One problem with the application of neural networks to the multivariable control of mineral and extractive processes is determining whether and how to use them. The objective of this investigation was to compare neural network control to more conventional strategies and to determine if there are any advantages in using neural network control in terms of set-point tracking, rise time, settling time, disturbance rejection and other criteria.
The procedure involved developing neural network controllers using both historical plant data and simulation models. Various control patterns were tried, including both inverse and direct neural network plant models. These were compared to state space controllers that are, by nature, linear. For grinding and leaching circuits, a nonlinear neural network-based model predictive control strategy was superior to a state space-based linear quadratic gaussian controller.
The investigation pointed out the importance of incorporating state space into neural networks by making them recurrent, i.e., feeding certain output state variables into input nodes in the neural network. It was concluded that neural network controllers can have better disturbance rejection, set-point tracking, rise time, settling time and lower set-point overshoot, and it was also concluded that neural network controllers can be more reliable and easy to implement in complex, multivariable plants.
","language":"English","publisher":"Springer Nature","doi":"10.1007/BF03402758","issn":"07479182","usgsCitation":"Cho, C., Vance, R., Mardi, N., Qian, Z., and Prisbrey, K., 1997, Neural network-based nonlinear model predictive control vs. linear quadratic gaussian control: Mining, Metallurgy & Exploration (MME), v. 14, no. 2, p. 43-46, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03402758.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"43","endPage":"46","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":228122,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"14","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1997-05-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a64fae4b0c8380cd72ac1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cho, C.","contributorId":56400,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cho","given":"C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383117,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Vance, R.","contributorId":38724,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Vance","given":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383115,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Mardi, N.","contributorId":48332,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mardi","given":"N.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383116,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Qian, Z.","contributorId":87312,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Qian","given":"Z.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383118,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Prisbrey, K.","contributorId":23694,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Prisbrey","given":"K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383114,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70200974,"text":"70200974 - 1997 - Activities Related to American Indians and Alaska Natives; Fiscal Year 1997","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-11-29T13:27:46","indexId":"70200974","displayToPublicDate":"1997-04-30T14:30:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":6,"text":"USGS Unnumbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":345,"text":"Annual Report","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":6}},"displayTitle":"Activities Related to American Indians and Alaska Natives; Fiscal Year 1997","title":"Activities Related to American Indians and Alaska Natives; Fiscal Year 1997","docAbstract":"This report primarily describes activities during Federal fiscal year (FY) 1997. During FY 1997, the USGS engaged in cooperative research projects, data collection, informal outreach, and work done under Memoranda of Understanding that related to American Indians or Alaska Natives. Some work was technical and/or research-oriented. Other work was educational. As much as possible, activities are listed from east to west and from north to south.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/70200974","usgsCitation":"U.S. Geological Survey, 1997, Activities Related to American Indians and Alaska Natives; Fiscal Year 1997: Annual Report, https://doi.org/10.3133/70200974.","costCenters":[{"id":501,"text":"Office of Science Quality and Integrity","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":359625,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/amerind/1997report/otr1997-report.pdf","text":"Report","size":"1.23 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"OTR 1997"},{"id":359624,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/amerind/1997report/coverthb.jpg"}],"contact":"National Tribal Liaison
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12201 Sunrise Valley Drive
Mail Stop 911
Reston, VA 20192
We analyze co-seismic changes of water level in nine wells near Parkfield, California, produced by an MD 4.7 earthquake on 20 December 1994 in order to test the hypothesis that co-seismic water-level changes are proportional to co-seismic volumetric strain. For each well, a quantitative relationship between water level and volumetric strain can be inferred from water-level fluctuations due to earth tides and barometric pressure. The observed co-seismic water-level changes, which ranged from −16 to +34 cm, can therefore be compared with volumetric strain recorded by borehole strainmeters or calculated using a dislocation model of the earthquake. We were able to find a dislocation model of the earthquake rupture that predicts volumetric expansion at five of the six wells where water level fell co-seismically, as well as volumetric contraction at one of the two sites where water level rose. Strain predicted by the dislocation model is in good quantitative agreement with the strain inferred from water-level changes observed at four of the well sites, as well as strain recorded by three borehole strainmeters. Water-level changes at two more well sites correspond to strain somewhat greater than predicted by the model but agree in sign with model-calculated strains. At three of the well sites, however, water-level changes took place that cannot be explained as responses to co-seismic volumetric strain for any plausible dislocation model of the earthquake rupture. At two of these sites, one in and one near the San Andreas fault, large water-level drops are probably influenced by co-seismic fault creep. The third site has a history of large water-level rises in response to earthquakes at distances up to several hundred kilometers. This data set shows that co-seismic water-level changes in many wells are proportional to volumetric strain but that other wells exist in which different mechanisms dominate co-seismic response.
","language":"English","publisher":"Seismological Society of America","doi":"10.1785/BSSA0870020310","usgsCitation":"Quilty, E., and Roeloffs, E.A., 1997, Water-level changes in response to the 20 December 1994 earthquake near Parkfield, California: Bulletin of Seismological Society of America, v. 87, no. 2, p. 310-317, https://doi.org/10.1785/BSSA0870020310.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"310","endPage":"317","costCenters":[{"id":234,"text":"Earthquake Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":418716,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","city":"Parkfield","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -120.625,\n 36.125\n ],\n [\n -120.625,\n 35.75\n ],\n [\n -120.3,\n 35.75\n ],\n [\n -120.3,\n 36.125\n ],\n [\n -120.625,\n 36.125\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"87","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1997-04-01","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Quilty, Eddie","contributorId":190886,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Quilty","given":"Eddie","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":876988,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Roeloffs, Evelyn A. 0000-0002-4761-0469 evelynr@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4761-0469","contributorId":2680,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Roeloffs","given":"Evelyn","email":"evelynr@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":876989,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":3939,"text":"cir1132 - 1997 - A strategy for monitoring glaciers","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-08-18T11:22:51","indexId":"cir1132","displayToPublicDate":"1997-04-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":307,"text":"Circular","code":"CIR","onlineIssn":"2330-5703","printIssn":"1067-084X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1132","title":"A strategy for monitoring glaciers","docAbstract":"Glaciers are important features in the hydrologic cycle and affect the volume, variability, and water quality of runoff. Assessing and predicting the effect of glaciers on water resources require a monitoring program to provide basic data for this understanding. The monitoring program of the U.S. Geological Survey employs a nested approach whereby an intensively studied glacier is surrounded by less intensively studied glaciers and those monitored solely by remote sensing. Ideally, each glacierized region of the United States would have such a network of glaciers. The intensively studied glacier provides a detailed understanding of the physical processes and their temporal changes that control the mass exchange of the glaciers in that region. The less intensively studied glaciers are used to assess the variability of such processes within the region.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Government Printing Office","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","doi":"10.3133/cir1132","usgsCitation":"Fountain, A.G., Krimmel, R.M., and Trabant, D.C., 1997, A strategy for monitoring glaciers: U.S. Geological Survey Circular 1132, iv, 19 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/cir1132.","productDescription":"iv, 19 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","startPage":"1","endPage":"19","numberOfPages":"25","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":122520,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1997/1132/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":31024,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1997/1132/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United 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\"}}]}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b17e4b07f02db6a62ee","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Fountain, Andrew G.","contributorId":10410,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Fountain","given":"Andrew","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":6929,"text":"Portland State University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":147862,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Krimmel, Robert M.","contributorId":34902,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Krimmel","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":147864,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Trabant, Dennis C.","contributorId":13965,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Trabant","given":"Dennis","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":147863,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70007027,"text":"70007027 - 1997 - Safety of formalin treatments on warm- and coolwater fish eggs","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-12-18T14:52:28","indexId":"70007027","displayToPublicDate":"1997-03-31T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":853,"text":"Aquaculture","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Safety of formalin treatments on warm- and coolwater fish eggs","docAbstract":"Formalin is widely used for treating fungal infections of fish eggs in intensive aquaculture operations. The use of formalin in the United States is only allowed on salmonid and esocid eggs unless a special exemption is granted for use on other species. This study was conducted to determine the safety of formalin treatments on eggs of representative warm- and coolwater fish species and data was used to support a request to allow the use of formalin on the eggs of warmwater and additional coolwater fish species. Non-eyed eggs of walleye (Stizostedion vitreum), common carp (Cyprinus carpio), white sucker (Catostomus commersoni), channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus), and lake sturgeon (Acipenser fulvescens) were cultured in miniature egg hatching jars and treated for 45 min every-other-day with 1500, 4500, or 7500 μL L-1 formalin up to hatch. For all species tested, the percent hatch was greater in 1500 mu L L-1 treatment groups than in untreated controls. Walleye eggs were the least sensitive species and had a hatch of 87% in the 7500 mu L L-1 treatment. Lake sturgeon were the most sensitive species with a mean hatch of 54% in 1500 mu L L-1 treatments. Adequate margins of safety exist for standard treatments (1500 mu L L-1 for 15 min) on eggs of all species tested except lake sturgeon. Fungal infections drastically reduced or eliminated hatch in most control groups whereas most treated groups were free of infections. This confirms the efficacy of formalin as an fungicide. Published by Elsevier Science B.V.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Aquaculture","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","publisherLocation":"Amsterdam, Netherlands","doi":"10.1016/S0044-8486(96)01447-0","collaboration":"Abstract has subscript/superscript to be fixed","usgsCitation":"Rach, J.J., Howe, G.E., and Schreier, T.M., 1997, Safety of formalin treatments on warm- and coolwater fish eggs: Aquaculture, v. 149, no. 3-4, p. 183-191, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0044-8486(96)01447-0.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"183","endPage":"191","numberOfPages":"9","costCenters":[{"id":606,"text":"Upper Midwest Environmental Sciences Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":264119,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":261920,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0044-8486(96)01447-0"}],"country":"United States","volume":"149","issue":"3-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"50d20caee4b08b071e771bca","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Rach, Jeff J.","contributorId":38875,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rach","given":"Jeff","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":355699,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Howe, George E.","contributorId":102570,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Howe","given":"George","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":355700,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Schreier, Theresa M. 0000-0001-7722-6292 tschreier@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7722-6292","contributorId":3344,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schreier","given":"Theresa","email":"tschreier@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":606,"text":"Upper Midwest Environmental Sciences Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":355698,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70209292,"text":"70209292 - 1997 - Application of the Modern Analog Technique (MAT) of sea surface temperature estimation to middle Pliocene North Pacific planktonic foraminifer assemblages","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-03-27T12:24:14","indexId":"70209292","displayToPublicDate":"1997-03-27T12:18:06","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2997,"text":"Palaeontologia Electronica","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Application of the Modern Analog Technique (MAT) of sea surface temperature estimation to middle Pliocene North Pacific planktonic foraminifer assemblages","docAbstract":"Seventy-two samples from Deep Sea Drilling Project Sites 445 and 463 and Ocean Drilling Program Site 769 from the northwest Pacific Ocean were compared to 499 modern core top Pacific Ocean samples using the squared chord distance dissimilarity measure. Many samples show high levels of dissimilarity that can be explained by pervasive dissolution and/or evolution changing the composition of the fossil assemblages. Weighted averages of winter and summer sea surface temperatures (SST) from the nearest five modern analogs of each fossil-bearing sample were used to estimate Pliocene SST. Results show little to no middle Pliocene warming at low latitudes (Site 769) and warming of 2°C to 4°C in winter and possibly 1°C in summer just north of the Philippine Sea (Site 445). These data, when combined with other estimates of Pliocene SST in the northwest Pacific, suggest an enhanced meridional oceanic heat flow, similar to that found in the North Atlantic during the same part of the Pliocene.
","language":"English","doi":"10.26879/98003","usgsCitation":"Dowsett, H.J., and Robinson, M.M., 1997, Application of the Modern Analog Technique (MAT) of sea surface temperature estimation to middle Pliocene North Pacific planktonic foraminifer assemblages: Palaeontologia Electronica, p. 1-22, https://doi.org/10.26879/98003.","productDescription":"1.1.3a, 22 p.","startPage":"1","endPage":"22","costCenters":[{"id":40020,"text":"Florence Bascom Geoscience Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":479927,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.26879/98003","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":373600,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"otherGeospatial":"Pacific Ocean ","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -198.28125,\n -19.31114335506464\n ],\n [\n -203.90625,\n -48.92249926375823\n ],\n [\n -202.5,\n -64.77412531292872\n ],\n [\n -88.59374999999999,\n -52.482780222078205\n ],\n [\n -81.5625,\n -9.79567758282973\n ],\n [\n -122.34374999999999,\n 28.304380682962783\n ],\n [\n -184.21874999999997,\n 40.97989806962013\n ],\n [\n -205.3125,\n 43.068887774169625\n ],\n [\n -244.68749999999997,\n 28.304380682962783\n ],\n [\n -229.21874999999997,\n -11.178401873711772\n ],\n [\n -198.28125,\n -19.31114335506464\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Dowsett, Harry J. 0000-0003-1983-7524 hdowsett@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1983-7524","contributorId":949,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dowsett","given":"Harry","email":"hdowsett@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":243,"text":"Eastern Geology and Paleoclimate Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":40020,"text":"Florence Bascom Geoscience Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":785916,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Robinson, Marci M. 0000-0002-9200-4097 mmrobinson@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9200-4097","contributorId":2082,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Robinson","given":"Marci","email":"mmrobinson@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":40020,"text":"Florence Bascom Geoscience Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":243,"text":"Eastern Geology and Paleoclimate Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":785917,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70208989,"text":"70208989 - 1997 - Early Silurian radiolaria from northern Nevada, USA","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-03-10T11:01:48","indexId":"70208989","displayToPublicDate":"1997-03-10T10:35:48","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2673,"text":"Marine Micropaleontology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Early Silurian radiolaria from northern Nevada, USA","docAbstract":"Radiolarians recovered from three sites in the early Llandoverian Cherry Spring chert, north-central Nevada, provide the first Early Silurian radiolarian data from the conterminous United States. Two assemblages were recovered that contain abundant pylomate sphaerellarians, rotasphaerids, inaniguttids, and possible palaeoactinosphaerids. The pylomate taxa have an intermediate spine morphology with Cessipylorum and Aciferopylorum, bringing into question the present criteria for distinguishing these two genera. Rotasphaerids include both species of Rotasphaera and Secuicollacta, that have five primary rods per spine unit, similar to those present in Ordovician assemblages (Caradocian-Ashgillian) reported from Nevada and Australia. Oriundogutta is another common component shared between the Cherry Spring and Caradocian-Ashgillian age faunas. To a lesser extent, the Cherry Spring fauna resembles late Early-Late Silurian (Wenlockian-Ludlovian) assemblages that contain abundant inaniguttids and rotasphaerids. None of the younger species of inaniguttids have been recognized, however, and younger species of rotasphaerids differ in that they have six primary rods per spine unit and a more diverse spine morphology. These preliminary data indicate a stronger similarity between Late Ordovician and early Llandoverian assemblages than between early Llandoverian and Wenlockian-Ludlovian assemblages. The Cherry Spring chert faunas contain several distinct forms, such as Cessipylorum(?) sp. A and B, that may prove useful for biostratigraphic correlation.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/S0377-8398(96)00026-6","usgsCitation":"Noble, P., Ketner, K.B., and McClellan, W., 1997, Early Silurian radiolaria from northern Nevada, USA: Marine Micropaleontology, v. 30, no. 1-3, p. 215-223, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0377-8398(96)00026-6.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"215","endPage":"223","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":373043,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Nevada","otherGeospatial":"Northern Nevada","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -115.56518554687499,\n 40.3549167507906\n ],\n [\n -114.04907226562499,\n 40.3549167507906\n ],\n [\n -114.04907226562499,\n 42.00848901572399\n ],\n [\n -115.56518554687499,\n 42.00848901572399\n ],\n [\n -115.56518554687499,\n 40.3549167507906\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"30","issue":"1-3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Noble, P.J.","contributorId":15385,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Noble","given":"P.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":784431,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ketner, Keith B.","contributorId":957,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ketner","given":"Keith","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":784432,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"McClellan, W.","contributorId":223171,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"McClellan","given":"W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":784433,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":5223196,"text":"5223196 - 1997 - Estimating temporary emigration using capture-recapture data with Pollock's robust design","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-12-14T17:02:52.540954","indexId":"5223196","displayToPublicDate":"1997-03-01T12:17:47","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1465,"text":"Ecology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Estimating temporary emigration using capture-recapture data with Pollock's robust design","docAbstract":"Statistical inference for capture–recapture studies of open animal populations typically relies on the assumption that all emigration from the studied population is permanent. However, there are many instances in which this assumption is unlikely to be met. We define two general models for the process of temporary emigration: completely random and Markovian. We then consider effects of these two types of temporary emigration on Jolly–Seber estimators and on estimators arising from the full-likelihood approach to robust design data.
Capture–recapture data arising from Pollock’s robust design provide the basis for obtaining unbiased estimates of demographic parameters in the presence of temporary emigration, and for estimating the probability of temporary emigration. We present a likelihood-based approach to dealing with temporary emigration that permits estimation under different models of temporary emigration and yields tests for completely random and Markovian emigration. In addition, we use the relationship between capture probability estimates based on closed and open models under completely random temporary emigration to derive three ad hoc estimators for the probability of temporary emigration. Two of these should be especially useful in situations where capture probabilities are heterogeneous among individual animals. Ad hoc and full-likelihood estimators are illustrated for small-mammal capture–recapture data sets.
We believe that these models and estimators will be useful for testing hypotheses about the process of temporary emigration, for estimating demographic parameters in the presence of temporary emigration, and for estimating probabilities of temporary emigration. These latter estimates are frequently of ecological interest as indicators of animal movement and, in some sampling situations, as direct estimates of breeding probabilities and proportions.
","language":"English","publisher":"Ecological Society of America","doi":"10.1890/0012-9658(1997)078[0563:ETEUCR]2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Kendall, W., Nichols, J.D., and Hines, J.E., 1997, Estimating temporary emigration using capture-recapture data with Pollock's robust design: Ecology, v. 78, no. 2, p. 563-578, https://doi.org/10.1890/0012-9658(1997)078[0563:ETEUCR]2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"16 p.","startPage":"563","endPage":"578","numberOfPages":"16","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":503485,"rank":2,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"https://zotero.org/groups/5435545/items/38B73FQW","text":"External Repository"},{"id":196074,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"78","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a0ce4b07f02db5fc7d9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kendall, W. L. 0000-0003-0084-9891","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0084-9891","contributorId":32880,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kendall","given":"W. L.","affiliations":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":338094,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Nichols, James D. 0000-0002-7631-2890 jnichols@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7631-2890","contributorId":200533,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nichols","given":"James","email":"jnichols@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":338093,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hines, James E. 0000-0001-5478-7230 jhines@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5478-7230","contributorId":146530,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hines","given":"James","email":"jhines@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":338095,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70006532,"text":"70006532 - 1997 - Evaluation of estimation methods for organic carbon normalized sorption coefficients","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2026-03-16T15:35:43.610105","indexId":"70006532","displayToPublicDate":"1997-03-01T08:52:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3711,"text":"Water Environment Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Evaluation of estimation methods for organic carbon normalized sorption coefficients","docAbstract":"A critically evaluated set of 94 soil water partition coefficients normalized to soil organic carbon content (Koc) is presented for 11 classes of organic chemicals. This data set is used to develop and evaluate Koc estimation methods using three different descriptors. The three types of descriptors used in predicting Koc were octanol/water partition coefficient (Kow), molecular connectivity (mXt) and linear solvation energy relationships (LSERs). The best results were obtained estimating Koc from Kow, though a slight improvement in the correlation coefficient was obtained by using a two-parameter regression with Kow and the third order difference term from mXt. Molecular connectivity correlations seemed to be best suited for use with specific chemical classes. The LSER provided a better fit than mXt but not as good as the correlation with Koc. The correlation to predict Koc from Kow was developed for 72 chemicals; log Koc = 0.903* log Kow + 0.094. This correlation accounts for 91% of the variability in the data for chemicals with log Kow ranging from 1.7 to 7.0. The expression to determine the 95% confidence interval on the estimated Koc is provided along with an example for two chemicals of different hydrophobicity showing the confidence interval of the retardation factor determined from the estimated Koc. The data showed that Koc is not likely to be applicable for chemicals with log Kow < 1.7. Finally, the Koc correlation developed using Kow as a descriptor was compared with three nonclass-specific correlations and two 'commonly used' class-specific correlations to determine which method(s) are most suitable.
","language":"English","publisher":"Water Environment Federation","doi":"10.2175/106143097X125281","usgsCitation":"Baker, J.R., Mihelcic, J.R., Luehrs, D.C., and Hickey, J.P., 1997, Evaluation of estimation methods for organic carbon normalized sorption coefficients: Water Environment Research, v. 69, no. 2, p. 136-145, https://doi.org/10.2175/106143097X125281.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"136","endPage":"145","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":289162,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"69","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53b286e7e4b07b8813a55486","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Baker, James R.","contributorId":103187,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Baker","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":354694,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Mihelcic, James R.","contributorId":28534,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mihelcic","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":354692,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Luehrs, Dean C.","contributorId":28498,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Luehrs","given":"Dean","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":354691,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Hickey, James P.","contributorId":83460,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hickey","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":354693,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70197195,"text":"70197195 - 1997 - Classification of mineral deposits into types using mineralogy with a probabilistic neural network","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-05-21T16:40:56","indexId":"70197195","displayToPublicDate":"1997-03-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2879,"text":"Nonrenewable Resources","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Classification of mineral deposits into types using mineralogy with a probabilistic neural network","docAbstract":"In order to determine whether it is desirable to quantify mineral-deposit models further, a test of the ability of a probabilistic neural network to classify deposits into types based on mineralogy was conducted. Presence or absence of ore and alteration mineralogy in well-typed deposits were used to train the network. To reduce the number of minerals considered, the analyzed data were restricted to minerals present in at least 20% of at least one deposit type. An advantage of this restriction is that single or rare occurrences of minerals did not dominate the results. Probabilistic neural networks can provide mathematically sound confidence measures based on Bayes theorem and are relatively insensitive to outliers. Founded on Parzen density estimation, they require no assumptions about distributions of random variables used for classification, even handling multimodal distributions. They train quickly and work as well as, or better than, multiple-layer feedforward networks. Tests were performed with a probabilistic neural network employing a Gaussian kernel and separate sigma weights for each class and each variable. The training set was reduced to the presence or absence of 58 reported minerals in eight deposit types. The training set included: 49 Cyprus massive sulfide deposits; 200 kuroko massive sulfide deposits; 59 Comstock epithermal vein gold districts; 17 quartzalunite epithermal gold deposits; 25 Creede epithermal gold deposits; 28 sedimentary-exhalative zinc-lead deposits; 28 Sado epithermal vein gold deposits; and 100 porphyry copper deposits. The most common training problem was the error of classifying about 27% of Cyprus-type deposits in the training set as kuroko. In independent tests with deposits not used in the training set, 88% of 224 kuroko massive sulfide deposits were classed correctly, 92% of 25 porphyry copper deposits, 78% of 9 Comstock epithermal gold-silver districts, and 83% of six quartzalunite epithermal gold deposits were classed correctly. Across all deposit types, 88% of deposits in the validation dataset were correctly classed. Misclassifications were most common if a deposit was characterized by only a few minerals, e.g., pyrite, chalcopyrite,and sphalerite. The success rate jumped to 98% correctly classed deposits when just two rock types were added. Such a high success rate of the probabilistic neural network suggests that not only should this preliminary test be expanded to include other deposit types, but that other deposit features should be added.
","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/BF02816922","usgsCitation":"Singer, D.A., and Kouda, R., 1997, Classification of mineral deposits into types using mineralogy with a probabilistic neural network: Nonrenewable Resources, v. 6, no. 1, p. 27-32, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02816922.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"27","endPage":"32","costCenters":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":354371,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"6","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5b15971de4b092d9651e2228","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Singer, Donald A. dsinger@usgs.gov","contributorId":5601,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Singer","given":"Donald","email":"dsinger@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":735965,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kouda, Ryoichi","contributorId":198036,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Kouda","given":"Ryoichi","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":735966,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70176678,"text":"70176678 - 1997 - Perceptions of species abundance, distribution, and diversity: Lessons from four decades of sampling on a government-managed reserve","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-09-26T11:39:54","indexId":"70176678","displayToPublicDate":"1997-03-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1547,"text":"Environmental Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Perceptions of species abundance, distribution, and diversity: Lessons from four decades of sampling on a government-managed reserve","docAbstract":"We examined data relative to species abundance, distribution, and diversity patterns of reptiles and amphibians to determine how perceptions change over time and with level of sampling effort. Location data were compiled on more than one million individual captures or observations of 98 species during a 44-year study period on the US Department of Energy’s (DOE) Savannah River Site National Environmental Research Park (SRS-NERP) in South Carolina. We suggest that perceptions of herpetofaunal species diversity are strongly dependent on level of effort and that land management decisions based on short-term data bases for some faunal groups could result in serious errors in environmental management. We provide evidence that acquiring information on biodiversity distribution patterns is compatible with multiyear spatially extensive research programs and also provide a perspective of what might be achieved if long-term, coordinated research efforts were instituted nationwide.
To conduct biotic surveys on government-managed lands, we recommend revisions in the methods used by government agencies to acquire and report biodiversity data. We suggest that government and industry employees engaged in biodiversity survey efforts develop proficiency in field identification for one or more major taxonomic groups and be encouraged to measure the status of populations quantitatively with consistent and reliable methodologies. We also suggest that widespread academic cooperation in the dissemination of information on regional patterns of biodiversity could result by establishment of a peer-reviewed, scientifically rigorous journal concerned with status and trends of the biota of the United States.
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Data were collected as part of the efforts by the U.S. Geological Survey National Water Quality Assessment Program and the Idaho State University Stream Ecology Center to characterize aquatic biota and associated habitats in least‐disturbed coldwater streams. Geographically, the basin comprises four ecoregions. Environmental variables constituting various spatial scales, from watershed characteristics to instream habitat measures, were used to examine distribution patterns in fish assemblages. Nineteen fish species in the families Salmonidae, Cottidae, Cyprinidae, and Catostomidae were collected. Multivariate analyses showed high overlap in stream fish assemblages among the ecoregions. Major environmental factors determining species distributions in the basin were stream gradient, watershed size, conductivity, and percentage of the watershed covered by forest. Lowland streams (below 1,600 m in elevation), located mostly in the Snake River Basin/High Desert ecoregion, displayed different fish assemblages than upland streams (above 2,000 m elevation) in the Northern Rockies, Middle Rockies, and Northern Basin and Range ecoregions. For example, cottids were not found in streams above 2,000 m in elevation. In addition, distinct fish assemblages were found in tributaries upstream and downstream from the large waterfall, Shoshone Falls, on the Snake River. Fish metrics explaining most of the variation among sites included the total number of species, number of native species, number of salmonid species, percent introduced species, percent cottids, and percent salmonids. Springs also exhibited different habitat conditions and fish assemblages than streams. The data suggest that the evolutionary consequences of geographic features and fish species introductions transcend the importance of ecoregion boundaries on fish distributions in the upper Snake River basin.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Fisheries Society","doi":"10.1577/1548-8659(1997)126<0200:FAAECI>2.3.CO;2","issn":"00028487","usgsCitation":"Maret, T., Robinson, C., and Minshall, G., 1997, Fish assemblages and environmental correlates in least-disturbed streams of the upper Snake River basin: Transactions of the American Fisheries Society, v. 126, no. 2, p. 200-216, https://doi.org/10.1577/1548-8659(1997)126<0200:FAAECI>2.3.CO;2.","productDescription":"17 p.","startPage":"200","endPage":"216","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":228223,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Idaho, Oregon, Washington, Wyoming","otherGeospatial":"Snake River","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -118.76618139949029,\n 46.67941430741857\n ],\n [\n -118.79091092050712,\n 46.19831995389289\n ],\n [\n -117.12894612481163,\n 46.218990048936604\n ],\n [\n -117.44282523369402,\n 44.519576080969514\n ],\n [\n -117.09834257880576,\n 43.01389858855194\n ],\n [\n -114.20696991607171,\n 42.24555043192322\n ],\n [\n -111.30704316534121,\n 43.039739129573945\n ],\n [\n -109.99515381463235,\n 44.586995815661865\n ],\n [\n -110.83314574763486,\n 44.636811584646445\n ],\n [\n -112.3134180701875,\n 43.343896538397246\n ],\n [\n -115.16211720443145,\n 43.11818977545281\n ],\n [\n -116.5289883663885,\n 44.17283078351555\n ],\n [\n -116.45989112825143,\n 45.89550928414982\n ],\n [\n -116.80599175079654,\n 46.646691597012705\n ],\n [\n -117.75015845308404,\n 46.75146501565315\n ],\n [\n -118.76618139949029,\n 46.67941430741857\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"126","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a107de4b0c8380cd53cc1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Maret, T.R.","contributorId":9015,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Maret","given":"T.R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":384628,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Robinson, C.T.","contributorId":80438,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Robinson","given":"C.T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":384630,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Minshall, G.W.","contributorId":16381,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Minshall","given":"G.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":384629,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70201378,"text":"70201378 - 1997 - The imager for Mars Pathfinder experiment","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-12-13T10:31:18","indexId":"70201378","displayToPublicDate":"1997-02-01T10:27:19","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2317,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research E: Planets","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":" The imager for Mars Pathfinder experiment","docAbstract":"The imager for Mars Pathfinder (IMP), a stereoscopic, multispectral camera, is described in terms of its capabilities for studying the Martian environment. The camera's two eyes, separated by 15.0 cm, provide the camera with range‐finding ability. Each eye illuminates half of a single CCD detector with a field of view of 14.4×14.0° and has 12 selectable filters. The ƒ/18 optics have a large depth of field, and no focussing mechanism is required; a mechanical shutter is avoided by using the frame transfer capability of the 512×512 CCD. The resolving power of the camera, 0.98 mrad/pixel, is approximately the same as the Viking Lander cameras; however, the signal‐to‐noise ratio for IMP greatly exceeds Viking, approaching 350. This feature along with the stable calibration of the filters between 440 and 1000 nm distinguishes IMP from Viking. Specially designed targets are positioned on the Lander; they provide information on the magnetic properties of wind‐blown dust, measure the wind vectors, and provide radiometric standard reflectors for calibration. Also, eight low‐transmission filters are included for imaging the Sun directly at multiple wavelengths, giving IMP the ability to measure dust opacity and potentially the water vapor content. Several experiments beyond the requisite color panorama are described in detail: contour mapping of the local terrain, multispectral imaging of the surrounding rock and soil to study local mineralogy, viewing of three wind socks, measuring atmospheric opacity and water vapor content, and estimating the magnetic properties of wind‐blown dust. This paper is intended to serve as a guide to understanding the scientific integrity of the IMP data that will be returned from Mars starting on July 4, 1997.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","doi":"10.1029/96JE03568","usgsCitation":"Smith, P.H., Tomasko, M., Britt, D., Crowe, D., Reid, R., Keller, H., Thomas, N., Gliem, F., Rueffer, P., Sullivan, R., Greeley, R., Knudsen, J.M., Madsen, M., Gunnlaugsson, H., Hviid, S., Goetz, W., Soderblom, L.A., Gaddis, L., and Kirk, R.L., 1997, The imager for Mars Pathfinder experiment: Journal of Geophysical Research E: Planets, v. 102, no. 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For example, many studies have demonstrated the key role of land cover characteristics as controlling factors in determining land surface processes, such as the exchange of water, energy, carbon, and trace gases between the land surface and the lower atmosphere. The requirements for multiresolution land cover characteristics data to support coupled-systems modeling have also been well documented, including the need for data on land cover type, land use, and many seasonally variable land cover characteristics, such as albedo, leaf area index, canopy conductance, surface roughness, and net primary productivity. Recently, the developers of land data have worked more closely with the land surface process modelers in these efforts.
","language":"English","publisher":"Ecological Society of America","doi":"10.1890/1051-0761(1997)007[0001:LCCALS]2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Steyaert, L.T., Loveland, T.R., and Parton, W.J., 1997, Land cover characterization and land surface parameterization research: Ecological Applications, v. 7, no. 1, p. 1-2, https://doi.org/10.1890/1051-0761(1997)007[0001:LCCALS]2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"2 p.","startPage":"1","endPage":"2","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":341233,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"7","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5916c9bce4b044b359e486c0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Steyaert, Louis T.","contributorId":24689,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Steyaert","given":"Louis","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":695045,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Loveland, Thomas R. 0000-0003-3114-6646 loveland@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3114-6646","contributorId":140256,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Loveland","given":"Thomas","email":"loveland@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":223,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center (Geography)","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":695046,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Parton, William J.","contributorId":25885,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Parton","given":"William","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":695047,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":25491,"text":"wri934173 - 1997 - Evaluation of agricultural best-management practices in the Conestoga River headwaters, Pennsylvania: Hydrology of a small carbonate site near Ephrata, Pennsylvania, prior to implementation of nutrient management","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-07-31T19:41:38.173174","indexId":"wri934173","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-10T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"93-4173","title":"Evaluation of agricultural best-management practices in the Conestoga River headwaters, Pennsylvania: Hydrology of a small carbonate site near Ephrata, Pennsylvania, prior to implementation of nutrient management","docAbstract":"The U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with the U.S. Department of Agriculture and Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Protection, investigated the effects of agricultural best-management practices on water quality in the Conestoga River headwaters watershed. This report describes environmental factors and the surface-water and ground-water quality of one 47.5-acre field site, Field-Site 2, from October 1984 through September 1986, prior to implementation of nutrient management.
The site is partially terraced agricultural cropland underlain by carbonate rock. Twenty-seven acres are terraced, pipe-drained, and are under no-till cultivation. The remaining acreage is under minimum-till cultivation. Corn is the primary crop. The average annual rate of fertilization at the site was 480 pounds per acre of nitrogen and 110 pounds per acre of phosphorus.
An unconfined limestone and dolomitic aquifer underlies the site, Depth to bedrock ranges from 5 to 30 feet below land surface. Estimated specific yields range from 0.05 to 0.10, specific capacities of wells range from less than 1 to about 20 gallons per minute per foot of drawdown, and estimates of transmissivities range from 10 to 10,000 square feet per day. Average ground-water recharge was estimated to be about 23 inches per year.
The specific capacity and transmissivity data indicate that two aquifer regimes are present at the site. Wells drilled into dolomites in the eastern part of the site have larger specific capacities (averaging 20 gallons per minute per foot of drawdown) relative to specific capacities (averaging less than 1 gallon per minute per foot of drawdown) of wells drilled into limestones in the western part of the site.
Median concentrations of soil-soluble nitrate and soluble phosphorus in the top 4 feet of silt- or silty-clay-loam soil ranged from 177 to 329 and 8.5 to 35 pounds per acre, respectively.
Measured runoff from the pipe-drained terraces ranged from 10 to 48,000 cubic feet and was 1.7 and 0.8 percent, respectively, of the 1985 and 1986 annual precipitation. An estimated 90,700 cubic feet of surface runoff carried 87 pounds to total nitrogen and 37 pounds of total phosphorus, or less that 0.65 percent of the amount of either nutrient applied during the study period. Rainfall on the snow-covered, frozen ground produced more that half of the runoff and nitrogen and phosphorus loads measured in pipe-drained runoff.
Graphical and regression analyses of surface runoff suggest that (1) mean-storm concentrations of total nitrogen species and total phosphorus decreased with increasing time between a runoff event and the last previous nutrient application, and (2) mean total-phosphorus concentrations approached a baseline value (estimated at 2 to 5 milligrams per liter for total-phosphorus concentrations) after several months without nutrient applications.
Dissolved nitrate concentrations in ground water in wells unaffected by an on-site ammonia spill ranged from 7.4 to 100 milligrams per liter.
Average annual additions and removals of nitrogen were estimated. Nitrogen was added to the site by applications of manure and commercial fertilizer nitrogen, as well as by precipitation and ground water entering across the western site boundary. These sources of nitrogen accounted for 95, 3, 1, and 1 percent, respectively, of estimated additions. Nitrogen was removed from the site in harvested crops, by ground-water discharge, by volatilization, and in surface runoff, which accounted for 42, 28, 29, and less than 1 percent, respectively, of estimated removals.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri934173","usgsCitation":"Koerkle, E.H., Hall, D.W., Risser, D.W., Lietman, P., and Chichester, D., 1997, Evaluation of agricultural best-management practices in the Conestoga River headwaters, Pennsylvania: Hydrology of a small carbonate site near Ephrata, Pennsylvania, prior to implementation of nutrient management (Rev. May 1997): U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 93-4173, viii, 88 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri934173.","productDescription":"viii, 88 p.","costCenters":[{"id":532,"text":"Pennsylvania Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":431733,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_47872.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":54213,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1993/4173/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":123607,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1993/4173/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Pennsylvania","city":"Ephrata","otherGeospatial":"Conestoga River headwaters","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -76.1889,\n 40.2\n ],\n [\n -76.1889,\n 40.1958\n ],\n [\n -76.1778,\n 40.1958\n ],\n [\n -76.1778,\n 40.2\n ],\n [\n -76.1889,\n 40.2\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","edition":"Rev. May 1997","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a09e4b07f02db5faef7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Koerkle, E. H.","contributorId":29853,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Koerkle","given":"E.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":193909,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hall, D. W.","contributorId":106528,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hall","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":193913,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Risser, D. W.","contributorId":48211,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Risser","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":193910,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Lietman, P. L.","contributorId":63040,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lietman","given":"P. L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":193912,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Chichester, D. C.","contributorId":61856,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chichester","given":"D. C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":193911,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70207820,"text":"70207820 - 1997 - Sulfur isotope analyses using the laser microprobe ","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-01-14T15:52:54","indexId":"70207820","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T15:46:58","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"Sulfur isotope analyses using the laser microprobe ","docAbstract":"Since the first studies of sulfur isotope variations in natural materials (Thode, 1949), it has been apparent that there are large and dramatic variations of 34S/32S ratios and that sulfur isotope studies are a powerful tool for interpreting the origins of sulfur-bearing minerals. However, sulfur is such a common element in the Earth's crust (sixteenth most abundant, averaging 0.03 wt %; Mason, 1966), and is involved in so many igneous, hydrothermal, biological, and surficial processes that a simple measurement of δ34S, without constraining geological, biological, and geochemical data, is often unenlightening. In many sedimentary and hydrothermal systems, geologists are confronted with multiple sulfur sources, large fractionations of sulfur isotopes during oxidation-reduction reactions that sometimes produce disequilibrium effects, and strong chemical and physical gradients at the site of mineral deposition. Despite significant advances in the understanding and utilization of sulfur isotopes to characterize ore-forming processes (Ohmoto, 1972; Ohmoto and Rye, 1979; Shanks et al., 1981; Janecky and Shanks, 1988), interpretations may be ambiguous and, in ancient ore deposits, difficult to test. Part of this difficulty has been due to an inability to resolve fine-scale spatial variations in isotopic fractionation between successive zones or between coexisting minerals.
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Applications of microanalytical techniques to understanding mineralizing processes","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":15,"text":"Monograph"},"language":"English","publisher":"Society of Economic Geologists ","usgsCitation":"Shanks, W.P., Crowe, D., and Johnson, C.A., 1997, Sulfur isotope analyses using the laser microprobe , chap. of Applications of microanalytical techniques to understanding mineralizing processes, v. 7, p. 141-153.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"141","endPage":"153","costCenters":[{"id":171,"text":"Central Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":35995,"text":"Geology, Geophysics, and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":371235,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":371234,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/books/book/1220/chapter/107020760/Sulfur-Isotope-Analyses-Using-the-Laser-Microprobe"}],"volume":"7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Shanks, W.C. Pat III pshanks@usgs.gov","contributorId":1222,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shanks","given":"W.C.","suffix":"III","email":"pshanks@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"Pat","affiliations":[{"id":171,"text":"Central Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":779436,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Crowe, D.E.","contributorId":43600,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Crowe","given":"D.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":779437,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Johnson, Craig A. 0000-0002-1334-2996 cjohnso@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1334-2996","contributorId":909,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnson","given":"Craig","email":"cjohnso@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":35995,"text":"Geology, Geophysics, and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":171,"text":"Central Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":211,"text":"Crustal Geophysics and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":779438,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70093960,"text":"70093960 - 1997 - Design and implementation of the National Water-Quality Assessment Program: a United States example: understanding the limitations of using compliance-monitoring data to assess the water quality of a large river basin","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-02-14T14:26:00","indexId":"70093960","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T14:15:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"Design and implementation of the National Water-Quality Assessment Program: a United States example: understanding the limitations of using compliance-monitoring data to assess the water quality of a large river basin","docAbstract":"In the 1980s it was determined that existing ambient and compliance-monitoring data could not satisfactorily evaluate the results of hundreds of billions of dollars spent for water-pollution abatement in the United States. At the request of the US Congress, a new programme, the National Water-Quality Assessment, was designed and implemented by government agency, the US Geological Survey (USGS). The Assessment has reported status and trends in surface- and ground-water quality at national, regional, and local scales since 1991. The legislative basis for US monitoring and data-sharing policies are identified as well as the successive phases of the design and implementation of the USGS Assessment. Application to the Danube Basin is suggested. Much of the water-quality monitoring conducted in the United States is designed to comply with Federal and State laws mandated primarily by the Clean Water Act of 1987 and the Safe Drinking Water Act of 1986. Monitoring programs generally focus on rivers upstream and downstream of point-source discharges and at water-supply intakes. Few data are available for aquifer systems, and chemical analyses are often limited to those constituents required by law. In most cases, the majority of the available chemical and streamflow data have provided the information necessary to meet the objectives of the compliance-monitoring programs, but do not necessarily provide the information requires for basin-wide assessments of the water quality at the local, regional, or national scale.","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Protecting Danube River Basin resources: ensuring access to water quality data and information","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":4,"text":"Other Government Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"Kluwer Academic Publishers","publisherLocation":"Netherlands","isbn":"0792343824","usgsCitation":"Wangsness, D.J., 1997, Design and implementation of the National Water-Quality Assessment Program: a United States example: understanding the limitations of using compliance-monitoring data to assess the water quality of a large river basin, chap. of Protecting Danube River Basin resources: ensuring access to water quality data and information, v. 24, p. 89-103.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"89","endPage":"103","numberOfPages":"15","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":282430,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"24","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53cd5453e4b0b290850f5a96","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wangsness, David J.","contributorId":81475,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wangsness","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":490410,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":5485,"text":"5485 - 1997 - Natural disasters: forecasting economic and life losses","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-07-16T12:02:15","indexId":"5485","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T11:50:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":6,"text":"USGS Unnumbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":359,"text":"Fact Sheet","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":6}},"title":"Natural disasters: forecasting economic and life losses","docAbstract":"Events such as hurricanes, earthquakes, floods, tsunamis, volcanic eruptions, and tornadoes are natural disasters because they negatively impact society, and so they must be measured and understood in human-related terms. At the U.S. Geological Survey, we have developed a new method to examine fatality and dollar-loss data, and to make probabilistic estimates of the frequency and magnitude of future events. This information is vital to large sectors of society including disaster relief agencies and insurance companies.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/5485","usgsCitation":"Nishenko, S., and Barton, C.C., 1997, Natural disasters: forecasting economic and life losses: Fact Sheet, HTML Document, https://doi.org/10.3133/5485.","productDescription":"HTML Document","onlineOnly":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":186,"text":"Coastal and Marine Geology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":290276,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":643,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/natural-disasters/"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53c79f05e4b0194841642479","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Nishenko, Stuart P.","contributorId":82219,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nishenko","given":"Stuart P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":151070,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Barton, Christopher C.","contributorId":61901,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Barton","given":"Christopher","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":151069,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70231434,"text":"70231434 - 1997 - Synthesis of the paleoclimatic record from Owens Lake core OL-92","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":70231434,"text":"70231434 - 1997 - Synthesis of the paleoclimatic record from Owens Lake core OL-92","indexId":"70231434","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"title":"Synthesis of the paleoclimatic record from Owens Lake core OL-92"},"predicate":"IS_PART_OF","object":{"id":70231435,"text":"70231435 - 1997 - An 800,000-year paleoclimatic record from core OL-92, Owens Lake, Southeast California","indexId":"70231435","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"title":"An 800,000-year paleoclimatic record from core OL-92, Owens Lake, Southeast California"},"id":1}],"isPartOf":{"id":70231435,"text":"70231435 - 1997 - An 800,000-year paleoclimatic record from core OL-92, Owens Lake, Southeast California","indexId":"70231435","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"title":"An 800,000-year paleoclimatic record from core OL-92, Owens Lake, Southeast California"},"lastModifiedDate":"2022-05-10T16:18:53.238498","indexId":"70231434","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T11:08:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"Synthesis of the paleoclimatic record from Owens Lake core OL-92","docAbstract":"During much of the late Quaternary, Owens Lake overflowed into one or more of four successively lower-elevation basins. Most of the water came from the high, eastern slopes of the southern Sierra Nevada, and changes in the volumes of that water reflect a dominant climatic cycle of ~100 k.y.
Variations in the inflow to, and outflow from, Owens Lake since ca. 800 ka left biological, chemical, mineralogical, and geophysical evidence in the sediments of those changes. Biological evidence includes fossil ostracodes, diatoms, fish, and mollusks (and δ18O data from their shells) which indicate fresh or brackish lake water on the basis of their modern habitats. Fossil pollens indicate ~20 regional vegetation cycles during the same period. Chemical evidence of high inflow and, commonly, outflow volumes is provided by the low inorganic- and organic-C content of some sediments, reflecting short lake-water residence times; long residence times produced higher and more variable quantities of these components. Mineralogical variations in illite/smectite ratios indicate changes in weathering processes and glacial comminution. High magnetic susceptibility correlates with other criteria that indicate high runoff.
Between 810 ka and 645 ka, Owens Lake was fresh, several meters deep, and depositing silt with a few beds of sand; it supported a flora and fauna now found in fresh, sometimes very cool, waters. (Note that most geologic ages describing the OL-92 chronology have been rounded to the nearest 5 or 10 ka.) A shallow-but-freshwater lake may have been the result of accelerated sedimentation during an earlier (>800 ka) glaciation in the Sierra Nevada, choking the basin with sediment nearly to its spillway level. Between 645 ka and 450 ka, the lake was probably even shallower, depositing beds of coarse to fine sand, but overflowing periodically allowing its water to remain fresh. Between 450 ka and 5 ka, Owens Lake was mostly deep, alternating between spilling and being closed part of the time. It deposited silt and clay on its floor, yet underwent detectable variations in salinity caused by climate changes; this part of the record is the most easily interpreted and constitutes the main basis for comparing this paleoclimatic record with other long records. From 5 ka to A.D. 1913, when the Owens River was diverted into an aqueduct, Owens Lake was shallow (~2 m to ~15 m), moderately saline (~5% to <15% salts), and depositing oolites. After 1913, the lake desiccated.
Comparison of the Owens Lake water-depth record with that of Searles Lake, two-basins downstream during much of late Pleistocene time, shows that they underwent similar responses to climate, but sedimentation changes documenting those responses commenced thousands of years apart, apparently because changes in precipitation volumes occurred gradually. Owens Lake, at the base of high mountains, was the first to reflect increasing amounts of regional precipitation; Searles, in a more arid environment, was the first to reflect decreasing amounts of precipitation.
Devils Hole, 150 km east of Owens Lake, has a well dated isotopic-temperature record that resembles the Owens Lake-depth record. Marine records of Pleistocene glacial fluctuations, which measure high-latitude ice-sheet volumes and thus both precipitation and temperature at those latitudes, also resemble the Owens Lake history. There are, however, differences between the ages of the maxima and minima of climatic events as reconstructed from the Owens Lake core and similar-appearing inflections in the other two records; the differences range from 0 to 33 k.y. and average ~15 k.y.
The question arises whether the differences between those ages are results of errors in the time-scale used for the Owens Lake record, or were there significant differences in the times when atmospheric climate change began to affect its different elements. The three records compared here are measurements of different elements and combinations of elements in two latitude belts: the deep-sea marine records measure combinations of temperature and precipitation that determined global ice volumes (at mostly high latitudes), the Devils Hole record measures atmospheric temperatures (in its mid-latitude region), and the Owens Lake record measures effective precipitation (in the same mid-latitude region).
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"An 800,000-year paleoclimatic record from core OL-92, Owens Lake, Southeast California","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":15,"text":"Monograph"},"language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/0-8137-2317-5.143","usgsCitation":"Smith, G., Bischoff, J.L., and Bradbury, J.P., 1997, Synthesis of the paleoclimatic record from Owens Lake core OL-92, chap. of An 800,000-year paleoclimatic record from core OL-92, Owens Lake, Southeast California, v. 317, p. 143-160, https://doi.org/10.1130/0-8137-2317-5.143.","productDescription":"18 p.","startPage":"143","endPage":"160","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":400426,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Owens Lake","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -118.15246582031249,\n 36.27085020723902\n ],\n [\n -117.81463623046875,\n 36.27085020723902\n ],\n [\n -117.81463623046875,\n 36.641977814705946\n ],\n [\n -118.15246582031249,\n 36.641977814705946\n ],\n [\n -118.15246582031249,\n 36.27085020723902\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"317","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Smith, George I.","contributorId":57096,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"George I.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":842596,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bischoff, James L. jbischoff@usgs.gov","contributorId":1389,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bischoff","given":"James","email":"jbischoff@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":842597,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Bradbury, J. Platt","contributorId":91106,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bradbury","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"Platt","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":842598,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70246544,"text":"70246544 - 1997 - Some comparisons between recent ground-motion relations","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-07-07T15:50:31.009681","indexId":"70246544","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T10:47:49","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3372,"text":"Seismological Research Letters","onlineIssn":"1938-2057","printIssn":"0895-0695","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Some comparisons between recent ground-motion relations","docAbstract":"We provide an overview of new ground-motion relations for eastern North America (ENA) developed over the last five years. The empirical-stochastic relations of Atkinson and Boore (1995) are compared to relations developed by the Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI, 1993; also Toro et al., 1994), Frankel et al. (1996), and the consensus ENA ground-motion values as reported by SSHAC (1996). The main difference between our relations and those of EPRI or Frankel is in the low-frequency amplitudes (f < 2 Hz, all magnitudes). We predict lower amplitudes (by more than a factor of two) at 1 Hz, largely due to our use of an empirical source model rather than a single-corner-frequency Brune source model; the use of the empirical source model is motivated by the desire to match the ENA ground-motion database as closely as possible.
We also compare our new ENA relations to empirical relations for California. The comparison is complicated by the need to adjust the ENA hard-rock motions to obtain equivalent motions for typical California soil conditions. Two alternative methods of making this correction lead to somewhat different conclusions. One possible conclusion is that our ENA relations predict similar low-frequency amplitudes to those predicted by Boore et al. (1993, 1994) and Abrahamson and Silva (1996) for California, but our predicted ENA amplitudes are much higher (factor > 2) than California values at high frequencies. The alternative soil correction leads to the conclusion that our ENA relations are moderately lower (factor<2) than the California relations at low frequencies, and moderately higher at high frequencies. Both of these conclusions imply that ground-motion relations or time series for earthquakes in one region cannot be simply modified for use in engineering analyses in another region.
","language":"English","publisher":"Seismological Society of America","doi":"10.1785/gssrl.68.1.24","usgsCitation":"Atkinson, G.M., and Boore, D., 1997, Some comparisons between recent ground-motion relations: Seismological Research Letters, v. 68, no. 1, p. 24-40, https://doi.org/10.1785/gssrl.68.1.24.","productDescription":"17 p.","startPage":"24","endPage":"40","costCenters":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":418767,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"68","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Atkinson, Gail M.","contributorId":60515,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Atkinson","given":"Gail","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":13255,"text":"University of Western Ontario","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":877105,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Boore, David 0000-0002-8605-9673 boore@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8605-9673","contributorId":140502,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Boore","given":"David","email":"boore@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":877106,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70231431,"text":"70231431 - 1997 - Paleobiotic and isotopic analysis of mollusks, fish and plants from core OL-92: Indicators for an open or closed lake system","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":70231431,"text":"70231431 - 1997 - Paleobiotic and isotopic analysis of mollusks, fish and plants from core OL-92: Indicators for an open or closed lake system","indexId":"70231431","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"title":"Paleobiotic and isotopic analysis of mollusks, fish and plants from core OL-92: Indicators for an open or closed lake system"},"predicate":"IS_PART_OF","object":{"id":70231435,"text":"70231435 - 1997 - An 800,000-year paleoclimatic record from core OL-92, Owens Lake, Southeast California","indexId":"70231435","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"title":"An 800,000-year paleoclimatic record from core OL-92, Owens Lake, Southeast California"},"id":1}],"isPartOf":{"id":70231435,"text":"70231435 - 1997 - An 800,000-year paleoclimatic record from core OL-92, Owens Lake, Southeast California","indexId":"70231435","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"title":"An 800,000-year paleoclimatic record from core OL-92, Owens Lake, Southeast California"},"lastModifiedDate":"2022-05-10T16:19:35.92825","indexId":"70231431","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T10:46:41","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"Paleobiotic and isotopic analysis of mollusks, fish and plants from core OL-92: Indicators for an open or closed lake system","docAbstract":"Intervals of open versus closed lake systems for Pleistocene Owens Lake in California are suggested by a comparison of paleobiotic and isotopic evidence recovered from core samples of OL-92. Mollusks and fish were identified from 67 core samples, and their ecological requirements were noted. Carbon dioxide extractions for stable isotopes of 13C and 18O from aragonite of the molluscan shell material were obtained by standard procedures, and isotopic compositions were measured using a mass spectrometer. The values of 13C and 18O from sediment samples taken previously (Benson and Bischoff, 1993) were compared with 13C and 18O values from mollusk shells recovered from the core. These data indicate at least two times of open lake, very low salinity (or “fresh” water) episodes, which are in agreement with the interpretation of fish and mollusk paleoecology supporting open systems between 207 m and 208 m (ca. 450 ka to ca. 453 ka) and between 309 m and 313 m (ca. 765 ka to ca. 775 ka).
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"An 800,000-year paleoclimatic record from core OL-92, Owens Lake, Southeast California","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":15,"text":"Monograph"},"language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/0-8137-2317-5.121","usgsCitation":"Firby, J.R., Sharpe, S.E., Whelan, J., Smith, G.R., and Spaulding, W.G., 1997, Paleobiotic and isotopic analysis of mollusks, fish and plants from core OL-92: Indicators for an open or closed lake system, chap. of An 800,000-year paleoclimatic record from core OL-92, Owens Lake, Southeast California, v. 317, p. 121-125, https://doi.org/10.1130/0-8137-2317-5.121.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"121","endPage":"125","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":400423,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Owens Lake","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -118.15246582031249,\n 36.27085020723902\n ],\n [\n -117.81463623046875,\n 36.27085020723902\n ],\n [\n -117.81463623046875,\n 36.641977814705946\n ],\n [\n -118.15246582031249,\n 36.641977814705946\n ],\n [\n -118.15246582031249,\n 36.27085020723902\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"317","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Smith, George I.","contributorId":57096,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"George I.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":842586,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bischoff, James L. jbischoff@usgs.gov","contributorId":1389,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bischoff","given":"James","email":"jbischoff@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":842587,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2}],"authors":[{"text":"Firby, James R.","contributorId":291586,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Firby","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":842581,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Sharpe, Saxon E.","contributorId":106790,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sharpe","given":"Saxon","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":842582,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Whelan, Joseph F.","contributorId":39425,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Whelan","given":"Joseph F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":842583,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Smith, Gerald R.","contributorId":36496,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"Gerald","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":842584,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Spaulding, W. Geoffrey","contributorId":291587,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Spaulding","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"Geoffrey","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":842585,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70199185,"text":"70199185 - 1997 - Geochemical modeling of water-rock interactions in mining environments","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-09-10T08:31:51","indexId":"70199185","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T08:29:45","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"Geochemical modeling of water-rock interactions in mining environments","docAbstract":"Geochemical modeling is a powerful tool for evaluating geochemical processes in mining environments. Properly constrained and judiciously applied, modeling can provide valuable insights into processes controlling the release, transport, and fate of contaminants in mine drainage. This chapter contains 1) an overview of geochemical modeling, 2) discussion of the types of models and computer programs used, 3) description of a procedure for screening water analyses for modeling input, and 4) examples of the application of modeling for interpreting geochemical processes in mining environments. Three general strategies in current use to interpret water-rock interactions are statistical analysis, “inverse” modeling, and “forward” modeling. Multivariate correlation analysis, factor analysis, cluster analysis, and other statistical techniques can group water-chemistry data into sets that may relate to hydrogeochemical processes (Drever, 1988; Puckett and Bricker, 1992). In the field of geochemical exploration, statistical analysis is used widely to treat large data sets of rock and sediment chemistry (e.g., Garrett, 1989). No physical or chemical principles are involved directly in these statistical treatments, hence they are not considered further in this chapter. Nevertheless, statistical analysis can be a useful tool in organizing complex geochemical data for interpretation.
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"The environmental geochemistry of mineral deposits: Part A: Processes, techniques, and health issues part B: Case studies and research topics","language":"English","publisher":"Society of Economic Geologists","doi":"10.5382/Rev.06.14","usgsCitation":"Alpers, C.N., and Nordstrom, D.K., 1997, Geochemical modeling of water-rock interactions in mining environments, chap. of The environmental geochemistry of mineral deposits: Part A: Processes, techniques, and health issues part B: Case studies and research topics, v. 6, no. 1, p. 289-324, https://doi.org/10.5382/Rev.06.14.","productDescription":"36 p.","startPage":"289","endPage":"324","costCenters":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":357158,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"6","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5b98e23ee4b0702d0e848db1","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Plumlee, Geoffrey S. 0000-0002-9607-5626 gplumlee@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9607-5626","contributorId":960,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Plumlee","given":"Geoffrey","email":"gplumlee@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":211,"text":"Crustal Geophysics and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":744605,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Logsdon, M.J.","contributorId":194552,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Logsdon","given":"M.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":744606,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Filipek, L.F.","contributorId":207755,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Filipek","given":"L.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":744607,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":3}],"authors":[{"text":"Alpers, Charles N. 0000-0001-6945-7365 cnalpers@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6945-7365","contributorId":411,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Alpers","given":"Charles","email":"cnalpers@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":744603,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Nordstrom, D. Kirk 0000-0003-3283-5136 dkn@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3283-5136","contributorId":749,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nordstrom","given":"D.","email":"dkn@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"Kirk","affiliations":[{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":744604,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70020188,"text":"70020188 - 1997 - Gas hydrates in the Messoyakha gas field of the West Siberian Basin - a re-examination of the geologic evidence","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:19","indexId":"70020188","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Gas hydrates in the Messoyakha gas field of the West Siberian Basin - a re-examination of the geologic evidence","docAbstract":"The amount of natural gas within the gas hydrate accumulations of the world is believed to greatly exceed the volume of known conventional natural gas reserves. The hydrocarbon production history of the Russian Messoyakha field, located in the West Siberian Basin, has been used as evidence that gas hydrates are an immediate source of natural gas that can be produced by conventional means. Re-examination of available geologic, geochemical, and hydrocarbon production data suggests, however, that gas hydrates may not have contributed to gas production in the Messoyakha field. More field and laboratory studies are needed to assess the historical contribution of gas hydrate production in the Messoyakha field.","largerWorkTitle":"Proceedings of the International Offshore and Polar Engineering Conference","conferenceTitle":"Proceedings of the 1997 7th International Offshore and Polar Engineering Conference. Part 3 (of 4)","conferenceDate":"25 May 1997 through 30 May 1997","conferenceLocation":"Honolulu, HI, USA","language":"English","publisher":"Int Soc of Offshore and Polar Engineerns (ISOPE)","publisherLocation":"Golden, CO, United States","usgsCitation":"Collett, T.S., and Ginsburg, G.D., 1997, Gas hydrates in the Messoyakha gas field of the West Siberian Basin - a re-examination of the geologic evidence, in Proceedings of the International Offshore and Polar Engineering Conference, v. 1, Honolulu, HI, USA, 25 May 1997 through 30 May 1997, p. 96-103.","startPage":"96","endPage":"103","numberOfPages":"8","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":231319,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a14d4e4b0c8380cd54bb4","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Chung J.S.Kim C.H.Olagnon M.Naito S.","contributorId":128386,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Chung J.S.Kim C.H.Olagnon M.Naito S.","id":536462,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1}],"authors":[{"text":"Collett, Timothy S. 0000-0002-7598-4708 tcollett@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7598-4708","contributorId":1698,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Collett","given":"Timothy","email":"tcollett@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":164,"text":"Central Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":171,"text":"Central Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":255,"text":"Energy Resources Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":385311,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ginsburg, Gabriel D.","contributorId":7036,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ginsburg","given":"Gabriel","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":385312,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70019875,"text":"70019875 - 1997 - Flow to a well of finite diameter in a homogeneous, anisotropic water table aquifer","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-03-15T10:30:26","indexId":"70019875","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3722,"text":"Water Resources Research","onlineIssn":"1944-7973","printIssn":"0043-1397","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Flow to a well of finite diameter in a homogeneous, anisotropic water table aquifer","docAbstract":"A Laplace transform solution is presented for the problem of flow to a partially penetrating well of finite diameter in a slightly compressible water table aquifer. The solution, which allows for evaluation of both pumped well and observation piezometer data, accounts for effects of well bore storage and skin and allows for the noninstantaneous release of water from the unsaturated zone. For instantaneous release of water from the unsaturated zone the solution approaches the line source solution derived by Neuman as the diameter of the pumped well approaches zero. Delayed piezometer response, which is significant during times of rapidly changing hydraulic head, is included in the theoretical treatment and shown to be an important factor in accurate evaluation of specific storage. By means of a hypothetical field example it is demonstrated that evaluations of specific storage (Ss) using classical line source solutions may yield values of Ss that are overestimated by a factor of 100 or more, depending upon the location of the observation piezometers and whether effects of delayed piezometer response are included in the analysis. Theoretical responses obtained with the proposed model are used to suggest methods for evaluating specific storage.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/97WR00651","usgsCitation":"Moench, A.F., 1997, Flow to a well of finite diameter in a homogeneous, anisotropic water table aquifer: Water Resources Research, v. 33, no. 6, p. 1397-1407, https://doi.org/10.1029/97WR00651.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"1397","endPage":"1407","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":487271,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/97wr00651","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":228217,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"33","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a1256e4b0c8380cd54284","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Moench, Allen F. afmoench@usgs.gov","contributorId":3903,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Moench","given":"Allen","email":"afmoench@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":384241,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70019416,"text":"70019416 - 1997 - Depth dependence of earthquake frequency-magnitude distributions in California: Implications for rupture initiation","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-07-19T15:59:10.676406","indexId":"70019416","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2314,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Depth dependence of earthquake frequency-magnitude distributions in California: Implications for rupture initiation","docAbstract":"Statistics of earthquakes in California show linear frequency-magnitude relationships in the range of M2.0 to M5.5 for various data sets. Assuming Gutenberg-Richter distributions, there is a systematic decrease in b value with increasing depth of earthquakes. We find consistent results for various data sets from northern and southern California that both include and exclude the larger aftershock sequences. We suggest that at shallow depth (∼0 to 6 km) conditions with more heterogeneous material properties and lower lithospheric stress prevail. Rupture initiations are more likely to stop before growing into large earthquakes, producing relatively more smaller earthquakes and consequently higher b values. These ideas help to explain the depth-dependent observations of foreshocks in the western United States. The higher occurrence rate of foreshocks preceding shallow earthquakes can be interpreted in terms of rupture initiations that are stopped before growing into the mainshock. At greater depth (9–15 km), any rupture initiation is more likely to continue growing into a larger event, so there are fewer foreshocks. If one assumes that frequency-magnitude statistics can be used to estimate probabilities of a small rupture initiation growing into a larger earthquake, then a small (M2) rupture initiation at 9 to 12 km depth is 18 times more likely to grow into a M5.5 or larger event, compared to the same small rupture initiation at 0 to 3 km.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/97JB01356","issn":"01480227","usgsCitation":"Mori, J., and Abercrombie, R., 1997, Depth dependence of earthquake frequency-magnitude distributions in California: Implications for rupture initiation: Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth, v. 102, no. B7, p. 15081-15090, https://doi.org/10.1029/97JB01356.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"15081","endPage":"15090","numberOfPages":"10","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":226602,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"102","issue":"B7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1997-07-10","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059fecee4b0c8380cd4ef37","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Mori, J.","contributorId":24923,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mori","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":382664,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Abercrombie, R.E.","contributorId":57611,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Abercrombie","given":"R.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":382665,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ]}