{"pageNumber":"1262","pageRowStart":"31525","pageSize":"25","recordCount":46734,"records":[{"id":70019883,"text":"70019883 - 1997 - Physiological levels of testosterone kill salmonid leukocytes in vitro","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:24","indexId":"70019883","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1738,"text":"General and Comparative Endocrinology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Physiological levels of testosterone kill salmonid leukocytes in vitro","docAbstract":"Adult spring chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) elaborate high plasma concentrations of testosterone during sexual maturation, and these levels of testosterone have been shown to reduce the salmonid immune response in vitro. Our search for the mechanism of testosterone's immunosuppressive action has led to the characterization of an androgen receptor in salmonid leukocytes. In the present study we examined the specific effects that testosterone had on salmonid leukocytes. Direct counts of viable leukocytes after incubation with and without physiological levels of testosterone demonstrate a significant loss of leukocytes in cultures exposed to testosterone. At least 5 days of contact with testosterone was required to produce significant immunosuppression and addition of a 'conditioned media' (supernatant from proliferating lymphocytes not exposed to testosterone) did not reverse the immunosuppressive effects of testosterone. These data lead us to conclude that testosterone may exert its immunosuppressive effects by direct action on salmonid leukocytes, through the androgen receptor described, and that this action leads to the death of a significant number of these leukocytes.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"General and Comparative Endocrinology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1006/gcen.1996.6858","issn":"00166480","usgsCitation":"Slater, C., and Schreck, C., 1997, Physiological levels of testosterone kill salmonid leukocytes in vitro: General and Comparative Endocrinology, v. 106, no. 1, p. 113-119, https://doi.org/10.1006/gcen.1996.6858.","startPage":"113","endPage":"119","numberOfPages":"7","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":205966,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1006/gcen.1996.6858"},{"id":227692,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"106","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a7b20e4b0c8380cd79280","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Slater, C.H.","contributorId":26462,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Slater","given":"C.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":384269,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Schreck, C.B.","contributorId":11977,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schreck","given":"C.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":384268,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70019892,"text":"70019892 - 1997 - Site amplifications for generic rock sites","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-10-22T13:36:48.172857","indexId":"70019892","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1135,"text":"Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America","onlineIssn":"1943-3573","printIssn":"0037-1106","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Site amplifications for generic rock sites","docAbstract":"<p>Seismic shear-wave velocity as a function of depth for generic rock sites has been estimated from borehole data and studies of crustal velocities, and these velocities have been used to compute frequency-dependent amplifications for zero attenuation for use in simulations of strong ground motion. We define a generic rock site as one whose velocity at shallow depths equals the average of those from the rock sites sampled by the borehole data. Most of the boreholes are in populated areas; for that reason, the rock sites sampled are of particular engineering significance. We consider two generic rock sites: rock, corresponding to the bulk of the borehole data, and very hard rock, such as is found in glaciated regions in large areas of eastern North America or in portions of western North America. The amplifications on rock sites can be in excess of 3.5 at high frequencies, in contrast to the amplifications of less than 1.2 on very hard rock sites. The consideration of unattenuated amplification alone is computationally convenient, but what matters for ground-motion estimation is the combined effect of amplification and attenuation. For reasonable values of the attenuation parameter κ<sub>0</sub>, the combined effect of attenuation and amplification for rock sites peaks between about 2 and 5 Hz with a maximum level of less than 1.8. The combined effect is about a factor of 1.5 at 1 Hz and is less than unity for frequencies in the range of 10 to 20 Hz (depending on κ<sub>0</sub>).</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Seismological Society of America","doi":"10.1785/BSSA0870020327","issn":"00371106","usgsCitation":"Boore, D., and Joyner, W.B., 1997, Site amplifications for generic rock sites: Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, v. 87, no. 2, p. 327-341, https://doi.org/10.1785/BSSA0870020327.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"327","endPage":"341","numberOfPages":"15","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":227815,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"87","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1997-04-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b90eee4b08c986b3196e7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Boore, D.M. 0000-0002-8605-9673","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8605-9673","contributorId":64226,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Boore","given":"D.M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":384287,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Joyner, W. B.","contributorId":70746,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Joyner","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":384288,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70019989,"text":"70019989 - 1997 - Potential effects of climate change on aquatic ecosystems of the Great Plains of North America","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-03-26T22:55:19.393475","indexId":"70019989","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1924,"text":"Hydrological Processes","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Potential effects of climate change on aquatic ecosystems of the Great Plains of North America","docAbstract":"<p>The Great Plains landscape is less topographically complex than most other regions within North America, but diverse aquatic ecosystems, such as playas, pothole lakes, ox-bow lakes, springs, groundwater aquifers, intermittent and ephemeral streams, as well as large rivers and wetlands, are highly dynamic and responsive to extreme climatic fluctuations. We review the evidence for climatic change that demonstrates the historical importance of extremes in north-south differences in summer temperatures and east-west differences in aridity across four large subregions. These physical driving forces alter density stratification, deoxygenation, decomposition and salinity. Biotic community composition and associated ecosystem processes of productivity and nutrient cycling respond rapidly to these climatically driven dynamics. Ecosystem processes also respond to cultural effects such as dams and diversions of water for irrigation, waste dilution and urban demands for drinking water and industrial uses. Distinguishing climatic from cultural effects in future models of aquatic ecosystem functioning will require more refinement in both climatic and economic forecasting. There is a need, for example, to predict how long-term climatic forecasts (based on both ENSO and global warming simulations) relate to the permanence and productivity of shallow water ecosystems. Aquatic ecologists, hydrologists, climatologists and geographers have much to discuss regarding the synthesis of available data and the design of future interdisciplinary research.&nbsp;</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","issn":"08856087","usgsCitation":"Covich, A., Fritz, S., Lamb, P., Marzolf, R., Matthews, W., Poiani, K., Prepas, E., Richman, M., and Winter, T.C., 1997, Potential effects of climate change on aquatic ecosystems of the Great Plains of North America: Hydrological Processes, v. 11, no. 8, p. 993-1021.","productDescription":"29 p.","startPage":"993","endPage":"1021","numberOfPages":"29","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":228149,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"11","issue":"8","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a7ecde4b0c8380cd7a767","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Covich, A.P.","contributorId":14965,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Covich","given":"A.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":384614,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Fritz, S.C.","contributorId":77892,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fritz","given":"S.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":384622,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Lamb, P.J.","contributorId":19724,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lamb","given":"P.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":384615,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Marzolf, R.D.","contributorId":39538,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Marzolf","given":"R.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":384618,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Matthews, W.J.","contributorId":70343,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Matthews","given":"W.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":384621,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Poiani, K.A.","contributorId":52690,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Poiani","given":"K.A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":384619,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Prepas, E.E.","contributorId":57223,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Prepas","given":"E.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":384620,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Richman, M.B.","contributorId":32315,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Richman","given":"M.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":384617,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Winter, T. C.","contributorId":23485,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Winter","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":384616,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9}]}}
,{"id":70019900,"text":"70019900 - 1997 - The use of multifrequency and polarimetric SIR-C/X-SAR data in geologic studies of Bir Safsaf, Egypt","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:18","indexId":"70019900","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3254,"text":"Remote Sensing of Environment","printIssn":"0034-4257","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The use of multifrequency and polarimetric SIR-C/X-SAR data in geologic studies of Bir Safsaf, Egypt","docAbstract":"Bir Safsaf, within the hyperarid 'core' of the Sahara in the Western Desert of Egypt, was recognized following the SIR-A and SIR-B missions in the 1980s as one of the key localities in northeast Africa, where penetration of dry sand by radar signals delineates previously unknown, sand-buried paleodrainage valleys ('radar-rivers') of middle Tertiary to Quaternary age. The Bir Safsaf area was targeted as a focal point for further research in sand penetration and geologic mapping using the multifrequency and polarimetric SIR-C/X-SAR sensors. Analysis of the SIR-C/X-SAR data from Bir Safsaf provides important new information on the roles of multiple SAR frequency and polarimetry in portraying specific types of geologic units, materials, and structures mostly hidden from view on the ground and on Landsat TM images by a relatively thin, but extensive blanket of blow sand. Basement rock units (granitoids and gneisses) and the fractures associated with them at Bir Safsaf are shown here for the first time to be clearly delineated using C- and L-band SAR images. The detectability of most geologic features is dependent primarily on radar frequency, as shown for wind erosion patterns in bedrock at X-band (3 cm wavelength), and for geologic units and sand and clay-filled fractures in weathered crystal-line basement rocks at C-band (6 cm) and L-band (24 cm). By contrast, Quaternary paleodrainage channels are detectable at all three radar frequencies owing, among other things, to an usually thin cover of blow sand. The SIR-C/X-SAR data investigated to date enable us to make specific recommendations about the utility of certain radar sensor configurations for geologic and paleoenvironmental reconnaissance in desert regions.Analysis of the shuttle imaging radar-C/X-synthetic aperture radar (SIR-C/X-SAR) data from Bir Safsaf provides important new information on the roles of multiple SAR frequency and polarimetry in portraying specific types of geologic units, materials, and structures mostly hidden from view on the ground and on Landsat images by a relatively thin, but extensive blanket of blow sand. Basement rock units and associated fractures at the Bir Safsaf are clearly delineated using C- and L-band SAR images. The detectability of most geologic features depend primarily on radar frequency. The SIR-C/X-SAR data also provide recommendations about the utility of certain radar configurations for geologic and paleoenvironmental reconnaissance in deserts.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Remote Sensing of Environment","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier Science Inc","publisherLocation":"New York, NY, United States","doi":"10.1016/S0034-4257(96)00143-5","issn":"00344257","usgsCitation":"Schaber, G.G., McCauley, J., and Breed, C.S., 1997, The use of multifrequency and polarimetric SIR-C/X-SAR data in geologic studies of Bir Safsaf, Egypt: Remote Sensing of Environment, v. 59, no. 2, p. 337-363, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0034-4257(96)00143-5.","startPage":"337","endPage":"363","numberOfPages":"27","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":206025,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0034-4257(96)00143-5"},{"id":227942,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"59","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bb190e4b08c986b32533f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Schaber, G. G.","contributorId":68300,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schaber","given":"G.","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":384315,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"McCauley, J.F.","contributorId":26310,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McCauley","given":"J.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":384313,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Breed, C. S.","contributorId":39809,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Breed","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":384314,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70019271,"text":"70019271 - 1997 - Deep-coal potential in the Appalachian Coal Basin, USA: The Kentucky model","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:16","indexId":"70019271","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3108,"text":"Prace - Panstwowego Instytutu Geologicznego","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Deep-coal potential in the Appalachian Coal Basin, USA: The Kentucky model","docAbstract":"The Eastern Kentucky Coal Field is located in the Appalachian Basin of the United States and occupies an area of approximately 15,000 square kilometers. The coal beds range from a few centimeters to several meters in thickness and consist of high-grade bituminous coal. Currently the amount of coal mined by surface methods exceeds underground extraction; however, there is a steady and gradual shift toward underground mining. In the future, as near-surface resources are depleted, this trend toward increased underground mining will continue. Knowledge about deeper coals is essential for future economic development of resources. Preliminary investigations indicate that coal-bearing strata with deep-mining potential exist in several parts of eastern Kentucky, especially along the Eastern Kentucky Syncline. Eastern Kentucky coals are Westphalian A through D; however, current production is from major beds of Westphalian A and B. Because coals that occur above drainage are more easily accessible and are generally of better quality, most of the current mining takes place in formations that are at or near the surface. In the future, however, due to environmental regulations and increased demands, it will be necessary to attempt to utilize deeper coals about which little is known. Future development of deep resources will require data from boreholes and high-resolution geophysical-logging techniques. There is also potential for coal-bed methane from the deeper coals which could be an important resource in the Appalachian Coal Basin where a natural gas distribution system already exists.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Prace - Panstwowego Instytutu Geologicznego","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"08669465","usgsCitation":"Haney, D.C., and Chesnut, D., 1997, Deep-coal potential in the Appalachian Coal Basin, USA: The Kentucky model: Prace - Panstwowego Instytutu Geologicznego, no. 157 PART 2, p. 336-337.","startPage":"336","endPage":"337","numberOfPages":"2","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":226956,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"issue":"157 PART 2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059fe2ce4b0c8380cd4eb80","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Haney, D. C.","contributorId":97854,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Haney","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":382199,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Chesnut, D.R. Jr.","contributorId":100548,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chesnut","given":"D.R.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":382200,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70019903,"text":"70019903 - 1997 - Application of the LI-COR CO<sub>2</sub> analyzer to volcanic plumes: a case study, volcán Popocatépetl, Mexico, June 7 and 10, 1995","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-05-19T15:12:42","indexId":"70019903","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2314,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Application of the LI-COR CO<sub>2</sub> analyzer to volcanic plumes: a case study, volcán Popocatépetl, Mexico, June 7 and 10, 1995","docAbstract":"<p>Volcanic CO<sub>2</sub> emission rate data are sparse despite their potential importance for constraining the role of magma degassing in the biogeochemical cycle of carbon and for assessing volcanic hazards. We used a LI-COR CO<sub>2</sub> analyzer to determine volcanic CO<sub>2</sub> emission rates by airborne measurements in volcanic plumes at Popocat&eacute;petl volcano on June 7 and 10, 1995. LI-COR sample paths of &sim;72 m, compared with &sim;1 km for the analyzer customarily used, together with fast Fourier transforms to remove instrument noise from raw data greatly improve resolution of volcanic CO<sub>2</sub> anomalies. Parametric models fit to background CO<sub>2</sub> provide a statistical tool for distinguishing volcanic from ambient CO<sub>2</sub>. Global Positioning System referenced flight traverses provide vastly improved data on the shape, coherence, and spatial distribution of volcanic CO<sub>2</sub> in plume cross sections and contrast markedly with previous results based on traverse stacking. The continuous escape of CO<sub>2</sub> and SO<sub>2</sub> from Popocat&eacute;petl was fundamentally noneruptive and represented quiescent magma degassing from the top of a magma chamber &sim;5 km deep. The average CO<sub>2</sub> emission rate for January-June 1995 is estimated to be at least 6400 t d<sup>&minus;1</sup>, one of the highest determined for a quiescently degassing volcano, although correction for downwind dispersion effects on volcanic CO<sub>2</sub> indicates a higher rate of &sim;9000 t d<sup>&minus;1</sup>. Analysis of random errors indicates emission rates have 95% confidence intervals of &sim;&plusmn;20%, with uncertainty contributed mostly by wind speed variance, although the variance of plume cross-sectional areas during traversing is poorly constrained and possibly significant.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"AGU Publications","doi":"10.1029/96JB03887","issn":"01480227","usgsCitation":"Gerlach, T., Delgado, H., McGee, K., Doukas, M., Venegas, J., and Cardenas, L., 1997, Application of the LI-COR CO<sub>2</sub> analyzer to volcanic plumes: a case study, volcán Popocatépetl, Mexico, June 7 and 10, 1995: Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth, v. 102, no. B4, p. 8005-8019, https://doi.org/10.1029/96JB03887.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"8005","endPage":"8019","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":479995,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/96jb03887","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":227986,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"102","issue":"B4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1997-04-10","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059ecb4e4b0c8380cd49438","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Gerlach, T.M.","contributorId":38713,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gerlach","given":"T.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":384326,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Delgado, H.","contributorId":22103,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Delgado","given":"H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":384324,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"McGee, K.A.","contributorId":6059,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McGee","given":"K.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":384323,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Doukas, M.P.","contributorId":28615,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Doukas","given":"M.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":384325,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Venegas, J.J.","contributorId":88893,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Venegas","given":"J.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":384327,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Cardenas, L.","contributorId":94054,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cardenas","given":"L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":384328,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}}
,{"id":70019426,"text":"70019426 - 1997 - Morphology and distribution of seamounts surrounding Easter Island","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-10-21T11:46:21","indexId":"70019426","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2314,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Morphology and distribution of seamounts surrounding Easter Island","docAbstract":"We investigate the morphology and distribution of a seamount population on a section of seafloor influenced by both superfast seafloor spreading and hotspot volcanism. The population under investigation is part of a broad chain of seamounts extending eastward from the East Pacific Rise, near Easter Island. In order to define the morphological variability of the seamounts, basal shape, cross-sectional area, volume, flatness, and flank slope are plotted against height for 383 seamounts with heights greater than 200 m, based on bathymetry data collected by GLORI-B and SeaBeam 2000, during three cruises onboard the R/V Melville in the spring of 1993. Nearly complete swath mapping coverage of the seamounts is available for the analysis of size and shape distribution. We quantitatively describe the seamount population of this active region, in which seamounts cover ???27% of the seafloor, and account for ???4.2% of the total crustal volume. Over 50% of the total volume (61,000 km3) of seamounts used in this study is made up by the 14 largest seamounts, and the remaining volume is made up by the 369 smaller seamounts (>200 m in height). Our analysis indicates there are at least two seamount populations in the Easter Island-Salas y Gomez Island (25??-29??S, 113??-104??W) study area. One population of seamounts is composed of short seamounts (<1200 m in height) with variable flatness from pointy cones to flattened domes (flatness from 0.01 to 0.57) and predominantly steep flanks (slopes from 5?? to 32??). A second population is of massive (>1200 m), shield-like, pointy cones (flatness < 0.2) and gentle slopes (from 5?? to 15??). An exponential maximum likelihood distribution is fit to the binned raw frequency of height and gives a characteristic height of the seamount population of 308??12m and an expected number of seamounts per 1000 km2 of 2.7??0.15. Many seamounts that have different slope and flatness relationships with height are formed next to each other. We speculate that the larger volcanoes (>???1200 m) originate exclusively from a hotspot source, but only a portion of the smaller volcanoes (<???1200 m) are formed from a hotspot source. The remainder would be presumably formed by a normal mantle or mixed source.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1029/97JB01634","issn":"01480227","usgsCitation":"Rappaport, Y., Naar, D., Barton, C., Liu, Z., and Hey, R., 1997, Morphology and distribution of seamounts surrounding Easter Island: Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth, v. 102, no. 11, p. 24713-24728, https://doi.org/10.1029/97JB01634.","startPage":"24713","endPage":"24728","numberOfPages":"16","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":480062,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/97jb01634","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":226607,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":295554,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1029/97JB01634"}],"volume":"102","issue":"11","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1997-11-10","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a5e4be4b0c8380cd70932","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Rappaport, Y.","contributorId":47100,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rappaport","given":"Y.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":382693,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Naar, D. F.","contributorId":80434,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Naar","given":"D. F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":382695,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Barton, C.C.","contributorId":93063,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Barton","given":"C.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":382696,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Liu, Z.-J.","contributorId":64820,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Liu","given":"Z.-J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":382694,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Hey, R.N.","contributorId":36297,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hey","given":"R.N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":382692,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":70019907,"text":"70019907 - 1997 - Demersal fish assemblages of the northeastern Chukchi Sea, Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:17","indexId":"70019907","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1663,"text":"Fishery Bulletin","printIssn":"0090-0656","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Demersal fish assemblages of the northeastern Chukchi Sea, Alaska","docAbstract":"We documented the distribution and abundance of demersal fishes in the northeastern Chukchi Sea, Alaska, in 1990 and 1991, and described 1990 demersal fish assemblages and their relationship to general oceanographic features in the area. We collected samples using an otter trawl at 48 stations in 1990 and 16 in 1991, and we identified a total of 66 species in 14 families. Gadids made up 83% and 69% of the abundance in 1990 and 1991, respectively. Cottids, pleuronectids, and zoarcids together made up 15% of the species in 1990, 28% in 1991. The number of species, species diversity (H), and evenness (V') generally were greater inshore than offshore and greater in the south than in the north. There were significant differences in ranks of species, species diversity, and evenness at 3 of 8 stations sampled beth years. From data collected in 1990, 3 nearshore and 3 offshore station groupings were defined. The northern offshore assemblages had the fewest species, lowest diversity and evenness, and least abundance, whereas two southern assemblages had the most species, highest diversity and evenness, and greatest abundance. We determined that bottom salinity and percent gravel were probably the primary factors influencing assemblage arrangement.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Fishery Bulletin","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"00900656","usgsCitation":"Barber, W., Smith, R.L., Vallarino, M., and Meyer, R., 1997, Demersal fish assemblages of the northeastern Chukchi Sea, Alaska: Fishery Bulletin, v. 95, no. 2, p. 195-209.","startPage":"195","endPage":"209","numberOfPages":"15","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":228065,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"95","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059fe7ae4b0c8380cd4ed4c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Barber, W.E.","contributorId":69734,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Barber","given":"W.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":384341,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Smith, R. L.","contributorId":93904,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":384342,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Vallarino, M.","contributorId":6209,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Vallarino","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":384339,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Meyer, R.M.","contributorId":43511,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Meyer","given":"R.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":384340,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70019912,"text":"70019912 - 1997 - Testing alternative conceptual models of seawater intrusion in a coastal aquifer using computer simulation, southern California, USA","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-06-01T14:41:17","indexId":"70019912","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1923,"text":"Hydrogeology Journal","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Testing alternative conceptual models of seawater intrusion in a coastal aquifer using computer simulation, southern California, USA","docAbstract":"Two alternative conceptual models of the physical processes controlling seawater intrusion in a coastal basin in California, USA, were tested to identify a likely principal pathway for seawater intrusion. The conceptual models were tested by using a two-dimensional, finite-element groundwater flow and transport model. This pathway was identified by the conceptual model that best replicated the historical data. The numerical model was applied in cross section to a submarine canyon that is a main avenue for seawater to enter the aquifer system underlying the study area. Both models are characterized by a heterogeneous, layered, water-bearing aquifer. However, the first model is characterized by flat-lying aquifer layers and by a high value of hydraulic conductivity in the basal aquifer layer, which is thought to be a principal conduit for seawater intrusion. The second model is characterized by offshore folding, which was modeled as a very nearshore outcrop, thereby providing a shorter path for seawater to intrude. General conclusions are that: 1) the aquifer system is best modeled as a flat, heterogeneous, layered system; 2) relatively thin basal layers with relatively high values of hydraulic conductivity are the principal pathways for seawater intrusion; and 3) continuous clay layers of low hydraulic conductivity play an important role in controlling the movement of seawater.","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/s100400050116","issn":"14312174","usgsCitation":"Nishikawa, T., 1997, Testing alternative conceptual models of seawater intrusion in a coastal aquifer using computer simulation, southern California, USA: Hydrogeology Journal, v. 5, no. 3, p. 60-74, https://doi.org/10.1007/s100400050116.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"60","endPage":"74","numberOfPages":"15","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":228144,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"5","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-11-20","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505ba5b9e4b08c986b320c21","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Nishikawa, Tracy 0000-0002-7348-3838 tnish@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7348-3838","contributorId":1515,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nishikawa","given":"Tracy","email":"tnish@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":384355,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70019427,"text":"70019427 - 1997 - Predicting the probability of elevated nitrate concentrations in the Puget Sound Basin: Implications for aquifer susceptibility and vulnerability","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-05-31T08:58:51","indexId":"70019427","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1861,"text":"Ground Water","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Predicting the probability of elevated nitrate concentrations in the Puget Sound Basin: Implications for aquifer susceptibility and vulnerability","docAbstract":"<p><span>The occurrence and distribution of elevated nitrate concentrations (&ge; 3 mg/l) in ground water in the Puget Sound Basin, Washington, were determined by examining existing data from more than 3000 wells. Models that estimate the probability that a well has an elevated nitrate concentration were constructed by relating the occurrence of elevated nitrate concentrations to both natural and anthropogenic variables using logistic regression. The variables that best explain the occurrence of elevated nitrate concentrations were well depth, surficial geology, and the percentage of urban and agricultural land within a radius of 3.2 kilometers of the well. From these relations, logistic regression models were developed to assess aquifer susceptibility (relative ease with which contaminants will reach aquifer) and ground-water vulnerability (relative ease with which contaminants will reach aquifer for a given set of land-use practices). Both models performed well at predicting the probability of elevated nitrate concentrations in an independent data set. This approach to assessing aquifer susceptibility and ground-water vulnerability has the advantages of having both model variables and coefficient values determined on the basis of existing water quality information and does not depend on the assignment of variables and weighting factors based on qualitative criteria.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1111/j.1745-6584.1997.tb00175.x","issn":"0017467X","usgsCitation":"Tesoriero, A., and Voss, F., 1997, Predicting the probability of elevated nitrate concentrations in the Puget Sound Basin: Implications for aquifer susceptibility and vulnerability: Ground Water, v. 35, no. 6, p. 1029-1039, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6584.1997.tb00175.x.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"1029","endPage":"1039","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":622,"text":"Washington Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":226608,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"35","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2005-08-04","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a81d7e4b0c8380cd7b77e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Tesoriero, A. J.","contributorId":99127,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tesoriero","given":"A. J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":382697,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Voss, F.D.","contributorId":103420,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Voss","given":"F.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":382698,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70019428,"text":"70019428 - 1997 - Measurement of flow under ice covers in North America","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-12-12T16:36:39.318727","indexId":"70019428","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2338,"text":"Journal of Hydraulic Engineering","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Measurement of flow under ice covers in North America","docAbstract":"<p><span>A substantial proportion of natural streams in the United States and Canada are affected by ice cover during the winter. To substantiate the currently used procedures for measuring streamflow during the winter, the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) and Water Survey of Canada (WSC) began independent, coordinated programs for research and development related to the measurement of streamflow under an ice cover. Detailed measurements of vertical velocity profiles under ice covers in field settings were collected by each agency in accordance with standardized guidelines. The data were then compiled into a joint database. This paper presents a description of the two measurement programs, describes the structure and format of the joint database, and provides preliminary summaries of the data. Ongoing research efforts by the USGS and WSC are described briefly to give examples of the use of the joint database.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"ASCE","doi":"10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9429(1997)123:11(1037)","issn":"07339429","usgsCitation":"Walker, J., and Wang, D., 1997, Measurement of flow under ice covers in North America: Journal of Hydraulic Engineering, v. 123, no. 11, p. 1037-1040, https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9429(1997)123:11(1037).","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"1037","endPage":"1040","numberOfPages":"4","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":226650,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"123","issue":"11","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a5302e4b0c8380cd6c7f7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Walker, J.F.","contributorId":86743,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Walker","given":"J.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":382700,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wang, D.","contributorId":13384,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wang","given":"D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":382699,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70019976,"text":"70019976 - 1997 - Stable isotope evidence for an atmospheric origin of desert nitrate deposits in northern Chile and southern California, U.S.A.","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-02-12T06:58:32","indexId":"70019976","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1213,"text":"Chemical Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Stable isotope evidence for an atmospheric origin of desert nitrate deposits in northern Chile and southern California, U.S.A.","docAbstract":"<div id=\"abstracts\" class=\"Abstracts\"><div id=\"aep-abstract-id4\" class=\"abstract author\"><div id=\"aep-abstract-sec-id5\"><p id=\"simple-para.0010\">Natural surficial accumulations of nitrate-rich salts in the Atacama Desert, northern Chile, and in the Death Valley region of the Mojave Desert, southern California, are well known, but despite many geologic and geochemical studies, the origins of the nitrates have remained controversial. N and O isotopes in nitrate, and S isotopes in coexisting soluble sulfate, were measured to determine if some proposed N sources could be supported or rejected, and to determine if the isotopic signature of these natural deposits could be used to distinguish them from various types of anthropogenic nitrate contamination that might be found in desert groundwaters.</p><p id=\"simple-para.0015\">High-grade calich-a-type nitrate deposits from both localities have<span>&nbsp;</span><i>δ</i><sup>15</sup>N values that range from −5 to +5‰, but are mostly near 0‰. Values of<span>&nbsp;</span><i>δ</i><sup>15</sup>N near 0‰ are consistent with either bulk atmospheric N deposition or microbial N fixation as major sources of the N in the deposits.<span>&nbsp;</span><i>δ</i><sup>18</sup>O values of those desert nitrates with<span>&nbsp;</span><i>δ</i><sup>15</sup>N near 0‰ range from about +31 to +50‰ (V-SMOW), significantly higher than that of atmospheric O<sub>2</sub><span>&nbsp;</span>(+23.5‰). Such high values of<span>&nbsp;</span><i>δ</i><sup>18</sup>O are considered unlikely to result entirely from nitrification of reduced N, but rather resemble those of modern atmospheric nitrate in precipitation from some other localities. Assuming that limited modern atmospheric isotope data are applicable to the deposits, and allowing for nitrification of co-deposited ammonium, it is estimated that the fraction of the nitrate in the deposits that could be, accounted for isotopically by atmospheric N deposition may be at least 20% and possibly as much as 100%.<span>&nbsp;</span><i>δ</i><sup>34</sup>S values are less diagnostic but could also be consistent with atmospheric components in some of the soluble sulfates associated with the deposits. The stable isotope data support the hypothesis that some high-grade caliche-type nitrate-rich salt deposits in some of the Earth's hyperarid deserts represent long-term accumulations of atmospheric deposition (possibly in the order of 104 yr for the Death Valley region, 10<sup>7</sup><span>&nbsp;</span>yr for the Atacama Desert) in the relative absence of soil leaching or biologic cycling. The combined N and O isotope signature of the nitrate in these deposits is significantly different from those of many other natural and anthropogenic sources of nitrate.</p></div></div></div>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/S0009-2541(96)00124-6","issn":"00092541","usgsCitation":"Böhlke, J., Ericksen, G.E., and Revesz, K., 1997, Stable isotope evidence for an atmospheric origin of desert nitrate deposits in northern Chile and southern California, U.S.A.: Chemical Geology, v. 136, no. 1-2, p. 135-152, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0009-2541(96)00124-6.","productDescription":"18 p.","startPage":"135","endPage":"152","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":227946,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":266043,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0009-2541(96)00124-6"}],"volume":"136","issue":"1-2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b9676e4b08c986b31b50c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Böhlke, J.K. 0000-0001-5693-6455","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5693-6455","contributorId":96696,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Böhlke","given":"J.K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":384561,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ericksen, G. E.","contributorId":44538,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ericksen","given":"G.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":384559,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Revesz, K.","contributorId":95202,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Revesz","given":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":384560,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70019430,"text":"70019430 - 1997 - Distribution and stability of eelgrass beds at Izembek Lagoon, Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-01-06T19:38:05","indexId":"70019430","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":861,"text":"Aquatic Botany","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Distribution and stability of eelgrass beds at Izembek Lagoon, Alaska","docAbstract":"Spatial change in eelgrass meadows, Zostera marina L., was assessed between 1978 and 1987 and between 1987 and 1995 at Izembek Lagoon, Alaska. Change in total extent was evaluated through a map to map comparison of data interpreted from a 1978 Landsat multi-spectral scanner image and 1987 black and white aerial photographs. A ground survey in 1995 was used to assess spatial change from 1987. Eelgrass beds were the predominant vegetation type in the lagoon, comprising 44-47% (15000-16000 ha) of the total area in 1978 and 1987. Izembek Lagoon contains the largest bed of seagrass along the Pacific Coast of North America and largest known single stand of eelgrass in the world. There was a high degree of overlap in the spatial distribution of eelgrass among years of change detection. The overall net change was a 6% gain between, 1978 and 1987 and a <1% gain between 1987 and 1995. The lack of significant change in eelgrass cover suggests that eelgrass meadows in Izembek Lagoon have been stable during the 17-year period of our study.","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/S0304-3770(97)00037-5","issn":"03043770","usgsCitation":"Ward, D.H., Markon, C.J., and Douglas, D.C., 1997, Distribution and stability of eelgrass beds at Izembek Lagoon, Alaska: Aquatic Botany, v. 58, no. 3-4, p. 229-240, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0304-3770(97)00037-5.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"229","endPage":"240","numberOfPages":"12","costCenters":[{"id":117,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology WTEB","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":226652,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":205766,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0304-3770(97)00037-5"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Izembek Lagoon","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -163.4710693359375,\n              54.939765758658936\n            ],\n            [\n              -162.344970703125,\n              54.939765758658936\n            ],\n            [\n              -162.344970703125,\n              55.33851784425634\n            ],\n            [\n              -163.4710693359375,\n              55.33851784425634\n            ],\n            [\n              -163.4710693359375,\n              54.939765758658936\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"58","issue":"3-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a02a3e4b0c8380cd50141","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ward, David H. 0000-0002-5242-2526 dward@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5242-2526","contributorId":3247,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ward","given":"David","email":"dward@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[{"id":117,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology WTEB","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":382714,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Markon, Carl J. markon@usgs.gov","contributorId":2499,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Markon","given":"Carl","email":"markon@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":382715,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Douglas, David C. 0000-0003-0186-1104 ddouglas@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0186-1104","contributorId":2388,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Douglas","given":"David","email":"ddouglas@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":116,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology MFEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":382713,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70019433,"text":"70019433 - 1997 - Bedrock geology of snyderville basin: Structural geology techniques applied to understanding the hydrogeology of a rapidly developing region, Summit County, Utah","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-11-10T01:17:09.085115","indexId":"70019433","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1077,"text":"Brigham Young University Geology Studies","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Bedrock geology of snyderville basin: Structural geology techniques applied to understanding the hydrogeology of a rapidly developing region, Summit County, Utah","docAbstract":"The availability of ground water is a problem for many communities throughout the west. As these communities continue to experience growth, the initial allocation of ground water supplies proves inadequate and may force restrictions on existing, and future, development plans. Much of this new growth relies on ground water supplies extracted from fractured bedrock aquifers. An example of a community faced with this problem is western Summit County, near Park City, Utah, This area has experienced significant water shortages coupled with a 50% growth rate in the past 10-15 years. Recent housing development rests directly on complexly deformed Triassic to Jurassic sedimentary rocks in the hanging wall of the Mount Raymond-Absaroka thrust system. The primary fractured bedrock aquifers are the Nugget Sandstone, and limestones in the Thaynes and Twin Creek Formations. Ground water production and management strategies can be improved if the geometry of the structures and the flow properties of the fractured and folded bedrock can be established. We characterize the structures that may influence ground water flow at two sites: the Pinebrook and Summit Park subdivisions, which demonstrate abrupt changes (less than 1 mi/1.6 km) within the hydrogeologic systems. Geologic mapping at scales of 1:4500 (Pinebrook) and 1:9600 (Summit Park), scanline fracture mapping at the outcrop scale, geologic cross sections, water well data, and structural analysis, provides a clearer picture of the hydrogeologic setting of the aquifers in this region, and has been used to successfully site wells. In the Pinebrook area, the dominate map-scale structures of the area is the Twomile Canyon anticline, a faulted box-like to conical anticline. Widely variable bedding orientations suggest that the fold is segmented and is non-cylindrical and conical on the western limb with a fold axis that plunges to the northwest and also to the southeast, and forms a box-type fold between the middle and eastern limbs with a fold axis that plunges to the northeast. The fold is cut by several faults including the Toll Canyon fault, which we interpret as a west-directed folded hanging-wall splay off the east-directed Mt. Raymond thrust. These complex geometries may be due to at least two phases of deformation. Results from outcrop analyses show that the fractured bedrock aquifers are lithologically heterogeneous, anisotropic, and compartmentalized. Two exposures of the Toll Canyon fault show that even though the fault cores may be thin, extensive damage zones develop in the Nugget Sandstone and Thaynes Limestone, and shale smears form in the Triassic shales. The damaged zones may be regions of enhanced fracture permeability, whereas the shale smears act as flow barriers. The orientation, density, and hydrogeologic characteristics for predominate fracture sets vary within meters. In the Summit Park area, chronic water shortages required new wells to be sited in the northeast-plunging Summit Park anticline. The anticline experienced two phases of folding and at least one episode of faulting. Structural analysis of the fold defined the geometry of the structure, and a down plunge projection along the fold hinge was used to estimate the location of the Nugget Sandstone at a depth of 700 ft (213 m). The crestal region of the anticline was drilled in order to intercept regions of higher fracture density in the fold. The test well penetrated the Nugget Sandstone at 698 ft depth, and two production wells with long-term yields of 120 and 180 gpm completed. One well in the Sliderock Member (Twin Creek Formation) experiences seasonal fluctuations whereas production in the Nugget sandstone has only subdued seasonal variations, suggesting the Nugget may have great storage. Complex structures work against the typical basin yield approach for water budgets, therefore, water supply estimates may benefit from detailed studies within local areas. The results of this study demonstrate how tradition","language":"English","publisher":"Brigham Young University","issn":"00681016","usgsCitation":"Keighley, K., Yonkee, W., Ashland, F., and Evans, J., 1997, Bedrock geology of snyderville basin: Structural geology techniques applied to understanding the hydrogeology of a rapidly developing region, Summit County, Utah: Brigham Young University Geology Studies, v. 42, no. 2, p. 325-343.","productDescription":"19 p.","startPage":"325","endPage":"343","numberOfPages":"19","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":226698,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"42","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f080e4b0c8380cd4a775","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Keighley, K.E.","contributorId":61580,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Keighley","given":"K.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":382720,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Yonkee, W.A.","contributorId":107044,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Yonkee","given":"W.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":382723,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Ashland, F.X.","contributorId":95627,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ashland","given":"F.X.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":382722,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Evans, J.P.","contributorId":94050,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Evans","given":"J.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":382721,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70019443,"text":"70019443 - 1997 - Strengths of serpentinite gouges at elevated temperatures","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-07-19T15:55:53.97223","indexId":"70019443","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2314,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Strengths of serpentinite gouges at elevated temperatures","docAbstract":"<p><span>Serpentinite has been proposed as a cause of both low strength and aseismic creep of fault zones. To test these hypotheses, we have measured the strength of chrysotile-, lizardite-, and antigorite-rich serpentinite gouges under hydrothermal conditions, with emphasis on chrysotile, which has thus far received little attention. At 25°C, the coefficient of friction, μ, of chrysotile gouge is roughly 0.2, whereas the lizardite- and antigorite-rich gouges are at least twice as strong. The very low room temperature strength of chrysotile is a consequence of its unusually high adsorbed water content. When the adsorbed water is removed, chrysotile is as strong as pure antigorite gouge at room temperature. Heating to ∼200°C causes the frictional strengths of all three gouges to increase. Limited data suggest that different polytypes of a given serpentine mineral have similar strengths; thus deformation-induced changes in polytype should not affect fault strength. At 25°C, the chrysotile gouge has a transition from velocity strengthening at low velocities to velocity weakening at high velocities, consistent with previous studies. At temperatures up to ∼200°C, however, chrysotile strength is essentially independent of velocity at low velocities. Overall, chrysotile has a restricted range of velocity-strengthening behavior that migrates to higher velocities with increasing temperature. Less information on velocity dependence is available for the lizardite and antigorite gouges, but their behavior is consistent with that outlined for chrysotile. The marked changes in velocity dependence and strength of chrysotile with heating underscore the hazards of using room temperature data to predict fault behavior at depth. The velocity behavior at elevated temperatures does not rule out serpentinite as a cause of aseismic slip, but in the presence of a hydrostatic fluid pressure gradient, all varieties of serpentine are too strong to explain the apparent weakness of faults such as the San Andreas.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/97JB00995","issn":"01480227","usgsCitation":"Moore, D., Lockner, D., Ma, S., Summers, R., and Byerlee, J., 1997, Strengths of serpentinite gouges at elevated temperatures: Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth, v. 102, no. B7, p. 14787-14801, https://doi.org/10.1029/97JB00995.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"14787","endPage":"14801","numberOfPages":"15","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":480063,"rank":2,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/97jb00995","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":226745,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"102","issue":"B7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1997-07-10","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b9b49e4b08c986b31cda3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Moore, Diane E. 0000-0002-8641-1075","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8641-1075","contributorId":106496,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Moore","given":"Diane E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":382753,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lockner, D.A. 0000-0001-8630-6833","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8630-6833","contributorId":85603,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lockner","given":"D.A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":382752,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Ma, S.","contributorId":59189,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ma","given":"S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":382749,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Summers, R.","contributorId":65483,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Summers","given":"R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":382750,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Byerlee, J.D.","contributorId":69982,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Byerlee","given":"J.D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":382751,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":70019446,"text":"70019446 - 1997 - Some thoughts on problems associated with various sampling media used for environmental monitoring","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:13","indexId":"70019446","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Some thoughts on problems associated with various sampling media used for environmental monitoring","docAbstract":"Modern analytical instrumentation is capable of measuring a variety of trace elements at concentrations down into the single or double digit parts-per-trillion (ng l-1) range. This holds for the three most common sample media currently used in environmental monitoring programs: filtered water, whole-water and separated suspended sediment. Unfortunately, current analytical capabilities have exceeded the current capacity to collect both uncontaminated and representative environmental samples. The success of any trace element monitoring program requires that this issue be both understood and addressed. The environmental monitoring of trace elements requires the collection of calendar- and event-based dissolved and suspended sediment samples. There are unique problems associated with the collection and chemical analyses of both types of sample media. Over the past 10 years, reported ambient dissolved trace element concentrations have declined. Generally, these decreases do not reflect better water quality, but rather improvements in the procedures used to collect, process, preserve and analyze these samples without contaminating them during these steps. Further, recent studies have shown that the currently accepted operational definition of dissolved constituents (material passing a 0.45 ??m membrane filter) is inadequat owing to sampling and processing artifacts. The existence of these artifacts raises questions about the generation of accurate, precise and comparable 'dissolved' trace element data. Suspended sediment and associated trace elements can display marked short- and long-term spatial and temporal variability. This implies that spatially representative samples only can be obtained by generating composites using depth- and width-integrated sampling techniques. Additionally, temporal variations have led to the view that the determination of annual trace element fluxes may require nearly constant (e.g., high-frequency) sampling and subsequent chemical analyses. Ultimately, sampling frequency for flux estimates becomes dependent on the time period of concern (daily, weekly, monthly, yearly) and the amount of acceptable error associated with these estimates.","largerWorkTitle":"Analyst","language":"English","doi":"10.1039/a704604i","issn":"00032654","usgsCitation":"Horowitz, A.J., 1997, Some thoughts on problems associated with various sampling media used for environmental monitoring, <i>in</i> Analyst, v. 122, no. 11, p. 1193-1200, https://doi.org/10.1039/a704604i.","startPage":"1193","endPage":"1200","numberOfPages":"8","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":205775,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1039/a704604i"},{"id":226705,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"122","issue":"11","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b92f1e4b08c986b31a1d3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Horowitz, A. J.","contributorId":102066,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Horowitz","given":"A.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":382761,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70019573,"text":"70019573 - 1997 - Geochronologic and paleomagnetic evidence defining the relationship between the Miocene Hiko and Racer Canyon tuffs, eccentric outflow lobes from the Caliente caldera complex, southeastern Great Basin, USA","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-11-08T01:26:41.198463","indexId":"70019573","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1109,"text":"Bulletin of Volcanology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Geochronologic and paleomagnetic evidence defining the relationship between the Miocene Hiko and Racer Canyon tuffs, eccentric outflow lobes from the Caliente caldera complex, southeastern Great Basin, USA","docAbstract":"<div id=\"Abs1-section\" class=\"c-article-section\"><div id=\"Abs1-content\" class=\"c-article-section__content\"><p> Outflow sheets of the Hiko tuff and the Racer Canyon tuff, which together extend over approximately 16 000 km<sup>2</sup><span>&nbsp;</span>around the Caliente caldera complex in southeastern Nevada, have long been considered to be products of simultaneous or near-simultaneous eruptions from inset calderas in the west and east ends, respectively, of the caldera complex. New high-precision<span>&nbsp;</span><sup>40</sup>Ar/<sup>39</sup>Ar geochronology and paleomagnetic data demonstrate that emplacement of the uppermost part of the Racer Canyon tuff at 18.33±0.03 Ma was nearly synchronous with emplacement of the single outflow cooling unit of the much larger overlying Hiko tuff at 18.32±0.04 Ma. Based on comparison with the geomagnetic polarity time scale derived from the sea-floor spreading record, we conclude that emplacement of the first of several outflow cooling units of the Racer Canyon tuff commenced approximately 0.5 m.y. earlier. Only one paleomagnetic polarity is found in the Hiko tuff, but at least two paleomagnetic reversals have been found in the Racer Canyon tuff. The two formations overlap in only one place, at and near Panaca Summit northeast of the center of the Caliente caldera complex; here the Hiko tuff is stratigraphically above the Racer Canyon tuff. This study demonstrates the power of combining<span>&nbsp;</span><sup>40</sup>Ar/<sup>39</sup>Ar and paleomagnetic data in conjunction with phenocryst compositional modes to resolve problematic stratigraphic correlations in complex ash-flow sequences where use of one method alone might not eliminate ambiguities.</p></div></div>","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/s004450050172","issn":"02588900","usgsCitation":"Gromme, S., Deino, A., Best, M.G., and Hudson, M., 1997, Geochronologic and paleomagnetic evidence defining the relationship between the Miocene Hiko and Racer Canyon tuffs, eccentric outflow lobes from the Caliente caldera complex, southeastern Great Basin, USA: Bulletin of Volcanology, v. 59, no. 1, p. 21-35, https://doi.org/10.1007/s004450050172.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"21","endPage":"35","numberOfPages":"15","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":227964,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"59","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a172fe4b0c8380cd553fb","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Gromme, S.","contributorId":21277,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gromme","given":"S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383207,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Deino, A.M.","contributorId":40862,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Deino","given":"A.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383208,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Best, M. G.","contributorId":57843,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Best","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383209,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Hudson, M.R.","contributorId":68317,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hudson","given":"M.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383210,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70019451,"text":"70019451 - 1997 - A study of the temporal variability of atrazine in private well water. Part I: Study design, implementation, and database development","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:12","indexId":"70019451","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1552,"text":"Environmental Monitoring and Assessment","onlineIssn":"1573-2959","printIssn":"0167-6369","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A study of the temporal variability of atrazine in private well water. Part I: Study design, implementation, and database development","docAbstract":"In 1988, the Iowa Department of Natural Resources, along with the University of Iowa conducted the Statewide Rural Well Water Survey, commonly known as SWRL. A total of 686 private rural drinking water wells was selected by use of a probability sample and tested for pesticides and nitrates. Sixty-eight of these wells, the '10% repeat' wells, were additionally sampled in October, 1990 and June, 1991. Starting in November, 1991, the University of Iowa, with sponsorship from the United States Environmental Protection Agency, revisited these wells to begin a study of the temporal variability of atrazine and nitrates in wells. Other wells, which had originally tested positive for atrazine in SWRL but were not in the 10% repeat population, were added to the study population. Temporal sampling for a year-long period began in February of 1992 and concluded in January of 1993. All wells were sampled monthly, one subset was sampled weekly, and a second subset was sampled for 14-day consecutive periods. Two unique aspects of this study were the use of an immunoassay technique to screen for triazines before gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) analysis and quantification of atrazine, and the use of well owners to sample the wells. A total of 1771 samples from 83 wells are in the final data base for this study. This paper reviews the study design, the analytical methodologies, and development of the data base. A companion paper discusses the analysis of the data from this survey.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Environmental Monitoring and Assessment","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Kluwer Academic Publishers","publisherLocation":"Dordrecht, Netherlands","doi":"10.1023/A:1005700803802","issn":"01676369","usgsCitation":"Lorber, M., Johnson, K., Kross, B., Pinsky, P., Burmeister, L., Thurman, M., Wilkins, A., and Hallberg, G., 1997, A study of the temporal variability of atrazine in private well water. Part I: Study design, implementation, and database development: Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, v. 47, no. 2, p. 175-195, https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1005700803802.","startPage":"175","endPage":"195","numberOfPages":"21","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":205787,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1005700803802"},{"id":226790,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"47","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e5c6e4b0c8380cd46f7d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lorber, M.","contributorId":100551,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lorber","given":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":382774,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Johnson, Kevin","contributorId":83287,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnson","given":"Kevin","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":382772,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Kross, B.","contributorId":102211,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kross","given":"B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":382776,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Pinsky, P.","contributorId":105453,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pinsky","given":"P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":382777,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Burmeister, L.","contributorId":100552,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Burmeister","given":"L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":382775,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Thurman, M.","contributorId":42372,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thurman","given":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":382770,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Wilkins, A.","contributorId":93638,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wilkins","given":"A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":382773,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Hallberg, G.","contributorId":73758,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hallberg","given":"G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":382771,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8}]}}
,{"id":70019464,"text":"70019464 - 1997 - Predicting travel time and dispersion in rivers and streams","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-12-12T16:33:57.409776","indexId":"70019464","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2338,"text":"Journal of Hydraulic Engineering","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Predicting travel time and dispersion in rivers and streams","docAbstract":"<p><span>The possibility of a contaminant being accidentally or intentionally spilled in a river is a constant concern to those using the water. Methods are developed to estimate: (1) the velocity of a contaminant in a river; (2) the rate of attenuation of the peak concentration of a conservative contaminant; and (3) the time required for a contaminant plume to pass a point. The methods are based on data collected by the U.S. Geological Survey in almost a hundred different rivers representing a wide range of sizes, slopes, and geomorphic types. Although the accuracy of the predictions can be greatly increased by performing time-of-travel studies, the emphasis of this paper is on providing methods for making estimates where few data are available. It is shown that the unit-peak concentration is well correlated with travel time and that the travel time of the leading edge averages 89% of the travel time of the peak concentration.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"ASCE","doi":"10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9429(1997)123:11(971)","issn":"07339429","usgsCitation":"Jobson, H., 1997, Predicting travel time and dispersion in rivers and streams: Journal of Hydraulic Engineering, v. 123, no. 11, p. 971-978, https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9429(1997)123:11(971).","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"971","endPage":"978","numberOfPages":"8","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":226841,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"123","issue":"11","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a81dce4b0c8380cd7b795","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Jobson, H.E.","contributorId":44952,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jobson","given":"H.E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":382816,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70019469,"text":"70019469 - 1997 - Evaluation of process errors in bed load sampling using a Dune Model","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-03-15T10:33:36","indexId":"70019469","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3722,"text":"Water Resources Research","onlineIssn":"1944-7973","printIssn":"0043-1397","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Evaluation of process errors in bed load sampling using a Dune Model","docAbstract":"<p><span>Reliable estimates of the streamwide bed load discharge obtained using sampling devices are dependent upon good at-a-point knowledge across the full width of the channel. Using field data and information derived from a model that describes the geometric features of a dune train in terms of a spatial process observed at a fixed point in time, we show that sampling errors decrease as the number of samples collected increases, and the number of traverses of the channel over which the samples are collected increases. It also is preferable that bed load sampling be conducted at a pace which allows a number of bed forms to pass through the sampling cross section. The situations we analyze and simulate pertain to moderate transport conditions in small rivers. In such circumstances, bed load sampling schemes typically should involve four or five traverses of a river, and the collection of 20–40 samples at a rate of five or six samples per hour. By ensuring that spatial and temporal variability in the transport process is accounted for, such a sampling design reduces both random and systematic errors and hence minimizes the total error involved in the sampling process.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/97WR01711","usgsCitation":"Gomez, B., and Troutman, B.M., 1997, Evaluation of process errors in bed load sampling using a Dune Model: Water Resources Research, v. 33, no. 10, p. 2387-2398, https://doi.org/10.1029/97WR01711.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"2387","endPage":"2398","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":479988,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/97wr01711","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":226843,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"33","issue":"10","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0cb0e4b0c8380cd52c64","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Gomez, Basil","contributorId":65475,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gomez","given":"Basil","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":382827,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Troutman, Brent M.","contributorId":195329,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Troutman","given":"Brent","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":382828,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70019473,"text":"70019473 - 1997 - Concentrations of chlorinated organic compounds in biota and bed sediment in streams of the San Joaquin Valley, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:11","indexId":"70019473","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":887,"text":"Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Concentrations of chlorinated organic compounds in biota and bed sediment in streams of the San Joaquin Valley, California","docAbstract":"Samples of resident biota and bed sediments were collected in 1992 from 18 sites on or near the floor of the San Joaquin Valley, California, for analysis of 33 organochlorine compounds. The sites were divided into five groups on the basis of physiographic region and land use. Ten compounds were detected in tissue, and 15 compounds were detected in bed sediment. The most frequently detected compound in both media was p,p'-DDE. Concentrations of ??DDT (sum of o,p'- and p, p' forms of DDD, DDE, and DDT) were statistically different among groups of sites for both tissue and sediment (Kruskal- Wallis, p < 0.05). Concentrations in both media were highest in streams draining the west side of the valley. Concentrations of ??DDT in tissue were significantly correlated with specific conductance, pH, and total alkalinity (p < 0.05), which are indicators of the proportion of irrigation return flows in stream discharge. Concentrations in sediment on a dry-weight basis were not correlated with these water-quality parameters, but total organic carbon (TOC) normalized concentrations were significantly correlated with specific conductance and pH (p < 0.05). Regressions of the concentration of ??DDT in tissue, as a function of ??DDT in bed sediment, were significant and explained up to 76% of the variance in the data. The concentration of ??DDT in sediment may be related to mechanisms of soil transport to surface water with bioavailability of compounds related to the concentration of TOC in sediment. The results of this study did not indicate any clear advantage to using either bed sediment or tissues in studies of organochlorine chemicals in the environment. Some guidelines for protection of fish and wildlife were exceeded. Concentrations of organochlorine chemicals in biota, and perhaps sediment, have declined from concentrations measured in the 1970s and 1980s, but remain high compared to other regions of the United States.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1007/s002449900265","issn":"00904341","usgsCitation":"Brown, L., 1997, Concentrations of chlorinated organic compounds in biota and bed sediment in streams of the San Joaquin Valley, California: Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, v. 33, no. 4, p. 357-368, https://doi.org/10.1007/s002449900265.","startPage":"357","endPage":"368","numberOfPages":"12","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":205811,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002449900265"},{"id":226925,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"33","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f990e4b0c8380cd4d693","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Brown, L. R. 0000-0001-6702-4531","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6702-4531","contributorId":66391,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brown","given":"L. R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":382859,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70019474,"text":"70019474 - 1997 - Simulation of ground-water level fluctuations using recharge estimated by field infiltrometer measurements","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-12-12T16:38:10.511043","indexId":"70019474","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2338,"text":"Journal of Hydraulic Engineering","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Simulation of ground-water level fluctuations using recharge estimated by field infiltrometer measurements","docAbstract":"<p><span>An infiltrometer was used at multiple locations at a site in Lee County, Fl. to define the spatial variability in infiltration parameters. Water-level data from a well at this site were collected hourly and used to determine the temporal variability in recharge. These results were used to define recharge in a representative stochastic numerical model of the aquifer. Model results without recharge compare well with existing analytical solutions for spatial head variability. Simulations with representative recharge events indicate that recharge produces a significant to dominant effect on head variability, which creates dispersion of contaminants, and that small-scale spatial and temporal recharge variations are the predominant mechanism causing the head variations.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"ASCE","doi":"10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9429(1997)123:10(904)","issn":"07339429","usgsCitation":"Swain, E., 1997, Simulation of ground-water level fluctuations using recharge estimated by field infiltrometer measurements: Journal of Hydraulic Engineering, v. 123, no. 10, p. 904-911, https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9429(1997)123:10(904).","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"904","endPage":"911","numberOfPages":"8","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":226926,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"123","issue":"10","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b905ce4b08c986b31946d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Swain, E.D. 0000-0001-7168-708X","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7168-708X","contributorId":29007,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Swain","given":"E.D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":382860,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70019480,"text":"70019480 - 1997 - Logistic model of nitrate in streams of the upper-midwestern United States","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-02-04T10:58:09","indexId":"70019480","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2262,"text":"Journal of Environmental Quality","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Logistic model of nitrate in streams of the upper-midwestern United States","docAbstract":"Nitrate in surface water can have adverse effects on aquatic life and, in drinking-water supplies, can be a risk to human health. As part of a regional study, nitrates as N (NO3-N) was analyzed in water samples collected from streams throughout 10 Midwestern states during synoptic surveys in 1989, 1990, and 1994. Data from the period immediately following crop planting at 124 sites were analyzed during logistic regression to relate discrete categories of NO3-N concentrations to characteristics of the basins upstream from the sites. The NO3-N data were divided into three categories representing probable background concentrations (<3 mg L-1), elevated concentrations (3-10 mg L-1), and concentrations that exceeded the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency maximum contaminant level (MCL) for drinking water (>10 mg L-1). Nitrate-N concentrations were positively correlated to streamflow, upstream area planted in corn (Zea mays L.), and upstream N- fertilizers application rates. Elevated NO3-N concentrations were associated with poorly drained soils and were weakly correlated with population density. Nitrate-N and streamflow data collected during 1989 and 1990 were used to calibrate the model, and data collected during 1994 were used for verification. The model correctly estimated NO3-N concentration categories for 79% of the samples in the calibration data set and 60% of the samples in the verification data set. The model was used to indicate where NO3-N concentrations might be elevated or exceed the NO3-N MCL in streams throughout the study area. The potential for elevated NO3-N concentrations was predicted to be greatest for streams in Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, and western Ohio.","language":"English","publisher":"ACSESS","doi":"10.2134/jeq1997.00472425002600050005x","issn":"00472425","usgsCitation":"Mueller, D., Ruddy, B.C., and Battaglin, W., 1997, Logistic model of nitrate in streams of the upper-midwestern United States: Journal of Environmental Quality, v. 26, no. 5, p. 1223-1230, https://doi.org/10.2134/jeq1997.00472425002600050005x.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"1223","endPage":"1230","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":226930,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"26","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a4949e4b0c8380cd684b2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Mueller, D. K.","contributorId":93525,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mueller","given":"D. K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":382876,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ruddy, B. C.","contributorId":65098,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ruddy","given":"B.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":382875,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Battaglin, W.A.","contributorId":16376,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Battaglin","given":"W.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":382874,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70019481,"text":"70019481 - 1997 - How wide is a road? The association of roads and mass-wasting in a forested montane environment","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-05-25T14:55:36","indexId":"70019481","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1425,"text":"Earth Surface Processes and Landforms","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"How wide is a road? The association of roads and mass-wasting in a forested montane environment","docAbstract":"<p>A spatial data base of 1609 landslides was analysed using a geographic information system to determine landslide frequency in relation to highways. A 126 km long transportation network in a 201km2 area of humid-tropical, mountainous, forested terrain in Puerto Rico was used in conjunction with a series of 20 buffer (disturbance) zones varying from 5 to 400m in length, measured perpendicular to the highways. Average landslide frequency in the study area at distances greater than 85m from roads was about six landslides per square kilometre. At distances of 85m or less on either side of a highway, landslide frequency was about 30 landslides per square kilometre. On average, this elevated disturbance rate affected 330m2km-2a-1 within the 170m swath. The mass-wasting rate outside of the disturbance zone affected 40m2km-2 a-1. These results indicate that the rate of mass-wasting disturbance is increased from five to eight times in a 170m wide swath along road corridors. The lateral extent of the environmental impact of roads in the study area is greater than is commonly perceived. The approach described herein demonstrates a simple method to assess the spatial association of mass-wasting with highways. ?? 1997 by John Wiley &amp; Sons, Ltd.</p>","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Earth Surface Processes and Landforms","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1002/(SICI)1096-9837(199709)22:9<835::AID-ESP782>3.0.CO;2-C","issn":"01979337","usgsCitation":"Larsen, M.C., and Parks, J., 1997, How wide is a road? The association of roads and mass-wasting in a forested montane environment: Earth Surface Processes and Landforms, v. 22, no. 9, p. 835-848, https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1096-9837(199709)22:9<835::AID-ESP782>3.0.CO;2-C.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"835","endPage":"848","numberOfPages":"14","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":156,"text":"Caribbean Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":226965,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"22","issue":"9","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a326ee4b0c8380cd5e7d5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Larsen, M. C.","contributorId":66287,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Larsen","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":382877,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Parks, J.E.","contributorId":81539,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Parks","given":"J.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":382878,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70019489,"text":"70019489 - 1997 - An algorithm for computing moments-based flood quantile estimates when historical flood information is available","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-03-15T10:40:30","indexId":"70019489","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3722,"text":"Water Resources Research","onlineIssn":"1944-7973","printIssn":"0043-1397","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"An algorithm for computing moments-based flood quantile estimates when historical flood information is available","docAbstract":"<p><span>This paper presents the expected moments algorithm (EMA), a simple and efficient method for incorporating historical and paleoflood information into flood frequency studies. EMA can utilize three types of at-site flood information: systematic stream gage record; information about the magnitude of historical floods; and knowledge of the number of years in the historical period when no large flood occurred. EMA employs an iterative procedure to compute method-of-moments parameter estimates. Initial parameter estimates are calculated from systematic stream gage data. These moments are then updated by including the measured historical peaks and the expected moments, given the previously estimated parameters, of the below-threshold floods from the historical period. The updated moments result in new parameter estimates, and the last two steps are repeated until the algorithm converges. Monte Carlo simulations compare EMA,&nbsp;</span><i>Bulletin 17B</i><span>'s [</span><i>United States Water Resources Council</i><span>, 1982] historically weighted moments adjustment, and maximum likelihood estimators when fitting the three parameters of the log-Pearson type III distribution. These simulations demonstrate that EMA is more efficient than the<span>&nbsp;</span></span><i>Bulletin 17B</i><span><span>&nbsp;</span>method, and that it is nearly as efficient as maximum likelihood estimation (MLE). The experiments also suggest that EMA has two advantages over MLE when dealing with the log-Pearson type III distribution: It appears that EMA estimates always exist and that they are unique, although neither result has been proven. EMA can be used with binomial or interval-censored data and with any distributional family amenable to method-of-moments estimation.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/97WR01640","usgsCitation":"Cohn, T., Lane, W., and Baier, W., 1997, An algorithm for computing moments-based flood quantile estimates when historical flood information is available: Water Resources Research, v. 33, no. 9, p. 2089-2096, https://doi.org/10.1029/97WR01640.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"2089","endPage":"2096","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":480027,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/97wr01640","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":226931,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"33","issue":"9","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e9eae4b0c8380cd48514","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cohn, T.A.","contributorId":84789,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cohn","given":"T.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":382927,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lane, W.L.","contributorId":20482,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lane","given":"W.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":382925,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Baier, W.G.","contributorId":35349,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Baier","given":"W.G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":382926,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
]}