The mineral loparite (Ce, NA, Sr, Ca)(Ti, Nb, Ta, Fe+3)O3 is the principal ore of the light-group rare-earth elements (LREE) in Russia. The complex oxide has a perovskite (ABO3) structure with coupled substitutions, polymorphism, defect chemistry and a tendency to become metamict. The A site generally contains weakly bonded, easily exchanged cations of the LREE, Na and Ca. The B site generally contains smaller, highly charged cations of Ti, Nb or Fe+3. Mine production is from Russia's Kola Peninsula. Ore is beneficiated to produce a 95% loparite concentrate containing 30% rare-earth oxides. Loparite concentrate is refined by either a chlorination process or acid decomposition process to recover rare-earths, titanium, niobium and tantalum. Rare-earths are separated by solvent extraction and selective precipitation/dissolution. The concentrate is processed at plants in Russia, Estonia and Kazakstan.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/S0925-8388(96)02824-1","issn":"09258388","usgsCitation":"Hedrick, J., Sinha, S., and Kosynkin, V., 1997, Loparite, a rare-earth ore (Ce, Na, Sr, Ca)(Ti, Nb, Ta, Fe+3)O3: Journal of Alloys and Compounds, v. 250, no. 1-2, p. 467-470, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0925-8388(96)02824-1.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"467","endPage":"470","numberOfPages":"4","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":227947,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"250","issue":"1-2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a49cfe4b0c8380cd688e0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hedrick, J.B.","contributorId":96717,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hedrick","given":"J.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":384563,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Sinha, S.P.","contributorId":44306,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sinha","given":"S.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":384562,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Kosynkin, V.D.","contributorId":96847,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kosynkin","given":"V.D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":384564,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70019978,"text":"70019978 - 1997 - Rare-earth metal prices in the USA ca. 1960 to 1994","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-02-15T15:51:09.345668","indexId":"70019978","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2152,"text":"Journal of Alloys and Compounds","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Rare-earth metal prices in the USA ca. 1960 to 1994","docAbstract":"Rare-earth metal prices were compiled from the late 1950s and early 1960s through 1994. Although commercial demand for rare-earth metals began in 1908, as the alloy mischmetal, commercial quantities of a wide range of individual rare-earth metals were not available until the late 1950s.
The discovery of a large, high-grade rare-earth deposit at Mountain Pass, CA, USA, in 1949, was significant because it led to the production of commercial quantities of rare-earth elements that reduced prices and encouraged wider application of the materials.
The availability of ore from Mountain Pass, and other large rare-earth deposits, especially those in Australia and China, has provided the world with abundant resources for rare-earth metal production. This availability, coupled with improved technology from Government and private-sector metallurgical research, has resulted in substantial decreases in rare-earth metal prices since the late 1950s and early 1960s.
Price series for the individual rare-earth metals (except promethium) are quoted on a kilogram basis from the late 1950s and early 1960s through 1994. Prices are given in US dollars on an actual and constant dollar basis. Industrial and economic factors affecting prices during this time period are examined.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/S0925-8388(96)02532-7","issn":"09258388","usgsCitation":"Hedrick, J., 1997, Rare-earth metal prices in the USA ca. 1960 to 1994: Journal of Alloys and Compounds, v. 250, no. 1-2, p. 471-481, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0925-8388(96)02532-7.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"471","endPage":"481","numberOfPages":"11","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":227948,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"250","issue":"1-2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a952be4b0c8380cd8184a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hedrick, J.B.","contributorId":96717,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hedrick","given":"J.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":384565,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70019983,"text":"70019983 - 1997 - Rare-earth metal prices in the USA ca. 1960 to 1994","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:18","indexId":"70019983","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2152,"text":"Journal of Alloys and Compounds","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Rare-earth metal prices in the USA ca. 1960 to 1994","docAbstract":"Rare-earth metal prices were compiled from the late 1950s and early 1960s through 1994. Although commercial demand for rare-earth metals began in 1908, as the alloy mischmetal, commercial quantities of a wide range of individual rare-earth metals were not available until the late 1950s. The discovery of a large, high-grade rare-earth deposit at Mountain Pass. CA, USA, in 1949, was significant because it led to the production of commercial quantities or rare-earth elements that reduced prices and encouraged wider application of the materials. The availability of ore from Mountain Pass, and other large rare-earth deposits, especially those in Australia and China, has provided the world with abundant resources for rare-earth metal production. This availability, coupled with improved technology from Government and private-sector metallurgical research, has resulted in substantial decreases in rare-earth metal prices since the late 1950s and early 1960s. Price series for the individual rare-earth metals (except promethium) are quoted on a kilogram basis from the late 1950s and early 1960s through 1994. Prices are given in US dollars on an actual and constant dollar basis. Industrial and economic factors affecting prices during this time period are examined.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Alloys and Compounds","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"conferenceTitle":"Proceedings of the 1996 21st Rare Earth Research Conference. Part 2 (of 2)","conferenceDate":"7 July 1996 through 12 July 1996","conferenceLocation":"Duluth, MN, USA","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier Science S.A.","publisherLocation":"Lausanne, Switzerland","doi":"10.1016/S0925-8388(96)02532-7","issn":"09258388","usgsCitation":"Hedrick, J.B., 1997, Rare-earth metal prices in the USA ca. 1960 to 1994: Journal of Alloys and Compounds, v. 250, no. 1 -2 pt 2, p. 471-481, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0925-8388(96)02532-7.","startPage":"471","endPage":"481","numberOfPages":"11","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":206041,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0925-8388(96)02532-7"},{"id":228032,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"250","issue":"1 -2 pt 2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a952ce4b0c8380cd81850","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hedrick, James B.","contributorId":19993,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hedrick","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":384581,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70020003,"text":"70020003 - 1997 - Habitat associations and effects of urbanization on macroinvertebrates of a small, high-plains stream","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-04-03T11:24:38.840697","indexId":"70020003","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2299,"text":"Journal of Freshwater Ecology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Habitat associations and effects of urbanization on macroinvertebrates of a small, high-plains stream","docAbstract":"We described the relations between abundance of macroinvertebrates and several habitat variables in Crow Creek within F.E. Warren Air Force Base, Laramie County, Wyoming. Water velocity and longitudinal location showed the highest numbers of significant correlations with abundance of macroinvertebrate taxa. Changes in the macroinvertebrate community with changes in longitudinal location appeared to result from increasing urbanization with downstream movement. Caenis lattipennis, Ceratopogonidae, and Dubiraphia sp. were rare in the downstream portion of the study reach that has received substantial human disturbance.
The pegmatite-aplite rocks at Mankwadzi (Ejisimanku Hills) in southeastern Ghana are part of the pegmatite district that extends from Cape Coast to Winneba along the Atlantic coastline. The pegmatites are associated with the Cape Coast granite complex and were intruded during the waning phase of the Eburnian Orogeny (∼2.0 Ga). Three muscovite separates from pegmatite give KAr retention ages of 1909 ± 13 Ma, 1965 ± 13 Ma and 2019 ± 14 Ma. A biotite separate from granite yields a KAr age of 1907 ± 13 Ma. These ages are similar to KAr dates previously reported for the Cape Coast granites, indicating that the granites and pegmatites are coeval and probably genetically linked.
The pegmatites are enriched in Li, Be, Nb and Sn and considerably impoverished in Rb, Th, Y and REEs. Microscopic examination of quartz from the pegmatites shows a large number of low salinity fluid inclusions that can be divided into two types: (1) one-phase liquid or gas-filled inclusions; and (2) two-phase liquid-vapour inclusions, with the vapour occupying 2–5% of the volume. The homogenisation temperature of the fluid inclusions clusters between 129 and 144°C. These homogenisation temperatures lead to an inferred entrapment temperature of ∼300°C at a pressure of ∼2.5 kbar, which is estimated for the metamorphism of host hornblende schists. The pegmatite fluid inclusions are interpreted as being secondary to the quartz hosts.
Drainage densities on Mars range from zero over large areas of volcanic plains to 0.3–0.5 km−1 locally on some volcanoes. These values refer to geologic units, not to drainage basins, as is normal for terrestrial drainage densities. The highest values are close to the lowest terrestrial values derived by similar techniques. Drainage densities were determined for every geologic unit portrayed on the 1:15,000,000 geologic map of Mars. Except for volcanoes the geologic unit with the highest drainage density is the dissected Noachian plains with a drainage density of 0.0074 km−1. The average drainage density for Noachian units is 0.0032 km−1, for Hesperian units is 0.00047 km−1, and for Amazonian units is 0.00007 km−1, excluding the volcanoes. These values are 2–3 orders of magnitude lower than typical terrestrial densities as determined by similar techniques from Landsat images. The low drainage densities, despite a cumulative record that spans billions of years, indicate that compared with the Earth, the channel-forming processes have been very inefficient or have operated only rarely or that the surface is extremely permeable. The high drainage density on volcanoes is attributed to a local cause, such as hydrothermal activity, rather than to a global cause such as climate change.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/97JE00113","issn":"01480227","usgsCitation":"Carr, M.H., and Chuang, F.C., 1997, Martian drainage densities: Journal of Geophysical Research E: Planets, v. 102, no. E4, p. 9145-9152, https://doi.org/10.1029/97JE00113.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"9145","endPage":"9152","numberOfPages":"8","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":226632,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"otherGeospatial":"Mars","volume":"102","issue":"E4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a5230e4b0c8380cd6c216","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Carr, M. H.","contributorId":84727,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Carr","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[{"id":131,"text":"Astrogeology Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":381831,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Chuang, F. C.","contributorId":105452,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Chuang","given":"F.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":381832,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":95365,"text":"95365 - 1997 - Imperiled mammalian fauna of aquatic ecosystems in the Southeast: A management perspective","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-12-16T16:45:04.469036","indexId":"95365","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"chapter":"15","title":"Imperiled mammalian fauna of aquatic ecosystems in the Southeast: A management perspective","docAbstract":"Management of imperiled mammals associated with aquatic ecosystems in the southeastern United States ranges from almost no management for some species to intensive, high-profile programs for others. Aquatic mammals are notoriously difficult to census because they are often secretive, trap-wary, relatively rare, or have extensive movement patterns. As a result, conservation efforts aimed at these animals often have been greatly hampered by a general lack of comprehensive population data. Historically, certain high-profile, \"flagship\" species have been the primary beneficiaries of management efforts. One of the earliest examples involves beaver, Castor canadensis, which had been reduced to a low ebb due to unregulated harvest and were subsequently live-trapped by state game officials in the 1940s and repatriated throughout the southeastern states. The success of this restocking program has exceeded expectations, and today beaver numbers have reached what many consider to be nuisance proportions in most states. Similar restocking stories can be told for muskrats (Ondatra zibethicus) and, to a limited extent, for river otters (Lutra canadensis).
\nUnfortunately, other imperiled species of lesser economic or recreational value have not been as fortunate. Efforts to conserve these lower-profile species have been minimal or conservation problems so immense that their complete recovery has been unsuccessful. Wilson (1992) suggested that 20 percent of all species on earth may be lost to extinction in the next four decades. If this disaster should occur, it would rival the greatest geological extinction episodes. Certainly, conservationists need to explore new methods for preserving mammalian diversity.
\nIn this chapter we will discuss the resource management history of aquatic mammals which are imperiled in the Southeast. In doing so we define an aquatic mammal as any mammal that is directly or indirectly associated with aquatic ecosystems. Imperiled mammals are any mammalian species, subspecies, or population listed as endangered, threatened, or of special concern on any state or federal list, and also includes mammals experiencing long-term population declines or significant range contractions.
\n","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Aquatic fauna in peril: The southeastern perspective (Southeast Aquatic Research Institute special publication, 1)","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":15,"text":"Monograph"},"language":"English","publisher":"Lenz Design and Communications","usgsCitation":"Clark, J.D., and Harvey, M.J., 1997, Imperiled mammalian fauna of aquatic ecosystems in the Southeast: A management perspective, chap. 15 of Aquatic fauna in peril: The southeastern perspective (Southeast Aquatic Research Institute special publication, 1), p. 357-374.","productDescription":"18 p.","startPage":"357","endPage":"374","numberOfPages":"18","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":481,"text":"Northern Rocky Mountain Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":127249,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":320343,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.sherpaguides.com/southeast/aquatic_fauna/chapter_15/index.html"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a04e4b07f02db5f84f4","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Benz, G.W.","contributorId":113128,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Benz","given":"G.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":505566,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Collins, D.E.","contributorId":112270,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Collins","given":"D.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":505565,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2}],"authors":[{"text":"Clark, J. D.","contributorId":85911,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Clark","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":298960,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Harvey, M. J.","contributorId":60148,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Harvey","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":298959,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70019219,"text":"70019219 - 1997 - Spring prey use by double-crested cormorants on the Penobscot River, Maine, USA","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:10","indexId":"70019219","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3731,"text":"Waterbirds","onlineIssn":"19385390","printIssn":"15244695","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Spring prey use by double-crested cormorants on the Penobscot River, Maine, USA","docAbstract":"We analyzed 2 sets of data for Double-crested Cormorant (Phalacrocorax auritus) stomach contents (including esophageal contents) that were collected from April through June of 1986-1988 (N = 580) and 1992-1993 (N = 200) on the Penobscot River, Maine. Our objectives were to examine temporal and spatial variation in the spring diet and estimate the importance of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) smolts to the cormorant diet. We analyzed stomach contents relative to samples from 3 river sections: 5 mainstem dams collectively, above the head of tide, and free-flowing areas above and below the head of tide. Between years composition of taxa lists were compared (P = 0.05) relative to time and river section. We estimated taxon importance for data collected during 1992-1993 by ranking taxa according to 3 statistics: frequency of occurrence, mean percent volume, and numerical abundance. Data from 1986-88 were analyzed by frequency of occurrence only. Across the 3 river sections, the number of prey species recovered from cormorant stomachs increased from 15 in late April to at least 31 through May. Cormorants collected above the head of tide consumed 12 fish species (including freshwater, anadromous, and catadromous types), whereas birds collected below the head of tide consumed 28 freshwater and seasonally-available estuarine, marine benthic, and pelagic species. Salmon smolts were not recovered from stomachs collected in April, rare in stomach samples during the first week of June, and absent from the diet thereafter. In contrast, smolts were among the 5 most frequently occurring (1986-88) and highest ranking (1992-1993) prey taxa across the 3 river sections through May.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Waterbirds","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"07386028","usgsCitation":"Blackwell, B., Krohn, W., Dube, N., and Godin, A., 1997, Spring prey use by double-crested cormorants on the Penobscot River, Maine, USA: Waterbirds, v. 20, no. 1, p. 77-86.","startPage":"77","endPage":"86","numberOfPages":"10","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":226824,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"20","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b9622e4b08c986b31b2fa","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Blackwell, B.F.","contributorId":45039,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Blackwell","given":"B.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":382030,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Krohn, W.B.","contributorId":64355,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Krohn","given":"W.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":382032,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Dube, N.R.","contributorId":31924,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dube","given":"N.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":382029,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Godin, A.J.","contributorId":48680,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Godin","given":"A.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":382031,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":96782,"text":"96782 - 1997 - Inventory and monitoring of California Islands rare plant taxa. Technical Report to the Species at Risk Program, USGS-BRD, Channel Islands Field Station","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:03:54","indexId":"96782","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":9,"text":"Other Report"},"title":"Inventory and monitoring of California Islands rare plant taxa. Technical Report to the Species at Risk Program, USGS-BRD, Channel Islands Field Station","docAbstract":"No abstract available at this time","language":"English","usgsCitation":"McEachern, A.K., Wilken, D., and Chess, K., 1997, Inventory and monitoring of California Islands rare plant taxa. Technical Report to the Species at Risk Program, USGS-BRD, Channel Islands Field Station, 46 p.","productDescription":"46 p.","startPage":"46","numberOfPages":"46","costCenters":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":127435,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49bde4b07f02db5d04cc","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"McEachern, A. Kathryn","contributorId":30165,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McEachern","given":"A.","email":"","middleInitial":"Kathryn","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":300264,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wilken, D.","contributorId":41367,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wilken","given":"D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":300265,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Chess, K.","contributorId":106433,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chess","given":"K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":300266,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70177770,"text":"70177770 - 1997 - Apapane (Himatione sanguinea)","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-01-04T13:06:40","indexId":"70177770","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":3,"text":"Organization Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":161,"text":"Birds of North America","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":3}},"seriesNumber":"No. 296","title":"Apapane (Himatione sanguinea)","docAbstract":"
The 'Apapane is the most abundant species of Hawaiian honeycreeper and is perhaps best known for its wide-ranging flights in search of localized blooms of ō'hi'a (Metrosideros polymorpha) flowers, its primary food source. 'Apapane are common in mesic and wet forests above 1,000 m elevation on the islands of Hawai'i, Maui, and Kaua'i; locally common at higher elevations on O'ahu; and rare or absent on Lāna'i and Moloka'i.
","language":"English","publisher":"Academy of Natural Sciences and American Ornithologist's Union","publisherLocation":"Philadelphia, PA and Washington, D.C.","doi":"10.2173/bna.296","usgsCitation":"Fancy, S.G., and Ralph, C.J., 1997, Apapane (Himatione sanguinea): Birds of North America No. 296, https://doi.org/10.2173/bna.296.","costCenters":[{"id":521,"text":"Pacific Island Ecosystems Research Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":330267,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5809d7c6e4b0f497e78fcaa0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Fancy, Steven G.","contributorId":176135,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Fancy","given":"Steven","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":651732,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ralph, C. John","contributorId":71284,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ralph","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"John","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":651733,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70018473,"text":"70018473 - 1996 - Hanawaltite, Hg1+6Hg2+[Cl,(OH)]2O3 - A new mineral from the Clear Creek claim, San Benito County, California: Description and crystal structure","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-06-26T14:40:45.457068","indexId":"70018473","displayToPublicDate":"2013-01-10T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3106,"text":"Powder Diffraction","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"displayTitle":"Hanawaltite, Hg1+6Hg2+[Cl,(OH)]2O3 - A new mineral from the Clear Creek claim, San Benito County, California: Description and crystal structure","title":"Hanawaltite, Hg1+6Hg2+[Cl,(OH)]2O3 - A new mineral from the Clear Creek claim, San Benito County, California: Description and crystal structure","docAbstract":"Hanawaltite, ideally Hg1+6Hg2+O3Cl2, is orthorhombic, Pbma (57), with unit-cell parameters refined from powder data: a=11.790(3), b=13.881(4), c=6.450(2) Å, V=1055.7(6) Å3, a:b:c =0.8494:1:0.4647, Z=4. The strongest six lines of the X-ray powder-diffraction pattern [d in Å (I)(hkl)] are: 5.25 (80)(111), 3.164 (60)(231), 3.053 (100)(041), 2.954 (70)(141), 2.681 (50)(401), and 2.411 (50)(232,341). The mineral is an extremely rare constituent in a small prospect pit near the long-abandoned Clear Creek mercury mine, New Idria district, San Benito County, California. It was found on a single-fracture surface where it is intimately associated with calomel, native mercury, cinnabar, montroydite, and quartz. Individual crystals are subhedral to anhedral, platy to somewhat bladed, and average about 50 μm in longest dimension. The largest known crystal is approximately 0.3×0.3 mm in size and is striated parallel [001]. Hanawaltite is opaque to translucent (on very thin edges), black to very dark brown–black in color, with a black to dark red–brown streak. Other physical properties include: metallic luster; cleavage {001} good; uneven fracture; brittle; nonfluorescent; H<5; calculated density (for the empirical formula) 9.51 g/cm3.
In polished section, hanawaltite is moderately to strongly bireflectant and is pleochroic white (RI) to blue–white (R2). In reflected plane-polarized light, it is white with orange–red internal reflections in very thin grains and at grain margins. The anisotropy is strong with bright metallic blue rotation tints. Measured reflectance values, in air and in oil, are tabulated. Electron-microprobe analysis yielded Hg2O 82.46, HgO 14.27, Cl 3.33, H2O [0.34], sum [100.40], less O=Cl 0.75, total [99.65] wt. %, corresponding to Hg1+6.00Hg2+1.00 [Cl1.43(OH)0.57]Σ2.00O3.00, based on O+Cl=5. After the crystal structure was determined, the original microprobe value for Hg2O, 96.2, was partitioned in a ratio of 6Hg2O:HgO and (OH) was calculated, such that Cl+(OH)=2. The hanawaltite structure consists of undulatory [Hg–Hg]2+ ribbons which roughly parallel (100). The diatomic [Hg–Hg]2+ groups have anion tails which, in turn, serve as cross linkages between dimer ribbons through [Hg2+O2Cl2] planar rhombs. The structure is compared to that of other mercury oxychlorides and each is found to have its own unique structural features. This structural diversity is attributed to the inherent ability of mercury to adopt either metallic or ionic types of bonds. The mineral name honors the late Dr. J. D. (Don) Hanawalt (1903–1987), who was a pioneer in the field of X-ray powder diffraction.
","language":"English","publisher":"Cambridge University Press","doi":"10.1017/S0885715600008915","issn":"08857156","usgsCitation":"Roberts, A.C., Grice, J.D., Gault, R.A., Criddle, A., and Erd, R.C., 1996, Hanawaltite, Hg1+6Hg2+[Cl,(OH)]2O3 - A new mineral from the Clear Creek claim, San Benito County, California: Description and crystal structure: Powder Diffraction, v. 11, no. 1, p. 45-50, https://doi.org/10.1017/S0885715600008915.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"45","endPage":"50","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":227385,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","county":"San Benito County","otherGeospatial":"Clear Creek claim","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -121.4095042907666,\n 36.89344794896937\n ],\n [\n -121.4095042907666,\n 36.566916223958586\n ],\n [\n -121.05048867468497,\n 36.566916223958586\n ],\n [\n -121.05048867468497,\n 36.89344794896937\n ],\n [\n -121.4095042907666,\n 36.89344794896937\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"11","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2013-01-10","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a2f61e4b0c8380cd5cd35","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Roberts, Andrew C.","contributorId":85733,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Roberts","given":"Andrew","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379716,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Grice, Joel D.","contributorId":102210,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Grice","given":"Joel","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379718,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Gault, Robert A.","contributorId":105064,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gault","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379719,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Criddle, A.J.","contributorId":42279,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Criddle","given":"A.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379715,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Erd, Richard C.","contributorId":89899,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Erd","given":"Richard","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379717,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":5221060,"text":"5221060 - 1996 - Cytochrome P450 and contaminant concentrations in nestling black-crowned night-herons and their interrelation with sibling embryos","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-03-08T13:37:01","indexId":"5221060","displayToPublicDate":"2010-06-16T12:17:46","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1571,"text":"Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Cytochrome P450 and contaminant concentrations in nestling black-crowned night-herons and their interrelation with sibling embryos","docAbstract":"Hepatic cytochrome P450-associated monooxygenase activities were measured in 11-d-old nestling black-crowned night-herons (Nycticorax nycticorax) collected from a reference site (next to Chincoteague National Wildlife Refuge, VA, USA) and three contaminated sites (Cat Island, Green Bay, WI, USA; Bair Island, San Francisco Bay, CA, USA; and West Marin Island, San Francisco Bay, CA, USA). Arylhydrocarbon hydroxylase and benzyloxyresorufin-O-dealkylase activities of nestlings from contaminated sites were only slightly elevated (less than threefold) compared with the reference site. Organochlorine pesticide and total polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) concentrations in nestlings were greatest at contaminated sites, although much lower than found in concurrently collected eggs and pipping embryos. Pollutant concentrations of nestlings were rarely associated with monooxygenase activity. In contrast, concurrently collected pipping heron embryos (often siblings of the nestlings) exhibited pronounced monooxygenase induction (means at contaminated sites were elevated up to sevenfold and values of some embryos exceeded 25-fold induction). Furthermore, monooxygenase activity of pipping embryos was significantly correlated with total PCBs, arylhydrocarbon receptor-active PCB congeners, and toxic equivalents. The modest monooxygenase responses of heron nestlings suggest that this biomarker may have only limited value during this rapid-growth life stage.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1002/etc.5620150516","usgsCitation":"Rattner, B.A., Melancon, M.J., Custer, T.W., and Hothem, R.L., 1996, Cytochrome P450 and contaminant concentrations in nestling black-crowned night-herons and their interrelation with sibling embryos: Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, v. 15, no. 5, p. 715-721, https://doi.org/10.1002/etc.5620150516.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"715","endPage":"721","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":606,"text":"Upper Midwest Environmental Sciences Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":193702,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California, Virginia, Wisconsin","volume":"15","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1996-05-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4acce4b07f02db67eb75","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Rattner, Barnett A. 0000-0003-3676-2843 brattner@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3676-2843","contributorId":4142,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rattner","given":"Barnett","email":"brattner@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":332950,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Melancon, Mark J.","contributorId":21918,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Melancon","given":"Mark","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":332951,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Custer, Thomas W. 0000-0003-3170-6519 tcuster@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3170-6519","contributorId":2835,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Custer","given":"Thomas","email":"tcuster@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":606,"text":"Upper Midwest Environmental Sciences Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":332949,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Hothem, Roger L. roger_hothem@usgs.gov","contributorId":1721,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hothem","given":"Roger","email":"roger_hothem@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":332948,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70161987,"text":"70161987 - 1996 - Phytoplankton bloom dynamics in coastal ecosystems: A review with some general lessons from sustained investigation of San Francisco Bay, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-02-20T08:26:39","indexId":"70161987","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3283,"text":"Reviews of Geophysics","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Phytoplankton bloom dynamics in coastal ecosystems: A review with some general lessons from sustained investigation of San Francisco Bay, California","docAbstract":"Phytoplankton blooms are prominent features of biological variability in shallow coastal ecosystems such as estuaries, lagoons, bays, and tidal rivers. Long-term observation and research in San Francisco Bay illustrates some patterns of phytoplankton spatial and temporal variability and the underlying mechanisms of this variability. Blooms are events of rapid production and accumulation of phytoplankton biomass that are usually responses to changing physical forcings originating in the coastal ocean (e.g., tides), the atmosphere (wind), or on the land surface (precipitation and river runoff). These physical forcings have different timescales of variability, so algal blooms can be short-term episodic events, recurrent seasonal phenomena, or rare events associated with exceptional climatic or hydrologic conditions. The biogeochemical role of phytoplankton primary production is to transform and incorporate reactive inorganic elements into organic forms, and these transformations are rapid and lead to measurable geochemical change during blooms. Examples include the depletion of inorganic nutrients (N, P, Si), supersaturation of oxygen and removal of carbon dioxide, shifts in the isotopic composition of reactive elements (C, N), production of climatically active trace gases (methyl bromide, dimethylsulfide), changes in the chemical form and toxicity of trace metals (As, Cd, Ni, Zn), changes in the biochemical composition and reactivity of the suspended particulate matter, and synthesis of organic matter required for the reproduction and growth of heterotrophs, including bacteria, zooplankton, and benthic consumer animals. Some classes of phytoplankton play special roles in the cycling of elements or synthesis of specific organic molecules, but we have only rudimentary understanding of the forces that select for and promote blooms of these species. Mounting evidence suggests that the natural cycles of bloom variability are being altered on a global scale by human activities including the input of toxic contaminants and nutrients, manipulation of river flows, and translocation of species. This hypothesis will be a key component of our effort to understand global change at the land-sea interface. Pursuit of this hypothesis will require creative approaches for distinguishing natural and anthropogenic sources of phytoplankton population variability, as well as recognition that the modes of human disturbance of coastal bloom cycles operate interactively and cannot be studied as isolated processes.
","language":"English","publisher":"AGU ","doi":"10.1029/96RG00986","usgsCitation":"Cloern, J.E., 1996, Phytoplankton bloom dynamics in coastal ecosystems: A review with some general lessons from sustained investigation of San Francisco Bay, California: Reviews of Geophysics, v. 34, no. 2, p. 127-168, https://doi.org/10.1029/96RG00986.","productDescription":"42 p.","startPage":"127","endPage":"168","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":552,"text":"San Francisco Bay-Delta","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":5079,"text":"Pacific Regional Director's Office","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":314151,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"San Francisco Bay","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -122.53875732421875,\n 37.41816326969145\n ],\n [\n -122.53875732421875,\n 38.14751758025121\n ],\n [\n -121.47583007812501,\n 38.14751758025121\n ],\n [\n -121.47583007812501,\n 37.41816326969145\n ],\n [\n -122.53875732421875,\n 37.41816326969145\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"34","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5694e04be4b039675d005e4c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cloern, James E. 0000-0002-5880-6862 jecloern@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5880-6862","contributorId":1488,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cloern","given":"James","email":"jecloern@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":588259,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":32078,"text":"ofr96534 - 1996 - Geologic Map of the Cascade Head Area, Northwestern Oregon Coast Range (Neskiwin, Nestucca Bay, Hebo, and Dolph 7.5 minute Quadrangles)","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-01-02T11:07:50","indexId":"ofr96534","displayToPublicDate":"1999-04-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"96-534","title":"Geologic Map of the Cascade Head Area, Northwestern Oregon Coast Range (Neskiwin, Nestucca Bay, Hebo, and Dolph 7.5 minute Quadrangles)","docAbstract":"The geology of the Cascade Head area bridges the geology in the Tillamook Highlands to the north (Wells and others, 1994; 1995) with that of the Newport Embayment on the south (Snavely and others, 1976 a,b,c). The four 7.5-minute quadrangles (Neskowin, Nestucca Bay, Hebo, and Dolph) which comprise the Cascade Head area include significant stratigraphic, structural, and igneous data that are essential in unraveling the geology of the northern and central part of the Oregon Coast Range and of the adjacent continental shelf
Earlier studies (Snavely and Vokes, 1949) were of a broad reconnaissance nature because of limited access in this rugged, densely forested part of the Siuslaw National Forest. Also, numerous thick sills of late middle Eocene diabase and middle Miocene basalt mask the Eocene stratigraphic relationships. Previous mapping was hampered by a lack of precise biostratigraphic data. However, recent advances in biostratigraphy and radiometric age dating and geochemistry have provided the necessary tools to decipher stratigraphic and structural relationships in the Eocene sedimentary and volcanic rock sequences (W.W. Rau, personal communication, 1978 to 1988; Bukry and Snavely, 1988).
Many important stratigraphic and igneous relationships are displayed within the Casacde Head area:
(1) turbidite sandstone of the middle Eocene Tyee Formation, which is widespread in the central and southern part of the Oregon Coast Range (Snavely and others, 1964), was not deposited in the western part of the Cascade Head, and is of limited extent north of the map area (Wells and others, 1994);
(2) the late middle Eocene Yamhill Formation, which crops out along the west and east flank of the Oregon Coast Range, overlaps older strata and overlies an erosional unconformity on the lower Eocene Siletz River Volcanics (Snavely and others, 1990; 1991);
(3) thick sills of late middle Eocene diabase (43 Ma) are widespread in the Cascade Head area and also form much of the eastern flank of the Tillamook Highlands (Wells and others, 1994), but are rare south of the map area;
(4) Cascade Head is the northernmost eruptive center of late Eocene alkalic basalts--85 km north of the eruptive center of correlative alkalic flows of the Yachats Basalt in the Newport Embayment (Snavely and Vokes, 1949; Snavely and others, 1990; Barnes and Barnes, 1992; Davis and others, 1995);
(5) early Oligocene (33 Ma) sills and dikes of nepheline syenite and camptonite present in the Newport Embayment (Snavely and Wagner, 1961) are not found in the Cascade Head area;
(6) extensive middle Oligocene (30 Ma) granophyric gabbro sills that are widespread in the central part of the Oregon Coast Range (Snavely and Wagner, 1961; MacLeod, 1969) are not present in the Cascade Head area.
The Cascade Head area is the last segment of the Oregon Coast to receive detailed geologic mapping. Increased logging operations in the 1970's and 1980's created numerous new roadcut exposures and access to exposures in stream beds. More importantly, microfossil biostratigraphic control, available since 1970, based upon foraminifer determinations by W.W. Rau and nannofossil determinations by David Bukry provided critical information on stratigraphic succession as well as on depositional environments of the deep water (bathyal) siltstone units present in much of the Cascade Head area. These paleontologic data also permitted correlations with other sedimentary sequences mapped in the Newport Embayment and in the Tillamook Highlands as well as in western Washington.
New 7.5-minute topographic maps and aerial photographs which became available in the late 1980's provided detailed topography which can be related to the distribution of thick sills and broad landslide areas, as well as a precise geographic relationship of geologic observations in this densely forested and brush-covered terrain.
New geographic information systems (GIS) technology has produced a digitized color map of the Cascade Head area that combines the four 7.5-minute quadrangles that previously were open-filed as separate black and white 7.5-minute quadrangles (Snavely and others, 1990; 1990a; 1991; 1993).
The tectonic framework and stratigraphic architecture presented on the map of the Cascade Head area was obtained by classic geologic field methods. This information could have been obtained only through detailed observation and sampling along stream beds, road cuts, and outcrops. Remote sensing techniques were of minor help in unraveling the geology in this poorly exposed and complex terrain, a terrain that characterizes much of the Oregon and Washington Coast Ranges.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr96534","usgsCitation":"Snavely, P., Niem, A., Wong, F.L., MacLeod, N.S., Calhoun, T.K., Minasian, D.L., and Niem, W., 1996, Geologic Map of the Cascade Head Area, Northwestern Oregon Coast Range (Neskiwin, Nestucca Bay, Hebo, and Dolph 7.5 minute Quadrangles): U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 96-534, Report: 16 p.; 2 Plates: 44.86 x 26.85 inches and 45.27 x 28.60 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr96534.","productDescription":"Report: 16 p.; 2 Plates: 44.86 x 26.85 inches and 45.27 x 28.60 inches","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":350270,"rank":3,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1996/0534/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":350271,"rank":4,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1996/0534/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":350269,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1996/0534/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":167634,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1996/0534/report-thumb.jpg"}],"scale":"24000","datum":"North American Datum of 1927","country":"United States","state":"Oregon","otherGeospatial":"Cascade Head area","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -124,\n 45\n ],\n [\n -123.75,\n 45\n ],\n [\n -123.75,\n 45.25\n ],\n [\n -124,\n 45.25\n ],\n [\n -124,\n 45\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b1ae4b07f02db6a8564","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Snavely, Parke D. Jr.","contributorId":80328,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Snavely","given":"Parke D.","suffix":"Jr.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":207591,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Niem, Alan","contributorId":7345,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Niem","given":"Alan","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":207587,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Wong, Florence L. 0000-0002-3918-5896 fwong@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3918-5896","contributorId":1990,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wong","given":"Florence","email":"fwong@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":207586,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"MacLeod, Norman S.","contributorId":13643,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"MacLeod","given":"Norman","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":207589,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Calhoun, Tracy K.","contributorId":93114,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Calhoun","given":"Tracy","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":207592,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Minasian, Diane L. dminasian@usgs.gov","contributorId":12906,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Minasian","given":"Diane","email":"dminasian@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":207588,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Niem, Wendy","contributorId":67949,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Niem","given":"Wendy","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":207590,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}} ,{"id":70018997,"text":"70018997 - 1996 - Shallow marine event sedimentation in a volcanic arc-related setting: The Ordovician Suri Formation, Famatina Range, northwest Argentina","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-07-22T15:42:16.214103","indexId":"70018997","displayToPublicDate":"1999-02-22T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3368,"text":"Sedimentary Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Shallow marine event sedimentation in a volcanic arc-related setting: The Ordovician Suri Formation, Famatina Range, northwest Argentina","docAbstract":"The Loma del Kilómetro Member of the Lower Ordovician Suri Formation records arc-related shelf sedimentation in the Famatina Basin of northwest Argentina. Nine facies, grouped into three facies assemblages, are recognized. Facies assemblage 1 [massive and parallel-laminated mudstones (facies A) locally punctuated by normally graded or parallel-laminated silty sandstones (facies B] records deposition from suspension fall-out and episodic storm-induced turbidity currents in an outer shelf setting. Facies assemblage 2 [massive and parallel-laminated mudstones (facies A) interbedded with rippled-top very fine-grained sandstones (facies D)] is interpreted as the product of background sedimentation alternating with distal storm events in a middle shelf environment. Facies assemblage 3 [normally graded coarse to fine-grained sandstones (facies C); parallel-laminated to low angle cross-stratified sandstones (facies E); hummocky cross-stratified sandstones and siltstones (facies F); interstratified fine-grained sandstones and mudstones (facies G); massive muddy siltstones and sandstones (facies H); tuffaceous sandstones (facies 1); and interbedded thin units of massive and parallel-laminated mudstones (facies A)] is thought to represent volcaniclastic mass flow and storm deposition coupled with subordinated suspension fall-out in an inner-shelf to lower-shoreface setting.
The Loma del Kilómetro Member records regress ive-transgressive sedimentation in a storm- and mass flow-dominated high-gradient shelf. Volcano-tectonic activity was the important control on shelf morphology, while relative sea-level change influenced sedimentation. The lower part of the succession is attributed to mud blanketing during high stand and volcanic quiescence. Progradation of the inner shelf to lower shoreface facies assemblage in the middle part represents an abrupt basinward shoreline migration. An erosive-based, non-volcaniclastic, turbidite unit at the base of this package suggests a sea level fall. Pyroclastic detritus, andesites, and a non-volcanic terrain were eroded and their detritus was transported basinward and redeposited by sediment gravity flows during the low stand. The local coexistence of juvenile pyroclastic detritus and fossils suggests reworking of rare ash-falls. The upper part of the Loma del Kilómetro Member records a transgression with no evidence of contemporaneous volcanism.
Biostratinomic, paleoecologic, and ichnologic analyses support this paleoenvironmental interpretations and provide independent evidence for the dominance of episodic sedimentation in an arc-related shallow marine setting. Fossil concentrations were mainly formed by event processes, such as storms and volcaniclastic mass flows. High depositional rates inhibited formation of sediment-starved biogenic concentrations. Collectively, trace fossils belong to the Cruziana ichnofacies. Low diversity, scarcity, and presence of relatively simple forms indicate benthic activity under stressful conditions, most probably linked to high sedimentation rates.
Contrasting sedimentary dynamics between ‘normal shelves’ and their volcaniclastic counterparts produce distinct and particular signatures in the stratigraphic record. Arc-related shelves are typified by event deposition with significant participation of sediment gravity flows, relatively high sedimentation rates, textural and mineralogical immaturity of sediments, scarcity and low diversity of trace fossils, and dominance of transported and reworked faunal assemblages genetically related to episodic processes.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0037-0738(95)00134-4","issn":"00370738","usgsCitation":"Mangano, M., and Buatois, L., 1996, Shallow marine event sedimentation in a volcanic arc-related setting: The Ordovician Suri Formation, Famatina Range, northwest Argentina: Sedimentary Geology, v. 105, no. 1-2, p. 63-90, https://doi.org/10.1016/0037-0738(95)00134-4.","productDescription":"28 p.","startPage":"63","endPage":"90","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":226898,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Argentina","otherGeospatial":"Famatina Range, northwest Argentina","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -67.41146814373762,\n -23.70493461520492\n ],\n [\n -68.55947288371671,\n -24.835754544770843\n ],\n [\n -68.51362309842287,\n -26.37951050896778\n ],\n [\n -68.04472324836962,\n -27.325237823354904\n ],\n [\n -66.37380090194576,\n -27.045748715453783\n ],\n [\n -66.15799950100076,\n -24.02204979099008\n ],\n [\n -67.41146814373762,\n -23.70493461520492\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"105","issue":"1-2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b8e33e4b08c986b3187b8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Mangano, M.G.","contributorId":7432,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mangano","given":"M.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":381342,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Buatois, L.A.","contributorId":40740,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Buatois","given":"L.A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":381343,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":28927,"text":"wri954282 - 1996 - Water and bed-material quality of selected streams and reservoirs in the Research Triangle area of North Carolina, 1988-94","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-01-27T12:15:15","indexId":"wri954282","displayToPublicDate":"1997-10-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"95-4282","title":"Water and bed-material quality of selected streams and reservoirs in the Research Triangle area of North Carolina, 1988-94","docAbstract":"The Triangle Area Water Supply Monitoring Project was formed by a consortium of local governments and governmental agencies in cooperation with the U.S. Geological Survey to supplement existing data on conventional pollutants, nutrients, and metals to enable eventual determination of long-term trends; to examine spatial differences among water supplies within the region, especially differences between smaller upland sources, large multipurpose reservoirs, and run-of-river supplies; to provide tributary loading inlake data for predictive modeling of Falls of the Neuse and B. Everett Jordan reservoirs; and to establish a database for synthetic organic compounds.\r\n\r\nWater-quality sampling began in October 1988 at 35 sites located on area run-of-river and reservoir water supplies and their tributaries. Sampling has continued through 1994. Samples were analyzed for major ions, nutrients, trace metals, pesticides, and semivolatile and volatile organic compounds. Monthly concentration data, high-flow concentration data, and data on daily mean streamflow at most stream sites were used to calculate loadings of nitrogen, phosphorus, suspended sediment, and trace metals to reservoirs.\r\n\r\nStream and lake sites were assigned to one of five site categories-- (1) rivers, (2) large multipurpose reservoirs, (3) small water-supply reservoirs, (4) streams below urban areas and wastewater-treatment plants, and (5) headwater streams--according to general site characteristics. Concentrations of nitrogen species, phosphorus species, and selected trace metals were compared by site category using nonparametric analysis of variance techniques and qualitatively (trace metals). Wastewater-treatment plant effluents and urban runoff had a significant impact on water quality compared to reservoirs and headwater streams. Streams draining these areas had more mineralized water than streams draining undeveloped areas. Moreover, median nitrogen and nitrite plus nitrate concentrations were significantly greater than all other site categories. Phosphorus was significantly greater than for reservoir sites or headwater streams. Few concentrations of trace metals were greater than the minimum reporting limit, and U.S. Environmental Protection Agency drinking-water standards were rarely exceeded. Detections, when they occurred, were most frequent for sites below urban areas and wastewater-treatment plant effluents.\r\n\r\nA small number of samples for analysis of acetanilide, triazine, carbamate, and chlorophenoxy acid pesticides indicate that some of these compounds are generally present in area waters in small concentrations. Organochlorine and organophosphorus pesticides are ubiquitous in the study area in very small concentrations. Trihalomethanes were detected at sites below urban areas and wastewater-treatment plants. Otherwise, volatile organic compounds and semivolatile compounds were generally not detected.\r\n\r\nSuspended-sediment, nitrogen, phosphorus, lead, and zinc loads into Falls Lake, Jordan Lake, University Lake, Cane Creek Reservoir, Little River Reservoir, and Lake Michie were calculated. In general, reservoirs act as traps for suspended sediment and constituents associated with suspended sediments.\r\n\r\nDuring 1989-94, annual suspended-sediment load to Falls Lake ranged from 29,500 to 88,200 tons. Because Lake Michie trapped from 83 to 93 percent of the suspended sediment delivered by Flat River, Flat River is a minor contributor of suspended sediment to Falls Lake. Yields of suspended sediment from Little River, Little Lick Creek, and Flat River Basins were between 184 and 223 tons per square mile and appear to have increased increased slightly from yields reported in a study for the period 1970-79. Annual suspended-sediment load to Jordan Lake ranged from 271,000 to 622,000 tons from 1989 through 1994 water years. The Haw River contributed more than 75 percent of the tota load to Jordan Lake. The suspended-sediment yields for Haw River and Northeast Cree","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nInformation Services [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/wri954282","usgsCitation":"Oblinger, C.J., and Treece, M., 1996, Water and bed-material quality of selected streams and reservoirs in the Research Triangle area of North Carolina, 1988-94: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 95-4282, v, 79 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri954282.","productDescription":"v, 79 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":57800,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1995/4282/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":159158,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1995/4282/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"North Carolina","otherGeospatial":"Upper Cape Fear River 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The USGS makes unbiased scientific information available equally to all interested parties.
\nMost USGS work in Texas involves the appraisal of the State's water resources in cooperation with more than 80 local, State, and Federal agencies. The foundation of a wide range of hydrologic data-collection and interpretive programs is the stream-gaging program. The Texas network of streamflow-gaging stations, which provides water data for water-resources planning and design, hydrologic research, and operation of water-resources projects, is part of a nationwide aggregation of networks that is unique because of nationally consistent, prescribed standards by which the data are collected and processed.
\nThe USGS continues to expand collection of data for paper and digital maps. The best-known products of the USGS in Texas are its 1:24,000-scale topographic maps. These maps depict basic natural and cultural features of the landscape. Maps at this scale (1 inch on the map represents 2,000 feet on the ground) are useful for civil engineering, land-use planning, and natural-resource monitoring, and have long been favorites with the general public for a wide variety of outdoor uses.
\nThe USGS also continues to monitor geologic conditions in Texas associated with rare but potentially dangerous earthquakes. Recently, the Nation Biological Service (now the Biological Resources Division) joined the USGS to continue their appraisal of the nation's biological resources.
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mountains (southern Pannonian Basin, northern Croatia)","docAbstract":"Two genetically different groups of Hercynian granitoids occur in the Slavonian Mountains which are included in the southern Pannonian Basin. I-type granitoids occur in Barrovian-type progressive metamorphic sequences which originated during the Hercynian orogeny from the Late Silurian to Lower Carboniferous magmatic-sedimentary complex. S-type granitoids, enriched in incompatible trace elements, are accompanied by penecontemporaneous migmatites which originated from rocks of the same progressive metamorphic sequences and lower continental crust. I-type granitoids are represented mostly by granodiorite and monzogranite impoverished in incompatible trace elements, with rare diorite and monzodiorite and basic to intermediate rocks. Hercynian age of the crystalline rocks is supported by numerous K-Ar, 40Ar-39Ar and Rb-Sr measurements carried out mostly on monomineralic concentrates. About 20 representative samples of S-type and I-type granites and associated rocks were selected from over 1000 samples and analyzed in detail for major and trace elements, including REE, Sr and O isotopic compositions; microprobe chemical composition of the main rock-forming minerals was determined. Although most major and trace element diagrams do not provide the best genetic discrimination between the Slavonian granitoids, Sr and O isotope composition, REE data and some other data for the S-type granitoids are indicative of their sedimentary and continental crust source, whereas the I-type granitoids were derived by partial melting of the upper mantle with slight crustal contamination.
","language":"English","publisher":"Schweizerbart Science Publisher","doi":"10.1127/njma/171/1996/155","issn":"00777757","usgsCitation":"Pamic, J., Lanphere, M., and Belak, M., 1996, Hercynian I-type and S-type granitoids from the Slavonian mountains (southern Pannonian Basin, northern Croatia): Neues Jahrbuch fur Mineralogie, Abhandlungen, v. 171, no. 2, p. 155-186, https://doi.org/10.1127/njma/171/1996/155.","productDescription":"32 p.","startPage":"155","endPage":"186","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":227656,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Croatia","otherGeospatial":"Slavonian mountains, southern Pannonian Basin","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n 15.989376537958236,\n 46.54023095259825\n ],\n [\n 15.989376537958236,\n 46.05635612422839\n ],\n [\n 17.03128711558128,\n 46.05635612422839\n ],\n [\n 17.03128711558128,\n 46.54023095259825\n ],\n [\n 15.989376537958236,\n 46.54023095259825\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"171","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a3075e4b0c8380cd5d66f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Pamic, J.","contributorId":11753,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pamic","given":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380220,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lanphere, M.","contributorId":68034,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lanphere","given":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380221,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Belak, M.","contributorId":82074,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Belak","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380222,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":28770,"text":"wri954218 - 1996 - Evaluation of Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler measurements of river discharge","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-06-21T11:23:52","indexId":"wri954218","displayToPublicDate":"1996-12-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"95-4218","title":"Evaluation of Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler measurements of river discharge","docAbstract":"Developments in Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler (ADCP) technologies have made these instruments potentially useful for making measurements of discharge in rivers and large streams. Although there have been several laboratory studies and some field experiments, quantitative information on the performance of ADCP's under field conditions is relatively rare but essential to proper assessment of the potential uses and limitations of these instruments. This study was a comparative evaluation of river discharge data and ADCP data collected with conventional methods at 12 selected U.S. Geological Survey streamflow- gaging stations in the continental United States.
\nADCP discharge measurements were made at the 12 sites in 1994. Twenty-six of the 31 measurements differed by less than 5 percent from the discharges determined with conventional methods. All 31 ADCP measurements were within 8 percent of the conventional method discharges.
\nThe standard deviations of the ADCP measurements ranged from approximately 1 to 6 percent and were generally higher than the measurement errors predicted by error-propagation analysis of ADCP instrument performance. These error-prediction methods assume that the largest component of ADCP discharge measurement error is instrument related. The larger standard deviations indicate that substantial portions of measurement error may be attributable to sources unrelated to ADCP electronics or signal processing and are functions of the field environment.
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E.","contributorId":31437,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Morlock","given":"S.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":200368,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70019042,"text":"70019042 - 1996 - A field test of electromigration as a method for remediating sulfate from shallow ground water","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-11-29T16:47:23.8454","indexId":"70019042","displayToPublicDate":"1996-11-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1864,"text":"Ground Water Monitoring and Remediation","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A field test of electromigration as a method for remediating sulfate from shallow ground water","docAbstract":"Eloctromigraiion offers a potential tool for remediating ground water contaminated with highly soluble components, such as Na+, Cl, NO3 and SO4−. A field experiment was designed to lest the efficacy of electromigration for preconcontrating dissolved SO42 in ground water associated with a fossil-fuel power plant. Two shallow wells, 25 feel apart (one 25 feel deep, the other 47 feet deep), were constructed in the upper portion of an unconfined alluvial aquifer. The wells were constructed with a double-wall design, with an outer casing of 4-inch PVC and an inner lube of 2-inch FVC; both were fully slotted (0.01 inch). Electrodes were constructed by wrapping the inner lulling with a 100-foot length of rare-earth metal oxide/copper wire. An electrical potential of 10.65 volts DC Was applied, and tests were run for periods of 12, 44, and 216 hours. Results showed large changes in the pH from the initial pH of ground water of about 7.5 to values of approximately 2 and 12 at the anode and cathode, respectively. Despite the fact that the test conditions were far from ideal, dissolved SO42-; was significantly concentrated at the anode. Over a period of approximately nine days, the concentration of SO42- at the anode reached what appeared to he a steady-state value of 2200 mg/L. compared lo the initial value in ground water of approximately 1150 mg/L. The results of this field lest should encourage further investigation of electromigration as a tool in the remediation of contaminated ground water.
","language":"English","publisher":"National Groundwater Association","doi":"10.1111/j.1745-6592.1996.tb01172.x","usgsCitation":"Patterson, C., and Runnells, D., 1996, A field test of electromigration as a method for remediating sulfate from shallow ground water: Ground Water Monitoring and Remediation, v. 16, no. 4, p. 63-68, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6592.1996.tb01172.x.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"63","endPage":"68","numberOfPages":"6","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":226312,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"16","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2007-02-22","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e2d8e4b0c8380cd45caf","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Patterson, C. G.","contributorId":87132,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Patterson","given":"C. G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":381498,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Runnells, D.D.","contributorId":69721,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Runnells","given":"D.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":381497,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ]}