{"pageNumber":"1259","pageRowStart":"31450","pageSize":"25","recordCount":46734,"records":[{"id":70019609,"text":"70019609 - 1997 - The physics of debris flows","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-07-17T22:51:11.639048","indexId":"70019609","displayToPublicDate":"1997-08-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3283,"text":"Reviews of Geophysics","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The physics of debris flows","docAbstract":"Recent advances in theory and experimentation motivate a thorough reassessment of the physics of debris flows. Analyses of flows of dry, granular solids and solid-fluid mixtures provide a foundation for a comprehensive debris flow theory, and experiments provide data that reveal the strengths and limitations of theoretical models. Both debris flow materials and dry granular materials can sustain shear stresses while remaining static; both can deform in a slow, tranquil mode characterized by enduring, frictional grain contacts; and both can flow in a more rapid, agitated mode characterized by brief, inelastic grain collisions. In debris flows, however, pore fluid that is highly viscous and nearly incompressible, composed of water with suspended silt and clay, can strongly mediate intergranular friction and collisions. Grain friction, grain collisions, and viscous fluid flow may transfer significant momentum simultaneously. Both the vibrational kinetic energy of solid grains (measured by a quantity termed the granular temperature) and the pressure of the intervening pore fluid facilitate motion of grains past one another, thereby enhancing debris flow mobility. Granular temperature arises from conversion of flow translational energy to grain vibrational energy, a process that depends on shear rates, grain properties, boundary conditions, and the ambient fluid viscosity and pressure. Pore fluid pressures that exceed static equilibrium pressures result from local or global debris contraction. Like larger, natural debris flows, experimental debris flows of ???10 m3 of poorly sorted, water-saturated sediment invariably move as an unsteady surge or series of surges. Measurements at the base of experimental flows show that coarse-grained surge fronts have little or no pore fluid pressure. In contrast, finer-grained, thoroughly saturated debris behind surge fronts is nearly liquefied by high pore pressure, which persists owing to the great compressibility and moderate permeability of the debris. Realistic models of debris flows therefore require equations that simulate inertial motion of surges in which high-resistance fronts dominated by solid forces impede the motion of low-resistance tails more strongly influenced by fluid forces. Furthermore, because debris flows characteristically originate as nearly rigid sediment masses, transform at least partly to liquefied flows, and then transform again to nearly rigid deposits, acceptable models must simulate an evolution of material behavior without invoking preternatural changes in material properties. A simple model that satisfies most of these criteria uses depth-averaged equations of motion patterned after those of the Savage-Hutter theory for gravity-driven flow of dry granular masses but generalized to include the effects of viscous pore fluid with varying pressure. These equations can describe a spectrum of debris flow behaviors intermediate between those of wet rock avalanches and sediment-laden water floods. With appropriate pore pressure distributions the equations yield numerical solutions that successfully predict unsteady, nonuniform motion of experimental debris flows.","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/97RG00426","issn":"87551209","usgsCitation":"Iverson, R., 1997, The physics of debris flows: Reviews of Geophysics, v. 35, no. 3, p. 245-296, https://doi.org/10.1029/97RG00426.","productDescription":"52 p.","startPage":"245","endPage":"296","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":492850,"rank":2,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/97rg00426","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":227875,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"35","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bae97e4b08c986b3241da","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Iverson, R.M. 0000-0002-7369-3819","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7369-3819","contributorId":16435,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Iverson","given":"R.M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383315,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":23533,"text":"ofr9732 - 1997 - Alaska resource data file: Sleetmute quadrangle","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-04-02T17:30:18.311195","indexId":"ofr9732","displayToPublicDate":"1997-08-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"97-32","title":"Alaska resource data file: Sleetmute quadrangle","docAbstract":"<p>No abstract available.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr9732","issn":"0094-9140","usgsCitation":"Keith, W.J., and Miller, M., 1997, Alaska resource data file: Sleetmute quadrangle: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 97-32, 38 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr9732.","productDescription":"38 p.","costCenters":[{"id":119,"text":"Alaska Science Center Geology Minerals","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":156079,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1997/0032/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":1610,"rank":2,"type":{"id":18,"text":"Project Site"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/P96MMRFD","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":388922,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_37192.htm"},{"id":52821,"rank":4,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1997/0032/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Sleetmute quadrangle","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -159,\n              61\n            ],\n            [\n              -156,\n              61\n            ],\n            [\n              -156,\n              62\n            ],\n            [\n              -159,\n              62\n            ],\n            [\n              -159,\n              61\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49f1e4b07f02db5ee921","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Keith, W. J.","contributorId":41827,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Keith","given":"W.","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":190274,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Miller, Marti L. 0000-0003-0285-4942","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0285-4942","contributorId":89523,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Miller","given":"Marti L.","affiliations":[{"id":119,"text":"Alaska Science Center Geology Minerals","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":190275,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":6769,"text":"fs24296 - 1997 - World Wide Web home page for the South Platte NAWQA","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-06-30T10:40:24","indexId":"fs24296","displayToPublicDate":"1997-08-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":313,"text":"Fact Sheet","code":"FS","onlineIssn":"2327-6932","printIssn":"2327-6916","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"242-96","title":"World Wide Web home page for the South Platte NAWQA","docAbstract":"<p>A World Wide Web home page for the U.S. Geological Survey's (USGS) National Water-Quality Assessment (NAWQA) Program, South Platte River Basin study is now online. The home page includes information about the basinwide investigation and provides viewing and downloading access to physical, chemical, and biological data collected by the study team. </p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/fs24296","usgsCitation":"Qi, S.L., and Dennehy, K.F., 1997, World Wide Web home page for the South Platte NAWQA: U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 242-96, 2 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/fs24296.","productDescription":"2 p.","costCenters":[{"id":191,"text":"Colorado Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":121708,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/1996/0242/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":34130,"rank":299,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/1996/0242/report.pdf","text":"Report","size":"1 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"FS 242-96"}],"country":"United States","state":"Colorado","otherGeospatial":"South Platte River Basin","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {\n        \"stroke\": \"#555555\",\n        \"stroke-width\": 2,\n        \"stroke-opacity\": 1,\n        \"fill\": \"#555555\",\n        \"fill-opacity\": 0.2\n      },\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -103.07373046875,\n              40.81380923056958\n            ],\n            [\n              -106.4794921875,\n              40.74725696280421\n            ],\n            [\n              -106.80908203125,\n              39.8928799002948\n            ],\n            [\n              -107.02880859375,\n              39.36827914916014\n            ],\n            [\n              -104.67773437499999,\n              39.45316112807394\n            ],\n            [\n              -103.42529296875,\n              39.554883059924016\n            ],\n            [\n              -103.07373046875,\n              40.34654412118006\n            ],\n            [\n              -102.94189453125,\n              40.78054143186033\n            ],\n            [\n              -103.07373046875,\n              40.81380923056958\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49d8e4b07f02db5df598","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Qi, Sharon L. 0000-0001-7278-4498 slqi@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7278-4498","contributorId":1130,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Qi","given":"Sharon","email":"slqi@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":622,"text":"Washington Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":518,"text":"Oregon Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":191,"text":"Colorado Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":153306,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Dennehy, Kevin F. kdennehy@usgs.gov","contributorId":1128,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dennehy","given":"Kevin","email":"kdennehy@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[{"id":509,"text":"Office of the Associate Director for Water","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":153305,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":26405,"text":"wri954168 - 1997 - Hydrogeology and potential for ground-water development, carbonate-rock aquifers, southern Nevada and southeastern California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-02-03T19:24:01.167845","indexId":"wri954168","displayToPublicDate":"1997-08-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"95-4168","title":"Hydrogeology and potential for ground-water development, carbonate-rock aquifers, southern Nevada and southeastern California","docAbstract":"Seventeen hydrographic areas in southern Nevada were assessed for the ground-water development potential of the underlying carbonate-rock aquifers on the basis of geologic and hydrologic information developed as part of the Nevada Carbonate Aquifers Study and information compiled from previous investigations. All selected areas lie within a miogeoclinal belt where thick accumulations of carbonate rock followed by major episodes of compression and extension have greatly modified the region. Most of the selected hydrographic areas lie within the less extended terranes; however, several areas, or parts of areas, lie within severely extended terranes where carbonate rocks have been greatly thinned, or where deformed blocks of carbonate rock are discontinuous and isolated from surrounding carbonate rock aquifers. Three principal criteria were used to assess the development potential of each selected hydrographic area. These quantitative criteria are: (1) depth to water, (2) depth to and thickness of carbonate rocks, and (3) water quality. Other site-specific factors, such as accessibility and potential effects of ground-water development, are also discussed. Results suggest that sites with high potential for development may be scarce in southern Nevada. Many areas described as favorable on the basis of the three quantitative criteria were deemed unfavorable on the basis of possible short- and long-term effects associated with development and on the amount of available data used to make the assessment. The most favorable sites may be in more severely extended terranes, where development of isolated blocks (of carbonate-rock aquifer material) would be less likely to affect neighboring areas.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri954168","usgsCitation":"Burbey, T., 1997, Hydrogeology and potential for ground-water development, carbonate-rock aquifers, southern Nevada and southeastern California: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 95-4168, v, 65 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri954168.","productDescription":"v, 65 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":55195,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1995/4168/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":123682,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1995/4168/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":395394,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_48263.htm"}],"country":"United States","state":"California, Nevada","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -117.05,\n              35.5667\n            ],\n            [\n              -114.3333,\n              35.5667\n            ],\n            [\n              -114.3333,\n              37.7278\n            ],\n            [\n              -117.05,\n              37.7278\n            ],\n            [\n              -117.05,\n              35.5667\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4adbe4b07f02db685a2b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Burbey, T. J.","contributorId":97131,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Burbey","given":"T. J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":196332,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":21904,"text":"ofr96722 - 1997 - Laboratory data for calcic soils in central New Mexico; background information for mapping Quaternary deposits in the Albuquerque basin","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:07:58","indexId":"ofr96722","displayToPublicDate":"1997-08-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"96-722","title":"Laboratory data for calcic soils in central New Mexico; background information for mapping Quaternary deposits in the Albuquerque basin","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/ofr96722","issn":"0094-9140","usgsCitation":"Machette, M.N., Long, T., Bachman, G., and Timbel, N., 1997, Laboratory data for calcic soils in central New Mexico; background information for mapping Quaternary deposits in the Albuquerque basin: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 96-722, 60 p. :maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr96722.","productDescription":"60 p. :maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":155443,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1996/0722/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":51389,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1996/0722/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b32e4b07f02db6b4491","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Machette, M. N.","contributorId":19561,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Machette","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":186180,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Long, Thomas","contributorId":63043,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Long","given":"Thomas","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":186182,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Bachman, G.O.","contributorId":55858,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bachman","given":"G.O.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":186181,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Timbel, N.R.","contributorId":64685,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Timbel","given":"N.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":186183,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":6832,"text":"fs02697 - 1997 - GeoChange Global Change Data","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-04-03T08:39:53","indexId":"fs02697","displayToPublicDate":"1997-08-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":313,"text":"Fact Sheet","code":"FS","onlineIssn":"2327-6932","printIssn":"2327-6916","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"026-97","title":"GeoChange Global Change Data","docAbstract":"GeoChange is an online data system \nproviding access to research results and \ndata generated by the U.S. Geological \nSurvey's Global Change Research \nProgram. Researchers in this program \nstudy climate history and the causes of \nclimatic variations, as well as providing \nbaseline data sets on contemporary \natmospheric chemistry, high-resolution \nmeteorology, and dust deposition. \nResearch results are packaged as data \nsets, groups of digital files containing \nscientific observations, documentation, \nand interpretation. The data sets are \narranged in a consistent manner using \nstandard file formats so that users of a \nvariety of computer systems can access \nand use them.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/fs02697","usgsCitation":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey, 1997, GeoChange Global Change Data: U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 026-97, 2 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/fs02697.","productDescription":"2 p.","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":139772,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/fs02697.jpg"},{"id":285359,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/0026-97/report.pdf"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b24e4b07f02db6aea0a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","contributorId":128075,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","id":528790,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":24425,"text":"ofr9782 - 1997 - The use of stable carbon- and nitrogen-isotope data in quantifying cyanide loss from nine wastewaters","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:12","indexId":"ofr9782","displayToPublicDate":"1997-08-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"97-82","title":"The use of stable carbon- and nitrogen-isotope data in quantifying cyanide loss from nine wastewaters","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/ofr9782","issn":"0094-9140","usgsCitation":"Rye, R.O., and Johnson, C.A., 1997, The use of stable carbon- and nitrogen-isotope data in quantifying cyanide loss from nine wastewaters: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 97-82, 12 p. :ill. ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr9782.","productDescription":"12 p. :ill. ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":156261,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1997/0082/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":53504,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1997/0082/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a5fe4b07f02db634743","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Rye, R. O.","contributorId":66208,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rye","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"O.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":191898,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Johnson, C. A. 0000-0002-1334-2996","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1334-2996","contributorId":27492,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnson","given":"C.","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":191897,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":22206,"text":"ofr9795 - 1997 - Tectonic controls on magmatism and geothermal resources in the Geysers-Clear Lake region, California: Integration of new geologic, earthquake tomography, seismicity, gravity, and magnetotelluric data","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-09-19T20:27:27.015584","indexId":"ofr9795","displayToPublicDate":"1997-08-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"97-95","title":"Tectonic controls on magmatism and geothermal resources in the Geysers-Clear Lake region, California: Integration of new geologic, earthquake tomography, seismicity, gravity, and magnetotelluric data","docAbstract":"<p>No abstract available.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr9795","usgsCitation":"Stanley, W.D., Benz, H., Walters, M.A., and Rodriguez, B.D., 1997, Tectonic controls on magmatism and geothermal resources in the Geysers-Clear Lake region, California: Integration of new geologic, earthquake tomography, seismicity, gravity, and magnetotelluric data: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 97-95, 40 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr9795.","productDescription":"40 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":407003,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_19409.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":51637,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1997/0095/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":156676,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1997/0095/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Geysers-Clear Lake region","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -123.135,\n              38.444\n            ],\n            [\n              -122.292,\n              38.444\n            ],\n            [\n              -122.292,\n              39.152\n            ],\n            [\n              -123.135,\n              39.152\n            ],\n            [\n              -123.135,\n              38.444\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4adbe4b07f02db68597c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Stanley, W. D.","contributorId":86756,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stanley","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":187615,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Benz, H.M.","contributorId":21594,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Benz","given":"H.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":187613,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Walters, M. A.","contributorId":57522,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Walters","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":187614,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Rodriguez, B. D.","contributorId":6084,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rodriguez","given":"B.","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":187612,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":4984,"text":"fs05297 - 1997 - Real-time rainfall measurement in the City of Charlotte and Mecklenburg County, North Carolina","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-12-02T13:39:12","indexId":"fs05297","displayToPublicDate":"1997-08-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":313,"text":"Fact Sheet","code":"FS","onlineIssn":"2327-6932","printIssn":"2327-6916","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"052-97","title":"Real-time rainfall measurement in the City of Charlotte and Mecklenburg County, North Carolina","docAbstract":"The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) has measured rainfall at various locations in Mecklenburg County, North Carolina, since 1963. Between 1992 and 1997, the USGS, in cooperation with Charlotte Stormwater Services, installed 43 raingages throughout Mecklengburg County and adjoining counties. These 43 raingages, combined with three previously installed gages, compose a data-collection network that provides detailed, accurate information on rainfall throughout the county.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/fs05297","usgsCitation":"Hazell, W., and Bales, J.D., 1997, Real-time rainfall measurement in the City of Charlotte and Mecklenburg County, North Carolina: U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 052-97, 1 folded sheet ([4] p.) : col. ill., col maps ; 28 cm. col. ill., col maps ;, https://doi.org/10.3133/fs05297.","productDescription":"1 folded sheet ([4] p.) : col. ill., col maps ; 28 cm. col. ill., col maps ;","costCenters":[{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":31826,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/1997/0052/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":125202,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/1997/0052/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"North Carolina","county":"Mecklenburg County","city":"Charlotte","geographicExtents":"{\"type\":\"FeatureCollection\",\"features\":[{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"Polygon\",\"coordinates\":[[[-80.7823,35.5113],[-80.7867,35.5031],[-80.7889,35.4949],[-80.7831,35.4836],[-80.7819,35.475],[-80.7779,35.4668],[-80.7778,35.4614],[-80.7744,35.4578],[-80.7549,35.423],[-80.7525,35.4148],[-80.7553,35.4125],[-80.7638,35.4134],[-80.7693,35.402],[-80.7551,35.3944],[-80.7364,35.3786],[-80.7187,35.3624],[-80.704,35.3552],[-80.6983,35.3507],[-80.6822,35.3131],[-80.6677,35.2705],[-80.6214,35.2499],[-80.5954,35.2369],[-80.5485,35.2108],[-80.6245,35.1487],[-80.7328,35.0627],[-80.7645,35.0375],[-80.7684,35.0348],[-80.7746,35.0329],[-80.7858,35.0315],[-80.7892,35.0314],[-80.8009,35.0286],[-80.8155,35.0204],[-80.8194,35.019],[-80.8216,35.018],[-80.8216,35.0167],[-80.8288,35.0098],[-80.835,35.0061],[-80.8405,35.0016],[-80.8604,35.0246],[-80.8854,35.0535],[-80.9016,35.0716],[-80.9312,35.1049],[-80.9373,35.1018],[-81.0383,35.0452],[-81.0419,35.0432],[-81.0447,35.0468],[-81.0464,35.0482],[-81.0483,35.0507],[-81.0503,35.0527],[-81.0528,35.0557],[-81.0548,35.0582],[-81.0568,35.0611],[-81.0577,35.0636],[-81.0586,35.067],[-81.0582,35.0722],[-81.0577,35.0788],[-81.0566,35.0834],[-81.0554,35.0868],[-81.0541,35.0904],[-81.0533,35.0927],[-81.0523,35.0956],[-81.0503,35.0975],[-81.0487,35.099],[-81.0462,35.1003],[-81.0437,35.1014],[-81.042,35.1022],[-81.0391,35.1027],[-81.0369,35.1036],[-81.0352,35.1054],[-81.0344,35.1072],[-81.0341,35.1095],[-81.0341,35.1136],[-81.0358,35.1186],[-81.0363,35.1213],[-81.038,35.124],[-81.0408,35.1267],[-81.0425,35.1281],[-81.0454,35.1289],[-81.0476,35.1295],[-81.0499,35.1302],[-81.051,35.1313],[-81.0521,35.1335],[-81.0523,35.1365],[-81.0517,35.1392],[-81.0501,35.142],[-81.0476,35.1463],[-81.0448,35.1494],[-81.0238,35.1486],[-81.0176,35.1536],[-81.0109,35.1532],[-81.0076,35.1569],[-81.0088,35.165],[-81.0049,35.1728],[-81.0045,35.1814],[-81.0046,35.1864],[-81.0063,35.1923],[-81.0064,35.1973],[-81.0054,35.2055],[-81.0071,35.2109],[-81.0129,35.2231],[-81.0113,35.2309],[-81.012,35.2349],[-81.0082,35.2509],[-81.0139,35.2585],[-81.0152,35.2685],[-81.0143,35.2876],[-81.0133,35.293],[-81.0105,35.2944],[-81.0033,35.3017],[-81.0022,35.3045],[-80.9961,35.3113],[-80.9938,35.3132],[-80.9894,35.3205],[-80.9844,35.3237],[-80.9805,35.3287],[-80.9823,35.3341],[-80.984,35.3373],[-80.9818,35.3446],[-80.9706,35.3501],[-80.9656,35.3506],[-80.9593,35.3489],[-80.9537,35.3521],[-80.9442,35.3521],[-80.9374,35.3572],[-80.9285,35.3614],[-80.9268,35.3627],[-80.9296,35.3636],[-80.9432,35.3658],[-80.9505,35.3675],[-80.9563,35.3738],[-80.9597,35.3756],[-80.9625,35.3756],[-80.9647,35.3738],[-80.9669,35.3688],[-80.9697,35.3669],[-80.9742,35.3642],[-80.9776,35.3646],[-80.9844,35.3695],[-80.9868,35.38],[-80.9846,35.3822],[-80.9806,35.3823],[-80.9761,35.3828],[-80.9632,35.3901],[-80.9554,35.3925],[-80.9549,35.4006],[-80.959,35.4133],[-80.9569,35.4288],[-80.9587,35.436],[-80.9527,35.446],[-80.9465,35.4524],[-80.9421,35.457],[-80.9432,35.4602],[-80.9506,35.4656],[-80.9518,35.4701],[-80.948,35.481],[-80.947,35.486],[-80.951,35.4942],[-80.9612,35.4986],[-80.9664,35.509],[-80.9637,35.5131],[-80.9586,35.5163],[-80.9569,35.5177],[-80.7823,35.5113]]]},\"properties\":{\"name\":\"Mecklenburg\",\"state\":\"NC\"}}]}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a74e4b07f02db644389","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hazell, W. F.","contributorId":40625,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hazell","given":"W. F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":150240,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bales, Jerad D. 0000-0001-8398-6984 jdbales@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8398-6984","contributorId":683,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bales","given":"Jerad","email":"jdbales@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":5058,"text":"Office of the Chief Scientist for Water","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":436,"text":"National Research Program - Eastern Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":150239,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":27415,"text":"wri964309 - 1997 - Ambient quality of ground water in the vicinity of Naval Submarine Base Bangor, Kitsap County, Washington, 1995","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-04-07T13:30:58.272729","indexId":"wri964309","displayToPublicDate":"1997-08-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"96-4309","title":"Ambient quality of ground water in the vicinity of Naval Submarine Base Bangor, Kitsap County, Washington, 1995","docAbstract":"<p>A study of the ambient ground-water quality in the vicinity of Naval Submarine Base (SUBASE) Bangor was conducted to provide the U.S. Navy with background levels of selected constituents. The Navy needs this information to plan and manage cleanup activities on the base. During March and April 1995, 136 water-supply wells were sampled for common ions, trace elements, and organic compounds; not all wells were sampled for all constituents. Man-made organic compounds were detected in only two of fifty wells, and the sources of these organic compounds were attributed to activities in the immediate vicinities of these off-base wells. Drinking water standards for trichloroethylene, iron, and manganese were exceeded in one of these wells, which was probably contaminated by an old local (off-base) dump. </p><p>Ground water from wells open to the following hydrogeologic units (in order from shallow to deep) was investigated: the Vashon till confining unit (Qvt, three wells); the Vashon aquifer (Qva, 54 wells); the Upper confining unit (QC1, 16 wells); the Permeable interbeds within QC1 (QC1pi, 34 wells); and the Sea-level aquifer (QA1, 29 wells).The 50th and 90th percentile ambient background levels of 35 inorganic constituents were determined for each hydrogeologic unit. At least ten measurements were required for a constituent in each hydrogeologic unit for determination of ambient background levels, and data for three wells determined to be affected by localized activities were excluded from these analyses. </p><p>The only drinking water standards exceeded by ambient background levels were secondary maximum contaminant levels for iron (300 micrograms per liter), in QC1 and QC1pi, and manganese (50 micrograms per liter), in all of the units. The 90th percentile values for arsenic in QC1pi, QA1, and for the entire study area are above 5 micrograms per liter, the Model Toxics Control Act Method A value for protecting drinking water, but well below the maximum contaminant level of 50 micrograms per liter for arsenic. </p><p>The manganese standard was exceeded in 38 wells and the standard for iron was exceeded in 12 wells. Most of these wells were in QC1 or QC1pi and had dissolved oxygen concentrations of less than 1 milligram per liter and dissolved organic carbon concentrations greater than 1 milligram per liter. The dissolved oxygen concentration is generally lower in the deeper units, while pH increases; the recommended pH range of 6.5-8.5 standard units was exceeded in 9 wells. The common-ion chemistry was similar for all of the units.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri964309","usgsCitation":"Greene, K.E., 1997, Ambient quality of ground water in the vicinity of Naval Submarine Base Bangor, Kitsap County, Washington, 1995: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 96-4309, iv, 46 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri964309.","productDescription":"iv, 46 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":415371,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_49274.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":56273,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1996/4309/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":125071,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1996/4309/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Washington","county":"Kitsap County","otherGeospatial":"Naval Submarine Base Bangor","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -122.8069,\n              47.8258\n            ],\n            [\n              -122.8069,\n              47.6222\n            ],\n            [\n              -122.5833,\n              47.6222\n            ],\n            [\n              -122.5833,\n              47.8258\n            ],\n            [\n              -122.8069,\n              47.8258\n            ]\n          ]\n        ],\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4adce4b07f02db686976","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Greene, Karen E.","contributorId":16870,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Greene","given":"Karen","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":198075,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":25990,"text":"wri964307 - 1997 - Regional equations for estimation of peak-streamflow frequency for natural basins in Texas","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-08-22T09:00:20","indexId":"wri964307","displayToPublicDate":"1997-08-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"96-4307","title":"Regional equations for estimation of peak-streamflow frequency for natural basins in Texas","docAbstract":"<p>Peak-streamflow frequency estimates are needed for flood-plain management; for objective assessment of flood risk; and for cost-effective design of dams, levees, other flood-control structures, roads, bridges, and culverts. Peak-streamflow frequency represents the peak discharges for recurrence intervals of 2, 5, 10, 25, 50, and 100 years. The U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with the Texas Department of Transportation, conducted an investigation to develop regional regression equations for the estimation of peak-streamflow frequency for ungaged sites in natural basins in Texas. Peak-streamflow frequency data from streamflow-gaging stations in natural drainage basins of Texas were used.</p>\n<p>Peak-streamflow frequency for 559 Texas stations with natural (unregulated and rural or nonurbanized) basins was estimated with annual peak-streamflow data through 1993. The peak-streamflow frequency and drainage-basin characteristics for the Texas stations were used to develop 16 sets of equations to estimate peak-streamflow frequency for ungaged natural stream sites in each of 11 regions in Texas. The relation between peak-streamflow frequency and contributing drainage area for 5 of the 11 regions is curvilinear, requiring that one set of equations be developed for drainage areas less than 32 square miles and another set be developed for drainage areas greater than 32 square miles. These equations, developed through multiple-regression analysis using weighted least squares, are based on the relation between peak-streamflow frequency and basin characteristics for streamflow-gaging stations. The regions represent areas with similar flood characteristics. The use and limitations of the regression equations also are discussed. Additionally, procedures are presented to compute the 50-, 67-, and 90-percent confidence limits for any estimation from the equations. Also, supplemental peak-streamflow frequency and basin characteristics for 105 selected stations bordering Texas are included in the report. This supplemental information will aid in interpretation of flood characteristics for sites near the state borders of Texas.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Austin, TX","doi":"10.3133/wri964307","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Texas Department of Transportation","usgsCitation":"Asquith, W.H., and Slade, R.M., 1997, Regional equations for estimation of peak-streamflow frequency for natural basins in Texas: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 96-4307, Document: iv, 68 p.; Plate: 26 x 26 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/wri964307.","productDescription":"Document: iv, 68 p.; Plate: 26 x 26 inches","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":583,"text":"Texas Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":327130,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/wri964307.JPG"},{"id":1992,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index 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Jr.","contributorId":46487,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Slade","given":"Raymond","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":195595,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70179305,"text":"70179305 - 1997 - Kauai's endangered solitaires: Update on population status and distribution 1996","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-01-04T13:12:51","indexId":"70179305","displayToPublicDate":"1997-07-17T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3643,"text":"Transactions of the Western Section of the Wildlife Society","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Kauai's endangered solitaires: Update on population status and distribution 1996","docAbstract":"<p>The puaioihi (<i>Myadestes palmeri</i>) and the kamao (<i>M. myadestinus</i>) are endangered solitaires endemic to Kauai in the Hawaiian Islands and now restricted to the Alakai Swamp. The puaiohi has been rare historically with population estimates declining since the first population surveys 1968-73. Puaiohi were believed to be on the verge of extinction with population estimates less than 35 birds since 1981. In 1995 intensive studies of the breeding biology and population status of the puaiohi began using mist netting, color banding, spot mapping, and surveys. Fifty active nests were discovered and 63-75 birds monitored at the Koaie study site. Seven survey expeditions in 1996 detected 55-70 more puaiohi from 6 of 8 main river drainages of four survey areas explored. Although still rare and vulnerable to extinction (145±19 individuals known), puaiohi are more widely distributed within the Alakai Swamp than previously believed. Our data from 1996 suggest previous surveys methods have underestimated the population size or that the population has increased since 1981. The kamao has not been confirmed since 1985, but unconfirmed reports were made from 1989-1996. We have not sighted kamao to date despite intensive search efforts. We infer from detection probabilities that the species in highly likely to be extinct.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Wildlife Society","publisherLocation":"Albany, CA","usgsCitation":"Reynolds, M.H., Snetsinger, T.J., and Herrmann, C.M., 1997, Kauai's endangered solitaires: Update on population status and distribution 1996: Transactions of the Western Section of the Wildlife Society, v. 33, p. 49-55.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"49","endPage":"55","costCenters":[{"id":521,"text":"Pacific Island Ecosystems Research Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":332568,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United 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 \"}}]}","volume":"33","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5864dd5be4b0cd2dabe7c203","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Reynolds, Michelle H. 0000-0001-7253-8158 mreynolds@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7253-8158","contributorId":3871,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reynolds","given":"Michelle","email":"mreynolds@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[{"id":5049,"text":"Pacific Islands Ecosys Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":521,"text":"Pacific Island Ecosystems Research Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":656684,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Snetsinger, Thomas J.","contributorId":176132,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Snetsinger","given":"Thomas","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":656685,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Herrmann, Christina M.","contributorId":176133,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Herrmann","given":"Christina","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":656686,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70210154,"text":"70210154 - 1997 - Composition of the crust in the Grenville and Appalachian Provinces of North America inferred from VP/VS ratios","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-06-30T16:03:25.84407","indexId":"70210154","displayToPublicDate":"1997-07-10T09:20:09","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2314,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"displayTitle":"Composition of the crust in the Grenville and Appalachian Provinces of North America inferred from V<sub>P</sub>/V<sub>S</sub> ratios","title":"Composition of the crust in the Grenville and Appalachian Provinces of North America inferred from VP/VS ratios","docAbstract":"<div class=\"article-section__content en main\"><p>We use the ratios between<span>&nbsp;</span><i>P</i><span>&nbsp;</span>and<span>&nbsp;</span><i>S</i><span>&nbsp;</span>wave velocities (V<sub><i>P</i></sub>/V<sub><i>S</i></sub>), derived from seismic refraction data, to infer the composition of the crust in the Grenville and the Appalachian Provinces of North America. The crust exhibits V<sub><i>P</i></sub>/V<sub><i>S</i></sub><span>&nbsp;</span>increasing with depth from 1.64 to 1.84; there is a clear distinction between the Grenville Province (average V<sub><i>P</i></sub>/V<sub><i>S</i></sub>=1.81) and the Appalachian Province (average V<sub><i>P</i></sub>/V<sub><i>S</i></sub>=1.73) which persists at all depths. The boundary between these provinces is east dipping extending for 100 km east of the Champlain thrust. In the Appalachian Province the increase in V<sub><i>P</i></sub>/V<sub><i>S</i></sub><span>&nbsp;</span>ratios with depth from 1.67 to 1.74±0.02 may reflect a normal decrease of silica content in the continental crust. In the Grenville Province beneath the Central Granulite Terrane, an anomalous V<sub><i>P</i></sub>/V<sub><i>S</i></sub><span>&nbsp;</span>ratio of 1.82±0.02 is observed extending to a depth of 10 km; this correlates with the abundance of Ca‐plagioclase in the Marcy Anorthosite. At greater depth (15–20 km), where seismic lamination and high electrical conductivity is observed, V<sub><i>P</i></sub>/V<sub><i>S</i></sub><span>&nbsp;</span>is 1.84±0.02 and correlates with the Tahawus Complex, a layered mafic intrusion. Within the 25‐km‐thick lower crust of the Grenville Province the V<sub><i>P</i></sub>/V<sub><i>S</i></sub><span>&nbsp;</span>is 1.84±0.02 and P‐velocity is 7.0±0.1 km/s, which are typical for plagioclase‐bearing rocks (gabbro‐norite). The high V<sub><i>P</i></sub>/V<sub><i>S</i></sub><span>&nbsp;</span>ratio in the Grenville Province has not been reported in crust of any other age. Since the Grenville Province contains 75% of the world's known anorthosites, high V<sub><i>P</i></sub>/V<sub><i>S</i></sub><span>&nbsp;</span>ratio is related to high plagioclase. We suggest that the composition of the Grenville lower crust was significantly modified by the emplacement of the anorthosites in the mid‐Proterozoic.</p></div>","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/96JB03737","usgsCitation":"Musacchio, G., Mooney, W.D., Luetgert, J.H., and Christensen, N.I., 1997, Composition of the crust in the Grenville and Appalachian Provinces of North America inferred from VP/VS ratios: Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth, v. 102, no. B7, p. 15225-15241, https://doi.org/10.1029/96JB03737.","productDescription":"17 p.","startPage":"15225","endPage":"15241","costCenters":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":374888,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States, Canada","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -82.001953125,\n              41.96765920367816\n            ],\n            [\n              -67.5,\n              41.96765920367816\n            ],\n            [\n              -67.5,\n              47.338822694822\n            ],\n            [\n              -82.001953125,\n              47.338822694822\n            ],\n            [\n              -82.001953125,\n              41.96765920367816\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"102","issue":"B7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1997-07-10","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Musacchio, G.","contributorId":18918,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Musacchio","given":"G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":789329,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Mooney, Walter D. 0000-0002-5310-3631 mooney@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5310-3631","contributorId":3194,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mooney","given":"Walter","email":"mooney@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":789330,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Luetgert, James H. luetgert@usgs.gov","contributorId":4203,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Luetgert","given":"James","email":"luetgert@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":789331,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Christensen, Nikolas I.","contributorId":95927,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Christensen","given":"Nikolas","email":"","middleInitial":"I.","affiliations":[{"id":7001,"text":"Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Purdue University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":789332,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70202026,"text":"70202026 - 1997 - USGS Wildland Fire Workshop, EROS Data Center, Sioux Falls, SD, July 9-10, 1997","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-02-07T09:52:23","indexId":"70202026","displayToPublicDate":"1997-07-06T15:20:06","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":9,"text":"Other Report"},"title":"USGS Wildland Fire Workshop, EROS Data Center, Sioux Falls, SD, July 9-10, 1997","docAbstract":"<p>Report on the first workshop on USGS wildland fire expertise and capabilities. The workshop brought together operational<br>and research representatives ofthe Federal fire management agencies to initiate a more comprehensive assessment<br>ofthe USGS's capabilities and the appropriate role(s) for USGS interaction and involvement with the fire community. The<br>report discusses how the USGS can play a significant role in wildland fire research and offer the fire community several<br>unique capabilities. Foremost capability is the role as data producer; fire detection, assessment, ecological modeling, and<br>rehabilitation and restoration relying on digital elevation models, digital line-graphs, national technical means, and image<br>data are also discussed. The bureau offers technical expertise using geographic information systems (GIS), image processing<br>and analysis, data base management and clearinghouse experience, and access to national technical means data. The<br>bureau must exploit the USGS's expertise and prominence in wildland fire research. The USGS is an experienced player<br>in fire ecology, fire assessment, and fuels loading research. Finally, the USGS also offers strong interdisciplinary experience<br>in watershed and geologic landslide modeling, which is key for assessing postfire effects.</p>","conferenceTitle":"USGS Wildland Fire Workshop","conferenceDate":"July 9-10, 1997","conferenceLocation":"Sioux Falls, SD","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","usgsCitation":"Coloff, S.G., Findley, J., and Helz, R.L., 1997, USGS Wildland Fire Workshop, EROS Data Center, Sioux Falls, SD, July 9-10, 1997, vi, 24 p.","productDescription":"vi, 24 p.","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":361070,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":361054,"rank":1,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a347475.pdf"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Coloff, S. G.","contributorId":212856,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Coloff","given":"S.","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":756759,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Findley, J.","contributorId":35923,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Findley","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":756760,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Helz, Rosalind L. 0000-0003-1550-0684 rhelz@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1550-0684","contributorId":1952,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Helz","given":"Rosalind","email":"rhelz@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":243,"text":"Eastern Geology and Paleoclimate Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":40020,"text":"Florence Bascom Geoscience Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":756761,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70114629,"text":"70114629 - 1997 - 1994 annual status report: a summary of fish data in six reaches of the upper Mississippi River system","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-07-15T13:58:48","indexId":"70114629","displayToPublicDate":"1997-07-01T11:49:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":322,"text":"Long Term Resource Monitoring Program","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"97-P007","title":"1994 annual status report: a summary of fish data in six reaches of the upper Mississippi River system","docAbstract":"<p>The Long Term Resource Monitoring Program (LTRMP) completed 2,653 collections of fishes from stratified random and permanently fixed sampling locations in six study reaches of the Upper Mississippi River System during 1994.  Collection methods included day and night electrofishing, hoop netting, fyke netting (two net sizes), gill netting, seining, and trawling in select aquatic area classes.  The six LTRMP study areas are Pools 4 (excluding Lake Pepin), 8, 13, and 26 of the Upper Mississippi River, and unimpounded reach of the Mississippi River near Cape Girardeau, Missouri, and the La Grange Pool of the Illinois River.  A total of 61-79 fish species were detected in each study area.  For each of the six LTRMP study areas, this report contains summaries of (1) sampling efforts in each combination of gear type and aquatic area class, (2) total catches of each species from each gear type, (3) mean catch-per-unit of gear effort statistics and standard errors for common species from each combination of aquatic area class and selected gear type, and (4) length distributions of common species from selected gear types.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/70114629","usgsCitation":"Gutreuter, S., Burkhardt, R.W., Stopyro, M., Bartels, A., Kramer, E., Bowler, M.C., Cronin, F.A., Soergel, D.W., Petersen, M.D., Herzog, D.P., Raibley, P.T., Irons, K.S., and O’Hara, T.M., 1997, 1994 annual status report: a summary of fish data in six reaches of the upper Mississippi River system: U.S. Geological Survey Long Term Resource Monitoring Program 97-P007, v, 256 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/70114629.","productDescription":"v, 256 p.","numberOfPages":"263","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":290157,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":290156,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/unnumbered/70114629/report.pdf"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53ad40e1e4b0729c154181b1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Gutreuter, Steve","contributorId":91437,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gutreuter","given":"Steve","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":495368,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Burkhardt, Randy W.","contributorId":50493,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Burkhardt","given":"Randy","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":495364,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Stopyro, Mark","contributorId":76656,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stopyro","given":"Mark","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":495367,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Bartels, Andrew","contributorId":29314,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bartels","given":"Andrew","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":495362,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Kramer, Eric","contributorId":104405,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kramer","given":"Eric","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":495369,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Bowler, Melvin C.","contributorId":23850,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bowler","given":"Melvin","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":495361,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Cronin, Frederick A.","contributorId":44463,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cronin","given":"Frederick","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":495363,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Soergel, Dirk W.","contributorId":12373,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Soergel","given":"Dirk","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":495358,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Petersen, Michael D.","contributorId":21861,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Petersen","given":"Michael","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":495360,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Herzog, David P.","contributorId":68654,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Herzog","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":495366,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10},{"text":"Raibley, Paul T.","contributorId":106416,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Raibley","given":"Paul","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":495370,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":11},{"text":"Irons, Kevin S.","contributorId":65188,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Irons","given":"Kevin","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":495365,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":12},{"text":"O’Hara, Timothy M.","contributorId":12786,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"O’Hara","given":"Timothy","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":495359,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":13}]}}
,{"id":24239,"text":"ofr96629 - 1997 - Documentation and description of the digital spatial data base for southern California Regional Aquifer-System Analysis Program, Santa Clara-Calleguas Basin, Ventura County, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:06","indexId":"ofr96629","displayToPublicDate":"1997-07-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"96-629","title":"Documentation and description of the digital spatial data base for southern California Regional Aquifer-System Analysis Program, Santa Clara-Calleguas Basin, Ventura County, California","docAbstract":"This report documents the geographic information system map layers and data files generated for the Santa Clara-Calleguas Basin, Ventura County, as part of a Regional Aquifer- System Analysis of southern California from 1989 to 1995. Thirty-six map layers and four data files are maintained in this geographic information system data base. The map layers cover the Santa Clara-Calleguas drainage basin and are stored in a common map projection. Attributes of the map layers and data files are described and referenced. The map layers are grouped by geography, geology, and hydrology.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nInformation Services [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/ofr96629","issn":"0094-9140","usgsCitation":"Predmore, S.K., Koczot, K.M., and Paybins, K.S., 1997, Documentation and description of the digital spatial data base for southern California Regional Aquifer-System Analysis Program, Santa Clara-Calleguas Basin, Ventura County, California: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 96-629, v, 99 p. :maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr96629.","productDescription":"v, 99 p. :maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":1627,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://ca.water.usgs.gov/archive/reports/ofr96_629/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":155491,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1996/0629/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":53371,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1996/0629/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a6be4b07f02db63d7ca","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Predmore, Steven K. spredmor@usgs.gov","contributorId":1512,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Predmore","given":"Steven","email":"spredmor@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":191546,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Koczot, Kathryn M. 0000-0001-5728-9798 kmkoczot@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5728-9798","contributorId":2039,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Koczot","given":"Kathryn","email":"kmkoczot@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":191547,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Paybins, Katherine S. 0000-0002-3967-5043 kpaybins@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3967-5043","contributorId":2805,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Paybins","given":"Katherine","email":"kpaybins@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":642,"text":"West Virginia Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":191548,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":6913,"text":"fs05397 - 1997 - U.S. Geological Survey Studies of Energy Resources in Sub-Saharan Africa","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-02-21T12:40:18","indexId":"fs05397","displayToPublicDate":"1997-07-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":313,"text":"Fact Sheet","code":"FS","onlineIssn":"2327-6932","printIssn":"2327-6916","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"053-97","title":"U.S. Geological Survey Studies of Energy Resources in Sub-Saharan Africa","docAbstract":"<p><strong>The U.S. Government and the American public need access to information on energy resources in sub-Saharan Africa.</strong></p><p>Sub-Saharan Africa (mostly Nigeria) produces 5 percent of the world's oil, while supplying the United States with 15 percent of our imports (Energy Information Administration). In the next 10 years, sub-Saharan oil and gas will become increasingly more important to the export market. New discoveries in offshore provinces of West Africa ensure a bright future for the region. Projections indicate that increased oil production in sub-Saharan Africa will far outpace the growth of intraregional consumption, providing greater quantities of oil for export (Forman, 1996). Also, West Africa, although a marginal supplier of liquefied natural gas (LNG) today, will become an important LNG source to the international market by the year 2000 (Oil &amp; Gas Journal, 1996). The United States needs up-to-date information about petroleum resources and the energy balance within the region to predict the future role of sub-Saharan Africa as a major oil and gas exporter. The data required to generate the needed information are often disseminated in archives of oil companies and African geologic surveys, or in obscure publications. For these reasons, the U.S. Geological Survey is collecting data on sub-Saharan energy and constructing a regional energy bibliography. The team of geoscientists will assure that this information is available quickly and from a scientifically based, objective view point.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/fs05397","usgsCitation":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey, 1997, U.S. Geological Survey Studies of Energy Resources in Sub-Saharan Africa: U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 053-97, 1 sheet , https://doi.org/10.3133/fs05397.","productDescription":"1 sheet ","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":947,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/1997/fs053-97/FS-053-97.html","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":118033,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/1997/0053/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":34209,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/1997/0053/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"Nigeria","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a2be4b07f02db612fe9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","contributorId":128075,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","id":528793,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":6754,"text":"fs04797 - 1997 - The U.S. Geological Survey Drinking Water Initiative","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:06:01","indexId":"fs04797","displayToPublicDate":"1997-07-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":313,"text":"Fact Sheet","code":"FS","onlineIssn":"2327-6932","printIssn":"2327-6916","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"047-97","title":"The U.S. Geological Survey Drinking Water Initiative","docAbstract":"Safe drinking-water supplies are critical to maintaining and preserving public health. Although the Nation's drinking water is generally safe, natural and introduced contaminants in water supplies throughout the country have adversely affected human health. This new U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) initiative will provide information on the vulnerability of water supplies to be used by water-supply and regulatory agencies who must balance water-supply protection with the wise use of public funds. Using the results of the initiative, they will be better able to focus on the supplies most at risk and the variability of contaminants of most concern, and so address the mandates of the Safe Drinking Water Act. With its store of geologic, hydrologic, and land use and land cover data and its network of information in every State, the USGS can help to identify potential sources of contamination, delineate source areas, determine the vulnerability of waters to potential contamination, and evaluate strategies being used to protect source waters in light of the scientific information available. Many recent and ongoing studies by the USGS concern drinking-water issues. This fact sheet highlights four particular studies begun under the Drinking Water Initiative.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"Geological Survey (U.S.)","doi":"10.3133/fs04797","usgsCitation":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey, 1997, The U.S. Geological Survey Drinking Water Initiative: U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 047-97, 2 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/fs04797.","productDescription":"2 p.","costCenters":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":125753,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/fs_047_97.bmp"},{"id":776,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/FS/FS-047-97","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4abce4b07f02db673545","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","contributorId":128075,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","id":528775,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":23304,"text":"ofr96397 - 1997 - Inorganic and organic constituents and grain-size distribution in streambed sediment and ancillary data for the Connecticut, Housatonic, and Thames River Basins study unit, 1992-94","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:01","indexId":"ofr96397","displayToPublicDate":"1997-07-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"96-397","title":"Inorganic and organic constituents and grain-size distribution in streambed sediment and ancillary data for the Connecticut, Housatonic, and Thames River Basins study unit, 1992-94","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nBranch of Information Services [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/ofr96397","issn":"0094-9140","usgsCitation":"Harris, S., 1997, Inorganic and organic constituents and grain-size distribution in streambed sediment and ancillary data for the Connecticut, Housatonic, and Thames River Basins study unit, 1992-94: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 96-397, vi, 39 p. :map ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr96397.","productDescription":"vi, 39 p. :map ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":155099,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1996/0397/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":52604,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1996/0397/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ab0e4b07f02db66d9df","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Harris, S.L.","contributorId":79921,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Harris","given":"S.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":189862,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":1001818,"text":"1001818 - 1997 - Understory plant species composition in remnant stands along an urban-to-rural land-use gradient","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2026-03-13T15:34:10.774891","indexId":"1001818","displayToPublicDate":"1997-07-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3669,"text":"Urban Ecosystems","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Understory plant species composition in remnant stands along an urban-to-rural land-use gradient","docAbstract":"We examined the understory species composition of 24 remnant forest stands along an urban-to-rural gradient in the metropolitan Milwaukee, Wisconsin region to determine the relationships between plant community composition, human disturbance, and contrasting types of land use along a gradient of urbanization. A significant difference was found in shrub species community composition among three contrasting land-use categories but no significant difference was found in herbaceous community composition. Significant differences in human activity existed among rural, urban, and urbanizing land-use categories, but this index of disturbance was not significantly correlated to gradients in species composition. All stands in this study had been subjected to various types of human activity and environmental disturbances in the past. Our data suggest that differences in the relative importance of understory species exist among stands but these differences may not be caused by the impacts of urbanization alone. Changes in the natural disturbance regime of this landscape, along with the impacts associated with urbanization, have led to an individualistic response in the compositional dynamics of forest stands.","language":"English","publisher":"Springer Nature","doi":"10.1023/A:1018523511071","usgsCitation":"Guntenspergen, G., and Levenson, J., 1997, Understory plant species composition in remnant stands along an urban-to-rural land-use gradient: Urban Ecosystems, v. 1, p. 155-169, https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1018523511071.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"155","endPage":"169","costCenters":[{"id":480,"text":"Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":133518,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Wisconsin","city":"Milwaukee","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -88.18755581344519,\n              43.477992492016966\n            ],\n            [\n              -88.18755581344519,\n              42.80428196123833\n            ],\n            [\n              -87.79084874698924,\n              42.80428196123833\n            ],\n            [\n              -87.79084874698924,\n              43.477992492016966\n            ],\n            [\n              -88.18755581344519,\n              43.477992492016966\n            ]\n          ]\n        ],\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a26e4b07f02db60f699","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Guntenspergen, G.R. 0000-0002-8593-0244","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8593-0244","contributorId":95424,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Guntenspergen","given":"G.R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":311858,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Levenson, J.B.","contributorId":14781,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Levenson","given":"J.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":311857,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":25539,"text":"wri954240 - 1997 - Geology, hydrology, and ground-water quality at the Byron Superfund site near Byron, Illinois","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:28","indexId":"wri954240","displayToPublicDate":"1997-07-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"95-4240","title":"Geology, hydrology, and ground-water quality at the Byron Superfund site near Byron, Illinois","docAbstract":"A study was conducted by the U.S. Geological Survey and the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency to define the geohydrology and contaminant distribution at a Superfund site near Byron, Illinois. Geologic units of interest beneath the site are the St. Peter Sandstone; the shale, dolomite and sandstone of the Glenwood Formation; the dolomite of the Platteville and Galena Groups; and sands, gravels, tills and loess of Quaternary age. The hydrologic units of interest are the unconsolidated aquifer, Galena-Platteville aquifer, Harmony Hill Shale semiconfining unit, and the St. Peter aquifer.\r\nGround-water flow generally is from the upland areas northwest and southwest toward the Rock River. Water levels indicate the potential for downward ground-water flow in most of the area except near the Rock River. The Galena-Platteville aquifer can be subdivided into four zones characterized by differing water-table altitudes, hydraulic gradients, and vertical and horizontal permeabilities. Geophysical, hydraulic, and aquifer-test data indicate that lithology, stratigraphy, and tectonic structures affect the distribution of primary and secondary porosity of dolomite in the Galena and Platteville Groups, which affects the permeability distribution in the Galena-Platteville aquifer.\r\n\r\nThe distribution of cyanide, chlorinated aliphatic hydrocarbons, and aromatic hydrocarbons in ground water indicates that these contaminants are derived from multiple sources in the study area. Contaminants in the northern part of this area migrate northwest to the Rock River. Contaminants in the central and southern parts of this area appear to migrate to the southwest in the general direction of the Rock River.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nBranch of Information Services [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/wri954240","usgsCitation":"Kay, R.T., Yeskis, D.J., Bolen, W.J., Rauman, J.R., and Prinos, S.T., 1997, Geology, hydrology, and ground-water quality at the Byron Superfund site near Byron, Illinois: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 95-4240, vi, 83 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri954240.","productDescription":"vi, 83 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":1892,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://il.water.usgs.gov/pubsearch/reports.cgi/view?series=WRIR&number=95-4240","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":123721,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1995/4240/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":54260,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1995/4240/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ac9e4b07f02db67c629","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kay, Robert T. 0000-0002-6281-8997 rtkay@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6281-8997","contributorId":1122,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kay","given":"Robert","email":"rtkay@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[{"id":344,"text":"Illinois Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":194102,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Yeskis, Douglas J. djyeskis@usgs.gov","contributorId":2323,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Yeskis","given":"Douglas","email":"djyeskis@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":194103,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Bolen, William J.","contributorId":105339,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bolen","given":"William","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":194106,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Rauman, James R.","contributorId":94699,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rauman","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":194105,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Prinos, Scott T. 0000-0002-5776-8956 stprinos@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5776-8956","contributorId":4045,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Prinos","given":"Scott","email":"stprinos@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[{"id":156,"text":"Caribbean Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":269,"text":"FLWSC-Ft. Lauderdale","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":194104,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":70019822,"text":"70019822 - 1997 - Spatial earthquake hazard assessment of Evansville, Indiana","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-07-29T15:57:38.668231","indexId":"70019822","displayToPublicDate":"1997-07-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3372,"text":"Seismological Research Letters","onlineIssn":"1938-2057","printIssn":"0895-0695","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Spatial earthquake hazard assessment of Evansville, Indiana","docAbstract":"<p><span>The earthquake hazard has been evaluated for a 150-square-kilometer area around Evansville, Indiana. GIS-QUAKE, a system that combines liquefaction and ground motion analysis routines with site-specific geological, geotechnical, and seismological information, was used for the analysis. The hazard potential was determined by using 586 SPT borings, 27 CPT sounding, 39 shear-wave velocity profiles and synthesized acceleration records for body-wave magnitude 6.5 and 7.3 mid-continental earthquakes, occurring at distances of 50 km and 250 km, respectively.</span></p><p><span>The results of the GIS-QUAKE hazard analyses for Evansville identify areas with a high hazard potential that had not previously been identified in earthquake zonation studies. The Pigeon Creek area specifically is identified as having significant potential for liquefaction-induced damage. Damage as a result of ground motion amplification is determined to be a moderate concern throughout the area. Differences in the findings of this zonation study and previous work are attributed to the size and range of the database, the hazard evaluation methodologies, and the geostatistical interpolation techniques used to estimate the hazard potential. Further, assumptions regarding the groundwater elevations made in previous studies are also considered to have had a significant effect on the results.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"GeoScienceWorld","doi":"10.1785/gssrl.68.4.675","issn":"00128287","usgsCitation":"Rockaway, T., Frost, J., Eggert, D.L., and Luna, R., 1997, Spatial earthquake hazard assessment of Evansville, Indiana: Seismological Research Letters, v. 68, no. 4, p. 675-688, https://doi.org/10.1785/gssrl.68.4.675.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"675","endPage":"688","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":228096,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Indiana","city":"Evansville","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -87.60235442572878,\n              38.00288387892243\n            ],\n            [\n              -87.60235442572878,\n              37.958411620309846\n            ],\n            [\n              -87.52713583328385,\n              37.958411620309846\n            ],\n            [\n              -87.52713583328385,\n              38.00288387892243\n            ],\n            [\n              -87.60235442572878,\n              38.00288387892243\n            ]\n          ]\n        ],\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"68","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b9477e4b08c986b31aad7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Rockaway, T.D.","contributorId":46240,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rockaway","given":"T.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":384031,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Frost, J.D.","contributorId":86507,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Frost","given":"J.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":384033,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Eggert, Donald L.","contributorId":19286,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Eggert","given":"Donald","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":33640,"text":"Indiana Geological Survey","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":384030,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Luna, R.","contributorId":46708,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Luna","given":"R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":384032,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70246546,"text":"70246546 - 1997 - The Hf isotopic composition of ferromanganese nodules and crusts and hydrothermal manganese deposits: Implications for seawater Hf","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-07-07T16:05:11.123253","indexId":"70246546","displayToPublicDate":"1997-06-12T11:00:18","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1427,"text":"Earth and Planetary Science Letters","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The Hf isotopic composition of ferromanganese nodules and crusts and hydrothermal manganese deposits: Implications for seawater Hf","docAbstract":"<p><span>We present Hf and Pb isotopic data, and chemical compositions of the outermost layers of marine ferromanganese deposits of different types (hydrogenous and hydrothermal) with a worldwide distribution. The Hf isotopic compositions display a broad range and refine previously reported regional differences as follows: Atlantic Ocean ɛ</span><sub>Hf</sub><span>&nbsp;= −4to+2, Indian Ocean ɛ</span><sub>Hf</sub><span>&nbsp;= +2to+4, Pacific Ocean ɛ</span><sub>Hf</sub><span>&nbsp;= +3to+10. The most radiogenic Hf isotopic compositions in the Pacific samples are for hydrothermal manganese deposits that also have low&nbsp;</span><sup>207</sup><span>Pb</span><sup>204</sup><span>Pb, demonstrating that this signature reflects a contribution from hydrothermal venting of Hf leached from oceanic volcanic rocks rather than from riverine inputs, volcanic ash, or eolian dust. Hafnium concentrations in the deposits increase from 20 ppb to 20 ppm with decreasing ɛ</span><sub>Hf</sub><span>, The Hf and Pb isotopic compositions for ferromanganese crusts define an apparent mixing trend between literature values of average continental crust and MORB. The range in ɛ</span><sub>Hf</sub><span>&nbsp;for ferromanganese crusts is narrower than it is for&nbsp;</span><sup>206</sup><span>Pb</span><sup>204</sup><span>Pb compared to the differences in isotopic composition of the sources of Hf and Pb. This is consistent with Hf having a longer residence time than Pb. The concentration of Hf in ferromanganese crusts has been found to co-vary with growth rate, and inversely correlates with Hf isotopic compositions. Hf isotope ratios may be used to determine not only the source of Hf, but possibly the source of Fe and Mn. Measurements of ɛ</span><sub>Hf</sub><span>&nbsp;and Hf concentrations in nodule tops, bottoms and associated sediments show that the ɛ</span><sub>Hf</sub><span>&nbsp;of nodules is sensitive to sedimentary oxic and sub-oxic diagenetic processes and thus most nodules may not reliably reflect the isotopic composition of Hf in seawater.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/s0012-821x(97)00106-4","usgsCitation":"Godfrey, L.V., Lee, D., Sangrey, W.F., Halliday, A.N., Salters, V., Hein, J.R., and White, W.M., 1997, The Hf isotopic composition of ferromanganese nodules and crusts and hydrothermal manganese deposits: Implications for seawater Hf: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 151, no. 1-2, p. 91-105, https://doi.org/10.1016/s0012-821x(97)00106-4.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"91","endPage":"105","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":479920,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/s0012-821x(97)00106-4","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":418769,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"151","issue":"1-2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Godfrey, L. V.","contributorId":316222,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Godfrey","given":"L.","email":"","middleInitial":"V.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":877111,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lee, D.-C.","contributorId":38307,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lee","given":"D.-C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":877112,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Sangrey, W. F.","contributorId":316223,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Sangrey","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":877113,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Halliday, A. N.","contributorId":87663,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Halliday","given":"A.","email":"","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":877114,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Salters, V. J. M.","contributorId":146237,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Salters","given":"V. J. M.","affiliations":[{"id":7092,"text":"Florida State University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":877115,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Hein, James R. 0000-0002-5321-899X jhein@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5321-899X","contributorId":140835,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hein","given":"James","email":"jhein@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":877116,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"White, W. M.","contributorId":316224,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"White","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":877117,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}}
,{"id":70248326,"text":"70248326 - 1997 - Something old, something new, something borrowed, something blue: A new perspective on seismic hazards in Washington using aeromagnetic data","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-09-07T16:15:59.574095","indexId":"70248326","displayToPublicDate":"1997-06-01T11:04:31","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":5080,"text":"Washington Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Something old, something new, something borrowed, something blue: A new perspective on seismic hazards in Washington using aeromagnetic data","docAbstract":"<p>No abstract available.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Washington Department of Natural Resources","usgsCitation":"Finn, C.A., and Stanley, W.D., 1997, Something old, something new, something borrowed, something blue: A new perspective on seismic hazards in Washington using aeromagnetic data: Washington Geology, v. 25, no. 2, p. 3-7.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"3","endPage":"7","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":420629,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"http://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":420628,"rank":1,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://www.dnr.wa.gov/Publications/ger_washington_geology_1997_v25_no2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United 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