We seeded experimental plots with number 4 lead pellets and sampled these plots for 10 years to assess the settlement rate of pellets in tundra wetland types commonly used by foraging waterfowl. After 10 years, about 10% of pellets remained within 6 cm of the surface, but >50% remained within 10 cm. We predict that spent lead pellets will eventually become unavailable to waterfowl; however, it will likely require >25 years for all pellets to exceed depths at which waterfowl species may forage.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.2193/2008-494","usgsCitation":"Flint, P.L., and Schamber, J.L., 2010, Long-term persistence of spent lead shot in tundra wetlands: Journal of Wildlife Management, v. 74, no. 1, p. 148-151, https://doi.org/10.2193/2008-494.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"148","endPage":"151","costCenters":[{"id":117,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology WTEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":203930,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","volume":"74","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2010-12-13","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a6de4b07f02db63ef54","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Flint, Paul L. 0000-0002-8758-6993 pflint@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8758-6993","contributorId":3284,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Flint","given":"Paul","email":"pflint@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":117,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology WTEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":347703,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Schamber, Jason L.","contributorId":72512,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schamber","given":"Jason","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":347704,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70003845,"text":"70003845 - 2010 - Marine tephrochronology of the Mt. Edgecumbe volcanic field, southeast Alaska, USA","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-01-25T13:45:52","indexId":"70003845","displayToPublicDate":"2011-08-30T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3218,"text":"Quaternary Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Marine tephrochronology of the Mt. Edgecumbe volcanic field, southeast Alaska, USA","docAbstract":"The Mt. Edgecumbe Volcanic Field (MEVF), located on Kruzof Island near Sitka Sound in southeast Alaska, experienced a large multiple-stage eruption during the last glacial maximum (LGM)-Holocene transition that generated a regionally extensive series of compositionally similar rhyolite tephra horizons and a single well-dated dacite (MEd) tephra. Marine sediment cores collected from adjacent basins to the MEVF contain both tephra-fall and pyroclastic flow deposits that consist primarily of rhyolitic tephra and a minor dacitic tephra unit. The recovered dacite tephra correlates with the MEd tephra, whereas many of the rhyolitic tephras correlate with published MEVF rhyolites. Correlations were based on age constraints and major oxide compositions of glass shards. In addition to LGM-Holocene macroscopic tephra units, four marine cryptotephras were also identified. Three of these units appear to be derived from mid-Holocene MEVF activity, while the youngest cryptotephra corresponds well with the White River Ash eruption at not, vert, similar 1147 cal yr BP. Furthermore, the sedimentology of the Sitka Sound marine core EW0408-40JC and high-resolution SWATH bathymetry both suggest that extensive pyroclastic flow deposits associated with the activity that generated the MEd tephra underlie Sitka Sound, and that any future MEVF activity may pose significant risk to local population centers.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Quaternary Research","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","publisherLocation":"Amsterdam, Netherlands","doi":"10.1016/j.yqres.2009.10.007","usgsCitation":"Addison, J.A., Beget, J.E., Ager, T.A., and Finney, B., 2010, Marine tephrochronology of the Mt. Edgecumbe volcanic field, southeast Alaska, USA: Quaternary Research, v. 73, no. 2, p. 277-292, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.yqres.2009.10.007.","productDescription":"16 p.","startPage":"277","endPage":"292","costCenters":[{"id":308,"text":"Geology and Environmental Change Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":204042,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":266474,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.yqres.2009.10.007"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Mt. Edgecumbe Volcanic Field","volume":"73","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2017-01-20","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a17e4b07f02db6049ef","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Addison, Jason A. 0000-0003-2416-9743 jaddison@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2416-9743","contributorId":4192,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Addison","given":"Jason","email":"jaddison@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":349136,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Beget, James E.","contributorId":22757,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Beget","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":349137,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Ager, Thomas A. 0000-0002-5029-7581 tager@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5029-7581","contributorId":736,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ager","given":"Thomas","email":"tager@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":318,"text":"Geosciences and Environmental Change Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":349135,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Finney, Bruce P.","contributorId":88074,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Finney","given":"Bruce P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":349138,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70003502,"text":"70003502 - 2010 - Divergent movements of walrus and sea ice in the northern Bering Sea","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-09-14T12:19:31.404041","indexId":"70003502","displayToPublicDate":"2011-08-02T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2663,"text":"Marine Ecology Progress Series","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Divergent movements of walrus and sea ice in the northern Bering Sea","docAbstract":"The Pacific walrus Odobenus rosmarus divergens is a large Arctic pinniped of the Chukchi and Bering Seas. Reductions of sea ice projected to occur in the Arctic by mid-century raise concerns for conservation of the Pacific walrus. To understand the significance of sea ice loss to the viability of walruses, it would be useful to better understand the spatial associations between the movements of sea ice and walruses. We investigated whether local-scale (~1 to 100 km) walrus movements correspond to movements of sea ice in the Bering Sea in early spring, using locations from radio-tracked walruses and measures of ice floe movements from processed synthetic aperture radar satellite imagery. We used generalized linear mixed-effects models to analyze the angle between walrus and ice floe movement vectors and the distance between the final geographic position of walruses and their associated ice floes (displacement), as functions of observation duration, proportion of time the walrus was in water, and geographic region. Analyses were based on 121 walrus-ice vector pairs and observations lasting 12 to 36 h. Angles and displacements increased with observation duration, proportion of time the walrus spent in the water, and varied among regions (regional mean angles ranged from 40° to 81° and mean displacements ranged from 15 to 35 km). Our results indicated a lack of correspondence between walruses and their initially associated ice floes, suggesting that local areas of walrus activities were independent of the movement of ice floes.","language":"English","publisher":"Inter-Research Science Center","publisherLocation":"Luneburg, Germany","doi":"10.3354/meps08575","usgsCitation":"Jay, C.V., Udevitz, M.S., Kwok, R., Fischbach, A.S., and Douglas, D.C., 2010, Divergent movements of walrus and sea ice in the northern Bering Sea: Marine Ecology Progress Series, v. 407, p. 293-302, https://doi.org/10.3354/meps08575.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"293","endPage":"302","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":475580,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.3354/meps08575","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":203875,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"otherGeospatial":"Bering Sea","volume":"407","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a5fe4b07f02db6347b3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Jay, Chadwick V. 0000-0002-9559-2189 cjay@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9559-2189","contributorId":192736,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jay","given":"Chadwick","email":"cjay@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"V.","affiliations":[{"id":116,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology MFEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":347551,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Udevitz, Mark S. 0000-0003-4659-138X mudevitz@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4659-138X","contributorId":3189,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Udevitz","given":"Mark","email":"mudevitz@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":116,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology MFEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":347550,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Kwok, Ron","contributorId":94026,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kwok","given":"Ron","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":347552,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Fischbach, Anthony S. 0000-0002-6555-865X afischbach@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6555-865X","contributorId":2865,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fischbach","given":"Anthony","email":"afischbach@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":116,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology MFEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":347549,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Douglas, David C. 0000-0003-0186-1104 ddouglas@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0186-1104","contributorId":2388,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Douglas","given":"David","email":"ddouglas@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":116,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology MFEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":347548,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70003489,"text":"70003489 - 2010 - GPS tracking devices reveal foraging strategies of black-legged kittiwakes","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-08-18T11:33:49","indexId":"70003489","displayToPublicDate":"2011-07-15T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2409,"text":"Journal of Ornithology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"GPS tracking devices reveal foraging strategies of black-legged kittiwakes","docAbstract":"The Black-legged Kittiwake Rissa tridactyla is the most abundant gull species in the world, but some populations have declined in recent years, apparently due to food shortage. Kittiwakes are surface feeders and thus can compensate for low food availability only by increasing their foraging range and/or devoting more time to foraging. The species is widely studied in many respects, but long-distance foraging and the limitations of conventional radio telemetry have kept its foraging behavior largely out of view. The development of Global Positioning System (GPS) loggers is advancing rapidly. With devices as small as 8 g now available, it is possible to use this technology for tracking relatively small species of oceanic birds like kittiwakes. Here we present the first results of GPS telemetry applied to Black-legged Kittiwakes in 2007 in the North Pacific. All but one individual foraged in the neritic zone north of the island. Three birds performed foraging trips only close to the colony (within 13 km), while six birds had foraging ranges averaging about 40 km. The maximum foraging range was 59 km, and the maximum distance traveled was 165 km. Maximum trip duration was 17 h (mean 8 h). An apparently bimodal distribution of foraging ranges affords new insight on the variable foraging behaviour of Black-legged Kittiwakes. Our successful deployment of GPS loggers on kittiwakes holds much promise for telemetry studies on many other bird species of similar size and provides an incentive for applying this new approach in future studies.
","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","publisherLocation":"Netherlands","doi":"10.1007/s10336-009-0479-y","usgsCitation":"Kotzerka, J., Garthe, S., and Hatch, S.A., 2010, GPS tracking devices reveal foraging strategies of black-legged kittiwakes: Journal of Ornithology, v. 151, no. 2, p. 459-467, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10336-009-0479-y.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"459","endPage":"467","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":475590,"rank":2,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"https://hal.science/hal-00568362","text":"External Repository"},{"id":204048,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -147,59.25 ], [ -147,60.333333333333336 ], [ -146.08333333333334,60.333333333333336 ], [ -146.08333333333334,59.25 ], [ -147,59.25 ] ] ] } } ] }","volume":"151","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2009-12-12","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b28e4b07f02db6b14d2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kotzerka, Jana","contributorId":15330,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kotzerka","given":"Jana","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":347482,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Garthe, Stefan","contributorId":51900,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Garthe","given":"Stefan","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":347483,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hatch, Scott A. 0000-0002-0064-8187 shatch@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0064-8187","contributorId":2625,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hatch","given":"Scott","email":"shatch@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":116,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology MFEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":347481,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":9000559,"text":"ds568 - 2010 - Catalogue of polar bear (Ursus maritimus) maternal den locations in the Beaufort Sea and neighboring regions, Alaska, 1910–2010","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":9000559,"text":"ds568 - 2010 - Catalogue of polar bear (Ursus maritimus) maternal den locations in the Beaufort Sea and neighboring regions, Alaska, 1910–2010","indexId":"ds568","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"displayTitle":"Catalogue of Polar Bear (Ursus maritimus) Maternal Den Locations in the Beaufort Sea and Neighboring Regions, Alaska, 1910–2010","title":"Catalogue of polar bear (Ursus maritimus) maternal den locations in the Beaufort Sea and neighboring regions, Alaska, 1910–2010"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":70207463,"text":"ds1121 - 2020 - Catalogue of polar bear (Ursus maritimus) maternal den locations in the Beaufort and Chukchi Seas and nearby areas, 1910–2018","indexId":"ds1121","publicationYear":"2020","noYear":false,"title":"Catalogue of polar bear (Ursus maritimus) maternal den locations in the Beaufort and Chukchi Seas and nearby areas, 1910–2018"},"id":1}],"supersededBy":{"id":70207463,"text":"ds1121 - 2020 - Catalogue of polar bear (Ursus maritimus) maternal den locations in the Beaufort and Chukchi Seas and nearby areas, 1910–2018","indexId":"ds1121","publicationYear":"2020","noYear":false,"title":"Catalogue of polar bear (Ursus maritimus) maternal den locations in the Beaufort and Chukchi Seas and nearby areas, 1910–2018"},"lastModifiedDate":"2020-01-27T19:44:17","indexId":"ds568","displayToPublicDate":"2011-01-07T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":310,"text":"Data Series","code":"DS","onlineIssn":"2327-638X","printIssn":"2327-0271","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"568","displayTitle":"Catalogue of Polar Bear (Ursus maritimus) Maternal Den Locations in the Beaufort Sea and Neighboring Regions, Alaska, 1910–2010","title":"Catalogue of polar bear (Ursus maritimus) maternal den locations in the Beaufort Sea and neighboring regions, Alaska, 1910–2010","docAbstract":"This report presents data on the approximate locations and methods of discovery of 392 polar bear (Ursus maritimus) maternal dens found in the Beaufort Sea and neighboring regions between 1910 and 2010 that are archived by the U.S. Geological Survey, Alaska Science Center, Anchorage, Alaska. A description of data collection methods, biases associated with collection method, primary time periods, and spatial resolution are provided. Polar bears in the Beaufort Sea and nearby regions den on both the sea ice and on land. Standardized VHF surveys and satellite radio telemetry data provide a general understanding of where polar bears have denned in this region over the past 3 decades. Den observations made during other research activities and anecdotal reports from other government agencies, coastal residents, and industry personnel also are reported. Data on past polar bear maternal den locations are provided to inform the public and to provide information for natural resource agencies in planning activities to avoid or minimize interference with polar bear maternity dens.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ds568","usgsCitation":"Durner, G.M., Fischbach, A.S., Amstrup, S.C., and Douglas, D.C., 2010, Catalogue of polar bear (Ursus maritimus) maternal den locations in the Beaufort Sea and neighboring regions, Alaska, 1910–2010: U.S. Geological Survey Data Series 568, Report: iv, 14 p.; Appendix 1, https://doi.org/10.3133/ds568.","productDescription":"Report: iv, 14 p.; Appendix 1","numberOfPages":"22","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":137333,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ds568.jpg"},{"id":287005,"type":{"id":3,"text":"Appendix"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/ds/568/data/ds568_appendix1.xls","text":"Appendix 1","size":"77 KB","linkFileType":{"id":3,"text":"xlsx"},"description":"DS 568 Appendix 1"},{"id":19186,"rank":200,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/ds/568/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":287004,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/ds/568/pdf/ds568.pdf","text":"Report","size":"1.4 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"DS 568"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Beaufort Sea","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -168.837890625,\n 63.27318217465046\n ],\n [\n -166.11328125,\n 68.9110048456202\n ],\n [\n -164.70703125,\n 68.89518688943544\n ],\n [\n -159.7412109375,\n 69.41124235697256\n ],\n [\n -156.97265625,\n 70.6854214427062\n ],\n [\n -154.5556640625,\n 70.36309108461556\n ],\n [\n -150.7763671875,\n 70.12542991464234\n ],\n [\n -146.2060546875,\n 69.90011762668541\n ],\n [\n -144.3603515625,\n 69.62651016802958\n ],\n [\n -143.96484375,\n 69.39578308847753\n ],\n [\n -141.2841796875,\n 69.53451763078358\n ],\n [\n -140.09765625,\n 69.25614923150721\n ],\n [\n -136.845703125,\n 68.76823505122316\n ],\n [\n -136.1865234375,\n 69.28725695167886\n ],\n [\n -134.296875,\n 69.7333343903359\n ],\n [\n -130.5615234375,\n 70.18510275498964\n ],\n [\n -128.1005859375,\n 70.72897946208789\n ],\n [\n -125.15625000000001,\n 70.12542991464234\n ],\n [\n -120.89355468749999,\n 69.76375692223178\n ],\n [\n -116.3232421875,\n 68.89518688943544\n ],\n [\n -114.12597656249999,\n 69.2249968541159\n ],\n [\n -116.630859375,\n 69.38031271734351\n ],\n [\n -117.5537109375,\n 69.93030017617484\n ],\n [\n -116.3232421875,\n 70.22974449563026\n ],\n [\n -116.19140625,\n 70.65633017009853\n ],\n [\n -117.90527343750001,\n 70.6854214427062\n ],\n [\n -118.47656249999999,\n 71.05979781529196\n ],\n [\n -119.39941406249999,\n 71.88357830131248\n ],\n [\n -117.7734375,\n 72.85498055182728\n ],\n [\n -114.43359375,\n 73.403337662912\n ],\n [\n -115.6640625,\n 74.94798346855312\n ],\n [\n -118.47656249999999,\n 75.40885422846455\n ],\n [\n -119.70703125,\n 75.6504309974655\n ],\n [\n -117.861328125,\n 76.84081641443098\n ],\n [\n -118.21289062499999,\n 77.67412223173523\n ],\n [\n -123.0908203125,\n 77.07878389624943\n ],\n [\n -153.6328125,\n 76.94048839176439\n ],\n [\n -171.650390625,\n 77.61770905279676\n ],\n [\n -182.98828124999997,\n 70.9883492241249\n ],\n [\n -180.615234375,\n 70.40734767606811\n ],\n [\n -170.771484375,\n 66.75724984139227\n ],\n [\n -169.27734375,\n 66.12496236487968\n ],\n [\n -172.265625,\n 63.58767529470318\n ],\n [\n -169.8046875,\n 62.79493487887006\n ],\n [\n -168.837890625,\n 63.27318217465046\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Regional Director, Alaska
U.S. Geological Survey
4210 University Drive
Anchorage, Alaska 99508-4560
The sudden appearance of a large cluster of animals with gross abnormalities may signal a significant change in an ecosystem. We describe an unusual concentration of beak deformities that appear to have arisen rapidly within Alaska and now extend southward along the Pacific Coast. In Alaska we have documented 2,160 Black-capped Chickadees (Poecile atricapillus) and 435 individuals of 29 other species of birds, primarily during the past decade, with grossly overgrown and often crossed beaks. The annual prevalence of beak abnormalities among adult Black-capped Chickadees in south-central Alaska varied from 3.6% to 9.7% and averaged 6.5 ± 0.5% between 1999 and 2008. Only 0.05 ± 0.05% of nestlings and 0.3 ± 0.2% of juveniles <6 months old had abnormal beaks, which suggests that this is either a latent developmental or an acquired condition. We documented 80 cases in which a Black-capped Chickadee captured with an apparently normal beak was subsequently recaptured with a beak abnormality and 8 cases in which a beak deformity was no longer detectable upon recapture. Necropsy and histopathology of a sample of affected individuals provided no conclusive evidence of the etiology of this condition. Deformities appear to affect primarily the keratin layer of the beak and may result from abnormally rapid growth of the rhamphotheca. Some affected birds also exhibited lesions in other keratinized tissues of the skin, legs, feet, claws, and feathers, which may represent a systemic disorder or secondary conditions. Additional studies are currently underway to determine diagnostic signs and the underlying cause of this avian keratin disorder.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Ornithological Society","doi":"10.1525/auk.2010.10111","usgsCitation":"Handel, C.M., Pajot, L.M., Matsuoka, S.M., Van Hemert, C.R., Terenzi, J., Talbot, S.L., Mulcahy, D.M., Meteyer, C.U., and Trust, K.A., 2010, Epizootic of beak deformities among wild birds in Alaska: An emerging disease in North America?: The Auk, v. 127, no. 4, p. 882-898, https://doi.org/10.1525/auk.2010.10111.","productDescription":"17 p.","startPage":"882","endPage":"898","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-021824","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":456,"text":"National Wildlife Health Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":475605,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1525/auk.2010.10111","text":"Publisher Index 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dmulcahy@usgs.gov","contributorId":3102,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mulcahy","given":"Daniel","email":"dmulcahy@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":116,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology MFEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":492801,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Meteyer, Carol U. 0000-0002-4007-3410 cmeteyer@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4007-3410","contributorId":111,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Meteyer","given":"Carol","email":"cmeteyer@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"U.","affiliations":[{"id":456,"text":"National Wildlife Health Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":492798,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Trust, Kimberly A.","contributorId":42503,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Trust","given":"Kimberly","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":6987,"text":"U.S. Fish and Wildlife Sevice","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":492803,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9}]}} ,{"id":70044750,"text":"70044750 - 2010 - Reproductive ecology and habitat use of pacific Black Scoters (Melanitta nigra americana) nesting on the Yukon-Kuskokwim Delta, Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-03-16T06:32:52","indexId":"70044750","displayToPublicDate":"2011-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3731,"text":"Waterbirds","onlineIssn":"19385390","printIssn":"15244695","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Reproductive ecology and habitat use of pacific Black Scoters (Melanitta nigra americana) nesting on the Yukon-Kuskokwim Delta, Alaska","docAbstract":"Abundance indices of Black Scoters (Melanitta nigra. americana) breeding in Alaska indicate a long-term population decline without obvious cause (s). However, few life history data are available for the species in North America. In 2001–2004, information was collected on nesting habitat and reproductive parameters (i.e. components of productivity) from a population of Black Scoters nesting on the Yukon-Kuskokwim Delta, Alaska. A total of 157 nests were found over four years. Primarily, nests were among dense vegetation in shrub edge habitat, predominantly dwarf birch (Betula glandulosa) and Alaska spiraea (Spiraea beauverdiana), an average of 58 m from water. Females initiated nests from 11 June and 17 July across years. Clutch size averaged 7.5 eggs and did not vary annually. Nest success was highly variable among years and ranged from 0.01 to 0.37. Duckling survival to 30 days old varied among years, and ranged from 0.09 – 0.35. Nest success was poor in three of four years, likely due to predation by Red Fox (Vulpes vulpes). Black Scoters appear to have low but variable productivity, consistent with life-history patterns of other sea duck species. Information gained will direct future demographic research on Black Scoters, and highlights knowledge gaps impeding management strategies needed for population recovery.","language":"English","publisher":"BioOne","doi":"10.1675/063.033.0201","usgsCitation":"Schamber, J.L., Broerman, F.J., and Flint, P.L., 2010, Reproductive ecology and habitat use of pacific Black Scoters (Melanitta nigra americana) nesting on the Yukon-Kuskokwim Delta, Alaska: Waterbirds, v. 33, no. 2, p. 129-139, https://doi.org/10.1675/063.033.0201.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"129","endPage":"139","ipdsId":"IP-014504","costCenters":[{"id":117,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology WTEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":270541,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":270540,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1675/063.033.0201"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -153.45703125,\n 60.69469537287745\n ],\n [\n -141.15234374999997,\n 60.69469537287745\n ],\n [\n -141.15234374999997,\n 69.17818443567214\n ],\n [\n -153.45703125,\n 69.17818443567214\n ],\n [\n -153.45703125,\n 60.69469537287745\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"33","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"515d4f6de4b0803bd2eec541","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Schamber, Jason L.","contributorId":72512,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schamber","given":"Jason","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":476280,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Broerman, Fred J.","contributorId":223368,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Broerman","given":"Fred","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":784864,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Flint, Paul L. 0000-0002-8758-6993 pflint@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8758-6993","contributorId":3284,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Flint","given":"Paul","email":"pflint@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":117,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology WTEB","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":784865,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70173569,"text":"70173569 - 2010 - Health evaluation of western arctic King Eiders (Somateria spectabilis)","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-06-13T15:04:03","indexId":"70173569","displayToPublicDate":"2011-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2507,"text":"Journal of Wildlife Diseases","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Health evaluation of western arctic King Eiders (Somateria spectabilis)","docAbstract":"The western arctic population of King Eiders (Somateria spectabilis) has declined by >50% in recent years. A health assessment was conducted for adult King Eiders breeding on the north slope of Alaska, USA, to evaluate body condition (n=90, 2002–2006) and baseline biochemical and hematologic values (n=20–30, 2005–2006). Body condition for males and females was excellent. Total protein, calcium, alkaline phosphatase, amylase, and globulin were significantly higher in females than in males, likely because of differences in reproductive physiology. These baseline health data can be used to promote conservation of King Eiders and other closely related species of concern.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wildlife Disease Association","doi":"10.7589/0090-3558-46.4.1290","usgsCitation":"Scott, C.A., Mazet, J.A., and Powell, A.N., 2010, Health evaluation of western arctic King Eiders (Somateria spectabilis): Journal of Wildlife Diseases, v. 46, no. 4, p. 1290-1294, https://doi.org/10.7589/0090-3558-46.4.1290.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"1290","endPage":"1294","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-012134","costCenters":[{"id":199,"text":"Coop Res Unit Leetown","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":475614,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.7589/0090-3558-46.4.1290","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":323514,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"46","issue":"4","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":9,"text":"Reston PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"575fd92de4b04f417c2baa25","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Scott, Cheryl A.","contributorId":171768,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Scott","given":"Cheryl","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":638585,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Mazet, Jonna A.K.","contributorId":68444,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mazet","given":"Jonna","email":"","middleInitial":"A.K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":638586,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Powell, Abby N. 0000-0002-9783-134X abby_powell@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9783-134X","contributorId":171426,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Powell","given":"Abby","email":"abby_powell@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[{"id":200,"text":"Coop Res Unit Seattle","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":637351,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70173568,"text":"70173568 - 2010 - Distribution and community characteristics of staging shorebirds on the northern coast of Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-01-04T18:54:16.397039","indexId":"70173568","displayToPublicDate":"2011-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":894,"text":"Arctic","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Distribution and community characteristics of staging shorebirds on the northern coast of Alaska","docAbstract":"Avian studies conducted in the 1970s on Alaska’s Arctic Coastal Plain (ACP) indicated that coastal littoral habitats are important to Arctic-breeding shorebirds for staging prior to fall migration. However, relatively little recent, broad-scale, or quantitative information exists on shorebird use of staging areas in this region. To locate possible shorebird concentration areas in the littoral zone of the ACP, we conducted aerial surveys from the southwest end of Kasegaluk Lagoon on the Chukchi Sea to Demarcation Point on the Beaufort Sea during the summers of 2005–07. These surveys identified persistent within- and between-year concentrations of staging shorebirds at Peard Bay, Point Barrow/Elson Lagoon, Cape Simpson, and Smith Bay to Cape Halkett. Among river deltas in the Beaufort Sea, the Sagavanirktok and Kongakut deltas had large concentrations of staging shorebirds. We also collected data on shorebird community characteristics, staging phenology, and habitat use in 2005 and 2006 by conducting land-based surveys at six camps: Kasegaluk Lagoon, Peard Bay, Point Barrow/Elson Lagoon, Colville Delta, Sagavanirktok Delta, and Okpilak Delta. The shorebird community was more even and diverse (evenness E and Shannon Weiner H’) along the Beaufort Sea compared to the Chukchi Sea and in 2005 versus 2006. Staging phenology varied by species and location and differed for several species from that reported in previous studies. Our results suggest the existence of three foraging habitat guilds among the shorebird species observed in this study: gravel beach, mudflat, and salt marsh/pond edge. A comparison to data collected in the mid-1970s suggests that these foraging associations are conserved through time. Results from this research will be useful to land managers for monitoring the effects of changing environmental conditions and human activity on shorebirds and their habitats in Arctic Alaska.
","language":"English","publisher":"Arctic Institute of North American","doi":"10.14430/arctic3334","usgsCitation":"Taylor, A.R., Lanctot, R., Powell, A.N., Huettmann, F., Nigro, D.A., and Kendall, S.J., 2010, Distribution and community characteristics of staging shorebirds on the northern coast of Alaska: Arctic, v. 63, no. 4, p. 451-467, https://doi.org/10.14430/arctic3334.","productDescription":"17 p.","startPage":"451","endPage":"467","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-014205","costCenters":[{"id":199,"text":"Coop Res Unit Leetown","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":475612,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.14430/arctic3334","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":323515,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"63","issue":"4","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":9,"text":"Reston PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2010-12-03","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"575fd92ce4b04f417c2baa11","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Taylor, Audrey R.","contributorId":10396,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Taylor","given":"Audrey","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":638587,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lanctot, Richard B.","contributorId":77879,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Lanctot","given":"Richard B.","affiliations":[{"id":6987,"text":"U.S. Fish and Wildlife Sevice","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":638588,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Powell, Abby N. 0000-0002-9783-134X abby_powell@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9783-134X","contributorId":171426,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Powell","given":"Abby","email":"abby_powell@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[{"id":200,"text":"Coop Res Unit Seattle","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":637350,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Huettmann, Falk","contributorId":15663,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Huettmann","given":"Falk","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":638589,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Nigro, Debora A.","contributorId":10628,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Nigro","given":"Debora","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":12934,"text":"Bureau of Land Management, Arctic Field Office","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":638590,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Kendall, Steven J.","contributorId":30911,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Kendall","given":"Steven","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":6987,"text":"U.S. Fish and Wildlife Sevice","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":638591,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70173901,"text":"70173901 - 2010 - Salmon carcasses increase stream productivity more than inorganic fertilizer pellets: A test on multiple trophic levels in streamside experimental channels","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-06-30T15:31:05","indexId":"70173901","displayToPublicDate":"2010-12-31T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3624,"text":"Transactions of the American Fisheries Society","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Salmon carcasses increase stream productivity more than inorganic fertilizer pellets: A test on multiple trophic levels in streamside experimental channels","docAbstract":"Inorganic nutrient amendments to streams are viewed as possible restoration strategies for re-establishing nutrients and stream productivity throughout the western coast of North America, where salmon runs and associated marine-derived nutrient subsidies have declined. In a mesocosm experiment, we examined the short-term (6 weeks) comparative effects of artificial nutrient pellets and salmon carcasses, alone (low and high amounts) and in combination, on stream food webs. Response variables included dissolved nutrient concentrations, biofilm ash-free dry mass (AFDM) and chlorophyll-alevels, macroinvertebrate density, growth and body condition of juvenile coho salmon Oncorhynchus kisutch, and whole-body lipid content of invertebrates and juvenile coho salmon. Most of the response variables were significantly influenced by carcass treatment; the only response variable significantly influenced by fertilizer pellet treatment was soluble reactive phosphorus (SRP) concentration. Ammonium-nitrogen concentration was the only response variable affected by both (low and high) levels of carcass treatment; all others showed no significant response to the two carcass treatment levels. Significant treatment × time interactions were observed for all responses except nitrate; for most responses, significant treatment effects were detected at certain time periods and not others. For example, significantly higher SRP concentrations were recorded earlier in the experiment, whereas significant fish responses were observed later. These results provide evidence that inorganic nutrient additions do not have the same ecological effects in streams as do salmon carcasses, potentially because inorganic nutrient additions lack carbon-based biochemicals and macromolecules that are sequestered directly or indirectly by consumers. Salmon carcasses, preferably deposited naturally during spawning migrations, appear to be far superior to inorganic nutrient amendments for sustaining and restoring stream productivity, including fish production, and should be chosen over artificial nutrient additions when feasible and practical.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Fisheries Society","doi":"10.1577/T09-114.1","usgsCitation":"Wipfli, M.S., Hudson, J.P., Caouette, J.P., Mitchell, N., Lessard, J.L., Heintz, R.A., and Chaloner, D.T., 2010, Salmon carcasses increase stream productivity more than inorganic fertilizer pellets: A test on multiple trophic levels in streamside experimental channels: Transactions of the American Fisheries Society, v. 139, no. 3, p. 824-839, https://doi.org/10.1577/T09-114.1.","productDescription":"16 p.","startPage":"824","endPage":"839","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-014483","costCenters":[{"id":199,"text":"Coop Res Unit Leetown","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":323679,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","volume":"139","issue":"3","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":9,"text":"Reston PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2011-01-09","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"57627c37e4b07657d19a6a11","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wipfli, Mark S. 0000-0002-4856-6068 mwipfli@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4856-6068","contributorId":1425,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wipfli","given":"Mark","email":"mwipfli@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":200,"text":"Coop Res Unit Seattle","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":638949,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hudson, John P.","contributorId":171887,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Hudson","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":639003,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Caouette, John P.","contributorId":171888,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Caouette","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":639004,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Mitchell, N.L.","contributorId":46266,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mitchell","given":"N.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":639005,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Lessard, Joanna L.","contributorId":171889,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Lessard","given":"Joanna","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":639006,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Heintz, Ron A.","contributorId":101552,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Heintz","given":"Ron","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":639007,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Chaloner, D. T.","contributorId":54388,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Chaloner","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":639008,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}} ,{"id":70003516,"text":"70003516 - 2010 - Estimating carcass persistence and scavenging bias in a human‐influenced landscape in western Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-02-09T20:19:33.552485","indexId":"70003516","displayToPublicDate":"2010-12-30T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2284,"text":"Journal of Field Ornithology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Estimating carcass persistence and scavenging bias in a human‐influenced landscape in western Alaska","docAbstract":"We examined variation in persistence rates of waterfowl carcasses placed along a series of transects in tundra habitats in western Alaska. This study was designed to assess the effects of existing tower structures and was replicated with separate trials in winter, summer and fall as both the resident avian population and the suite of potential scavengers varied seasonally. Carcass persistence rates were uniformly low, with <50% of carcasses persisting for more than a day on average. Persistence rate varied by carcass age, carcass size, among transects and was lowest in the fall and highest in the summer. We found little support for models where persistence varied in relation to the presence of tower structures. We interpret this as evidence that scavengers were not habituated to searching for carcasses near these structures. Our data demonstrate that only a small fraction of bird carcasses are likely to persist between searches, and if not appropriately accounted for, scavenging bias could significantly influence bird mortality estimates. The variation that we documented suggests that persistence rates should not be extrapolated among tower locations or across time periods as the variation in carcass persistence will result in biased estimates of total bird strike mortality.
","language":"English","publisher":"John Wiley & Sons","doi":"10.1111/j.1557-9263.2009.00262.x","usgsCitation":"Flint, P.L., Lance, E.W., Sowl, K.M., and Donnelly, T.F., 2010, Estimating carcass persistence and scavenging bias in a human‐influenced landscape in western Alaska: Journal of Field Ornithology, v. 81, no. 2, p. 206-214, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1557-9263.2009.00262.x.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"206","endPage":"214","costCenters":[{"id":117,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology WTEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":383174,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Cold Bay","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -163.25958251953128,\n 54.930298209559496\n ],\n [\n -162.257080078125,\n 54.930298209559496\n ],\n [\n -162.257080078125,\n 55.3978314593603\n ],\n [\n -163.25958251953128,\n 55.3978314593603\n ],\n [\n -163.25958251953128,\n 54.930298209559496\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"81","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a0ce4b07f02db5fca05","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Flint, Paul L. 0000-0002-8758-6993 pflint@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8758-6993","contributorId":3284,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Flint","given":"Paul","email":"pflint@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":117,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology WTEB","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":347601,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lance, Ellen W.","contributorId":53517,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lance","given":"Ellen","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":347603,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Sowl, Kristine M.","contributorId":60372,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Sowl","given":"Kristine","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":12598,"text":"Izembek National Wildlife Refuge","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":347604,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Donnelly, Tyrone F. tfdonnelly@usgs.gov","contributorId":4369,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Donnelly","given":"Tyrone","email":"tfdonnelly@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[{"id":117,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology WTEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":347602,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70044753,"text":"70044753 - 2010 - Two mechanisms of aquatic and terrestrial habitat change along an Alaskan Arctic coastline","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-03-29T15:06:20","indexId":"70044753","displayToPublicDate":"2010-12-28T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3093,"text":"Polar Biology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Two mechanisms of aquatic and terrestrial habitat change along an Alaskan Arctic coastline","docAbstract":"Arctic habitats at the interface between land and sea are particularly vulnerable to climate change. The northern Teshekpuk Lake Special Area (N-TLSA), a coastal plain ecosystem along the Beaufort Sea in northern Alaska, provides habitat for migratory waterbirds, caribou, and potentially, denning polar bears. The 60-km coastline of N-TLSA is experiencing increasing rates of coastline erosion and storm surge flooding far inland resulting in lake drainage and conversion of freshwater lakes to estuaries. These physical mechanisms are affecting upland tundra as well. To better understand how these processes are affecting habitat, we analyzed long-term observational records coupled with recent short-term monitoring. Nearly the entire coastline has accelerating rates of erosion ranging from 6 m/year from 1955 to 1979 and most recently peaking at 17 m/year from 2007 to 2009, yet an intensive monitoring site along a higher bluff (3–6 masl) suggested high interannual variability. The frequency and magnitude of storm events appears to be increasing along this coastline and these patterns correspond to a greater number of lake tapping and flooding events since 2000. For the entire N-TLSA, we estimate that 6% of the landscape consists of salt-burned tundra, while 41% is prone to storm surge flooding. This offset may indicate the relative frequency of low-magnitude flood events along the coastal fringe. Monitoring of coastline lakes confirms that moderate westerly storms create extensive flooding, while easterly storms have negligible effects on lakes and low-lying tundra. This study of two interacting physical mechanisms, coastal erosion and storm surge flooding, provides an important example of the complexities and data needs for predicting habitat change and biological responses along Arctic land–ocean interfaces.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Polar Biology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Springer","publisherLocation":"Amsterdam, Netherlands","doi":"10.1007/s00300-010-0800-5","usgsCitation":"Arp, C.D., Jones, B.M., Schmutz, J.A., Urban, F., and Jorgenson, M., 2010, Two mechanisms of aquatic and terrestrial habitat change along an Alaskan Arctic coastline: Polar Biology, v. 33, no. 12, p. 1629-1640, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00300-010-0800-5.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"1629","endPage":"1640","numberOfPages":"12","ipdsId":"IP-020828","costCenters":[{"id":120,"text":"Alaska Science Center Water","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":475631,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00300-010-0800-5","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":270397,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":270396,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00300-010-0800-5"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Northern Teshekpuk Lake Special Area","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -0.015,0.0016666666666666668 ], [ -0.015,0.0019444444444444444 ], [ -0.015555555555555555,0.0019444444444444444 ], [ -0.015555555555555555,0.0016666666666666668 ], [ -0.015,0.0016666666666666668 ] ] ] } } ] }","volume":"33","issue":"12","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2010-04-27","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5156b7eee4b06ea905cdc043","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Arp, Christopher D.","contributorId":17330,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Arp","given":"Christopher","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":6752,"text":"University of Alaska Fairbanks","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":476283,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Jones, Benjamin M. 0000-0002-1517-4711 bjones@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1517-4711","contributorId":2286,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jones","given":"Benjamin","email":"bjones@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":118,"text":"Alaska Science Center Geography","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":476282,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Schmutz, Joel A. 0000-0002-6516-0836 jschmutz@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6516-0836","contributorId":1805,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schmutz","given":"Joel","email":"jschmutz@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":117,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology WTEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":476281,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Urban, Frank E. 0000-0002-1329-1703","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1329-1703","contributorId":80918,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Urban","given":"Frank E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":476285,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Jorgenson, M. Torre","contributorId":40486,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jorgenson","given":"M. Torre","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":476284,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":98964,"text":"ofr20101283 - 2010 - Development of monitoring protocols to detect change in rocky intertidal communities of Glacier Bay National Park and Preserve","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:04:46","indexId":"ofr20101283","displayToPublicDate":"2010-12-22T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2010-1283","title":"Development of monitoring protocols to detect change in rocky intertidal communities of Glacier Bay National Park and Preserve","docAbstract":"Glacier Bay National Park and Preserve in southeastern Alaska includes extensive coastlines representing a major proportion of all coastlines held by the National Park Service. The marine plants and invertebrates that occupy intertidal shores form highly productive communities that are ecologically important to a number of vertebrate and invertebrate consumers and that are vulnerable to human disturbances. To better understand these communities and their sensitivity, it is important to obtain information on species abundances over space and time. During field studies from 1997 to 2001, I investigated probability-based rocky intertidal monitoring designs that allow inference of results to similar habitat within the bay and that reduce bias. Aerial surveys of a subset of intertidal habitat indicated that the original target habitat of bedrock-dominated sites with slope less than or equal to 30 degrees was rare. This finding illustrated the value of probability-based surveys and led to a shift in the target habitat type to more mixed rocky habitat with steeper slopes. Subsequently, I investigated different sampling methods and strategies for their relative power to detect changes in the abundances of the predominant sessile intertidal taxa: barnacles -Balanomorpha, the mussel Mytilus trossulus and the rockweed Fucus distichus subsp. evanescens. I found that lower-intensity sampling of 25 randomly selected sites (= coarse-grained sampling) provided a greater ability to detect changes in the abundances of these taxa than did more intensive sampling of 6 sites (= fine-grained sampling). Because of its greater power, the coarse-grained sampling scheme was adopted in subsequent years. This report provides detailed analyses of the 4 years of data and evaluates the relative effect of different sampling attributes and management-set parameters on the ability of the sampling to detect changes in the abundances of these taxa. The intent was to provide managers with information to guide design choices for intertidal monitoring. I found that the coarse-grained surveys, as conducted from 1998 to 2001, had power ranging from 0.68 to 1.0 to detect 10 percent annual changes in the abundances of these predominant sessile species. The information gained through intertidal monitoring would be useful in assessing changes due to climate (including ocean acidification), invasive species, trampling effects, and oil spills.\r\n","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr20101283","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the National Park Service\r\n","usgsCitation":"Irvine, G.V., 2010, Development of monitoring protocols to detect change in rocky intertidal communities of Glacier Bay National Park and Preserve: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2010-1283, vi, 29 p.; Figures; Tables; Appendices; Downloads: Report Body; Appendix A; Appendix B; Appendix C; Appendix D; Appendix E, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20101283.","productDescription":"vi, 29 p.; Figures; Tables; Appendices; Downloads: Report Body; Appendix A; Appendix B; Appendix C; Appendix D; Appendix E","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":126153,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr_2010_1283.jpg"},{"id":14395,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2010/1283/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a9be4b07f02db65de70","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Irvine, Gail V. girvine@usgs.gov","contributorId":2368,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Irvine","given":"Gail","email":"girvine@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"V.","affiliations":[{"id":116,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology MFEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":307098,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":98939,"text":"pp176910 - 2010 - Pyroclastic flows, lahars, and mixed avalanches generated during the 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano: Chapter 10 in The 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano, Alaska","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":98939,"text":"pp176910 - 2010 - Pyroclastic flows, lahars, and mixed avalanches generated during the 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano: Chapter 10 in The 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano, Alaska","indexId":"pp176910","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"chapter":"10","title":"Pyroclastic flows, lahars, and mixed avalanches generated during the 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano: Chapter 10 in The 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano, Alaska"},"predicate":"IS_PART_OF","object":{"id":98929,"text":"pp1769 - 2010 - The 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano, Alaska","indexId":"pp1769","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"title":"The 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano, Alaska"},"id":1}],"isPartOf":{"id":98929,"text":"pp1769 - 2010 - The 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano, Alaska","indexId":"pp1769","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"title":"The 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano, Alaska"},"lastModifiedDate":"2016-12-21T22:07:39","indexId":"pp176910","displayToPublicDate":"2010-12-16T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1769","chapter":"10","title":"Pyroclastic flows, lahars, and mixed avalanches generated during the 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano: Chapter 10 in The 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano, Alaska","docAbstract":"Each of the three phases of the 2006 eruption at Augustine Volcano had a distinctive eruptive style and flowage deposits. From January 11 to 28, the explosive phase comprised short vulcanian eruptions that punctuated dome growth and produced volcanowide pyroclastic flows and more energetic hot currents whose mobility was influenced by efficient mixing with and vaporization of snow. Initially, hot flows moved across winter snowpack, eroding it to generate snow, water, and pyroclastic slurries that formed mixed avalanches and lahars, first eastward, then northward, and finally southward, but subsequent flows produced no lahars or mixed avalanches. During a large explosive event on January 27, disruption of a lava dome terminated the explosive phase and emplaced the largest pyroclastic flow of the 2006 eruption northward toward Rocky Point. From January 28 to February 10, activity during the continuous phase comprised rapid dome growth and frequent dome-collapse pyroclastic flows and a lava flow restricted to the north sector of the volcano. Then, after three weeks of inactivity, during the effusive phase of March 3 to 16, the volcano continued to extrude the lava flow, whose steep sides collapsed infrequently to produce block-and-ash flows.
\nThe three eruptive phases were each unique not only in terms of eruptive style, but also in terms of the types and morphologies of deposits that were produced, and, in particular, of their lithologic components. Thus, during the explosive phase, low-silica andesite scoria predominated, and intermediate- and high-silica andesite were subordinate. During the continuous phase, the eruption shifted predominantly to high-silica andesite and, during the effusive phase, shifted again to dense low-silica andesite. Each rock type is present in the deposits of each eruptive phase and each flow type, and lithologic proportions are unique and consistent within the deposits that correspond to each eruptive phase.
\nThe chief factors that influenced pyroclastic currents and the characteristics of their deposits were genesis, grain size, and flow surface. Column collapse from short-lived vulcanian blasts, dome collapses, and collapses of viscous lavas on steep slopes caused the pyroclastic currents documented in this study. Column-collapse flows during the explosive phase spread widely and probably were affected by vaporization of ingested snow where they overran snowpack. Such pyroclastic currents can erode substrates formed of snow or ice through a combination of mechanical and thermal processes at the bed, thus enhancing the spread of these flows across snowpack and generating mixed avalanches and lahars. Grain-size characteristics of these initial pyroclastic currents and overburden pressures at their bases favored thermal scour of snow and coeval fluidization. These flows scoured substrate snow and generated secondary slurry flows, whereas subsequent flows did not. Some secondary flows were wetter and more laharic than others. Where secondary flows were quite watery, recognizable mixed-avalanche deposits were small or insignificant, and lahars were predominant. Where such flows contained substantial amounts of snow, mixed-avalanche deposits blanketed medial reaches of valleys and formed extensive marginal terraces and axial islands in distal reaches. Flows that contained significant amounts of snow formed cogenetic mixed avalanches that slid across surfaces protected by snowpack, whereas water-rich axial lahars scoured channels.
\nFor the first time in the United States, a modern geodetic network of continuously recording Global Positioning System (GPS) receivers has measured a complete eruption cycle at a stratovolcano, Augustine Volcano in Alaska, from the earliest precursory unrest through the return to background quiescence. The on-island network consisted of five continuously recording, telemetered GPS stations, four continuously recording, nontelemetered stations, and about 10 campaign bench marks. The continuous network recorded several distinct and conspicuous signals over the course of the unrest and eruption, starting with a months-long precursory inflation centered beneath the volcano at around sea level. Nearly coincident with the highest volumetric eruption rates, this inflation gave way to a more deep seated deflation that we interpret as a major withdrawal (approx. 25 million m3 of compressed magma) from a nearly cylindrical magma reservoir centered about 5 km below sea level. Detailed analysis of the geodetic time series reveals additional nuance, including the probable upward propagation of a small dike into the edifice in the 60 days or so before the onset of large-scale explosive activity. Comparisons of the geodetic data and their resulting interpretations with other data, such as earthquake hypocenters and petrologically inferred magma-pressure histories, reveal a kinematic, if not mechanical, account of the 2006 eruption that details the shape and location of the magma source region, the means and velocity of magma transport, and the establishment of a short lived volume- (or pressure-) buffering capability held within the magma reservoir. The cumulative deformation over the course of the eruption shows a large signal close in and high on the edifice that decays rapidly with distance. This pattern indicates a small permanent increase in the edifice volume (beyond that added by the surficial lava dome) but also shows that without close-in (<2.5 km from the summit) stations, the eruption might have been invisible to campaign GPS stations alone.
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Originating as landslides from the steep upper edifice, these avalanches typically slide into the surrounding ocean. At least one debris avalanche that occurred in 1883 during an eruption initiated a far-traveled tsunami. The possible occurrence of another edifice collapse and ensuing tsunami was a concern during the 2006 eruption of Augustine. To aid in hazard assessments, we have evaluated the slope stability of Augustine's edifice, using a quasi-three-dimensional, geotechnically based slope-stability model implemented in the computer program SCOOPS. We analyzed the effects of topography, variations in rock strength, and earthquake-induced strong ground motion on the relative stability of millions of potential large (>0.1 km3 volume) slope failures throughout the edifice. Preliminary results from pre-2006 topography provide three insights. 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2010 - Hazard information management, interagency coordination, and impacts of the 2005-2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano: Chapter 28 in The 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano, Alaska","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":98957,"text":"pp176928 - 2010 - Hazard information management, interagency coordination, and impacts of the 2005-2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano: Chapter 28 in The 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano, Alaska","indexId":"pp176928","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"chapter":"28","title":"Hazard information management, interagency coordination, and impacts of the 2005-2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano: Chapter 28 in The 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano, Alaska"},"predicate":"IS_PART_OF","object":{"id":98929,"text":"pp1769 - 2010 - The 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano, Alaska","indexId":"pp1769","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"title":"The 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano, Alaska"},"id":1}],"isPartOf":{"id":98929,"text":"pp1769 - 2010 - The 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano, Alaska","indexId":"pp1769","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"title":"The 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano, Alaska"},"lastModifiedDate":"2016-08-29T14:55:14","indexId":"pp176928","displayToPublicDate":"2010-12-16T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1769","chapter":"28","title":"Hazard information management, interagency coordination, and impacts of the 2005-2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano: Chapter 28 in The 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano, Alaska","docAbstract":"Dissemination of volcano-hazard information in coordination with other Federal, State, and local agencies is a primary responsibility of the Alaska Volcano Observatory (AVO). During the 2005-6 eruption of Augustine Volcano in Alaska, AVO used existing interagency relationships and written protocols to provide hazard guidance before, during, and after eruptive events. The 2005-6 eruption was notable because of the potential for volcanogenic tsunami, which required establishment of a new procedure for alerts of possible landslide-induced tsunami in Cook Inlet. Despite repeated ash-cloud generating explosions and far-traveled ash clouds, impacts from the event were relatively minor. Primary economic losses occurred when air carriers chose to avoid flights into potentially unsafe conditions. Post-eruption evaluations by agencies involved in the response indicated weaknesses in information centralization and availability of specific information regarding ash fall hazards in real time.
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On December 1, 2005, a network camera was installed at the Homer Field Station, a University of Alaska Fairbanks Geophysical Institute (UAF/GI) facility on a bluff near Homer, where telemetered Augustine data are received. The camera placed there provides observations of the volcano from a distance of 126 km (78 miles) in daylight hours during clear sky conditions. On January 9, 2006, a radio-telemetered network camera was installed on the lower eastern flank of the volcano at 'Mound,' 4.4 km (2.7 miles) from the summit. The proximity of this camera provided for near-field images of the volcano. A nontelemetered camera with onsite recording was installed 3.8 km (2.4 miles) north of the volcano's summit near Burr Point on December 17, 2005. This camera recorded high-resolution images at a rate of 4 images per hour through much of the eruptive sequence. A low-light camera was installed on February 8, 2006, at the Homer facility to augment the extreme low-light camera installed by the UAF/GI (Sentman and others, this volume). On September 10, 2006, a second radio-telemetered network camera was installed at Lagoon camp on the west side of Augustine Island, 5.4 km (3.3 miles) west-northwest of the summit. The installation of these camera systems proved valuable for assessing volcanic activity, determining ground hazards and on-island weather for visiting field teams, and deciphering depositional history after the eruption.
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2010 - Emission of SO2, CO2, and H2S from Augustine Volcano, 2002-2008: Chapter 26 in The 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano, Alaska","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":98955,"text":"pp176926 - 2010 - Emission of SO2, CO2, and H2S from Augustine Volcano, 2002-2008: Chapter 26 in The 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano, Alaska","indexId":"pp176926","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"chapter":"26","title":"Emission of SO2, CO2, and H2S from Augustine Volcano, 2002-2008: Chapter 26 in The 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano, Alaska"},"predicate":"IS_PART_OF","object":{"id":98929,"text":"pp1769 - 2010 - The 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano, Alaska","indexId":"pp1769","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"title":"The 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano, Alaska"},"id":1}],"isPartOf":{"id":98929,"text":"pp1769 - 2010 - The 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano, Alaska","indexId":"pp1769","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"title":"The 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano, Alaska"},"lastModifiedDate":"2016-08-29T14:56:22","indexId":"pp176926","displayToPublicDate":"2010-12-16T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1769","chapter":"26","title":"Emission of SO2, CO2, and H2S from Augustine Volcano, 2002-2008: Chapter 26 in The 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano, Alaska","docAbstract":"Airborne surveillance of gas emissions from Augustine Volcano and other Cook Inlet volcanoes began in 1990 to identify baseline emission levels during noneruptive conditions. Gas measurements at Augustine for SO2, CO2, and H2S showed essentially no evidence of anomalous degassing through spring 2005. Neither did a measurement on May 10, 2005, right after the onset of low level seismicity and inflation. The following measurement, on December 20, 2005, showed Augustine to be degassing about 600 metric tons per day (t/d) of SO2, and by January 4, 2006, only 7 days before the first explosive event, SO2 emissions had climbed to ten times that amount. Maximum emission rates measured during the subsequent eruption were: 8,930 t/d SO2 (February 24, 2006), 1,800 t/d CO2 (March 9, 2006), and 4.3 t/d H2S (January 19, 2006). In total, 45 measurements for SO2 were made from December 2005 through the end of 2008, with 19 each for CO2 and H2S during the same period. Molar CO2/SO2 ratios averaged about 1.6. In general, SO2 emissions appeared to increase during inflation of the volcanic edifice, whereas CO2 emissions were at their highest during the period of deflation associated with the vigorous effusive phase of the eruption in March. High SO2 was probably associated with degassing of shallow magma, whereas high CO2 likely reflected deep (>4 km) magma recharge of the sub-volcanic plumbing system, For the 2005–6 period, the volcano released a total of about 1.5×106 tons of CO2 to the atmosphere, a level similar to the annual output of a medium-sized natural-gas-fired powerplant. Augustine also emitted about 8×105 tons of SO2, similar to that produced by the 1976 and 1986 eruptions of the volcano.
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2010 - Imaging observations of thermal emissions from Augustine Volcano using a small astronomical camera: Chapter 24 in The 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano, Alaska","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":98953,"text":"pp176924 - 2010 - Imaging observations of thermal emissions from Augustine Volcano using a small astronomical camera: Chapter 24 in The 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano, Alaska","indexId":"pp176924","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"chapter":"24","title":"Imaging observations of thermal emissions from Augustine Volcano using a small astronomical camera: Chapter 24 in The 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano, Alaska"},"predicate":"IS_PART_OF","object":{"id":98929,"text":"pp1769 - 2010 - The 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano, Alaska","indexId":"pp1769","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"title":"The 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano, Alaska"},"id":1}],"isPartOf":{"id":98929,"text":"pp1769 - 2010 - The 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano, Alaska","indexId":"pp1769","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"title":"The 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano, Alaska"},"lastModifiedDate":"2016-08-29T14:57:46","indexId":"pp176924","displayToPublicDate":"2010-12-16T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1769","chapter":"24","title":"Imaging observations of thermal emissions from Augustine Volcano using a small astronomical camera: Chapter 24 in The 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano, Alaska","docAbstract":"Long-exposure visible-light images of Augustine Volcano were obtained using a charge-coupled device (CCD) camera during several nights of the 2006 eruption. The camera was located 105 km away, at Homer, Alaska, yet showed persistent bright emissions from the north flank of the volcano corresponding to steam releases, pyroclastic flows, and rockfalls originating near the summit. The apparent brightness of the emissions substantially exceeded that of the background nighttime scene. The bright signatures in the images are shown to probably be thermal emissions detected near the long-wavelength limit (~1 µm) of the CCD. Modeling of the emissions as a black-body brightness yields an apparent temperature of 400 to 450°C that likely reflects an unresolved combination of emissions from hot ejecta and cooler material.
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Two periods of elevated thermal energy output and reduced displacement coincided with times of deflation, suggesting an increase in extrusion rate. Periods of cooling were marked by decreasing thermal emissions and reduced displacement. This work highlights the value of combined observations, which reveal more about the status of an active volcano than individual methods alone.
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