Mangrove ecosystems are at their most northern limit along the coastline of Florida and in isolated areas of the gulf coast in Louisiana and Texas. Mangroves are marine-based forests that have adapted to colonize and persist in salty intertidal waters. Three species of mangrove trees are common to the United States, black mangrove (Avicennia germinans), white mangrove (Laguncularia racemosa), and red mangrove (Rhizophora mangle). Mangroves are highly productive ecosystems and provide valuable habitat for fisheries and shorebirds. They are susceptible to lightning and hurricane disturbance, both of which occur frequently in south Florida. Climate change studies predict that, while these storms may not become more frequent, they may become more intense with warming sea temperatures. Sea-level rise alone has the potential for increasing the severity of storm surge, particularly in areas where coastal habitats and barrier shorelines are rapidly deteriorating. Given this possibility, U.S. Geological Survey researchers modeled the impact of hurricanes on south Florida mangrove communities.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/fs09597","usgsCitation":"Doyle, T.W., 1997, Modeling hurricane effects on mangrove ecosystems: U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 095-97, 2 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/fs09597.","productDescription":"2 p.","costCenters":[{"id":455,"text":"National Wetlands Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":117135,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/fs_095_97.jpg"},{"id":515,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://archive.usgs.gov/archive/sites/www.nwrc.usgs.gov/climate/fs95_97.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b05e4b07f02db6999e0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Doyle, Thomas W. 0000-0001-5754-0671 doylet@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5754-0671","contributorId":703,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Doyle","given":"Thomas","email":"doylet@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":455,"text":"National Wetlands Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":150460,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":29413,"text":"wri974122 - 1997 - Characterization of springflow in the north coast limestone of Puerto Rico using physical, chemical, and stable isotopic methods","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-12-14T20:36:05.670846","indexId":"wri974122","displayToPublicDate":"2000-07-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"97-4122","title":"Characterization of springflow in the north coast limestone of Puerto Rico using physical, chemical, and stable isotopic methods","docAbstract":"The carbonate sequence of middle Tertiary age of the north coast of Puerto Rico is characterized by the presence of numerous springs in the coastal areas. In order to advance the understanding of the hydrologic role of the springs in the north coast limestone aquifer system of Puerto Rico, a 4-year study was conducted by the U.S. Geological Survey in cooperation with the Puerto Rico Aqueduct and Sewer Authority. As part of this study, data were collected on the chemical, physical, bacteriological, oxygen-18, and deuterium composition of water from springs in the Dorado to Rincon area, in northwestern Puerto Rico. A group of springs in the Dorado to Arecibo area was selected for more detailed monitoring. Oxygen-18 and deuterium composition was also determined for water wells and monthly rainfall composites at a series of sites in the study area.
Springs are associated with all the carbonate units of the middle Tertiary sequence of the northern karst belt of Puerto Rico, except the Camuy and San Sebastian Formations. These springs mostly drain the unconfined parts of the upper and lower aquifers in the north coast limestone aquifer system. There are no first and second order springs in the north coast limestone and of those present fifth and sixth order springs are the most numerous type. Springflow at the springs measured during the study ranged from less than 0.1 to 61 cubic feet per second.
Springs in the north coast limestone can also be classified by their response to rainfall. There is little or no short-term response to rainfall at springs such as Ojo de Agua in Vega Baja, Mameyes in Manati, and Mackovic in Vega Alta. These springs are known as diffuse-type springs. Other springs such as Maguayo in Dorado, Ojo de Guillo in Manati, and San Pedro in Arecibo exhibit a strong short-term response to rainfall and are known as conduit-type springs. Spring water temperature, during the study, ranged from 22.5 to 28 °C and resembled air temperature. Specific conductance ranged from 289 to about 4,000 microsiemens per centimeter, and pH ranged from 6.9 to 7.8.
Calcium, sodium, bicarbonate, and chloride are the main ionic species in water from the springs sampled during the study. The main water type is calcium-bicarbonate and secondary water types are calcium-bicarbonate chloride and sodium-bicarbonate-chloride. A seasonal and short-term transient relation exists, particularly in conduit-type springs, between springflow, physical properties, and water quality.
Temporal and spatial variations in the oxygen-18 and deuterium composition of modern precipitation are significantly larger than those of springs and ground water in the study area. Regional flow in the upper aquifer appears to attenuate or average the variations in isotopic composition of rainfall. There is, however, a regional gradient in the deuterium composition of water from the upper aquifer in the north coast limestone, with isotopically heavier water occurring further north.
It was possible to determine the source of water contributing to springs at some sites with more detailed data collection and analysis. A drainage basin of about 10 square kilometers was delineated for the Ojo de Agua spring in Vega Baja, for a base flow of 2 cubic feet per second and an estimated subregional recharge rate of around 20 inches per year. A delineation of drainage basins for conduit-type springs in the study area such as San Pedro, Ojo de Guillo, Maguayo, and others is very difficult because the boundaries of these systems are highly responsive to changing hydraulic conditions such as rapid and short-term variations in the hydraulic head distribution as a consequence of rainfall. However, a preliminary drainage basin of about 6 square kilometers was delineated for the San Pedro spring for a base flow of 2 cubic feet per second and an estimated subregional annual recharge of 12 inches.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/wri974122","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Puerto Rico Aqueduct and Sewer Authority","usgsCitation":"Rodríguez-Martínez, J., 1997, Characterization of springflow in the north coast limestone of Puerto Rico using physical, chemical, and stable isotopic methods: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 97-4122, Report: vi, 53 p.; 1 Plate 29.00 x 23.82 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/wri974122.","productDescription":"Report: vi, 53 p.; 1 Plate 29.00 x 23.82 inches","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":423584,"rank":4,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_48743.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":58263,"rank":3,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1997/4122/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":365702,"rank":2,"type":{"id":29,"text":"Figure"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1997/4122/figure-1.pdf","text":"Figure 1 and 15","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":119693,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1997/4122/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Puerto Rico","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -67.3,\n 18.25\n ],\n [\n -66,\n 18.25\n ],\n [\n -66,\n 18.6\n ],\n [\n -67.3,\n 18.6\n ],\n [\n -67.3,\n 18.25\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49e2e4b07f02db5e4d3c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Rodríguez-Martínez, Jesús","contributorId":48149,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rodríguez-Martínez","given":"Jesús","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":201491,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":2019,"text":"wsp2465A - 1997 - Dissolved oxygen in the Tualatin River, Oregon, during winter flow conditions, 1991 and 1992","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":23542,"text":"ofr95451 - 1996 - Dissolved oxygen in the Tualatin River, Oregon, during winter flow conditions, 1991 and 1992","indexId":"ofr95451","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"title":"Dissolved oxygen in the Tualatin River, Oregon, during winter flow conditions, 1991 and 1992"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":2019,"text":"wsp2465A - 1997 - Dissolved oxygen in the Tualatin River, Oregon, during winter flow conditions, 1991 and 1992","indexId":"wsp2465A","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"chapter":"A","title":"Dissolved oxygen in the Tualatin River, Oregon, during winter flow conditions, 1991 and 1992"},"id":1}],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-02-03T13:49:17","indexId":"wsp2465A","displayToPublicDate":"1999-08-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2465","chapter":"A","title":"Dissolved oxygen in the Tualatin River, Oregon, during winter flow conditions, 1991 and 1992","docAbstract":"This report describes the capacity of the Tualatin River to assimilate oxygen-demanding material during winter streamflow conditions, with an emphasis on peak-flow and winter base-flow conditions. The study examined major processes governing concentrations of dissolved oxygen (DO) in the river under different streamflow conditions, as well as the effect of streamflow and temperature on these processes. Water-quality modeling was used to evaluate various wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) loading scenarios during winter based-flow conditions as an aid to management decisions in the basin.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/wsp2465A","usgsCitation":"Kelly, V.J., 1997, Dissolved oxygen in the Tualatin River, Oregon, during winter flow conditions, 1991 and 1992: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 2465, viii, 68 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp2465A.","productDescription":"viii, 68 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[{"id":518,"text":"Oregon Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":137611,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/2465a/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":27486,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/2465a/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a81e4b07f02db64a246","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kelly, Valerie J. vjkelly@usgs.gov","contributorId":4161,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kelly","given":"Valerie","email":"vjkelly@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":518,"text":"Oregon Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":144537,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":3003,"text":"wsp2450 - 1997 - Water and salt balance of Great Salt Lake, Utah, and simulation of water and salt movement through the causeway","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":24896,"text":"ofr95428 - 1996 - Water and salt balance of Great Salt Lake, Utah, and simulation of water and salt movement through the causeway","indexId":"ofr95428","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"title":"Water and salt balance of Great Salt Lake, Utah, and simulation of water and salt movement through the causeway"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":3003,"text":"wsp2450 - 1997 - Water and salt balance of Great Salt Lake, Utah, and simulation of water and salt movement through the causeway","indexId":"wsp2450","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"title":"Water and salt balance of Great Salt Lake, Utah, and simulation of water and salt movement through the causeway"},"id":1}],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-09-19T18:13:25","indexId":"wsp2450","displayToPublicDate":"1999-05-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2450","title":"Water and salt balance of Great Salt Lake, Utah, and simulation of water and salt movement through the causeway","docAbstract":"The water and salt balance of Great Salt Lake primarily depends on the amount of inflow from tributary streams and the conveyance properties of a causeway constructed during 1957-59 that divides the lake into the south and north parts. The conveyance properties of the causeway originally included two culverts, each 15 feet wide, and the permeable rock-fill material.
During 1980-86, the salt balance changed as a result of record high inflow that averaged 4,627,000 acre-feet annually and modifications made to the conveyance properties of the causeway that included opening a 300-foot-wide breach. In this study, a model developed in 1973 by Waddell and Bolke to simulate the water and salt balance of the lake was revised to accommodate the high water-surface altitude and modifications made to the causeway. This study, done by the U.S. Geological Survey in cooperation with the Utah Department of Natural Resources, Division of State Lands and Forestry, updates the model with monitoring data collected during 1980-86. This report describes the calibration of the model and presents the results of simulations for three hypothetical 10-year periods.
During January 1, 1980, to July 31, 1984, a net load of 0.5 billion tons of dissolved salt flowed from the south to the north part of the lake primarily as a result of record inflows. From August 1, 1984, when the breach was opened, to December 31,1986, a net load of 0.3 billion tons of dissolved salt flowed from the north to the south part of the lake primarily as a result of the breach.
For simulated inflow rates during a hypothetical 10-year period resulting in the water-surface altitude decreasing from about 4,200 to 4,192 feet, there was a net movement of about 1.0 billion tons of dissolved salt from the south to the north part, and about 1.7 billion tons of salt precipitated in the north part. For simulated inflow rates during a hypothetical 10-year period resulting in a rise in water-surface altitude from about 4,200 to 4,212 feet, there was a net movement of about 0.2 billion tons of dissolved salt from the south to the north part and no salt was precipitated in the north part of the lake.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Denver, CO","doi":"10.3133/wsp2450","isbn":"0-607-86822-8","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Utah Department of Natural Resources, Division of State Lands and Forestry","usgsCitation":"Wold, S.R., Thomas, B.E., and Waddell, K.M., 1997, Water and salt balance of Great Salt Lake, Utah, and simulation of water and salt movement through the causeway: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 2450, vi, 64 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp2450.","productDescription":"vi, 64 p.","numberOfPages":"75","costCenters":[{"id":610,"text":"Utah Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":29797,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/2450/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":139405,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/2450/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Utah","otherGeospatial":"Great Salt Lake","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4987e4b07f02db5af1b1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wold, Steven R.","contributorId":103262,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wold","given":"Steven","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":146133,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Thomas, Blakemore E.","contributorId":93871,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thomas","given":"Blakemore","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":146132,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Waddell, Kidd M.","contributorId":20720,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Waddell","given":"Kidd","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":146131,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":38258,"text":"pp1425 - 1997 - Hydrologic budgets of regional aquifer systems of the United States for predevelopment and development conditions","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-08-03T01:02:04","indexId":"pp1425","displayToPublicDate":"1999-04-01T02:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1425","title":"Hydrologic budgets of regional aquifer systems of the United States for predevelopment and development conditions","docAbstract":"Ground-water budgets are presented in this report for 14 regionally extensive aquifer systems; pumpage from 11 of these systems provided from 40 to 50 percent of the ground water withdrawn in the United States during the 1970's and 1980's. The budgets are based on simulation results from computer-based models developed as part of the Regional Aquifer-System Analysis Program of the U.S. Geological Survey. Most of the models cover large areas (30,000-300,000 square miles) and generally are constructed with coarse-mesh finite-difference grids designed to simulate regional ground-water flow. The groundwater budgets derived from these models generally do not include local flow that enters and exits regional aquifers after traveling only a few miles or flow in overlying surficial aquifers. Budgets are presented for predevelopment and recent pumping conditions for most of the aquifer systems.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/pp1425","isbn":"0-607-90427-5","collaboration":"Regional Aquifer-System Analysis","usgsCitation":"Johnston, R.H., 1997, Hydrologic budgets of regional aquifer systems of the United States for predevelopment and development conditions (Revised 1999): U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1425, vi, 34 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/pp1425.","productDescription":"vi, 34 p.","numberOfPages":"43","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":126453,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1425/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":64635,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1425/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -124.8,24.5 ], [ -124.8,49.38333333333333 ], [ -66.95,49.38333333333333 ], [ -66.95,24.5 ], [ -124.8,24.5 ] ] ] } } ] }","edition":"Revised 1999","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a29e4b07f02db6116bd","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Johnston, Richard H.","contributorId":95860,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnston","given":"Richard","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":219436,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":32082,"text":"ofr97172 - 1997 - Map showing outcrop of the coal-bearing units and land use in the Gulf Coast region","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-01-11T22:41:58.327273","indexId":"ofr97172","displayToPublicDate":"1999-04-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"97-172","title":"Map showing outcrop of the coal-bearing units and land use in the Gulf Coast region","docAbstract":"This map is a preliminary compilation of the outcrop geology of the known coal-bearing units in the Gulf Coast Coal region. The map has been compiled for use in the National Coal Resource Assessment Project currently being conducted by the U.S. Geological Survey, and will be updated as the assessment progresses. The purpose of the map is to show the distribution of coal-bearing rocks in the Gulf Coastal Plain Region and to show stratigraphic correlations, transportation network, fossil-fuel burning power plants, and federally managed lands in the region. It is hoped that this map may aid coal exploration and development in the region. Geologic contacts were digitized from paper copies of the maps listed in the reference section below. The primary source of information was the 1:500,000-scale state geology map series, but larger scale maps were use to better define certain areas, notably the Jackson-Claiborne contact in western Kentucky and Tennessee for example (Olive, 1980). Contacts along state boundaries were modified to best-fit information available from the border areas. Note that coal distribution in the mapped units is not uniform. For example, the Jackson Group contains coal in Texas, but in Mississippi is not presently known to contain significant coal deposits. The unit is widespread and in part non-marine and thus of potential future interest. In contrast, the Jackson Group is not shown in Georgia where it is mostly marine and residuum (weathered material) at the surface. Tertiary age coal has also been noted in the Vicksburg Group (Oligocene) of Louisiana and Mississippi, but is not shown on this map. Contacts with mapped surficial units are not always shown. The locations of coal mine permit boundaries are based on information available at the time of publication and were obtained from the Division of Surface Mining and Reclamation, Railroad Commission of Texas, Austin, and the Injection and Mining Division, Department of Natural Resources, Baton Rouge, Louisiana. The correlation of map units and formation names generally follow Galloway and others (1991). We have placed the Paleocene-Eocene boundary in the middle of the Calvert Bluff Formation in Texas based on unpublished pollen biostratigraphy reports (N.O. Fredericksen, unpublished data, 1993; D.J. Nichols, unpublished data, 1996).
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr97172","usgsCitation":"1997, Map showing outcrop of the coal-bearing units and land use in the Gulf Coast region: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 97-172, 1 Plate: 13.00 x 9.00 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr97172.","productDescription":"1 Plate: 13.00 x 9.00 inches","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":424357,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_18742.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":3372,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1997/of97-172/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":166261,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"scale":"2000000","country":"United States","state":"Alabama, Arkansas, Georgia, Florida, Kansas, Kentucky, Louisiana, Mississippi, Missouri, North Carolina, Oklahoma, Tennessee, Texas, South Carolina, Virginia","otherGeospatial":"Gulf Coast region","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -101,\n 26\n ],\n [\n -73,\n 26\n ],\n [\n -73,\n 37\n ],\n [\n -101,\n 37\n ],\n [\n -101,\n 26\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a8fe4b07f02db6553ef","contributors":{"compilers":[{"text":"Warwick, Peter D. 0000-0002-3152-7783 pwarwick@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3152-7783","contributorId":762,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Warwick","given":"Peter","email":"pwarwick@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":241,"text":"Eastern Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":726358,"contributorType":{"id":3,"text":"Compilers"},"rank":1},{"text":"SanFilipo, John R. 0000-0002-8739-5628 jsan@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8739-5628","contributorId":2385,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"SanFilipo","given":"John R.","email":"jsan@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":241,"text":"Eastern Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":726359,"contributorType":{"id":3,"text":"Compilers"},"rank":2},{"text":"Crowley, Sharon S.","contributorId":78325,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Crowley","given":"Sharon","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":726360,"contributorType":{"id":3,"text":"Compilers"},"rank":3},{"text":"Thomas, Roger E.","contributorId":87899,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thomas","given":"Roger","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":726361,"contributorType":{"id":3,"text":"Compilers"},"rank":4},{"text":"Freid, John","contributorId":25220,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Freid","given":"John","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":726362,"contributorType":{"id":3,"text":"Compilers"},"rank":5},{"text":"Tully, John K.","contributorId":72038,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tully","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":726363,"contributorType":{"id":3,"text":"Compilers"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":23646,"text":"ofr97630 - 1997 - Documentation of R-UNSAT, a computer model for the simulation of reactive, multispecies transport in the unsaturated zone","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-12-05T09:36:55","indexId":"ofr97630","displayToPublicDate":"1999-02-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"97-630","title":"Documentation of R-UNSAT, a computer model for the simulation of reactive, multispecies transport in the unsaturated zone","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr97630","issn":"0094-9140","usgsCitation":"Lahvis, M.A., and Baehr, A.L., 1997, Documentation of R-UNSAT, a computer model for the simulation of reactive, multispecies transport in the unsaturated zone: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 97-630, vii, 104 p. , https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr97630.","productDescription":"vii, 104 p. ","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":154936,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1997/0630/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":52915,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1997/0630/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a68e4b07f02db63b4f3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lahvis, Matthew A.","contributorId":104522,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lahvis","given":"Matthew","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":190476,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Baehr, Arthur L.","contributorId":104523,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Baehr","given":"Arthur","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":190477,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":32111,"text":"ofr97678 - 1997 - Sub-crop geologic map of pre-Tertiary rocks in the Yucca Flat and northern Frenchman Flat areas, Nevada Test Site, southern Nevada","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-02-22T21:54:13.215318","indexId":"ofr97678","displayToPublicDate":"1999-02-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"97-678","title":"Sub-crop geologic map of pre-Tertiary rocks in the Yucca Flat and northern Frenchman Flat areas, Nevada Test Site, southern Nevada","docAbstract":"This map displays interpreted structural and stratigraphic relations among the Paleozoic and older rocks of the Nevada Test Site region beneath the Miocene volcanic rocks and younger alluvium in the Yucca Flat and northern Frenchman Flat basins. These interpretations are based on a comprehensive examination and review of data for more than 77 drillholes that penetrated part of the pre-Tertiary basement beneath these post-middle Miocene structural basins. Biostratigraphic data from conodont fossils were newly obtained for 31 of these holes, and a thorough review of all prior microfossil paleontologic data is incorporated in the analysis. Subsurface relationships are interpreted in light of a revised regional geologic framework synthesized from detailed geologic mapping in the ranges surrounding Yucca Flat, from comprehensive stratigraphic studies in the region, and from additional detailed field studies on and around the Nevada Test Site.
All available data indicate the subsurface geology of Yucca Flat is considerably more complicated than previous interpretations have suggested. The western part of the basin, in particular, is underlain by relics of the eastward-vergent Belted Range thrust system that are folded back toward the west and thrust by local, west-vergent contractional structures of the CP thrust system. Field evidence from the ranges surrounding the north end of Yucca Flat indicate that two significant strike-slip faults track southward beneath the post-middle Miocene basin fill, but their subsurface traces cannot be closely defined from the available evidence. In contrast, the eastern part of the Yucca Flat basin is interpreted to be underlain by a fairly simple north-trending, broad syncline in the pre-Tertiary units. Far fewer data are available for the northern Frenchman Flat basin, but regional analysis indicates the pre- Tertiary structure there should also be relatively simple and not affected by thrusting.
This new interpretation has implications for ground water flow through pre-Tertiary rocks beneath the Yucca Flat and northern Frenchman Flat areas, and has consequences for ground water modeling and model validation. Our data indicate that the Mississippian Chainman Shale is not a laterally extensive confining unit in the western part of the basin because it is folded back onto itself by the convergent structures of the Belted Range and CP thrust systems. Early and Middle Paleozoic limestone and dolomite are present beneath most of both basins and, regardless of structural complications, are interpreted to form a laterally continuous and extensive carbonate aquifer. Structural culmination that marks the French Peak accommodation zone along the topographic divide between the two basins provides a lateral pathway through highly fractured rock between the volcanic aquifers of Yucca Flat and the regional carbonate aquifer. This pathway may accelerate the migration of ground-water contaminants introduced by underground nuclear testing toward discharge areas beyond the Nevada Test Site boundaries. Predictive three-dimensional models of hydrostratigraphic units and ground-water flow in the pre-Tertiary rocks of subsurface Yucca Flat are likely to be unrealistic due to the extreme structural complexities. The interpretation of hydrologic and geochemical data obtained from monitoring wells will be difficult to extrapolate through the flow system until more is known about the continuity of hydrostratigraphic units.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr97678","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Nevada Operations Office U.S. Department of Energy (Interagency Agreement DE-AI08-96NV11967)","usgsCitation":"Cole, J., Harris, A.G., and Wahl, R., 1997, Sub-crop geologic map of pre-Tertiary rocks in the Yucca Flat and northern Frenchman Flat areas, Nevada Test Site, southern Nevada: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 97-678, Report: ii, 24 p.; 1 Plate: 32.55 x 41.15 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr97678.","productDescription":"Report: ii, 24 p.; 1 Plate: 32.55 x 41.15 inches","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":425886,"rank":4,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_18824.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":60238,"rank":3,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1997/0678/report.pdf","text":"Report","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Report"},{"id":163317,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1997/0678/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":335274,"rank":2,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1997/0678/plate-1.pdf","text":"Plate","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Plate"}],"country":"United States","state":"Nevada","otherGeospatial":"Yucca Flat and northern Frenchman Flat areas","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -116.25,\n 36.892\n ],\n [\n -115.85,\n 36.892\n ],\n [\n -115.85,\n 37.283\n ],\n [\n -116.25,\n 37.283\n ],\n [\n -116.25,\n 36.892\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b05e4b07f02db699c80","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cole, J. C.","contributorId":21539,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cole","given":"J. C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":207718,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Harris, Anita G.","contributorId":50162,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Harris","given":"Anita","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":207717,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Wahl, Ronald R.","contributorId":7332,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wahl","given":"Ronald R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":207716,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":24497,"text":"ofr97534 - 1997 - Progress report on sediment analyses at selected faunal monitoring sites in north-central and northeastern Florida Bay","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:06","indexId":"ofr97534","displayToPublicDate":"1998-12-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"97-534","title":"Progress report on sediment analyses at selected faunal monitoring sites in north-central and northeastern Florida Bay","docAbstract":"Florida Bay is a shallow, subtropical lagoon at the southern tip of the Florida peninsula. The 2200 square kilometer, triangular-shaped area is the site of modern carbonate sediment formation and deposition. The intricate ecosystem of the bay has undergone significant changes as the result of natural influences and human intervention. The purpose of this study is to investigate carbonate sediment characteristics and distribution in conjunction with faunal and floral to determine the substrate preferences of associated fauna and flora. The modern data provide the proxy data for down-core analyses of sediments, fauna and flora in order to document ecosystem changes in the bay. \r\n\r\nSelected sediment samples collected during 1996 from 18 sites in the northeastern and central bay were analyzed for insoluble residues, organic content, total carbonate, and percent of silt and clay sized particles. Insoluble residues range from 0.8% of the sediment in a shell lag to 11.5% with an average of 5.1%. Organic content ranged from a minimum of 1.43% of the sediment to 18.05% with an average of 7.6%. The total carbonate content ranged from 72.56% to 97.81%, averaging 87.98%. The percent silt and clay sized particles ranged from 13.75% to 63.62% for the samples analyzed. The insoluble residue content shows a general trend of decreasing insoluble residues from the northeastern bay toward the southwest. Organic content is variable throughout the bay and does not show a regional trend. Several sites show a trend of higher organic content in the samples collected in February as compared to those collected in July. \r\n\r\nLithologic examination indicated that, in addition to the carbonate mud (less than 63mm), sample components included whole and fragmented mollusks, foraminifers, bryozoans, ostracods, and organic matter. The insoluble residues consisted of quartz sand and silt, clays and siliceous fossils. A component of the insoluble residues may be dust derived from Africa and transported to southern Florida by the prevailing winds.\r\n\r\nThis report is preliminary and has not been reviewed for conformity with U.S. Geological Survey editorial standards or with the North American Stratigraphic Code. Any use of trade, product, or firm names is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Government.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"Florida Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/ofr97534","issn":"0094-9140","usgsCitation":"Scott, T., Means, G., and Brewster-Wingard, G., 1997, Progress report on sediment analyses at selected faunal monitoring sites in north-central and northeastern Florida Bay: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 97-534, 50 p. :ill. ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr97534.","productDescription":"50 p. :ill. ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":155729,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":1583,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pdf/of/ofr97534.html","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a9be4b07f02db65de39","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Scott, T.M.","contributorId":66694,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Scott","given":"T.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":192026,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Means, G.H.","contributorId":76348,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Means","given":"G.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":192027,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Brewster-Wingard, G. L.","contributorId":102508,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brewster-Wingard","given":"G. L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":192028,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":32034,"text":"ofr97738 - 1997 - Geologic map of the Dillon quadrangle, Summit and Grand Counties, Colorado","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-03-09T11:33:50","indexId":"ofr97738","displayToPublicDate":"1998-12-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"97-738","title":"Geologic map of the Dillon quadrangle, Summit and Grand Counties, Colorado","docAbstract":"New 1:24,000-scale geologic mapping along the Interstate-70 urban corridor in western Colorado, in support of the USGS Central Region State/USGS Cooperative Geologic Mapping Project, is contributing to a more complete understanding of the stratigraphy, structure, tectonic evolution, and hazard potential of this rapidly developing region. The 1:24,000-scale Dillon quadrangle is near the headwaters of the Blue River and straddles features of the Blue River graben (Kellogg, 1999), part of the northernmost reaches of the Rio Grande rift, a major late Oligocene to recent zone of extension that extends from Colorado to Mexico. The Williams Range thrust fault, the western structural margin of the Colorado Front Range, cuts through the center of the quadrangle, although is mostly covered by surficial deposits.\r\n\r\n The oldest rocks in the quadrangle underlie the Williams Fork Mountains and the ridge immediately east of South Fork Middle Fork River, and include biotite-sillimanite schist and gneiss, amphibolite, and migmatite that are intruded by granite inferred to be part of the 1,667-1,750 Ma Routt Plutonic Suite (Tweto, 1987). The oldest exposed sedimentary unit is the Upper Jurassic Morrison Formation, but Pennsylvanian Maroon Formation, a sequence of red sandstone, conglomerate, and interbedded shale, underlies the southern part of the quadrangle. The thickest sequence of sedimentary rocks is Cretaceous in age and includes at least 500 m of the Upper Cretaceous Pierre Shale. Surficial deposits include (1) an old, deeply dissected landslide deposit, possibly as old as Pliocene, on the west flank of the Williams Fork Mountains, (2) deeply weathered, very coarse gravel deposits underlying a mesa in the southwest part of the quadrangle (the Mesa Cortina subdivision. The gravels are gold bearing and were mined by hydraulic methods in the 1800s), (3) moderately to deeply weathered, widespread, bouldery material that is a combination of till of the Bull Lake glaciation, debris-flow deposits, landslide deposits, and possibly pre-Bull Lake till, (4) glacial deposits of both Bull Lake (middle Pleistocene) and Pinedale (late Pleistocene)glaciations, (5) recent landslide deposits, and (6)extensive colluvial and alluvial deposits.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"REston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr97738","usgsCitation":"Kellogg, K., 1997, Geologic map of the Dillon quadrangle, Summit and Grand Counties, Colorado: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 97-738, 1 map :col. ;58 x 45 cm., on sheet 94 x 92 cm., folded in envelope 30 x 24 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr97738.","productDescription":"1 map :col. ;58 x 45 cm., on sheet 94 x 92 cm., folded in envelope 30 x 24 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":161438,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1997/0738/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":60198,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1997/0738/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":109002,"rank":700,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_18844.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"18844"},{"id":3329,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/mf/2002/mf-2390/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Colorado","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e48afe4b07f02db52f3d6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kellogg, Karl S.","contributorId":89896,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kellogg","given":"Karl S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":207494,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":21960,"text":"ofr97732 - 1997 - Modes of occurrence of trace elements in samples from a coal cleaning plant","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-07-31T13:33:38","indexId":"ofr97732","displayToPublicDate":"1998-12-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"97-732","title":"Modes of occurrence of trace elements in samples from a coal cleaning plant","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr97732","issn":"0094-9140","usgsCitation":"Palmer, C., Kolker, A., Finkelman, R.B., Kolb, K., Mroczkowski, S.J., Crowley, S., Belkin, H., Bullock, J.H., and Motooka, J.M., 1997, Modes of occurrence of trace elements in samples from a coal cleaning plant: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 97-732, 97 p. :ill. (some col.) ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr97732.","productDescription":"97 p. :ill. (some col.) ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":155360,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1997/0732/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":51437,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1997/0732/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b05e4b07f02db69972a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Palmer, Curtis A.","contributorId":46967,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Palmer","given":"Curtis A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":186456,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kolker, Allan 0000-0002-5768-4533 akolker@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5768-4533","contributorId":643,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kolker","given":"Allan","email":"akolker@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":241,"text":"Eastern Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":186448,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Finkelman, Robert B.","contributorId":85951,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Finkelman","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":186450,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Kolb, K.C.","contributorId":48209,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kolb","given":"K.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":186453,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Mroczkowski, Stanley J. 0000-0001-8026-6025 smroczko@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8026-6025","contributorId":2628,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mroczkowski","given":"Stanley","email":"smroczko@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":436,"text":"National Research Program - Eastern Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":186455,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Crowley, S.S.","contributorId":43754,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Crowley","given":"S.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":186452,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Belkin, H. E. 0000-0001-7879-6529","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7879-6529","contributorId":38160,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Belkin","given":"H. E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":186451,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Bullock, J. H. Jr.","contributorId":55012,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bullock","given":"J.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":186454,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Motooka, J. M.","contributorId":8834,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Motooka","given":"J.","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":186449,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9}]}} ,{"id":3644,"text":"cir1147 - 1997 - A predictive production rate life-cycle model for southwestern Virginia coalfields","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:05:21","indexId":"cir1147","displayToPublicDate":"1998-11-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":307,"text":"Circular","code":"CIR","onlineIssn":"2330-5703","printIssn":"1067-084X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1147","title":"A predictive production rate life-cycle model for southwestern Virginia coalfields","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/cir1147","usgsCitation":"Milici, R.C., and Campbell, E., 1997, A predictive production rate life-cycle model for southwestern Virginia coalfields: U.S. Geological Survey Circular 1147, NA, https://doi.org/10.3133/cir1147.","productDescription":"NA","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":138394,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":54,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circular/c1147","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b1fe4b07f02db6ab5cd","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Milici, Robert C. rmilici@usgs.gov","contributorId":563,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Milici","given":"Robert","email":"rmilici@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":241,"text":"Eastern Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":147321,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Campbell, Elizabeth","contributorId":104877,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Campbell","given":"Elizabeth","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":147322,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":29488,"text":"wri974253 - 1997 - Model-estimated ground-water recharge and hydrograph of ground-water discharge to a stream","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:57","indexId":"wri974253","displayToPublicDate":"1998-10-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"97-4253","title":"Model-estimated ground-water recharge and hydrograph of ground-water discharge to a stream","docAbstract":"The computer model PULSE, described in this report, can be used to construct a hydrograph of ground-water discharge to a stream. The model is applicable to a ground-water flow system that is driven by areally uniform recharge to the water table, and in which ground water discharges to a gaining stream. One of the two formulations used by the model allows for an instantaneous recharge pulse and subsequent ground-water discharge to the stream. The other formulation, which allows for a gradual hydrologic gain or loss term in addition to the instantaneous pulse, can be used to simulate the effects of gradual recharge to the water table, ground-water evapotranspiration, or downward leakage to a deeper aquifer.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nInformation Services [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/wri974253","usgsCitation":"Rutledge, A.T., 1997, Model-estimated ground-water recharge and hydrograph of ground-water discharge to a stream: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 97-4253, vi, 29 p. :ill. ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri974253.","productDescription":"vi, 29 p. :ill. ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":122693,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/wri_97_4253.jpg"},{"id":2484,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/wri974253","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a28e4b07f02db611022","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Rutledge, A. T.","contributorId":38532,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rutledge","given":"A.","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":201599,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":30356,"text":"wri974032 - 1997 - Geochemistry and microbiology of iron-related well-screen encrustation and aquifer biofouling in Suffolk County, Long Island, New York","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:56","indexId":"wri974032","displayToPublicDate":"1998-10-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"97-4032","title":"Geochemistry and microbiology of iron-related well-screen encrustation and aquifer biofouling in Suffolk County, Long Island, New York","docAbstract":" Iron-related well-screen encrustation and aquifer biofouling has decreased the specific capacity of several production wells in Suffolk County, N.Y., and has forced the Suffolk County Water Authority to adopt a costly well-reconditioning and replacement program. The specific-capacity declines are the result of the precipitation of iron oxyhydroxides and the growth of iron bacteria on the well screens and in the pore spaces of the surrounding formation. Mineralogic and chemical analyses indicate that the inorganic part of the encrusting material consists primarily of amorphous ferric hydroxide (Fe(OH)3 ); minor components of the material include goethite (FeOOH), hematite (Fe2 O 3 ), and quartz (SiO 2 ). The weight percent of ferric hydroxide in the material ranged from 32.3 to 98.6 percent and averaged 64.3 percent. Equilibrium modeling indicated that during pumping the well waters were supersaturated with respect to goethite, hematite, magnetite, and quartz and were under-saturated with respect to ferric hydroxide. Theoretical Eh values computed for the ferrous/ferric-iron redox couple and the oxygen/water redox couple averaged 390 millivolts and 810 millivolts, respectively, indicating that the waters were in a state of redox disequilibrium. The disequilibrium condition arises from the mixing of ground water with a low dissolved-oxygen concentration with oxygenated ground water during operation of the well. The low pH of the ground water contributes to the disequilibrium condition by slowing the rate of iron oxidation after the introduction of oxygen. Chemical and mineralogical data indicate that most of the encrusting material in the wells was deposited while the wells were shut down, probably in response to the use of treated water of higher pH to keep pump turbines wet while the wells were not in operation; the increased pH of water in the static water column increases the rate of ferrous-iron oxidation and causes the well water to become increasingly saturated with respect to ferric hydroxide. The median half-time of oxidation in samples of untreated ground water (pH 4-5) was 4.19 days, whereas the average half-time of oxidation in treated water (pH 7-8) was 11.9 minutes Equilibrium modeling indicated that treated waters generally were supersaturated with respect to ferric hydroxide, whereas untreated well waters were not. Field and laboratory data indicate that iron bacteria play an important role in the encrustation and biofouling process in Suffolk County. Filamentous iron bacteria were common in the affected wells. The most common species was Gallionella ferruginea, an effective biofouling agent that prefers water with low, but detectable, dissolved-oxygen concentrations and high dissolved-iron concentrations; this species was more common in biofilm samples from the Magothy aquifer than in those from the upper glacial aquifer. Iron bacteria also were found in sediment cores from several locations in the aquifer and in drilling water. Lignite could act as a carbon source for heterotrophic iron bacteria, which could accelerate the formation of iron-bacteria biofilms in wells screened in some parts of the Magothy aquifer. Iron-bacteria biofilms alter the chemistry of well water by removing iron, manganese, and sulfate from solution and by increasing the pH. Sulfur-reducing bacteria and iron-sulfide mineral phases were observed in some samples of encrusting material, indicating that these bacteria could contribute to well-screen encrustation in some geochemical environments. ","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nBranch of Information Services [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/wri974032","usgsCitation":"Walter, D.A., 1997, Geochemistry and microbiology of iron-related well-screen encrustation and aquifer biofouling in Suffolk County, Long Island, New York: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 97-4032, v, 37 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri974032.","productDescription":"v, 37 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":124353,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1997/4032/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":59145,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1997/4032/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b1fe4b07f02db6ab75a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Walter, D. A.","contributorId":75179,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Walter","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":203109,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":29864,"text":"wri974227 - 1997 - Interim results of quality-control sampling of surface water for the Upper Colorado River National Water-Quality Assessment Study Unit, water years 1995-96","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:59","indexId":"wri974227","displayToPublicDate":"1998-09-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"97-4227","title":"Interim results of quality-control sampling of surface water for the Upper Colorado River National Water-Quality Assessment Study Unit, water years 1995-96","docAbstract":"Quality-control samples provide part of the information needed to estimate the bias and variability that result from sample collection, processing, and analysis. Quality-control samples of surface water collected for the Upper Colorado River National Water-Quality Assessment study unit for water years 1995?96 are presented and analyzed in this report. The types of quality-control samples collected include pre-processing split replicates, concurrent replicates, sequential replicates, post-processing split replicates, and field blanks. Analysis of the pre-processing split replicates, concurrent replicates, sequential replicates, and post-processing split replicates is based on differences between analytical results of the environmental samples and analytical results of the quality-control samples. Results of these comparisons indicate that variability introduced by sample collection, processing, and handling is low and will not affect interpretation of the environmental data. The differences for most water-quality constituents is on the order of plus or minus 1 or 2 lowest rounding units. A lowest rounding unit is equivalent to the magnitude of the least significant figure reported for analytical results. The use of lowest rounding units avoids some of the difficulty in comparing differences between pairs of samples when concentrations span orders of magnitude and provides a measure of the practical significance of the effect of variability. Analysis of field-blank quality-control samples indicates that with the exception of chloride and silica, no systematic contamination of samples is apparent. Chloride contamination probably was the result of incomplete rinsing of the dilute cleaning solution from the outlet ports of the decaport sample splitter. Silica contamination seems to have been introduced by the blank water. Sampling and processing procedures for water year 1997 have been modified as a result of these analyses.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey :\r\nInformation Services [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/wri974227","usgsCitation":"Spahr, N., and Boulger, R., 1997, Interim results of quality-control sampling of surface water for the Upper Colorado River National Water-Quality Assessment Study Unit, water years 1995-96: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 97-4227, iv, 34 p. :ill., map ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri974227.","productDescription":"iv, 34 p. :ill., map ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":124964,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/wri_97_4227.jpg"},{"id":2393,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/wri97-4227","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e48afe4b07f02db52f5e4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Spahr, N.E.","contributorId":79476,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Spahr","given":"N.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":202261,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Boulger, R.W.","contributorId":86386,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Boulger","given":"R.W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":202262,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":25567,"text":"wri974228 - 1997 - Hydrogeologic framework and simulation of ground-water flow and travel time in the shallow aquifer system in the area of Naval Support Activity Memphis, Millington, Tennessee","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:23","indexId":"wri974228","displayToPublicDate":"1998-09-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"97-4228","title":"Hydrogeologic framework and simulation of ground-water flow and travel time in the shallow aquifer system in the area of Naval Support Activity Memphis, Millington, Tennessee","docAbstract":"Naval Support Activity (NSA) Memphis is a Department of the Navy facility located at the City of Millington, Tennessee, about 5 miles north of Memphis. Contaminants have been detected in surface-water, sediment, and ground-water samples collected at the facility. As part of the Installation Restoration Program, the Navy is considering remedial-action options to prevent or lessen the effect of ground-water contamination at the facility and to control the movement and discharge of contaminants. A numerical model of the ground-water-flow system in the area of NSA Memphis was constructed and calibrated so that quantifiable estimates could be made of ground-water-flow rates, direction, and time-of-travel. The sediments beneath NSA Memphis, to a depth of about 200 feet, form a shallow aquifer system. From youngest to oldest, the stratigraphic units that form the shallow aquifer system are alluvium, loess, fluvial deposits, and the Cockfield and Cook Mountain Formations. The shallow aquifer system is organized into five hydrogeologic units: (1) a confining unit composed of the relatively low permeability sediments of the upper alluvium and the loess; (2) the A1 aquifer comprising sand and gravel of the lower alluvium and the fluvial deposits, and sand lenses in the upper part of the preserved section of the Cockfield Formation; (3) a confining unit composed of clay and silt within the upper part of the Cockfield Formation; (4) the Cockfield aquifer comprising sand lenses within the lower part of the preserved section of the Cockfield Formation; and (5) a confining unit formed by low permeability sediments of the Cook Mountain Formation that composes the upper confining unit for the Memphis aquifer. Thicknesses of individual units vary considerably across the facility. Structural and depositional features that affect the occurrence of ground water in the shallow aquifer system include faulting, an erosional scarp, and 'windows' in the confining units. Underlying the shallow aquifer system is the Memphis aquifer, the primary source of water for NSA Memphis and the City of Memphis, Tennessee. Analyses of sediment cores, aquifer and well specific-capacity tests, and numerical modeling were used to estimate the hydraulic characteristics of units of the shallow aquifer system. The vertical hydraulic conductivity of core samples of the alluvium-loess confining unit ranged from about 8.5 x 10-5 to 1.6 x 10-2 feet per day, and the total porosity of the samples ranged from about 35 to 48 percent. The results of the aquifer test were used to estimate a horizontal hydraulic conductivity of about 5 feet per day for the alluvial-fluvial deposits aquifer. The total porosity of core samples of the alluvial-fluvial deposits aquifer ranged from about 22 to 39 percent. The vertical hydraulic conductivity of core samples of the Cockfield confining unit ranged from about 4.5 x 10-5 to 2.5 x 10-3 feet per day, and the total porosity ranged from about 41 to 55 percent. Well specific-capacity tests indicate that the horizontal hydraulic conductivity of sand units that compose the Cockfield aquifer range from about 0.5 to 3 feet per day. The vertical hydraulic conductivity of core samples of the Cook Mountain confining unit ranged from about 5.0 x 10-6 to 9.9 x 10-4 feet per day. Total porosity of core samples of the Cook Mountain confining unit ranged from about 30 to 42 percent. Ground-water flow and time-of-travel in the shallow aquifer system were simulated using the MODFLOW finite-difference model and the -particle-tracking program MODPATH. A three-layer, steady-state model of the shallow aquifer system was constructed and calibrated to the potentiometric surface of the A1 aquifer. Results of numerical modeling support the proposed conceptual hydrogeologic model of the shallow aquifer system. Ground-water time-of-travel in the A1 aquifer was simulated using an assumed effective porosity of 25 percent. Typical ground-water-flow velocities were on the or","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nBranch of Information Services [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/wri974228","usgsCitation":"Robinson, J.L., Carmichael, J.K., Halford, K.J., and Ladd, D.E., 1997, Hydrogeologic framework and simulation of ground-water flow and travel time in the shallow aquifer system in the area of Naval Support Activity Memphis, Millington, Tennessee: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 97-4228, vi, 56 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri974228.","productDescription":"vi, 56 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":118760,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1997/4228/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":1909,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/wri974228","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":54288,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1997/4228/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a4ee4b07f02db627dc7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Robinson, James L.","contributorId":82284,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Robinson","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":194230,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Carmichael, John K. 0000-0003-1099-841X jkcarmic@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1099-841X","contributorId":4554,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Carmichael","given":"John","email":"jkcarmic@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[{"id":24708,"text":"Lower Mississippi-Gulf Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":194229,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Halford, Keith J. 0000-0002-7322-1846 khalford@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7322-1846","contributorId":1374,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Halford","given":"Keith","email":"khalford@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":465,"text":"Nevada Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":194227,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Ladd, David E. 0000-0002-9247-7839 deladd@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9247-7839","contributorId":1646,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ladd","given":"David","email":"deladd@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":581,"text":"Tennessee Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":194228,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":23773,"text":"ofr97570 - 1997 - Ground-water flow in the Saginaw aquifer in the vicinity of the north Lansing well field, Lansing Michigan — Part 2, simulations with a regional model using a reduced cell size","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-09-27T19:09:44.590801","indexId":"ofr97570","displayToPublicDate":"1998-09-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"97-570","title":"Ground-water flow in the Saginaw aquifer in the vicinity of the north Lansing well field, Lansing Michigan — Part 2, simulations with a regional model using a reduced cell size","docAbstract":"Vinyl chloride has been detected in water from the Saginaw aquifer near Lansing Board of Water and Light wells in the north Lansing well field. These public-supply wells have the potential to withdraw contaminated ground water. The effects of reduced grid spacing for the existing TriCounty regional ground-water-flow model on local ground-water movement were investigated. This refinement of the grid eliminated multiple wells in a cell and reduced the number of wells represented as weak sinks. Two pumping scenarios were developed to investigate the effects of pumping conditions, plume size, and hypothetical purge well locations on the movement of the vinyl chloride plume in the Saginaw aquifer.
Under 1995 pumping conditions, water that originates in the central portion of the Saginaw aquifer known to be contaminated with vinyl chloride is prevented from reaching Lansing Board of Water and Light supply wells when hypothetical purge wells located west of the plume are simulated as pumping either 100 gallons per minute or 200 gallons per minute. Purge wells located north of the plume are effective at preventing contamination from reaching Lansing Board of Water and Light supply wells when simulated as pumping 200 gallons per minute. Water that originates within and surrounding the area known to be contaminated with vinyl chloride is not prevented from reaching Lansing Board of Water and Light supply wells under 1995 conditions using either purge well location or pumping rate.
Under 1997 pumping conditions, water that originates in the central portion of the Saginaw aquifer known to be contaminated with vinyl chloride is prevented from reaching Lansing Board of Water and Light supply wells when hypothetical purge wells located either west or north of the plume are simulated as pumping 200 gallons per minute. Water that originates within and surrounding the area known to be contaminated with vinyl chloride is not prevented from reaching Lansing Board of Water and Light supply wells under 1997 conditions using either purge well location or pumping rate.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Lansing, MI","doi":"10.3133/ofr97570","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with Lansing Board of Water and Light","usgsCitation":"Luukkonen, C.L., Grannemann, N., and Holtschlag, D., 1997, Ground-water flow in the Saginaw aquifer in the vicinity of the north Lansing well field, Lansing Michigan — Part 2, simulations with a regional model using a reduced cell size: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 97-570, vi, 25 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr97570.","productDescription":"vi, 25 p.","costCenters":[{"id":382,"text":"Michigan Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":53000,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1997/0570/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":407468,"rank":2,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_18815.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":157454,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1997/0570/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Michigan","city":"Lansing","otherGeospatial":"Saginaw aquifer","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -84.514,\n 42.724\n ],\n [\n -84.573,\n 42.724\n ],\n [\n -84.573,\n 42.768\n ],\n [\n -84.514,\n 42.768\n ],\n [\n -84.514,\n 42.724\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4aafe4b07f02db66cd88","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Luukkonen, C. L.","contributorId":28962,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Luukkonen","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":190697,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Grannemann, N.G.","contributorId":11221,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Grannemann","given":"N.G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":190696,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Holtschlag, D. J. 0000-0001-5185-4928","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5185-4928","contributorId":102493,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Holtschlag","given":"D. J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":190698,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":23772,"text":"ofr97569 - 1997 - Ground-water flow in the Saginaw aquifer in the vicinity of the north Lansing well field, Lansing Michigan — Part 1, simulations with a regional model","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-09-27T19:06:06.200532","indexId":"ofr97569","displayToPublicDate":"1998-09-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"97-569","title":"Ground-water flow in the Saginaw aquifer in the vicinity of the north Lansing well field, Lansing Michigan — Part 1, simulations with a regional model","docAbstract":"Vinyl chloride has been detected in water from the Saginaw aquifer near Lansing Board of Water and Light wells in the north Lansing well field. These public-supply wells have the potential to withdraw contaminated ground water. Groundwater-flow simulations and particle-tracking analyses with a regional model were used to investigate local ground-water movement. The effectiveness of hypothetical purge wells to remove ground water containing vinyl chloride was also evaluated. Five pumping scenarios were developed to assess effects of existing groundwater pumping conditions and alternative groundwater management options on the movement of the vinyl chloride plume in the Saginaw aquifer. Results indicate that under 1995 average pumping conditions, four public-supply wells in the north Lansing well field will remove water that originates in a portion of the Saginaw aquifer known to be contaminated with vinyl chloride. When pumping rates by wells in the north Lansing well field are reduced to simulate winter withdrawals, four public-supply wells to the west and south of the north Lansing well field remove water that originates in a portion of the Saginaw aquifer known to be contaminated with vinyl chloride. Simulation results indicate that purge wells can be used to capture most contaminated water and prevent interception of contaminated water by supply wells. However, further analysis is needed to determine the full extent of the vinyl chloride plume and the potential impact on Lansing Board of Water and Light public-supply wells.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Lansing, MI","doi":"10.3133/ofr97569","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with Lansing Board of Water and Light","usgsCitation":"Luukkonen, C.L., Grannemann, N., and Holtschlag, D., 1997, Ground-water flow in the Saginaw aquifer in the vicinity of the north Lansing well field, Lansing Michigan — Part 1, simulations with a regional model: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 97-569, v, 13 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr97569.","productDescription":"v, 13 p.","costCenters":[{"id":382,"text":"Michigan Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":407467,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_18814.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":157453,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1997/0569/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":52999,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1997/0569/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Michigan","city":"Lansing","otherGeospatial":"Saginaw aquifer","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -84.514,\n 42.724\n ],\n [\n -84.573,\n 42.724\n ],\n [\n -84.573,\n 42.768\n ],\n [\n -84.514,\n 42.768\n ],\n [\n -84.514,\n 42.724\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4aafe4b07f02db66cd7b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Luukkonen, C. L.","contributorId":28962,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Luukkonen","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":190694,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Grannemann, N.G.","contributorId":11221,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Grannemann","given":"N.G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":190693,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Holtschlag, D. J. 0000-0001-5185-4928","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5185-4928","contributorId":102493,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Holtschlag","given":"D. J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":190695,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":31668,"text":"ofr9791B - 1997 - CRINOIDS; a computer animation and paper model","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:09:00","indexId":"ofr9791B","displayToPublicDate":"1998-09-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"97-91","chapter":"B","title":"CRINOIDS; a computer animation and paper model","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/ofr9791B","usgsCitation":"Alpha, T.R., Stout, D.L., and Starratt, S.W., 1997, CRINOIDS; a computer animation and paper model: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 97-91, One 3 1/2 inch DS/HD Macintosh compatible computer diskette., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr9791B.","productDescription":"One 3 1/2 inch DS/HD Macintosh compatible computer diskette.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":159903,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a07e4b07f02db5f980d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Alpha, Tau Rho","contributorId":63371,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Alpha","given":"Tau","email":"","middleInitial":"Rho","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":206671,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Stout, Dorothy L.","contributorId":20369,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stout","given":"Dorothy","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":206670,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Starratt, Scott W. 0000-0001-9405-1746 sstarrat@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9405-1746","contributorId":2891,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Starratt","given":"Scott","email":"sstarrat@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":206669,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":6800,"text":"fs22796 - 1997 - Modeling of sand movement storage in the Colorado River through the Grand Canyon","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-06-30T10:38:11","indexId":"fs22796","displayToPublicDate":"1998-09-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":313,"text":"Fact Sheet","code":"FS","onlineIssn":"2327-6932","printIssn":"2327-6916","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"227-96","title":"Modeling of sand movement storage in the Colorado River through the Grand Canyon","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/fs22796","usgsCitation":"Wiele, S.M., 1997, Modeling of sand movement storage in the Colorado River through the Grand Canyon: U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 227-96, 1 sheet ([2]) p. : col. ill., col. map ; 28 cm. col. ill., col. map ;, https://doi.org/10.3133/fs22796.","productDescription":"1 sheet ([2]) p. : col. ill., col. map ; 28 cm. col. ill., col. map ;","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":140809,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Arizona","otherGeospatial":"Colorado River, Grand Canyon","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -114.00512695312497,\n 35.69299463209881\n ],\n [\n -110.69824218749996,\n 35.69299463209881\n ],\n [\n -110.69824218749996,\n 36.96744946416931\n ],\n [\n -114.00512695312497,\n 36.96744946416931\n ],\n [\n -114.00512695312497,\n 35.69299463209881\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b05e4b07f02db699857","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wiele, Stephen Mark","contributorId":89888,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wiele","given":"Stephen","email":"","middleInitial":"Mark","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":153364,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":28517,"text":"wri974068 - 1997 - Geohydrology and simulations of ground-water flow at Verona well field, Battle Creek, Michigan, 1988","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-01-12T12:54:39","indexId":"wri974068","displayToPublicDate":"1998-09-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"97-4068","title":"Geohydrology and simulations of ground-water flow at Verona well field, Battle Creek, Michigan, 1988","docAbstract":"Public water supply for the city of Battle Creek, Mich. is withdrawn from the Marshall Sandstone through wells at the Verona well field. Analysis of borehole acoustic televiewer, gamma, and single-point-resistance logs from wells in Bailey Park, near the well field, indicates 12 fracture zones in the Marshall Sandstone. Further interpretation of flow-meter and temperature logs from the same wells indicates that the fracture zones are locally interconnected but appear to remain isolated over a lateral distance of 3,000 feet.
Organic chemicals were detected in water samples collected from water-supply wells in the Verona well field in 1981. In 1985, six water-supply wells were converted to purge wells to intercept organic chemicals and divert them from the remaining water-supply wells. Removal of these wells from service resulted in a water-supply shortage. A proposal in which an alternative purge system could be installed so that wells that are out of service may be reactivated was examined. A ground-water-flow model developed for this study indicates that, under the current purge configuration, most water from contaminant-source areas either is captured by purge wells or flows to the Battle Creek River. Some water, however, is captured by three water-supply wells. Model simulations indicate that with the addition of eight purge wells, the well field would be protected from contamination, most water from the contaminant-source areas would be captured by the purge system, and only a small portion would flow to the Battle Creek River.
In an effort to augment the city's water supply, the potential for expansion of the Verona well field to the northeast also was investigated. Because of the addition of three municipal wells northeast of the well field, some water from the site of a gasoline spill may be captured by two water-supply wells. Ground water in the area northeast of Verona well field contains significantly lower concentrations of iron, manganese, and calcium carbonate than does water in the existing well field area. However, the Marshall Sandstone in this area has significantly lower transmissivities than those within Verona well field.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Lansing, MI","doi":"10.3133/wri974068","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Michigan Department of Natural Resources and the city of Battle Creek","usgsCitation":"Lynch, E.A., and Grannemann, N., 1997, Geohydrology and simulations of ground-water flow at Verona well field, Battle Creek, Michigan, 1988: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 97-4068, v, 45 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri974068.","productDescription":"v, 45 p.","costCenters":[{"id":382,"text":"Michigan Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":57317,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1997/4068/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":118895,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1997/4068/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Michigan","city":"Battle Creek","otherGeospatial":"Verona Well Field","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -85.1751136779785,\n 42.31184652369511\n ],\n [\n -85.1751136779785,\n 42.36044660837456\n ],\n [\n -85.1217269897461,\n 42.36044660837456\n ],\n [\n -85.1217269897461,\n 42.31184652369511\n ],\n [\n -85.1751136779785,\n 42.31184652369511\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b1be4b07f02db6a8c32","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lynch, E. A.","contributorId":99167,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lynch","given":"E.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":199949,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Grannemann, N.G.","contributorId":11221,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Grannemann","given":"N.G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":199948,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":26558,"text":"wri974222 - 1997 - PHREEQCI: A graphical user interface for the geochemical computer program PHREEQC","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-12-05T10:52:44","indexId":"wri974222","displayToPublicDate":"1998-09-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"97-4222","title":"PHREEQCI: A graphical user interface for the geochemical computer program PHREEQC","docAbstract":"PhreeqcI is a Windows-based graphical user interface for the geochemical computer program PHREEQC. PhreeqcI provides the capability to generate and edit input data files, run simulations, and view text files containing simulation results, all within the framework of a single interface. PHREEQC is a multipurpose geochemical program that can perform speciation, inverse, reaction-path, and 1D advective reaction-transport modeling. Interactive access to all of the capabilities of PHREEQC is available with PhreeqcI. The interface is written in Visual Basic and will run on personal computers under the Windows(3.1), Windows95, and WindowsNT operating systems. ","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/wri974222","usgsCitation":"Charlton, S.R., Macklin, C.L., and Parkhurst, D.L., 1997, PHREEQCI: A graphical user interface for the geochemical computer program PHREEQC: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 97-4222, 9 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri974222.","productDescription":"9 p.","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":122884,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1997/4222/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":55425,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1997/4222/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ae4e4b07f02db689e4d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Charlton, Scott R. 0000-0001-7332-3394 charlton@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7332-3394","contributorId":1632,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Charlton","given":"Scott","email":"charlton@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":196614,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Macklin, Clifford L.","contributorId":45347,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Macklin","given":"Clifford","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":196615,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Parkhurst, David L. 0000-0003-3348-1544 dlpark@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3348-1544","contributorId":1088,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Parkhurst","given":"David","email":"dlpark@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":196613,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":28805,"text":"wri974221 - 1997 - Detection of underground voids in Ohio by use of geophysical methods","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:46","indexId":"wri974221","displayToPublicDate":"1998-08-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"97-4221","title":"Detection of underground voids in Ohio by use of geophysical methods","docAbstract":"Geophysical methods are generally classified as electrical, potential field, and seismic methods. Each method type relies on contrasts of physical properties in the subsurface. Forward models based on the physical properties of air- and water-filled voids within common geologic materials indicate that several geophysical methods are technically feasible for detection of subsurface voids in Ohio, but ease of use and interpretation varies widely between the methods. Ground-penetrating radar is the most rapid and cost-effective method for collection of subsurface data in areas associated with voids under roadways. Electrical resistivity, gravity, or seismic reflection methods have applications for direct delineation of voids, but data-collection and analytical procedures are more time consuming. Electrical resistivity, electromagnetic, or magnetic methods may be useful in locating areas where conductive material, such as rail lines, are present in abandoned underground coal mines. Other electrical methods include spontaneous potential and very low frequency (VLF); these latter two methods are considered unlikely candidates for locating underground voids in Ohio. \r\n\r\nResults of ground-penetrating radar surveys at three highway sites indicate that subsurface penetration varies widely with geologic material type and amount of cultural interference. Two highway sites were chosen over abandoned underground coal mines in eastern Ohio. A third site in western Ohio was chosen in an area known to be underlain by naturally occurring voids in lime stone. Ground-penetrating radar surveys at Interstate 470, in Belmont County, Ohio, indicate subsurface penetration of less than 15 feet over a mined coal seam that was known to vary in depth from 0 to 40 feet. Although no direct observations of voids were made, anomalous areas that may be related to collapse structures above voids were indicated. Cultural interference dominated the radar records at Interstate 70, Guernsey County, Ohio, where coal was mined under the site at a depth of about 50 feet. Interference from overhead powerlines, the field vehicle, and guardrails complicated an interpretation of the radar records where the depth of penetration was estimated to be less than 5 feet. Along State Route 33, in Logan County, Ohio, bedding planes and structures possibly associated with dissolution of limestone were profiled with ground-penetrating radar. Depth of penetration was estimated to be greater than 50 feet.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nBranch of Information Services [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/wri974221","usgsCitation":"Munk, J., and Sheets, R.A., 1997, Detection of underground voids in Ohio by use of geophysical methods: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 97-4221, vi, 28 p. :ill. ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri974221.","productDescription":"vi, 28 p. :ill. ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":124821,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1997/4221/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":57674,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1997/4221/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4aa8e4b07f02db6679e5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Munk, Jens","contributorId":78781,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Munk","given":"Jens","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":200425,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Sheets, R. A.","contributorId":43381,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sheets","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":200424,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":25775,"text":"wri974242 - 1997 - Sources of contamination in an urban basin in Marquette, Michigan and an analysis of concentrations, loads, and data quality","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-10-27T16:00:49","indexId":"wri974242","displayToPublicDate":"1998-08-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"97-4242","title":"Sources of contamination in an urban basin in Marquette, Michigan and an analysis of concentrations, loads, and data quality","docAbstract":"The concentrations of contaminants generated from discrete source areas are critical to urban nonpoint Source Load and Management Model (SLAMM) loading calculations to Lake Superior. This study summarizes data-collection efforts during 12 storms in October 1993 and from May through August 1994, in which stormwater data were collected concurrently at 33 sites representing the eight major source areas in a 117-hectare urban basin in Marquette, Mich. For the 12 storms, commercial rooftops produced the highest geometric mean concentrations of dissolved metals such as lead (20 mg/L), zinc (263 mg/L), cadmium (0.71 mg/L), and copper (17.8 mg/L). Parking lots produced the highest concentration for all of the individual polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) compounds (summation equal to 64 mg/L). Residential lawns generated the highest concentrations of total kjeldahl nitrogen (9.3 mg/L) and total phosphorus (2.3 mg/L). A mass-budget approach, in which summed source area loads are compared to those measured at the basin outlet for individual storms, provided the basis for an error analysis to identify unreliable concentration data. Of the 611 concentration samples used in the mass budgets, 59 were identified as unreliable. Seventy-six percent of the unreliable samples came from collection bottles that were filled prior to the end of runoff. These full bottles may have captured a first-flush effect or acted as a sediment trap. The relative importance of an individual source-area load to the overall basin-outlet load varied according to the individual constituent. Parking lots were a major contributor of total zinc (30 percent), total cadmium (25 percent), total copper (22 percent), and all the PAH compounds (=64 percent); whereas low-traffic streets were a major producer of total suspended solids (27 percent), nitrate plus nitrite (21 percent), and total cadmium (25 percent). Grass areas were a major producer of total kjeldahl nitrogen (31 percent) and total phosphorus (26 percent), even though the water volume generated from grass areas was low (5.8 percent of the total water volume generated).
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri974242","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources and the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency","usgsCitation":"Steuer, J., Selbig, W., Hornewer, N., and Prey, J., 1997, Sources of contamination in an urban basin in Marquette, Michigan and an analysis of concentrations, loads, and data quality: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 97-4242, iv, 25 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri974242.","productDescription":"iv, 25 p.","numberOfPages":"29","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":677,"text":"Wisconsin Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":157639,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1997/4242/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":54527,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1997/4242/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Michigan","city":"Marquette","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -93.240966796875,\n 46.08847179577592\n ],\n [\n -93.240966796875,\n 47.65058757118734\n ],\n [\n -86.165771484375,\n 47.65058757118734\n ],\n [\n -86.165771484375,\n 46.08847179577592\n ],\n [\n -93.240966796875,\n 46.08847179577592\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49e6e4b07f02db5e7651","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Steuer, Jeffrey","contributorId":97530,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Steuer","given":"Jeffrey","affiliations":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":195020,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Selbig, William","contributorId":78365,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Selbig","given":"William","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":195018,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hornewer, Nancy J.","contributorId":57895,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hornewer","given":"Nancy J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":195017,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Prey, Jeffrey","contributorId":81143,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Prey","given":"Jeffrey","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":195019,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":25487,"text":"wri974219 - 1997 - Estimation of peak-discharge frequency of urban streams in Jefferson County, Kentucky","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:10","indexId":"wri974219","displayToPublicDate":"1998-08-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"97-4219","title":"Estimation of peak-discharge frequency of urban streams in Jefferson County, Kentucky","docAbstract":"An investigation of flood-hydrograph characteristics for streams in urban Jefferson County, Kentucky, was made to obtain hydrologic information needed for waterresources management. Equations for estimating peak-discharge frequencies for ungaged streams in the county were developed by combining (1) long-term annual peakdischarge data and rainfall-runoff data collected from 1991 to 1995 in 13 urban basins and (2) long-term annual peak-discharge data in four rural basins located in hydrologically similar areas of neighboring counties. The basins ranged in size from 1.36 to 64.0 square miles. The U.S. Geological Survey Rainfall- Runoff Model (RRM) was calibrated for each of the urban basins. The calibrated models were used with long-term, historical rainfall and pan-evaporation data to simulate 79 years of annual peak-discharge data. Peak-discharge frequencies were estimated by fitting the logarithms of the annual peak discharges to a Pearson-Type III frequency distribution. The simulated peak-discharge frequencies were adjusted for improved reliability by application of bias-correction factors derived from peakdischarge frequencies based on local, observed annual peak discharges. The three-parameter and the preferred seven-parameter nationwide urban-peak-discharge regression equations previously developed by USGS investigators provided biased (high) estimates for the urban basins studied. Generalized-least-square regression procedures were used to relate peakdischarge frequency to selected basin characteristics. Regression equations were developed to estimate peak-discharge frequency by adjusting peak-dischargefrequency estimates made by use of the threeparameter nationwide urban regression equations. The regression equations are presented in equivalent forms as functions of contributing drainage area, main-channel slope, and basin development factor, which is an index for measuring the efficiency of the basin drainage system. Estimates of peak discharges for streams in the county can be made for the 2-, 5-, 10-, 25-, 50-, and 100-year recurrence intervals by use of the regression equations. The average standard errors of prediction of the regression equations ranges from ? 34 to ? 45 percent. The regression equations are applicable to ungaged streams in the county having a specific range of basin characteristics.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nBranch of Information Services [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/wri974219","usgsCitation":"Martin, G.R., Ruhl, K.J., Moore, B.L., and Rose, M.F., 1997, Estimation of peak-discharge frequency of urban streams in Jefferson County, Kentucky: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 97-4219, viii, 40 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri974219.","productDescription":"viii, 40 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":1853,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://ky.water.usgs.gov/pubs/wrir_1997_4219.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":124914,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1997/4219/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":54209,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1997/4219/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a09e4b07f02db5fa885","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Martin, Gary R. 0000-0002-3274-5846 grmartin@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3274-5846","contributorId":3413,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Martin","given":"Gary","email":"grmartin@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":354,"text":"Kentucky Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":193892,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ruhl, Kevin J.","contributorId":35769,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ruhl","given":"Kevin","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":193893,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Moore, Brian L.","contributorId":100021,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Moore","given":"Brian","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":193895,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Rose, Martin F.","contributorId":49826,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rose","given":"Martin","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":193894,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ]}