deviations below the long-term average. The annual balance (October 1, 1992 to September 30, 1993) was 1.64 meters. Ice-surface motion and altitude changes measured at three index sites document seasonal ice speed and glacier thickness changes. Annual stream runoff was 1.996 meters averaged over the basin, 0.2 standard deviations above the long-term average.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nBranch of Information Services [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/wri964299","usgsCitation":"March, R., and Trabant, D., 1997, Mass balance, meteorological, ice motion, surface altitude, and runoff data at Gulkana Glacier, Alaska, 1993 balance year: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 96-4299, vi, 30 p. :ill., map ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri964299.","productDescription":"vi, 30 p. :ill., map ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":119739,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1996/4299/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":57391,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1996/4299/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a26e4b07f02db60fd2a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"March, Rod","contributorId":16825,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"March","given":"Rod","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":200028,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Trabant, Dennis","contributorId":99990,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Trabant","given":"Dennis","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":200029,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":26444,"text":"wri974008 - 1997 - Field screening of water, soil, bottom sediment, and biota associated with irrigation drainage in the Dolores Project and the Mancos River Basin, southwestern Colorado, 1994","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-01-07T22:01:14.997139","indexId":"wri974008","displayToPublicDate":"1997-11-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"97-4008","title":"Field screening of water, soil, bottom sediment, and biota associated with irrigation drainage in the Dolores Project and the Mancos River Basin, southwestern Colorado, 1994","docAbstract":"A reconnaissance investigation for the National Irrigation Water Quality Program in 1990 indicated elevated selenium concentrations in some water and biota samples collected in the Dolores Project in southwestern Colorado. High selenium concentrations also were indicated in bird samples collected in the Mancos Project in 1989. In 1994, field screenings were done in parts of the Dolores Project and Mancos River Basin to collect additional selenium data associated with irrigation inthose areas. Selenium is mobilized from soils in newly irrigated areas of the Dolores Project called the Dove Creek area, which includes newly (since 1987) irrigated land north of Cortez and south of Dove Creek.Selenium was detected in 18 of 20stream samples, and the maximum concentration was 12micrograms per liter. The Dove Creek area is unique compared to other study areas of the National Irrigation Water Quality Program becauseselenium concentrations probably are indicative of initial leaching conditions in a newly irrigated area.Selenium concentrations in nine shallow soil samples from the Dove Creek area ranged from 0.13 to 0.20 micrograms per gram. Selenium concentrations in bottom sediment from six ponds were less than the level of concern for fish and wildlife of 4 micrograms per gram. Many biota samples collected in the Dove Creek area had elevated selenium concentrations when compared to various guidelines and effect levels,although selenium concentrations in water, soil, and bottom sediment were relatively low. Selenium concentrations in 12 of 14 aquatic-invertebratesamples from ponds exceeded 3 micrograms per gram dry weight, a dietary guideline for protection of fish and wildlife. The mean seleniumconcentration of 10.3 micrograms per gram dry weight in aquatic bird eggs exceeded the guideline for reduced hatchability of 8 micrograms per gramdry weight. Two ponds in the Dove Creek area had a high selenium hazard rating based on a new protocol for assessing selenium hazard in theenvironment; however, waterfowl were reproducing at the two ponds. Three tributary streams of Mc Elmo Creek that drain irrigated areas of the Montezuma Valley south of the creek were sampled in 1994. Mud Creek probably is the largest source of selenium to Mc Elmo Creek. Most biota samples from Mud Creek had elevated selenium concentrations when compared to guidelines for dietary items and freshwater fish. Selenium concentrations in water samples collected in the Mancos River Basin upstream from Navajo Wash, which includes the Mancos Project, ranged from less than 1 to 10 micrograms per liter. Mud Creek contributed about 74 percent of the selenium load to the upper Mancos River in March 1994.Selenium concentrations were much higher in Navajo Wash; a sample collected in March had 97 micrograms per liter of selenium. Bottom-sediment samples from two ponds in the Mancos Projectexceeded the concentration of concern of 4 micrograms per gram. The highest selenium concentrations in biota samples from streams in the Mancos River Basin were for samples from Navajo Wash. Mostconcentrations in biota in the upper Mancos River Basin were less than guidelines. Mean selenium concentrations in eggs from aquatic birds collected at three ponds in the Mancos Project slightly exceed the guideline associated with reduced hatchability.Five bird livers had a mean selenium concentration of 32.6 micrograms per gram dry weight, whichslightly exceeded the mean concentration of 30 micrograms per gram dry weight that is associated with reproductive impairment. Two of the pondshad a high selenium hazard rating; however, mallard reproduction was observed in 1994 at one of the ponds that had a high selenium-hazard rating.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri974008","usgsCitation":"Butler, D.L., Osmundson, B.C., and Krueger, R.P., 1997, Field screening of water, soil, bottom sediment, and biota associated with irrigation drainage in the Dolores Project and the Mancos River Basin, southwestern Colorado, 1994: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 97-4008, iv, 43 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri974008.","productDescription":"iv, 43 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":55266,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1997/4008/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":394072,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_48642.htm"},{"id":125069,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1997/4008/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Colorado","otherGeospatial":"Dolores Project and the Mancos River Basin","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -109,\n 37\n ],\n [\n -108.2242,\n 37\n ],\n [\n -108.2242,\n 37.7556\n ],\n [\n -109,\n 37.7556\n ],\n [\n -109,\n 37\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e48b1e4b07f02db53078a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Butler, D. L.","contributorId":36967,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Butler","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":196402,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Osmundson, B. C.","contributorId":15655,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Osmundson","given":"B.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":196401,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Krueger, R. P.","contributorId":8890,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Krueger","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":196400,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":25836,"text":"wri974031 - 1997 - Water-quality assessment of the Ozark Plateaus study unit, Arkansas, Kansas, Missouri, and Oklahoma: Organic compounds in surface water, bed sediment, and biological tissue, 1992-95","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-12-19T22:11:01.774946","indexId":"wri974031","displayToPublicDate":"1997-11-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"97-4031","title":"Water-quality assessment of the Ozark Plateaus study unit, Arkansas, Kansas, Missouri, and Oklahoma: Organic compounds in surface water, bed sediment, and biological tissue, 1992-95","docAbstract":"Organic-compound samples, including pesticides and semi-volatiles, were collected from 1992-95 at 43 surface-water and 27 bed-sediment and biological-tissue sampling sites within the Ozark Plateaus National Water-Quality Assessment Program study unit. Most surface-water, bed-sediment, and biological-tissue sites have drainage basins predominantly in the Springfield and Salem Plateaus. At most surface-water sampling sites, one to three pesticide samples were collected in the spring and early summer of 1994 and 1995; two sites had additional samples collected either weekly, biweekly, or monthly from February 1994 through December 1994. At most bed-sediment and biological-tissue sampling sites, a single organic-compounds sample was collected.\r\nAgricultural pesticide use was approximately 4.9 million pounds of active ingredients per year from 1987-91 in the study unit and was generally greatest in the Springfield and Salem Plateaus pasturelands and in the Osage Plains and Mississippi Alluvial Plain cropland areas. The most frequently applied pesticide in the study unit was 2,4-D. Atrazine was the second most frequently applied pesticide. Corn, pasture, rice, sorghum, and soybeans received approximately 85 percent of the pesticides applied within the study unit. The highest pesticide application rate occurred on these crops in the Mississippi Alluvial and Osage Plains. Pastureland was the crop type that received the greatest amount of pesticides in 53 of the 96 counties in the study unit.\r\nThe most commonly detected herbicide (63 samples) in surface water was atrazine. Five other pesticides--desethylatrazine, tebuthiuron, prometon, metolachlor, and simazine--were detected in 15 or more samples. The most commonly detected insecticide (13 samples) was p,p'-DDE. Two other insecticides, diazinon and cis-permethrin, were detected in seven or more samples. Pesticides were detected at 39 surface-water sites; samples collected at Yocum Creek near Oak Grove, Ark. had the most pesticide detections (13). Seventeen other sites had samples with six or more pesticide detections. \r\nAnalysis of pesticide data collected at surface-water sites indicates that the largest variety of different pesticides detected (18) was in small, agricultural drainage basins; the largest percentage of detections of a single pesticide (about 80) was in medium, agricultural basins. Pesticide concentrations were small, and in most cases, at or near the detection limit. Maximum concentrations ranged from 0.001 to 0.007 micrograms per liter (mg/L) at small, forest sites; 0.001 to 0.029 mg/L at medium, forest sites; 0.001 to 0.079 mg/L at small, agricultural sites; and 0.003 to 0.29 mg/L at medium, agricultural sites. Pesticides were detected significantly more often in medium, agricultural basins in the Springfield Plateau. \r\nThe most commonly detected (13 samples) organic compound in bed sediment, in concentrations noticeably above background levels, was 2,6-dimethylnaphthalene; the maximum concentration of 2,6-dimethylnaphthalene was 130 micrograms per kilogram. Seventeen or more compounds were detected in bed-sediment samples collected at three sites.\r\nFour compounds were detected in biological-tissue samples: p,p'-DDT in Corbicula fluminea (Asiatic clam) tissue collected at the Osage River near St. Thomas, Mo. and cis-chlordane, trans-chlordane, and trans-nonachlor in C. fluminea tissue collected at the James River near Boaz, Mo.\r\nOrganic compounds collected at surface-water, bed-sediment, or biological-tissue sampling sites were not detected in concentrations that exceeded any health criteria or standards. Based on this information, organic compounds do not pose any widespread or persistent problems in the study unit.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri974031","usgsCitation":"Bell, R.W., Davis, J., Femmer, S.R., and Joseph, R.L., 1997, Water-quality assessment of the Ozark Plateaus study unit, Arkansas, Kansas, Missouri, and Oklahoma: Organic compounds in surface water, bed sediment, and biological tissue, 1992-95: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 97-4031, v, 30 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri974031.","productDescription":"v, 30 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":54582,"rank":1,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1997/4031/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":124750,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1997/4031/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":410747,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_48666.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Arkansas, Kansas, Missouri, Oklahoma","otherGeospatial":"Ozark Plateaus study unit","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -90,\n 38.8\n ],\n [\n -95,\n 38.8\n ],\n [\n -95,\n 35.3833\n ],\n [\n -90,\n 35.3833\n ],\n [\n -90,\n 38.8\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e48cde4b07f02db54493e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bell, Richard W.","contributorId":44141,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bell","given":"Richard","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":195279,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Davis, Jerri V. jdavis@usgs.gov","contributorId":2667,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Davis","given":"Jerri V.","email":"jdavis@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":396,"text":"Missouri Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":195276,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Femmer, Suzanne R. sfemmer@usgs.gov","contributorId":2668,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Femmer","given":"Suzanne","email":"sfemmer@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":396,"text":"Missouri Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":195277,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Joseph, Robert L. rljoseph@usgs.gov","contributorId":3482,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Joseph","given":"Robert","email":"rljoseph@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":195278,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":6130,"text":"pp1546 - 1997 - Geophysical interpretations of the Libby thrust belt, northwestern Montana, with a section on deep folds and faults interpreted from seismic data and a section on interpretation of magnetotelluric soundings","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-09-25T21:22:31.409142","indexId":"pp1546","displayToPublicDate":"1997-11-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1546","title":"Geophysical interpretations of the Libby thrust belt, northwestern Montana, with a section on deep folds and faults interpreted from seismic data and a section on interpretation of magnetotelluric soundings","docAbstract":"Interpretations of gravity and aeromagnetic anomaly data, supplemented by results from two seismic reflection profiles and five magnetotelluric soundings, were used to study buried structure and lithology of the Libby thrust belt of northwestern Montana. The gravity anomaly data show a marked correlation with major structures. The Purcell anticlinorium and the Sylvanite anticline are very likely cored by stacks of thrust slices of dense crystalline basement rocks that account for the large gravity highs across these two structures. Gravity anomaly data for the Cabinet Mountains Wilderness show a string of four broad highs. The principal magnetic anomaly sources are igneous intrusive rocks, major fault zones, and magnetite-bearing sedimentary rocks of the Ravalli Group. The most important magnetic anomalies in the principal study area are five distinct positive anomalies associated with Cretaceous or younger cupolas and stocks.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/pp1546","usgsCitation":"Kleinkopf, M.D., Harrison, J.E., and Stanley, W.D., 1997, Geophysical interpretations of the Libby thrust belt, northwestern Montana, with a section on deep folds and faults interpreted from seismic data and a section on interpretation of magnetotelluric soundings: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1546, Report: iii, 22 p.; 2 Plates: 22.50 20.50 inches and 29.00 x 33.00 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/pp1546.","productDescription":"Report: iii, 22 p.; 2 Plates: 22.50 20.50 inches and 29.00 x 33.00 inches","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":108380,"rank":5,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_13146.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"13146"},{"id":33199,"rank":4,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1546/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":33198,"rank":3,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1546/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":843,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/p1546/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":117751,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/pp_1546.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Montana","otherGeospatial":"Libby thrust belt","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -116,\n 49\n ],\n [\n -116,\n 47.25\n ],\n [\n -114.5,\n 47.25\n ],\n [\n -114.5,\n 49\n ],\n [\n -116,\n 49\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ac8e4b07f02db67c0f2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kleinkopf, M. Dean","contributorId":37723,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kleinkopf","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"Dean","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":152166,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Harrison, Jack Edward","contributorId":51736,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Harrison","given":"Jack","email":"","middleInitial":"Edward","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":152167,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Stanley, W. D.","contributorId":86756,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stanley","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":152168,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ]}