{"pageNumber":"1263","pageRowStart":"31550","pageSize":"25","recordCount":46734,"records":[{"id":70019446,"text":"70019446 - 1997 - Some thoughts on problems associated with various sampling media used for environmental monitoring","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:13","indexId":"70019446","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Some thoughts on problems associated with various sampling media used for environmental monitoring","docAbstract":"Modern analytical instrumentation is capable of measuring a variety of trace elements at concentrations down into the single or double digit parts-per-trillion (ng l-1) range. This holds for the three most common sample media currently used in environmental monitoring programs: filtered water, whole-water and separated suspended sediment. Unfortunately, current analytical capabilities have exceeded the current capacity to collect both uncontaminated and representative environmental samples. The success of any trace element monitoring program requires that this issue be both understood and addressed. The environmental monitoring of trace elements requires the collection of calendar- and event-based dissolved and suspended sediment samples. There are unique problems associated with the collection and chemical analyses of both types of sample media. Over the past 10 years, reported ambient dissolved trace element concentrations have declined. Generally, these decreases do not reflect better water quality, but rather improvements in the procedures used to collect, process, preserve and analyze these samples without contaminating them during these steps. Further, recent studies have shown that the currently accepted operational definition of dissolved constituents (material passing a 0.45 ??m membrane filter) is inadequat owing to sampling and processing artifacts. The existence of these artifacts raises questions about the generation of accurate, precise and comparable 'dissolved' trace element data. Suspended sediment and associated trace elements can display marked short- and long-term spatial and temporal variability. This implies that spatially representative samples only can be obtained by generating composites using depth- and width-integrated sampling techniques. Additionally, temporal variations have led to the view that the determination of annual trace element fluxes may require nearly constant (e.g., high-frequency) sampling and subsequent chemical analyses. Ultimately, sampling frequency for flux estimates becomes dependent on the time period of concern (daily, weekly, monthly, yearly) and the amount of acceptable error associated with these estimates.","largerWorkTitle":"Analyst","language":"English","doi":"10.1039/a704604i","issn":"00032654","usgsCitation":"Horowitz, A.J., 1997, Some thoughts on problems associated with various sampling media used for environmental monitoring, in Analyst, v. 122, no. 11, p. 1193-1200, https://doi.org/10.1039/a704604i.","startPage":"1193","endPage":"1200","numberOfPages":"8","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":205775,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1039/a704604i"},{"id":226705,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"122","issue":"11","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b92f1e4b08c986b31a1d3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Horowitz, A. J.","contributorId":102066,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Horowitz","given":"A.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":382761,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70019430,"text":"70019430 - 1997 - Distribution and stability of eelgrass beds at Izembek Lagoon, Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-01-06T19:38:05","indexId":"70019430","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":861,"text":"Aquatic Botany","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Distribution and stability of eelgrass beds at Izembek Lagoon, Alaska","docAbstract":"Spatial change in eelgrass meadows, Zostera marina L., was assessed between 1978 and 1987 and between 1987 and 1995 at Izembek Lagoon, Alaska. Change in total extent was evaluated through a map to map comparison of data interpreted from a 1978 Landsat multi-spectral scanner image and 1987 black and white aerial photographs. A ground survey in 1995 was used to assess spatial change from 1987. Eelgrass beds were the predominant vegetation type in the lagoon, comprising 44-47% (15000-16000 ha) of the total area in 1978 and 1987. Izembek Lagoon contains the largest bed of seagrass along the Pacific Coast of North America and largest known single stand of eelgrass in the world. There was a high degree of overlap in the spatial distribution of eelgrass among years of change detection. The overall net change was a 6% gain between, 1978 and 1987 and a <1% gain between 1987 and 1995. The lack of significant change in eelgrass cover suggests that eelgrass meadows in Izembek Lagoon have been stable during the 17-year period of our study.","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/S0304-3770(97)00037-5","issn":"03043770","usgsCitation":"Ward, D.H., Markon, C.J., and Douglas, D.C., 1997, Distribution and stability of eelgrass beds at Izembek Lagoon, Alaska: Aquatic Botany, v. 58, no. 3-4, p. 229-240, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0304-3770(97)00037-5.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"229","endPage":"240","numberOfPages":"12","costCenters":[{"id":117,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology WTEB","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":226652,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":205766,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0304-3770(97)00037-5"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Izembek Lagoon","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -163.4710693359375,\n 54.939765758658936\n ],\n [\n -162.344970703125,\n 54.939765758658936\n ],\n [\n -162.344970703125,\n 55.33851784425634\n ],\n [\n -163.4710693359375,\n 55.33851784425634\n ],\n [\n -163.4710693359375,\n 54.939765758658936\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"58","issue":"3-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a02a3e4b0c8380cd50141","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ward, David H. 0000-0002-5242-2526 dward@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5242-2526","contributorId":3247,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ward","given":"David","email":"dward@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":117,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology WTEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":382714,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Markon, Carl J. markon@usgs.gov","contributorId":2499,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Markon","given":"Carl","email":"markon@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":382715,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Douglas, David C. 0000-0003-0186-1104 ddouglas@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0186-1104","contributorId":2388,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Douglas","given":"David","email":"ddouglas@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":116,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology MFEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":382713,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70019426,"text":"70019426 - 1997 - Morphology and distribution of seamounts surrounding Easter Island","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-10-21T11:46:21","indexId":"70019426","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2314,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Morphology and distribution of seamounts surrounding Easter Island","docAbstract":"We investigate the morphology and distribution of a seamount population on a section of seafloor influenced by both superfast seafloor spreading and hotspot volcanism. The population under investigation is part of a broad chain of seamounts extending eastward from the East Pacific Rise, near Easter Island. In order to define the morphological variability of the seamounts, basal shape, cross-sectional area, volume, flatness, and flank slope are plotted against height for 383 seamounts with heights greater than 200 m, based on bathymetry data collected by GLORI-B and SeaBeam 2000, during three cruises onboard the R/V Melville in the spring of 1993. Nearly complete swath mapping coverage of the seamounts is available for the analysis of size and shape distribution. We quantitatively describe the seamount population of this active region, in which seamounts cover ???27% of the seafloor, and account for ???4.2% of the total crustal volume. Over 50% of the total volume (61,000 km3) of seamounts used in this study is made up by the 14 largest seamounts, and the remaining volume is made up by the 369 smaller seamounts (>200 m in height). Our analysis indicates there are at least two seamount populations in the Easter Island-Salas y Gomez Island (25??-29??S, 113??-104??W) study area. One population of seamounts is composed of short seamounts (<1200 m in height) with variable flatness from pointy cones to flattened domes (flatness from 0.01 to 0.57) and predominantly steep flanks (slopes from 5?? to 32??). A second population is of massive (>1200 m), shield-like, pointy cones (flatness < 0.2) and gentle slopes (from 5?? to 15??). An exponential maximum likelihood distribution is fit to the binned raw frequency of height and gives a characteristic height of the seamount population of 308??12m and an expected number of seamounts per 1000 km2 of 2.7??0.15. Many seamounts that have different slope and flatness relationships with height are formed next to each other. We speculate that the larger volcanoes (>???1200 m) originate exclusively from a hotspot source, but only a portion of the smaller volcanoes (The standard form of the Scherrer equation, which has been used to calculate the mean thickness of the coherent scattering domain (CSD) of illite crystals from X-ray diffraction (XRD) full width data at half maximum (FWHM) intensity, employs a constant, Ksh, of 0.89. Use of this constant is unjustified, even if swelling has no effect on peak broadening, because this constant is valid only if all CSDs have a single thickness. For different thickness distributions, the Scherrer “constant” has very different values.

Analysis of fundamental particle thickness data (transmission electron microscopy, TEM) for samples of authigenic illite and illite/smectite from diagenetically altered pyroclastics and filamentous illites from sandstones reveals a unique family of lognormal thickness distributions for these clays. Experimental relations between the distributions' lognormal parameters and mean thicknesses are established. These relations then are used to calculate the mean thickness of CSDs for illitic samples from XRD FWHM, or from integral XRD peak widths (integrated intensity/maximum intensity).

For mixed-layer illite/smectite, the measured thickness of the CSD corresponds to the mean thickness of the mixed-layer crystal. Using this measurement, the mean thickness of the fundamental particles that compose the mixed-layer crystals can be calculated after XRD determination of percent smectitic interlayers. The effect of mixed layering (swelling) on XRD peak width for these samples is eliminated by using the 003 reflection for glycolated samples, and the 001, 002 or 003 reflection for dehydrated, K-saturated samples. If this technique is applied to the 001 reflection of air-dried samples (Kubler index measurement), mean CSD thicknesses are underestimated due to the mixed-layering effect.

The technique was calibrated using NEW MOD©-simulated XRD profiles of illite, and then tested on well-characterized illite and illite/smectite samples. The XRD measurements are in good agreement with estimates of the mean thickness of fundamental particles obtained both from TEM measurements and from fixed cations content, up to a mean value of 20 layers. Correction for instrumental broadening under the conditions employed here is unnecessary for this range of thicknesses.

","language":"English","publisher":"The Clay Minerals Society","doi":"10.1346/CCMN.1997.0450315","usgsCitation":"Drits, V.A., Srodon, J., and Eberl, D.D., 1997, XRD measurement of mean crystallite thickness of illite and illite/smectite: Reappraisal of the Kubler index and the Scherrer equation: Clays and Clay Minerals, v. 45, no. 3, p. 461-475, https://doi.org/10.1346/CCMN.1997.0450315.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"461","endPage":"475","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":226367,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"45","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2024-02-28","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bd1f9e4b08c986b32f60e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Drits, Victor A.","contributorId":65616,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Drits","given":"Victor","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":381919,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Srodon, Jan","contributorId":50780,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Srodon","given":"Jan","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":381921,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Eberl, D. D.","contributorId":66282,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Eberl","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":381920,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70019172,"text":"70019172 - 1997 - Initial results of high-resolution sea-floor mapping offshore of the New York - New Jersey metropolitan area using sidescan sonar","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-03-09T13:30:34","indexId":"70019172","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2897,"text":"Northeastern Geology and Environmental Sciences","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Initial results of high-resolution sea-floor mapping offshore of the New York - New Jersey metropolitan area using sidescan sonar","docAbstract":"High-resolution seismic, sidescan-sonar, multibeam bathymetry, and sediment sampling techniques were used to map the surficial geology and shallow subbottom stratigraphy of a segment of the inner shelf and nearshore region of New York-New Jersey metropolitan area. Preliminary analyses of these data provide a sedimentologic framework for addressing a wide range of science and management issues. Principal features identified include: 1) a series of sharply defined, rippled scour depressions in the nearshore areas of Long Island and New Jersey that are thought to be an erosional pattern indicative of storm-induced cross-shelf sediment-transport processes from the shoreface; 2) outcropping Upper Cretaceous to early Tertiary coastal plain strata and associated gravelly lag deposits; 3 ) morphologic and chemical indications of anthropogenic waste disposal and redistribution; 4) extensive deposits of medium- to fine-grained sand northeast and east of the Hudson Shelf Valley; 5) acoustic backscatter patterns on the sidescan imagery and sediment bedforms that indicate a general south-southwest sediment transport direction toward the Hudson Shelf Valley; and 6) the Hudson Shelf Valley is a depositional site for silty sediment and acts as a conduit for cross-shelf pollutant transport.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Northeastern Geology and Environmental Sciences","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"01941453","usgsCitation":"Schwab, W.C., Allison, M.A., Corso, W., Lotto, L.L., Butman, B., Buchholtz ten Brink, M.R., Denny, J.F., Danforth, W.W., and Foster, D., 1997, Initial results of high-resolution sea-floor mapping offshore of the New York - New Jersey metropolitan area using sidescan sonar: Northeastern Geology and Environmental Sciences, v. 19, no. 4, p. 243-262.","startPage":"243","endPage":"262","numberOfPages":"20","costCenters":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":226909,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"19","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a3beae4b0c8380cd6291e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Schwab, W. C.","contributorId":78740,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schwab","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":381877,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Allison, M. A.","contributorId":49834,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Allison","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":381875,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Corso, W.","contributorId":70030,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Corso","given":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":381876,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Lotto, L. L.","contributorId":9693,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lotto","given":"L.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":381870,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Butman, B.","contributorId":85580,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Butman","given":"B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":381878,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Buchholtz ten Brink, Marilyn R.","contributorId":88021,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Buchholtz ten Brink","given":"Marilyn","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":381874,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Denny, J. F.","contributorId":13653,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Denny","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":381871,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Danforth, W. W.","contributorId":16386,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Danforth","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":381872,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Foster, D.S.","contributorId":30641,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Foster","given":"D.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":381873,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9}]}} ,{"id":1008603,"text":"1008603 - 1997 - Temperature effects on stocks and stability of a phytoplankton-zooplankton model and the dependence on light and nutrients","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-01-06T11:48:56","indexId":"1008603","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1458,"text":"Ecological Modelling","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Temperature effects on stocks and stability of a phytoplankton-zooplankton model and the dependence on light and nutrients","docAbstract":"

A model of a closed phytoplankton—zooplankton ecosystem was analyzed for effects of temperature on stocks and stability and the dependence of these effects on light and total nutrient concentration of the system. An analysis of the steady state equations showed that the effect of temperature on zooplankton and POM biomass was levelled when primary production is nutrient limited. Temperature increase had a generally negative effect on all biomasses at high nutrient levels due to increased maintenance costs. Nutrient limitation of net primary production is the main factor governing the effect of stocks and flows as well as the stability of the system. All components of the system, except for phytoplankton biomass, are proportional to net production and thus to the net effect of light on photosynthesis. However, temperature determines the slope of that relationship. The resilience of the system was measured by calculating the eigenvalues of the steady state. Under oligotrophic conditions, the system can be stable, but an increase in temperature can cause instability or a decrease in resilience. This conclusion is discussed in the face of recent models that take spatial heterogeneity into account and display far more stable behavior, in better agreement to empirical data. Using simulations, we found that the amplitude of fluctuations of the herbivore stock increases with temperature while the mean biomass and minimum values decrease in comparison with steady state predictions

","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/S0304-3800(96)00033-6","usgsCitation":"Norberg, J., and DeAngelis, D., 1997, Temperature effects on stocks and stability of a phytoplankton-zooplankton model and the dependence on light and nutrients: Ecological Modelling, v. 95, p. 75-86, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0304-3800(96)00033-6.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"75","endPage":"86","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":566,"text":"Southeast Ecological Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":488414,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/s0304-3800(96)00033-6","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":130730,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":265842,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0304-3800(96)00033-6"}],"volume":"95","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4adae4b07f02db685720","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Norberg, J.","contributorId":105263,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Norberg","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":318200,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"DeAngelis, D.L. 0000-0002-1570-4057","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1570-4057","contributorId":32470,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"DeAngelis","given":"D.L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":318199,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70019916,"text":"70019916 - 1997 - Hydrologic indices for nontidal wetlands","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-03-12T14:07:35","indexId":"70019916","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3750,"text":"Wetlands","onlineIssn":"1943-6246","printIssn":"0277-5212","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Hydrologic indices for nontidal wetlands","docAbstract":"Two sets of hydrologic indices were developed to characterize the water-budget components of nontidal wetlands. The first set consisted of six water-budget indices for input and output variables, and the second set consisted of two hydrologic interaction indices derived from the water-budget indices. The indices then were applied to 19 wetlands with previously published water-budget data. Two trilinear diagrams for each wetland were constructed, one for the three input indices and another for the three output indices. These two trilinear diagrams then were combined with a central quadrangle to form a Piper-type diagram, with data points from the trilinear diagrams projected onto the quadrangle. The quadrangle then was divided into nine fields that summarized the water-budget information. Two quantitative \"interaction indices\" were calculated from two of the six water-budget indices (precipitation and evapotranspiration). They also were obtained graphically from the water-budget indices, which were first projected to the central quadrangle of a Piper-type diagram from the flanking trilinear plots. The first interaction index (l) defines the strength of interaction between a wetland and the surrounding ground- and surface-water system. The second interaction index (S) defines the nature of the interaction between the wetland and the surrounding ground- and surface-water system (source versus sink). Evaluation of these indices using published wetland water-budget data illustrates the usefulness of the technique.","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/BF03160715","issn":"02775212","usgsCitation":"Lent, R.M., Weiskel, P.K., Lyford, F.P., and Armstrong, D.S., 1997, Hydrologic indices for nontidal wetlands: Wetlands, v. 17, no. 1, p. 19-30, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03160715.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"19","endPage":"30","numberOfPages":"12","costCenters":[{"id":478,"text":"North Dakota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":34685,"text":"Dakota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":228218,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"17","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a3638e4b0c8380cd6052f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lent, Robert M. rmlent@usgs.gov","contributorId":284,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lent","given":"Robert","email":"rmlent@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":371,"text":"Maine Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":384369,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Weiskel, Peter K. pweiskel@usgs.gov","contributorId":1099,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Weiskel","given":"Peter","email":"pweiskel@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[{"id":376,"text":"Massachusetts Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":466,"text":"New England Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":384368,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Lyford, Forest P.","contributorId":43334,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lyford","given":"Forest","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":384367,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Armstrong, David S. 0000-0003-1695-1233 darmstro@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1695-1233","contributorId":1390,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Armstrong","given":"David","email":"darmstro@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":466,"text":"New England Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":384370,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70019994,"text":"70019994 - 1997 - Time-series animation techniques for visualizing urban growth","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-05-14T15:57:31.152428","indexId":"70019994","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1315,"text":"Computers & Geosciences","printIssn":"0098-3004","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Time-series animation techniques for visualizing urban growth","docAbstract":"
Time-series animation is a visually intuitive way to display urban growth. Animations of landuse change for the Baltimore-Washington region were generated by showing a series of images one after the other in sequential order. Before creating an animation, various issues which will affect the appearance of the animation should be considered, including the number of original data frames to use, the optimal animation display speed, the number of intermediate frames to create between the known frames, and the output media on which the animations will be displayed. To create new frames between the known years of data, the change in each theme (i.e. urban development, water bodies, transportation routes) must be characterized and an algorithm developed to create the in-between frames.
Example time-series animations were created using a temporal GIS database of the Baltimore-Washington area. Creating the animations involved generating raster images of the urban development, water bodies, and principal transportation routes; overlaying the raster images on a background image; and importing the frames to a movie file. Three-dimensional perspective animations were created by draping each image over digital elevation data prior to importing the frames to a movie file.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/S0098-3004(97)00006-X","issn":"00983004","usgsCitation":"Acevedo, W., and Masuoka, P., 1997, Time-series animation techniques for visualizing urban growth: Computers & Geosciences, v. 23, no. 4, p. 423-435, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0098-3004(97)00006-X.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"423","endPage":"435","numberOfPages":"13","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":228266,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"23","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bb3d7e4b08c986b326002","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Acevedo, William wacevedo@usgs.gov","contributorId":2689,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Acevedo","given":"William","email":"wacevedo@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":657,"text":"Western Geographic Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":223,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center (Geography)","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":384633,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Masuoka, P.","contributorId":7586,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Masuoka","given":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":384632,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70019912,"text":"70019912 - 1997 - Testing alternative conceptual models of seawater intrusion in a coastal aquifer using computer simulation, southern California, USA","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-06-01T14:41:17","indexId":"70019912","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1923,"text":"Hydrogeology Journal","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Testing alternative conceptual models of seawater intrusion in a coastal aquifer using computer simulation, southern California, USA","docAbstract":"Two alternative conceptual models of the physical processes controlling seawater intrusion in a coastal basin in California, USA, were tested to identify a likely principal pathway for seawater intrusion. The conceptual models were tested by using a two-dimensional, finite-element groundwater flow and transport model. This pathway was identified by the conceptual model that best replicated the historical data. The numerical model was applied in cross section to a submarine canyon that is a main avenue for seawater to enter the aquifer system underlying the study area. Both models are characterized by a heterogeneous, layered, water-bearing aquifer. However, the first model is characterized by flat-lying aquifer layers and by a high value of hydraulic conductivity in the basal aquifer layer, which is thought to be a principal conduit for seawater intrusion. The second model is characterized by offshore folding, which was modeled as a very nearshore outcrop, thereby providing a shorter path for seawater to intrude. General conclusions are that: 1) the aquifer system is best modeled as a flat, heterogeneous, layered system; 2) relatively thin basal layers with relatively high values of hydraulic conductivity are the principal pathways for seawater intrusion; and 3) continuous clay layers of low hydraulic conductivity play an important role in controlling the movement of seawater.","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/s100400050116","issn":"14312174","usgsCitation":"Nishikawa, T., 1997, Testing alternative conceptual models of seawater intrusion in a coastal aquifer using computer simulation, southern California, USA: Hydrogeology Journal, v. 5, no. 3, p. 60-74, https://doi.org/10.1007/s100400050116.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"60","endPage":"74","numberOfPages":"15","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":228144,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"5","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-11-20","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505ba5b9e4b08c986b320c21","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Nishikawa, Tracy 0000-0002-7348-3838 tnish@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7348-3838","contributorId":1515,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nishikawa","given":"Tracy","email":"tnish@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":384355,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70019150,"text":"70019150 - 1997 - The forms of trace metals in an Illinois basin coal by x-ray absorption fine structure spectroscopy","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:15","indexId":"70019150","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":611,"text":"ACS Division of Fuel Chemistry, Preprints","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The forms of trace metals in an Illinois basin coal by x-ray absorption fine structure spectroscopy","docAbstract":"Utilities burning Illinois coals currently do not consider trace elements in their flue gas emissions. After the US EPA completes an investigation on trace elements, however, this may change and flue gas emission standards may be established. The mode of occurrence of a trace element may determine its cleanability and Hue gas emission potential. X-ray Absorption Fine Structure (XAFS) is a spectroscopic technique that can differentiate the mode of occurrence of an element, even at the low concentrations that trace elements are found in coal. This is principally accomplished by comparing the XAFS spectra of a coal to a database of reference sample spectra. This study evaluated the technique as a potential tool to examine six trace elements in an Illinois #6 coal. For the elements As and Zn, the present database provides a definitive interpretation on their mode of occurrence. For the elements Ti, V, Cr, and Mn the database of XAFS spectra of trace elements in coal was still too limited to allow a definitive interpretation. The data obtained on these elements, however, was sufficient to rule out several of the mineralogical possibilities that have been suggested previously. The results indicate that XAFS is a promising technique for the study of trace elements in coal.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"ACS Division of Fuel Chemistry, Preprints","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"05693772","usgsCitation":"Chou, I., Bruinius, J., Lytle, J., Ruch, R., Huggins, F.E., Huffman, G., and Ho, K., 1997, The forms of trace metals in an Illinois basin coal by x-ray absorption fine structure spectroscopy: ACS Division of Fuel Chemistry, Preprints, v. 42, no. 4, p. 1113-1116.","startPage":"1113","endPage":"1116","numberOfPages":"4","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":226540,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"42","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bac25e4b08c986b3232ce","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Chou, I.-M. 0000-0001-5233-6479","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5233-6479","contributorId":44283,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chou","given":"I.-M.","affiliations":[{"id":245,"text":"Eastern Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":381814,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bruinius, J.A.","contributorId":7072,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bruinius","given":"J.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":381811,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Lytle, J.M.","contributorId":82072,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lytle","given":"J.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":381817,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Ruch, R.R.","contributorId":80804,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ruch","given":"R.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":381815,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Huggins, Frank E.","contributorId":81273,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Huggins","given":"Frank","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":381816,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Huffman, G.P.","contributorId":12232,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Huffman","given":"G.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":381812,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Ho, K.K.","contributorId":30768,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ho","given":"K.K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":381813,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}} ,{"id":70019929,"text":"70019929 - 1997 - Comparative sensitivity of Selenastrum capricornutum and Lemna minor to sixteen herbicides","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-11-04T13:49:56","indexId":"70019929","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":887,"text":"Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Comparative sensitivity of Selenastrum capricornutum and Lemna minor to sixteen herbicides","docAbstract":"Aquatic plant toxicity tests are frequently conducted in environmental risk assessments to determine the potential impacts of contaminants on primary producers. An examination of published plant toxicity data demonstrates that wide differences in sensitivity can occur across phylogenetic groups of plants. Yet relatively few studies have been conducted with the specific intent to compare the relative sensitivity of various aquatic plant species to contaminants. We compared the relative sensitivity of the algae Selenestrum capricornutum and the floating vascular plant Lemna minor to 16 herbicides (atrazine, metribuzin, simazine, cyanazine, alachlor, metolachlor, chlorsulfuron, metsulfuron, triallate, EPTC, trifluralin, diquat, paraquat, dicamba, bromoxynil, and 2,4-D). The herbicides studied represented nine chemical classes and several modes of action and were chosen to represent major current uses in the United States. Both plant species were generally sensitive to the triazines (atrazine, metribuzin, simazine, and cyanazine), sulfonureas (metsulfuron and chlorsulfuron), pyridines (diquat and paraquat), dinitroaniline (trifluralin), and acetanilide (alachlor and metolachlor) herbicides. Neither plant species was uniformly more sensitive than the other across the broad range of herbicides tested. Lemna was more sensitive to the sulfonureas (metsulfuron and chlorsulfuron) and the pyridines (diquat and parequat) than Selenastrum. However Selenastrum was more sensitive than Lemna to one of two thiocarbamates (triallate) and one of the triazines (cyanazine). Neither species was sensitive to selective broadleaf herbicides including bromoxynil, EPTC, dicamba, or 2,4-D. Results were not always predictable in spite of obvious differences in herbicide modes of action and plant phylogeny. Major departures in sensitivity of Selenastrum occurred between chemicals within individual classes of the triazine, acetanilide, and thiocarbamate herbicides. Results indicate that neither species is predictively most sensitive, and that a number of species including a dicot speciessuch as Myriophyllum are needed to perform accurate risk assessments of herbicides.","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/s002449900196","issn":"00904341","usgsCitation":"Fairchild, J., Ruessler, D.S., Haverland, P., and Carlson, A., 1997, Comparative sensitivity of Selenastrum capricornutum and Lemna minor to sixteen herbicides: Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, v. 32, no. 4, p. 353-357, https://doi.org/10.1007/s002449900196.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"353","endPage":"357","numberOfPages":"5","costCenters":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":227775,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":205986,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002449900196"}],"volume":"32","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f825e4b0c8380cd4cee5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Fairchild, J.F.","contributorId":88891,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fairchild","given":"J.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":384412,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ruessler, D. S.","contributorId":22292,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ruessler","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":384410,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Haverland, P.S.","contributorId":34672,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Haverland","given":"P.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":384411,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Carlson, A.R.","contributorId":18122,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Carlson","given":"A.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":384409,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70174704,"text":"70174704 - 1997 - Water quality variability in San Francisco Bay, Some gGeneral lessons from 1996 sampling: 1996 annual report, San Francisco estuary regional monitoring program for trace substances","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-07-26T16:44:43","indexId":"70174704","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":9,"text":"Other Report"},"title":"Water quality variability in San Francisco Bay, Some gGeneral lessons from 1996 sampling: 1996 annual report, San Francisco estuary regional monitoring program for trace substances","docAbstract":"

This report describes the results from the 1996 Regional Monitoring Program for Trace Substances (RMP). It is the fourth Annual Report from the RMP which began in 1993 and attempts to synthesize the most obvious data patterns from the last four years. This report includes data from Base Program monitoring activities, as well as results of Pilot and Special Studies conducted or completed in 1996. Additionally, several articles contributed by RMP investigators and others, are included. These articles provide perspective and insight on important contaminant issues identified by the RMP. This summary addresses which kinds of pollutants measured by the RMP appear to be at levels that warrant concern, what kinds of trends may be discerned, and which stations have consistently shown elevated contaminant levels. The goals or general objectives of the RMP are: 1. To obtain high quality baseline data describing the concentrations of toxic and potentially toxic trace elements and organic contaminants in the water and sediment of the San Francisco Estuary. 2. To determine seasonal and annual trends in chemical and biological water quality in the San Francisco Estuary. 3. To continue to develop a data set that can be used to determine long-term trends in the concentrations of toxic and potentially toxic trace elements and organic contaminants in the water and sediments of the San Francisco Estuary. 4. To determine whether water quality and sediment quality in the Estuary at large are in compliance with objectives established by the Basin Plan (the regulatory planning document used by the Regional Water Quality Control Board). 5. To provide a database on water and sediment quality in the Estuary which is compatible with data being developed in other ongoing studies, including wasteload allocation studies and model development, sediment quality objectives development, in-bay studies of dredged material disposal, Interagency Ecological Program (IEP) water quality studies, primary productivity studies, local effects biomonitoring programs, and state and federal mussel watch programs.

","language":"English","publisher":"San Francisco Estuary Institute","usgsCitation":"Cloern, J., Cole, B., Edmunds, J., and Baylosis, J., 1997, Water quality variability in San Francisco Bay, Some gGeneral lessons from 1996 sampling: 1996 annual report, San Francisco estuary regional monitoring program for trace substances, 15 p.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"46","endPage":"60","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":552,"text":"San Francisco Bay-Delta","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":5079,"text":"Pacific Regional Director's Office","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":325264,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":325263,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.sfei.org/documents/1996-annual-report-san-francisco-estuary-regional-monitoring-program-trace-substances"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"San Francisco Bay area","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -121.70791625976561,\n 38.11943249695316\n ],\n [\n -121.82464599609375,\n 38.0729603768343\n ],\n [\n -121.904296875,\n 38.08701320402273\n ],\n [\n -122.00042724609374,\n 38.09349821336742\n ],\n [\n -121.9757080078125,\n 38.11078875872392\n ],\n [\n -121.99081420898439,\n 38.14751758025121\n ],\n [\n -122.06085205078125,\n 38.150757471302285\n ],\n [\n -122.09930419921876,\n 38.11943249695316\n ],\n [\n -122.14324951171874,\n 38.07512252602562\n ],\n [\n -122.16522216796875,\n 38.07512252602562\n ],\n [\n -122.26821899414061,\n 38.14319750166766\n ],\n [\n -122.27783203125,\n 38.202576154044515\n ],\n [\n -122.3382568359375,\n 38.21768299465498\n ],\n [\n -122.42202758789061,\n 38.179910014461136\n ],\n [\n -122.53326416015624,\n 38.124834313825076\n ],\n [\n -122.51129150390625,\n 38.017803980061146\n ],\n [\n -122.53189086914061,\n 37.960440570360944\n ],\n [\n -122.56759643554689,\n 37.84774810348539\n ],\n [\n -122.508544921875,\n 37.790251927933284\n ],\n [\n -122.40005493164062,\n 37.8065289741725\n ],\n [\n -122.37808227539061,\n 37.74031329210266\n ],\n [\n -122.39730834960938,\n 37.6968609874419\n ],\n [\n -122.38494873046875,\n 37.6359849542696\n ],\n [\n -122.36709594726562,\n 37.6000882015635\n ],\n [\n -122.28744506835938,\n 37.565262680889965\n ],\n [\n -122.23251342773438,\n 37.54131068652799\n ],\n [\n -122.14050292968749,\n 37.49556277942662\n ],\n [\n -122.10342407226562,\n 37.45632796865522\n ],\n [\n -122.08831787109375,\n 37.437793259976544\n ],\n [\n -122.01278686523438,\n 37.42797890822844\n ],\n [\n -121.95098876953125,\n 37.438883664067525\n ],\n [\n -121.93588256835938,\n 37.45850822071285\n ],\n [\n -121.96334838867188,\n 37.47594794878128\n ],\n [\n -121.99905395507812,\n 37.491204373237466\n ],\n [\n -122.0416259765625,\n 37.48248679787437\n ],\n [\n -122.08419799804689,\n 37.505368263398104\n ],\n [\n -122.06909179687501,\n 37.53150992479082\n ],\n [\n -122.09930419921876,\n 37.55981972178119\n ],\n [\n -122.13226318359375,\n 37.57723579111111\n ],\n [\n -122.14736938476562,\n 37.59464778787345\n ],\n [\n -122.178955078125,\n 37.68599392939966\n ],\n [\n -122.1954345703125,\n 37.69903420794415\n ],\n [\n -122.22564697265625,\n 37.70229391925025\n ],\n [\n -122.25585937500001,\n 37.73705525336632\n ],\n [\n -122.2174072265625,\n 37.75334401310656\n ],\n [\n -122.23251342773438,\n 37.77722770873696\n ],\n [\n -122.26821899414061,\n 37.79350762410675\n ],\n [\n -122.3272705078125,\n 37.801103690609615\n ],\n [\n -122.3052978515625,\n 37.83148014503288\n ],\n [\n -122.30941772460938,\n 37.89111178228465\n ],\n [\n -122.31903076171875,\n 37.91170058826019\n ],\n [\n -122.38082885742189,\n 37.90411590881245\n ],\n [\n -122.40829467773436,\n 37.93011726880927\n ],\n [\n -122.43026733398438,\n 37.96260604160774\n ],\n [\n -122.398681640625,\n 37.960440570360944\n ],\n [\n -122.38357543945312,\n 37.975597528091235\n ],\n [\n -122.36160278320311,\n 37.98750437106374\n ],\n [\n -122.36434936523439,\n 38.004819966413194\n ],\n [\n -122.31765747070314,\n 38.003737861469666\n ],\n [\n -122.25997924804688,\n 38.04268357749736\n ],\n [\n -122.22976684570312,\n 38.0545795282119\n ],\n [\n -122.18170166015625,\n 38.04484662140698\n ],\n [\n -122.16247558593751,\n 38.02213147353745\n ],\n [\n -122.14050292968749,\n 38.02104962412605\n ],\n [\n -122.07321166992188,\n 38.04592811939909\n ],\n [\n -121.99905395507812,\n 38.052416771864834\n ],\n [\n -121.91940307617188,\n 38.038357297980816\n ],\n [\n -121.77658081054688,\n 38.010230251583245\n ],\n [\n -121.67907714843751,\n 38.0091482264894\n ],\n [\n -121.66946411132812,\n 38.09998264736481\n ],\n [\n -121.69967651367188,\n 38.13887716726548\n ],\n [\n -121.70791625976561,\n 38.11943249695316\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5788b7c1e4b0d27deb387055","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cloern, J. E.","contributorId":59453,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cloern","given":"J. E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":642506,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Cole, B.E.","contributorId":66268,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cole","given":"B.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":642507,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Edmunds, J.L.","contributorId":172912,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Edmunds","given":"J.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":642508,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Baylosis, J.I.","contributorId":95506,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Baylosis","given":"J.I.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":642509,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":93731,"text":"93731 - 1997 - Use of remote-sensing techniques to survey the physical habitat of large rivers","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-05-23T10:06:17","indexId":"93731","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":6,"text":"USGS Unnumbered Series"},"title":"Use of remote-sensing techniques to survey the physical habitat of large rivers","docAbstract":"Remote-sensing techniques that can be used to quantitatively characterize the physical habitat in large rivers in the United States where traditional survey approaches typically used in small- and medium-sized streams and rivers would be ineffective or impossible to apply. The state-of-the-art remote-sensing technologies that we discuss here include side-scan sonar, RoxAnn, acoustic Doppler current profiler, remotely operated vehicles and camera systems, global positioning systems, and laser level survey systems. The use of these technologies will permit the collection of information needed to create computer visualizations and hard copy maps and generate quantitative databases that can be used in real-time mode in the field to characterize the physical habitat at a study location of interest and to guide the distribution of sampling effort needed to address other habitat-related study objectives. This report augments habitat sampling and characterization guidance provided by Meador et al. (1993) and is intended for use primarily by U.S. Geological Survey National Water Quality Assessment program managers and scientists who are documenting water quality in streams and rivers of the United States.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey, Great Lakes Science Center","publisherLocation":"Ann Arbor, MI","doi":"10.3133/93731","usgsCitation":"Edsall, T.A., Behrendt, T.E., Cholwek, G., Frey, J.W., Kennedy, G.W., and Smith, S.B., 1997, Use of remote-sensing techniques to survey the physical habitat of large rivers, iv, 20 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/93731.","productDescription":"iv, 20 p.","startPage":"1","endPage":"20","numberOfPages":"29","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":128333,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/unnumbered/93731/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":272660,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/unnumbered/93731/report.pdf"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4adae4b07f02db6858a9","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Edsall, Thomas A.","contributorId":84302,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Edsall","given":"Thomas","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":505145,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Behrendt, Thomas E.","contributorId":9199,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Behrendt","given":"Thomas","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":505142,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Cholwek, Gary","contributorId":53326,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cholwek","given":"Gary","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":505144,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Frey, Jeffrey W. 0000-0002-3453-5009 jwfrey@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3453-5009","contributorId":487,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Frey","given":"Jeffrey","email":"jwfrey@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":346,"text":"Indiana Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":27231,"text":"Indiana-Kentucky Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":35860,"text":"Ohio-Kentucky-Indiana Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":505140,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Kennedy, Gregory W. 0000-0003-1686-6960 gkennedy@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1686-6960","contributorId":3700,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kennedy","given":"Gregory","email":"gkennedy@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":505141,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Smith, Stephen B.","contributorId":14765,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"Stephen","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":505143,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":6}],"authors":[{"text":"Edsall, Thomas A.","contributorId":84302,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Edsall","given":"Thomas","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":297840,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Behrendt, Thomas E.","contributorId":9199,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Behrendt","given":"Thomas","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":297837,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Cholwek, Gary","contributorId":53326,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cholwek","given":"Gary","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":297839,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Frey, Jeffery W.","contributorId":104426,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Frey","given":"Jeffery","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":297841,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Kennedy, Gregory W. 0000-0003-1686-6960 gkennedy@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1686-6960","contributorId":3700,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kennedy","given":"Gregory","email":"gkennedy@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":297836,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Smith, Stephen B.","contributorId":14765,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"Stephen","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":297838,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70019267,"text":"70019267 - 1997 - Land subsidence caused by the East Mesa geothermal field, California, observed using SAR interferometry","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-02-10T14:31:35.092861","indexId":"70019267","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1807,"text":"Geophysical Research Letters","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Land subsidence caused by the East Mesa geothermal field, California, observed using SAR interferometry","docAbstract":"

Interferometric combination of pairs of synthetic aperture radar (SAR) images acquired by the ERS-1 satellite maps the deformation field associated with the activity of the East Mesa geothermal plant, located in southern California. SAR interferometry is applied to this flat area without the need of a digital terrain model. Several combinations are used to ascertain the nature of the phenomenon. Short term interferograms reveal surface phase changes on agricultural fields similar to what had been observed previously with SEASAT radar data. Long term (2 years) interferograms allow the study of land subsidence and improve prior knowledge of the displacement field, and agree with existing, sparse levelling data. This example illustrates the power of the interferometric technique for deriving accurate industrial intelligence as well as its potential for legal action, in cases involving environmental damages.

","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/97GL00817","issn":"00948276","usgsCitation":"Massonnet, D., Holzer, T., and Vadon, H., 1997, Land subsidence caused by the East Mesa geothermal field, California, observed using SAR interferometry: Geophysical Research Letters, v. 24, no. 8, p. 901-904, https://doi.org/10.1029/97GL00817.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"901","endPage":"904","numberOfPages":"4","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":479999,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/97gl00817","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":226872,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"24","issue":"8","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1997-04-15","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a41b1e4b0c8380cd6570f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Massonnet, D.","contributorId":106272,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Massonnet","given":"D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":382191,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Holzer, T.","contributorId":17368,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Holzer","given":"T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":382190,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Vadon, H.","contributorId":9009,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Vadon","given":"H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":382189,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70019237,"text":"70019237 - 1997 - Harmonic Analysis of Sedimentary Cyclic Sequences in Kansas, Midcontinent, USA","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-03-01T15:15:46","indexId":"70019237","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2700,"text":"Mathematical Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Harmonic Analysis of Sedimentary Cyclic Sequences in Kansas, Midcontinent, USA","docAbstract":"Several stratigraphic sequences in the Upper Carboniferous (Pennsylvanian) in Kansas (Midcontinent, USA) were analyzed quantitatively for periodic repetitions. The sequences were coded by lithologic type into strings of datasets. The strings then were analyzed by an adaptation of a one-dimensional Fourier transform analysis and examined for evidence of periodicity. The method was tested using different states in coding to determine the robustness of the method and data. The most persistent response is in multiples of 8-10 ft (2.5-3.0 m) and probably is dependent on the depositional thickness of the original lithologic units. Other cyclicities occurred in multiples of the basic frequency of 8-10 with persistent ones at 22 and 30 feet (6.5-9.0 m) and large ones at 80 and 160 feet (25-50 m). These levels of thickness relate well to the basic cyclothem and megacyclothem as measured on outcrop. We propose that this approach is a suitable one for analyzing cyclic events in the stratigraphic record.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Mathematical Geology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1023/A:1022301417788","issn":"08828121","usgsCitation":"Merriam, D.F., and Robinson, J., 1997, Harmonic Analysis of Sedimentary Cyclic Sequences in Kansas, Midcontinent, USA: Mathematical Geology, v. 29, no. 8, p. 953-962, https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1022301417788.","startPage":"953","endPage":"962","numberOfPages":"10","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":268638,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1022301417788"},{"id":226418,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"29","issue":"8","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a2f77e4b0c8380cd5cdeb","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Merriam, D. F.","contributorId":63175,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Merriam","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":382105,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Robinson, J.E.","contributorId":53100,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Robinson","given":"J.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":382104,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70019231,"text":"70019231 - 1997 - Benthic boundary layer processes in the Lower Florida Keys","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-11-14T15:30:31.407711","indexId":"70019231","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1742,"text":"Geo-Marine Letters","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Benthic boundary layer processes in the Lower Florida Keys","docAbstract":"

This special issue of Geo-Marine Letters, \"Benthic Boundary Layer Processes in the Lower Florida Keys,\" includes 12 papers that present preliminary results from the Key West Campaign. The Dry Tortugas and Marquesas Keys test sites were selected by a group of 115 scientists and technicians to study benthic boundary layer processes in a carbonate environment controlled by bioturbation and biogeochemical processes. Major activities included remote sediment classification; high-frequency acoustic scattering experiments; sediment sampling for radiological, geotechnical, biological, biogeochemical, physical, and geoacoustic studies; and hydrodynamic studies using an instrumented tetrapod. All these data are being used to improve our understanding of the effects of environmental processes on sediment structure and behavior.

","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/s003670050032","usgsCitation":"Lavoie, D.L., Richardson, M.D., and Holmes, C., 1997, Benthic boundary layer processes in the Lower Florida Keys: Geo-Marine Letters, v. 17, no. 4, p. 232-236, https://doi.org/10.1007/s003670050032.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"232","endPage":"236","numberOfPages":"5","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":226326,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Florida","otherGeospatial":"Dry Tortugas, Marquesas Keys","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -81.86887794417834,\n 24.813884982383343\n ],\n [\n -83.1597001594551,\n 24.813884982383343\n ],\n [\n -83.1597001594551,\n 24.37971577423204\n ],\n [\n -81.86887794417834,\n 24.37971577423204\n ],\n [\n -81.86887794417834,\n 24.813884982383343\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"17","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f0b3e4b0c8380cd4a87d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lavoie, D. L.","contributorId":46640,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lavoie","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":382081,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Richardson, M. D.","contributorId":88094,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Richardson","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":382082,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Holmes, C.","contributorId":33067,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Holmes","given":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":382080,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70194880,"text":"70194880 - 1997 - Soil, plant, and structural considerations for surface barriers in arid environments: Application of results from studies in the Mojave Desert near Beatty, Nevada","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-09-10T10:17:44","indexId":"70194880","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"chapter":"14","title":"Soil, plant, and structural considerations for surface barriers in arid environments: Application of results from studies in the Mojave Desert near Beatty, Nevada","docAbstract":"

The suitability of a waste-burial site depends on hydrologic processes that can affect the near-surface water balance. In addition, the loss of burial trench integrity by erosion and subsidence of trench covers may increase the likelihood of infiltration and percolation, thereby reducing the effectiveness of the site in isolating waste. Although the main components of the water balance may be defined, direct measurements can be difficult, and actual data for specific locations are seldom available. A prevalent assumption is that little or no precipitation will percolate to buried wastes at an arid site. Thick unsaturated zones, which are common to arid regions, are thought to slow water movement and minimize the risk of waste migration to the underlying water table. Thus, reliance is commonly placed on the natural system to isolate contaminants at waste-burial sites in the arid West.

Few data are available to test assumptions about the natural soil-water flow systems at arid sites, and even less is known about how the natural processes are altered by construction of a waste-burial facility. The lack of data is the result of technical complexity of hydraulic characterization of the dry, stony soils, and insufficient field studies that account for the extreme temporal and spatial variations in precipitation, soils, and plants in arid regions. In 1976, the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) began a long-term study at a waste site in the Mojave Desert. This paper summarizes the findings of ongoing investigations done under natural-site and waste-burial conditions, and discusses how this information may be applied to the design of surface barriers for waste sites in arid environments.

The waste-burial site is in one of the most arid parts of the United States and is about 40 km northeast of Death Valley, near Beatty, Nev. (Figure 1). Precipitation averaged 108 mm/yr during 1981-1992. The water table is 85-115 m below land surface (Fischer, 1992). Sediments are largely alluvial and fluvial deposits (Nichols, 1987). Vegetation is sparse; creosote bush is the dominant species. The waste facility has been used for burial of low-level radioactive waste (1962-1992) and hazardous chemical waste (1970 to present). Burial-trench construction includes excavation of native soil, emplacement of waste, and backfilling with previously stockpiled soil. Only the most recently closed hazardous-waste trench (1991) incorporates a plastic liner in the cover. The surfaces of completed burial trenches and perimeter areas are kept free of vegetation.

","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Barrier technologies for environmental management: Summary of a workshop","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"language":"English","publisher":"The National Academies Press","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","doi":"10.17226/5539","isbn":"0-309-05685-3","usgsCitation":"Andraski, B.J., and Prudic, D.E., 1997, Soil, plant, and structural considerations for surface barriers in arid environments: Application of results from studies in the Mojave Desert near Beatty, Nevada, chap. 14 of Barrier technologies for environmental management: Summary of a workshop, p. 68-78, https://doi.org/10.17226/5539.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"68","endPage":"78","costCenters":[{"id":465,"text":"Nevada Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":350647,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Nevada","city":"Beatty","otherGeospatial":"Mojave Desert","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5a6c4c9ee4b06e28e9cabb3a","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"U.S. National Research Council","contributorId":128227,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"U.S. National Research Council","id":725864,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1}],"authors":[{"text":"Andraski, Brian J. 0000-0002-2086-0417 andraski@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2086-0417","contributorId":168800,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Andraski","given":"Brian","email":"andraski@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":38175,"text":"Toxics Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":465,"text":"Nevada Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":725861,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Prudic, David E. deprudic@usgs.gov","contributorId":3430,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Prudic","given":"David","email":"deprudic@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":465,"text":"Nevada Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":725862,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":1002450,"text":"1002450 - 1997 - Vertical accretion and shallow subsidence in a mangrove forest of southwestern Florida, U.S.A","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:04:48","indexId":"1002450","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2657,"text":"Mangroves and Salt Marshes","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Vertical accretion and shallow subsidence in a mangrove forest of southwestern Florida, U.S.A","docAbstract":"Simultaneous measurements of vertical accretion from artificial soil marker horizons and soil elevation change from sedimentation-erosion table (SET) plots were used to evaluate the processes related to soil building in range, basin, and overwash mangrove forests located in a low-energy lagoon which recieves minor inputs of terregenous sediments. Vertical accretion measures reflect the contribution of surficial sedimentation (sediment deposition and surface root growth). Measures of elevation change reflect not only the contributions of vertical accretion but also those of subsurface processes such as compaction, decomposition and shrink-swell. The two measures were used to calculate amounts of shallow subsidence (accretion minus elevation change) in each mangrove forest. The three forest types represent different accretionary envrionments. The basin forest was located behind a natural berm. Hydroperiod here was controlled primarily by rainfall rather than tidal exchange, although the basin flooded during extreme tidal events. Soil accretion here occurred primarily by autochthonous organic matter inputs, and elevation was controlled by accretion and shrink-swell of the substrate apparently related to cycles of flooding-drying and/or root growth-decomposition. This hydrologically-restricted forest did not experience an accretion or elevation deficit relative to sea-level rise. The tidally dominated fringe and overwash island forests accreted through mineral sediment inputs bound in place by plant roots. Filamentous turf algae played an important role in stabilizing loose muds in the fringe forest where erosion was prevalent. Elevation in these high-energy environments was controlled not only by accretion but also by erosion and/or shallow subsidence. The rate of shallow subsidence was consistently 3-4 mm y-1 in the fringe and overwash island forests but was negligible in the basin forest. Hence, the vertical development of mangrove soils was influenced by both surface and subsurface processes and the procces controlling soil elevation differed among forest types. The mangrove ecosystem at Rookery Bay has remained stable as sea level has risen during the past 70 years. Yet, lead-210 accretion data suggest a substantial accretion deficit has occurred in the past century (accretion was 10-20 cm < sea-level rise from 1930 to 1990) in the fringe and island forests at Rookery Bay. In contrast, our measures of elevation change mostly equalled the estimates of sea-level rise and shallow subsidence. These data suggest that (1) vertical accretion in this system is driven by local sea-level rise and shallow subsidence, and (2) the mangrove forests are mostly keeping pace with sea-level rise. Thus, the vulnerability of this mangrove ecosystem to sea-level rise is best described in terms of an elevation deficit (elevation change minus sea-level rise) based on annual measures rather than an accretion deficit (accretion minus sea-level rise) based on decadal measures.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Mangroves and Salt Marshes","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1023/A:1009904816246","usgsCitation":"Cahoon, D.R., and Lynch, J., 1997, Vertical accretion and shallow subsidence in a mangrove forest of southwestern Florida, U.S.A: Mangroves and Salt Marshes, v. 1, no. 3, p. 173-186, https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1009904816246.","productDescription":"p. 173-186","startPage":"173","endPage":"186","numberOfPages":"14","costCenters":[{"id":455,"text":"National Wetlands Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":15420,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009904816246","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"7005.000000000000000"},{"id":133945,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"1","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4930e4b07f02db58172f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cahoon, Donald R. 0000-0002-2591-5667","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2591-5667","contributorId":65424,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cahoon","given":"Donald","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":455,"text":"National Wetlands Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":312095,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lynch, J.C.","contributorId":25104,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lynch","given":"J.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":312094,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70020118,"text":"70020118 - 1997 - Trout production dynamics and water quality in Minnesota streams","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2026-03-25T15:34:46.956065","indexId":"70020118","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3624,"text":"Transactions of the American Fisheries Society","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Trout production dynamics and water quality in Minnesota streams","docAbstract":"

We sampled fish assemblages and quantified production dynamics of brook trout Salvelinus fontinalis, brown trout Salmo trutta, and rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss in 13 southeastern Minnesota streams during 1988–1990 to examine the influence of water quality on fish populations in fertile trout streams. Fish assemblages in 15 stream reaches were abundant, but low in diversity; 13 species were collected. Parameter means (ranges) over the reaches were species richness, 4.1 (1–8); density, 29,490 (1,247–110,602) fish/ha; and biomass, 253.5 (49.6–568.6) kg/ha. Means (ranges) for salmonids were annual mean density, 2,279 (343–8,096) fish/ha; annual mean biomass, 162.0 (32.5–355.5) kg/ha; and annual production, 155.6 (36.7–279.6) kg/ha. Salmonid production and mean biomass were greater during the spring‐fall interval than during fall‐spring; young cohorts (ages 0–1) contributed the greatest proportion to population biomass and production. Salmonid annual production‐to‐mean‐biomass ratio (P/B) averaged 1.06 (0.64–1.42), and means were significantly different among species (1.03 for brown trout, 1.54 for brook trout, and 1.92 for rainbow trout). A significant linear model was developed that describes P/B as an inverse function of population age structure and may be used to improve accuracy in approximations of annual production from mean biomass. Fish density, biomass, or production were not correlated with eight water quality variables describing ionic and nutrient content in these streams, but when data from other United States streams with a wide range in alkalinity were incorporated, salmonid production was strongly, positively correlated with alkalinity. The wide range in fish population and production statistics and their lack of correlation with water quality suggest that no uniform fish carrying capacity exists among these streams and that factors other than water fertility limit fish density, biomass, and productivity at this spatial scale, but the overall maximum production rate in the region may be governed by water quality.

","language":"English","publisher":"American Fisheries Society","doi":"10.1577/1548-8659(1997)126<0035:TPDAWQ>2.3.CO;2","issn":"00028487","usgsCitation":"Kwak, T., and Waters, T., 1997, Trout production dynamics and water quality in Minnesota streams: Transactions of the American Fisheries Society, v. 126, no. 1, p. 35-48, https://doi.org/10.1577/1548-8659(1997)126<0035:TPDAWQ>2.3.CO;2.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"35","endPage":"48","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":228313,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Minnesota","otherGeospatial":"southeastern Minnesota","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -94.10879978454807,\n 45.00212718744561\n ],\n [\n -94.03969657307388,\n 43.52282677999503\n ],\n [\n -91.19006481663354,\n 43.48391329445485\n ],\n [\n -91.18244764004397,\n 43.88762085976079\n ],\n [\n -92.68945714332366,\n 44.8382961143208\n ],\n [\n -94.10879978454807,\n 45.00212718744561\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"126","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bb89de4b08c986b32797a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kwak, T.J.","contributorId":104236,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kwak","given":"T.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":385103,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Waters, T.F.","contributorId":28761,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Waters","given":"T.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":385102,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70184288,"text":"70184288 - 1997 - Relative effects of survival and reproduction on the population dynamics of emperor geese","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-07-15T10:58:52","indexId":"70184288","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2508,"text":"Journal of Wildlife Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Relative effects of survival and reproduction on the population dynamics of emperor geese","docAbstract":"

Populations of emperor geese (Chen canagica) in Alaska declined sometime between the mid-1960s and the mid-1980s and have increased little since. To promote recovery of this species to former levels, managers need to know how much their perturbations of survival and/or reproduction would affect population growth rate (λ). We constructed an individual-based population model to evaluate the relative effect of altering mean values of various survival and reproductive parameters on λ and fall age structure (AS, defined as the proportion of juv), assuming additive rather than compensatory relations among parameters. Altering survival of adults had markedly greater relative effects on λ than did equally proportionate changes in either juvenile survival or reproductive parameters. We found the opposite pattern for relative effects on AS. Due to concerns about bias in the initial parameter estimates used in our model, we used 5 additional sets of parameter estimates with this model structure. We found that estimates of survival based on aerial survey data gathered each fall resulted in models that corresponded more closely to independent estimates of λ than did models that used mark-recapture estimates of survival. This disparity suggests that mark-recapture estimates of survival are biased low. To further explore how parameter estimates affected estimates of λ, we used values of survival and reproduction found in other goose species, and we examined the effect of an hypothesized correlation between an individual's clutch size and the subsequent survival of her young. The rank order of parameters in their relative effects on λ was consistent for all 6 parameter sets we examined. The observed variation in relative effects on λ among the 6 parameter sets is indicative of how relative effects on λ may vary among goose populations. With this knowledge of the relative effects of survival and reproductive parameters on λ, managers can make more informed decisions about which parameters to influence through management or to target for future study.

","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.2307/3802428","usgsCitation":"Schmutz, J.A., Rockwell, R.F., and Petersen, M.R., 1997, Relative effects of survival and reproduction on the population dynamics of emperor geese: Journal of Wildlife Management, v. 61, no. 1, p. 191-201, https://doi.org/10.2307/3802428.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"191","endPage":"201","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":117,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology WTEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":336908,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"61","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58be833fe4b014cc3a3a9a15","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Schmutz, Joel A. 0000-0002-6516-0836 jschmutz@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6516-0836","contributorId":1805,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schmutz","given":"Joel","email":"jschmutz@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":117,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology WTEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":680869,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Rockwell, Robert F.","contributorId":172752,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Rockwell","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[{"id":6989,"text":"American Museum of Natural History","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":680870,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Petersen, Margaret R. 0000-0001-6082-3189 mrpetersen@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6082-3189","contributorId":167729,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Petersen","given":"Margaret","email":"mrpetersen@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":117,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology WTEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":680871,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70187677,"text":"70187677 - 1997 - Landsat-7 Enhanced Thematic Mapper plus radiometric calibration","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-05-12T13:49:03","indexId":"70187677","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1175,"text":"Canadian Journal of Remote Sensing","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Landsat-7 Enhanced Thematic Mapper plus radiometric calibration","docAbstract":"

Landsat-7 is currently being built and tested for launch in 1998. The Enhanced Thematic Mapper Plus (ETM+) sensor for Landsat-7, a derivative of the highly successful Thematic Mapper (TM) sensors on Landsats 4 and 5, and the Landsat-7 ground system are being built to provide enhanced radiometric calibration performance. In addition, regular vicarious calibration campaigns are being planned to provide additional information for calibration of the ETM+ instrument. The primary upgrades to the instrument include the addition of two solar calibrators: the full aperture solar calibrator, a deployable diffuser, and the partial aperture solar calibrator, a passive device that allows the ETM+ to image the sun. The ground processing incorporates for the first time an off-line facility, the Image Assessment System (IAS), to perform calibration, evaluation and analysis. Within the IAS, processing capabilities include radiometric artifact characterization and correction, radiometric calibration from the multiple calibrator sources, inclusion of results from vicarious calibration and statistical trending of calibration data to improve calibration estimation. The Landsat Product Generation System, the portion of the ground system responsible for producing calibrated products, will incorporate the radiometric artifact correction algorithms and will use the calibration information generated by the IAS. This calibration information will also be supplied to ground processing systems throughout the world.

","language":"English","publisher":"Taylor & Francis","doi":"10.1080/07038992.1997.10855218","usgsCitation":"Markham, B.L., Boncyk, W.C., Helder, D., and Barker, J.L., 1997, Landsat-7 Enhanced Thematic Mapper plus radiometric calibration: Canadian Journal of Remote Sensing, v. 23, p. 318-332, https://doi.org/10.1080/07038992.1997.10855218.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"318","endPage":"332","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":341232,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"23","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2014-07-31","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5916c9bde4b044b359e486c6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Markham, B. L.","contributorId":88872,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Markham","given":"B.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":695041,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Boncyk, Wayne C.","contributorId":46707,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Boncyk","given":"Wayne","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":695042,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Helder, D. L. 0000-0002-7379-4679","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7379-4679","contributorId":51496,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Helder","given":"D. L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":695043,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Barker, J. L.","contributorId":83518,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Barker","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":695044,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70019110,"text":"70019110 - 1997 - Kinetics of the coesite to quartz transformation","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-12-08T12:27:47.187901","indexId":"70019110","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1427,"text":"Earth and Planetary Science Letters","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Kinetics of the coesite to quartz transformation","docAbstract":"

The survival of coesite in ultrahigh-pressure (UHP) rocks has important implications for the exhumation of subducted crustal rocks. We have conducted experiments to study the mechanism and rate of the coesite→quartz transformation using polycrystalline coesite aggregates, fabricated by devitrifying silica glass cylinders containing 2850 H/106 Si at 1000°C and 3.6 GPa for 24 h. Conditions were adjusted following synthesis to transform the samples at 700–1000°C at pressures 190–410 MPa below the quartz–coesite equilibrium boundary. Reaction proceeds via grain-boundary nucleation and interface-controlled growth, with characteristic reaction textures remarkably similar to those seen in natural UHP rocks. We infer that the experimental reaction mechanism is identical to that in nature, a prerequisite for reliable extrapolation of the rate data. Growth rates obtained by direct measurement differ by up to two orders of magnitude from those estimated by fitting a rate equation to the transformation–time data. Fitting the rates to Turnbull's equation for growth therefore yields two distinct sets of parameters with similar activation energies (242 or 269 kJ/mol) but significantly different pre-exponential constants. Extrapolation based on either set of growth rates suggests that coesite should not be preserved on geologic time scales if it reaches the quartz stability field at temperatures above 375–400°C. The survival of coesite has previously been linked to its inclusion in strong phases, such as garnet, that can sustain a high internal pressure during decompression. Other factors that may play a crucial role in preservation are low fluid availability — possibly even less than that of our nominally “dry” experiments — and the development of transformation stress, which inhibits nucleation and growth. These issues are discussed in the context of our experiments as well as recent observations from natural rocks.

","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/S0012-821X(97)00159-3","issn":"0012821X","usgsCitation":"Mosenfelder, J., and Bohlen, S., 1997, Kinetics of the coesite to quartz transformation: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 153, no. 1-2, p. 133-147, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0012-821X(97)00159-3.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"133","endPage":"147","numberOfPages":"15","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":489789,"rank":2,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/s0012-821x(97)00159-3","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":226630,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"153","issue":"1-2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a40abe4b0c8380cd64f58","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Mosenfelder, J.L.","contributorId":82467,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mosenfelder","given":"J.L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":381703,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bohlen, S.R.","contributorId":105436,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bohlen","given":"S.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":381704,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70033381,"text":"70033381 - 1997 - Long time-series of turbid coastal water using AVHRR: An example from Florida Bay, USA","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:35","indexId":"70033381","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Long time-series of turbid coastal water using AVHRR: An example from Florida Bay, USA","docAbstract":"The AVHRR can provide information on the reflectance of turbid case II water, permitting examination of large estuaries and plumes from major rivers. The AVHRR has been onboard several NOAA satellites, with afternoon overpasses since 1981, offering a long time-series to examine changes in coastal water. We are using AVHRR data starting in December 1989, to examine water clarity in Florida Bay, which has undergone a decline since the late 1980's. The processing involves obtaining a nominal reflectance for red light with standard corrections including those for Rayleigh and aerosol path radiances. Established relationships between reflectance and the water properties being measured in the Bay provide estimates of diffuse attenuation and light limitation for phytoplankton and seagrass productivity studies. Processing also includes monthly averages of reflectance and attenuation. The AVHRR data set describes spatial and temporal patterns, including resuspension of bottom sediments in the winter, and changes in water clarity. The AVHRR also indicates that Florida Bay has much higher reflectivity relative to attenuation than other southeastern US estuaries. ??2005 Copyright SPIE - The International Society for Optical Engineering.","largerWorkTitle":"Proceedings of SPIE - The International Society for Optical Engineering","conferenceTitle":"Ocean Optics XIII","conferenceDate":"22 October 1996 through 22 October 1996","conferenceLocation":"Halifax, NS","language":"English","doi":"10.1117/12.266402","issn":"02777","usgsCitation":"Stumpf, R.P., and Frayer, M., 1997, Long time-series of turbid coastal water using AVHRR: An example from Florida Bay, USA, in Proceedings of SPIE - The International Society for Optical Engineering, v. 2963, Halifax, NS, 22 October 1996 through 22 October 1996, p. 796-801, https://doi.org/10.1117/12.266402.","startPage":"796","endPage":"801","numberOfPages":"6","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":241141,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":213511,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.266402"}],"volume":"2963","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a4965e4b0c8380cd6858f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Stumpf, R. P.","contributorId":30649,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stumpf","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":440593,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Frayer, M.L.","contributorId":75292,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Frayer","given":"M.L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":440594,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70033417,"text":"70033417 - 1997 - Spatial analysis of temperature (BHT/DST) data and consequences for heat-flow determination in sedimentary basins","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:36","indexId":"70033417","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Spatial analysis of temperature (BHT/DST) data and consequences for heat-flow determination in sedimentary basins","docAbstract":"Large numbers of bottom-hole temperatures (BHTs) and temperatures measured during drill-stem tests (DSTs) are available in areas explored for hydrocarbons, but their usefulness for estimating geothermal gradients and heat-flow density is limited. We investigated a large data set of BHT and DST measurements taken in boreholes in the American Midcontinent, a geologically uniform stable cratonic area, and propose an empirical correction for BHTs based on relationships between BHTs, DSTs, and thermal logs. This empirical correction is compared with similar approaches determined for other areas. The data were analyzed by multivariate statistics prior to the BHT correction to identify anomalous measurements and quantify external influences. Spatial patterns in temperature measurements for major stratigraphic units outline relations to regional structure. Comparision of temperature and structure trend-surface residuals reveals a relationship between temperature highs and local structure highs. The anticlines, developed by continuous but intermittent movement of basement fault blocks in the Late Paleozoic, are subtle features having closures of 10-30 m and contain relatively small hydrocarbon reservoirs. The temperature anomalies of the order of 5-7 ??C may reflect fluids moving upward along fractures and faults, rather than changes in thermal conductivity resulting from different pore fluids. ?? Springer-Verlag 1997.","largerWorkTitle":"International Journal of Earth Sciences","language":"English","issn":"14373","usgsCitation":"Forster, A., Merriam, D.F., and Davis, J., 1997, Spatial analysis of temperature (BHT/DST) data and consequences for heat-flow determination in sedimentary basins, in International Journal of Earth Sciences, v. 86, no. 2, p. 252-261.","startPage":"252","endPage":"261","numberOfPages":"10","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":240869,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"86","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b9420e4b08c986b31a8a9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Forster, A.","contributorId":14580,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Forster","given":"A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":440792,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Merriam, D. F.","contributorId":63175,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Merriam","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":440793,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Davis, J.C.","contributorId":72121,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Davis","given":"J.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":440794,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70194231,"text":"70194231 - 1997 - Gradients, vegetation and climate: spatial and temporal dynamics in the Olympic Mountains, USA","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-11-18T15:13:36","indexId":"70194231","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1840,"text":"Global Ecology and Biogeography Letters","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Gradients, vegetation and climate: spatial and temporal dynamics in the Olympic Mountains, USA","docAbstract":"

The steep environmental gradients of mountains result in the juxtaposition of diverse vegetation associations with narrow ecotones because life zones are compressed. Variation in geologic substrate, landforms, and soils, in combination with steep environmental gradients, create habitat diversity across spatial scales from 106 ha to <10 m2. This leads to higher biodiversity in a smaller space than in landscapes with less topographic variation. Mountains are often considered to be refuges for biological diversity at the regional scale, although variation in landscape features creates refuges at a fine scale as well. Mountains should also be considered a source of biological diversity, because they provide the germplasm for migration into lowland areas following glacial recession. Many taxa are distributed over a broad range of elevations and habitats, which maximizes the potential to respond to environmental perturbations. Reorganization of species distribution and abundance as a result of climatic change may be impacted considerably by human-caused fragmentation of landscape features, especially at lower elevations. This paper uses palaeoecological and biogeographical data to investigate the spatial and temporal vegetation dynamics of a steep maritime range, the Olympic Mountains (USA). The role of resource management in protecting vegetation in a fragmented landscape is discussed, with emphasis on how to address uncertainties such as climatic change.

","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.2307/2997523","usgsCitation":"Peterson, D.L., Schreiner, E.G., and Buckingham, N.M., 1997, Gradients, vegetation and climate: spatial and temporal dynamics in the Olympic Mountains, USA: Global Ecology and Biogeography Letters, v. 6, no. 1, p. 7-17, https://doi.org/10.2307/2997523.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"7","endPage":"17","costCenters":[{"id":290,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":349101,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Washington","otherGeospatial":"Olympic Mountains","volume":"6","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5a61292ee4b06e28e9c25d5b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Peterson, David L.","contributorId":94643,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Peterson","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":12647,"text":"U.S. Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":722790,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Schreiner, Edward G.","contributorId":29371,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schreiner","given":"Edward","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":722791,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Buckingham, Nelsa M.","contributorId":78224,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Buckingham","given":"Nelsa","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":722792,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ]}