{"pageNumber":"1267","pageRowStart":"31650","pageSize":"25","recordCount":46734,"records":[{"id":70019358,"text":"70019358 - 1997 - Slope failures in Northern Vermont, USA","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-12-17T15:10:39.081665","indexId":"70019358","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1574,"text":"Environmental & Engineering Geoscience","printIssn":"1078-7275","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Slope failures in Northern Vermont, USA","docAbstract":"Rockfalls and debris avalanches from steep hillslopes in northern Vermont are a continuing hazard for motorists, mountain climbers, and hikers. Huge blocks of massive schist and gneiss can reach the valley floor intact, whereas others may trigger debris avalanches on their downward travel. Block movement is facilitated by major joints both parallel and perpendicular to the glacially over-steepened valley walls. The slope failures occur most frequently in early spring, accompanying freeze/thaw cycles, and in the summer, following heavy rains. The study reported here began in August 1986 and ended in June 1989. Manual and automated measurements of temperature and displacement were made at two locations on opposing valley walls. Both cyclic-reversible and permanent displacements occurred during the 13-month monitoring period. The measurements indicate that freeze/thaw mechanisms produce small irreversible incremental movements, averaging 0.53 mm/yr, that displace massive blocks and produce rockfalls. The initial freeze/thaw weakening of the rock mass also makes slopes more susceptible to attrition by water, and heavy rains have triggered rockfalls and consequent debris flows and avalanches. Temperature changes on the rock surface produced time-dependent cyclic displacements of the rock blocks that were not instantaneous but lagged behind the temperature changes. Statistical analyses of the data were used to produce models of cyclic time-dependent rock block behavior. Predictions based solely on temperature changes gave poor results. A model using time and temperature and incorporating the lag effect predicts block displacement more accurately.","language":"English","publisher":"Environmental Engineering Geologists","doi":"10.2113/gseegeosci.III.2.161","issn":"10787275","usgsCitation":"Lee, F.T., Odum, J.K., and Lee, J., 1997, Slope failures in Northern Vermont, USA: Environmental & Engineering Geoscience, v. 3, no. 2, p. 161-182, https://doi.org/10.2113/gseegeosci.III.2.161.","productDescription":"22 p.","startPage":"161","endPage":"182","numberOfPages":"22","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":226334,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Vermont","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -72.84405015838415,\n              44.956890287085855\n            ],\n            [\n              -72.84405015838415,\n              44.36299789778971\n            ],\n            [\n              -72.19585679900901,\n              44.36299789778971\n            ],\n            [\n              -72.19585679900901,\n              44.956890287085855\n            ],\n            [\n              -72.84405015838415,\n              44.956890287085855\n            ]\n          ]\n        ],\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"3","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b915fe4b08c986b319880","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lee, F. T.","contributorId":50163,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lee","given":"F.","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":382464,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Odum, J. K.","contributorId":105705,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Odum","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":382465,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Lee, J.D.","contributorId":15773,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lee","given":"J.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":382463,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70019360,"text":"70019360 - 1997 - Mississippian coral latitudinal diversity gradients (western interior United States): Testing the limits of high resolution diversity data","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-06-07T00:19:30.156971","indexId":"70019360","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2412,"text":"Journal of Paleontology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Mississippian coral latitudinal diversity gradients (western interior United States): Testing the limits of high resolution diversity data","docAbstract":"<div class=\"abstract-content\"><div class=\"abstract\" data-abstract-type=\"normal\"><p>Analysis of high resolution diversity data for Mississippian corals in the western interior United States yielded mild latitudinal diversity gradients despite the small geographic area covered by samples and a large influence on diversity patterns by geographic sampling intensity (sample bias). Three competing plate tectonic reconstructions were tested using the diversity patterns. Although none could be forcefully rejected, one reconstruction proved less consistent with diversity patterns than the other two and additional coral diversity data from farther north in Canada would better discriminate the two equivalent reconstructions.</p><p>Despite the relatively high sampling intensity represented by the analyzed database, diversity patterns were greatly affected by sample abundance and distribution. Hence, some effort at recognizing and accounting for sample bias should be undertaken in any study of latitudinal diversity gradients. Small-scale geographic lumping of sample localities had only small effects on geographic diversity patterns. However, large-scale (e.g., regional) geographic lumping of diversity data may not yield latitudinally sensitive diversity patterns. Temporal changes in coral diversity in this region reflect changes in eustacy, local tectonism, and terrigenous sediment flux, far more than they do shifting latitude. Highest regional diversity occurred during the interval when the studied region occupied the highest latitude. Therefore, diversity data from different regions may not be comparable, in terms of latitudinal inference. Small-scale stratigraphic lumping of the data caused a nearly complete loss of the latitudinal diversity patterns apparent prior to lumping. Hence, the narrowest possible stratigraphic resolution should be maintained in analyzing latitudinal diversity gradients.</p></div></div>","language":"English","publisher":"Paleontological Society","doi":"10.1017/S0022336000035733","issn":"00223360","usgsCitation":"Webb, G., Sando, W., and Raymond, A., 1997, Mississippian coral latitudinal diversity gradients (western interior United States): Testing the limits of high resolution diversity data: Journal of Paleontology, v. 71, no. 5, p. 780-791, https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022336000035733.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"780","endPage":"791","numberOfPages":"12","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":226336,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"71","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2016-05-20","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a5b65e4b0c8380cd6f52d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Webb, G.E.","contributorId":33516,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Webb","given":"G.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":382473,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Sando, W.J.","contributorId":59470,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sando","given":"W.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":382474,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Raymond, A.","contributorId":14118,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Raymond","given":"A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":382472,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70020054,"text":"70020054 - 1997 - Debris-flow initiation experiments using diverse hydrologic triggers","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:19","indexId":"70020054","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Debris-flow initiation experiments using diverse hydrologic triggers","docAbstract":"Controlled debris-flow initiation experiments focused on three hydrologic conditions that can trigger slope failure: localized ground-water inflow; prolonged moderate-intensity rainfall; and high-intensity rainfall. Detailed monitoring of slope hydrology and deformation provided exceptionally complete data on conditions preceding and accompanying slope failure and debris-flow mobilization. Ground-water inflow and high-intensity sprinkling led to abrupt, complete failure whereas moderate-intensity sprinkling led to retrogressive, block-by-block failure. Failure during ground-water inflow and during moderate-intensity sprinkling occurred with a rising water table and positive pore pressures. Failure during high-intensity sprinkling occurred without widespread positive pore pressures. In all three cases, pore pressures in most locations increased dramatically (within 2-3 seconds) during failure. In some places, pressures in unsaturated materials rapidly 'flashed' from zero to elevated positive values. Transiently elevated pore pressures and partially liquefied soil enhanced debris-flow mobilization.","largerWorkTitle":"International Conference on Debris-Flow Hazards Mitigation: Mechanics, Prediction, and Assessment, Proceedings","conferenceTitle":"Proceedings of the 1997 1st International Conference on Debris-Flow Hazards Mitigation: Mechanics, Prediction, and Assessment","conferenceDate":"7 August 1997 through 9 August 1997","conferenceLocation":"San Francisco, CA, USA","language":"English","publisher":"ASCE","publisherLocation":"New York, NY, United States","usgsCitation":"Reid, M.E., LaHusen, R.G., and Iverson, R.M., 1997, Debris-flow initiation experiments using diverse hydrologic triggers, <i>in</i> International Conference on Debris-Flow Hazards Mitigation: Mechanics, Prediction, and Assessment, Proceedings, San Francisco, CA, USA, 7 August 1997 through 9 August 1997, p. 1-11.","startPage":"1","endPage":"11","numberOfPages":"11","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":227908,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059fdfbe4b0c8380cd4ea4a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Reid, Mark E. 0000-0002-5595-1503 mreid@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5595-1503","contributorId":1167,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reid","given":"Mark","email":"mreid@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":186,"text":"Coastal and Marine Geology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":384841,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"LaHusen, Richard G.","contributorId":60205,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"LaHusen","given":"Richard","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":384842,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Iverson, Richard M. 0000-0002-7369-3819 riverson@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7369-3819","contributorId":536,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Iverson","given":"Richard","email":"riverson@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":615,"text":"Volcano Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":384840,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70020052,"text":"70020052 - 1997 - Ambiguity in measuring matrix diffusion with single-well injection/recovery tracer tests","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-02-14T06:30:57","indexId":"70020052","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1861,"text":"Ground Water","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Ambiguity in measuring matrix diffusion with single-well injection/recovery tracer tests","docAbstract":"Single-well injection/recovery tracer tests are considered for use in characterizing and quantifying matrix diffusion in dual-porosity aquifers. Numerical modeling indicates that neither regional drift in homogeneous aquifers, nor heterogeneity in aquifers having no regional drift, nor hydrodynamic dispersion significantly affects these tests. However, when drift is coupled simultaneously with heterogeneity, they can have significant confounding effects on tracer return. This synergistic effect of drift and heterogeneity may help explain irreversible flow and inconsistent results sometimes encountered in previous single-well injection/recovery tracer tests. Numerical results indicate that in a hypothetical single-well injection/recovery tracer test designed to demonstrate and measure dual-porosity characteristics in a fractured dolomite, the simultaneous effects of drift and heterogeneity sometimes yields responses similar to those anticipated in a homogeneous dual-porosity formation. In these cases, tracer recovery could provide a false indication of the occurrence of matrix diffusion. Shortening the shut-in period between injection and recovery periods may make the test less sensitive to drift. Using multiple tracers having different diffusion characteristics, multiple tests having different pumping schedules, and testing the formation at more than one location would decrease the ambiguity in the interpretation of test data.","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1111/j.1745-6584.1997.tb00072.x","issn":"0017467X","usgsCitation":"Lessoff, S., and Konikow, L.F., 1997, Ambiguity in measuring matrix diffusion with single-well injection/recovery tracer tests: Ground Water, v. 35, no. 1, p. 166-176, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6584.1997.tb00072.x.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"166","endPage":"176","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":227906,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"35","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2005-08-04","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e9aee4b0c8380cd483a9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lessoff, S.C.","contributorId":68051,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lessoff","given":"S.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":384838,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Konikow, Leonard F. 0000-0002-0940-3856 lkonikow@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0940-3856","contributorId":158,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Konikow","given":"Leonard","email":"lkonikow@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[{"id":436,"text":"National Research Program - Eastern Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":384837,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70019790,"text":"70019790 - 1997 - A sediment resuspension and water quality model of Lake Okeechobee","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-05-29T11:27:57.325945","indexId":"70019790","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2529,"text":"Journal of the American Water Resources Association","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A sediment resuspension and water quality model of Lake Okeechobee","docAbstract":"<div class=\"abstract-group \"><div class=\"article-section__content en main\"><p><strong>ABSTRACT:<span>&nbsp;</span></strong>The influence of sediment resuspension on the water quality of shallow lakes is well documented. However, a search of the literature reveals no deterministic mass-balance eutrophication models that explicitly include resuspension. We modified the Lake Okeechobee water quality model - which uses the Water Analysis Simulation Package (WASP) to simulate algal dynamics and phosphorus, nitrogen, and oxygen cycles - to include inorganic suspend. ed solids and algorithms that: (1) define changes in depth with changes in volume; (2) compute sediment resuspension based on bottom shear stress; (3) compute partition coefficients for ammonia and ortho-phosphorus to solids; and (4) relate light attenuation to solids concentrations. The model calibration and validation were successful with the exception of dissolved inorganic nitrogen species which did not correspond well to observed data in the validation phase. This could be attributed to an inaccurate formulation of algal nitrogen preference and/or the absence of nitrogen fixation in the model. The model correctly predicted that the lake is light-limited from resuspended solids, and algae are primarily nitrogen limited. The model simulation suggested that biological fluxes greatly exceed external loads of dissolved nutrients; and sediment-water interactions of organic nitrogen and phosphorus far exceed external loads. A sensitivity analysis demonstrated that parameters affecting resuspension, settling, sediment nutrient and solids concentrations, mineralization, algal productivity, and algal stoichiometry are factors requiring further study to improve our understanding of the Lake Okeechobee ecosystem.</p></div></div>","language":"English","publisher":"American Water Resources Association","doi":"10.1111/j.1752-1688.1997.tb03540.x","issn":"1093474X","usgsCitation":"James, R., Martin, J., Wool, T., and Wang, P., 1997, A sediment resuspension and water quality model of Lake Okeechobee: Journal of the American Water Resources Association, v. 33, no. 3, p. 661-677, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.1997.tb03540.x.","productDescription":"17 p.","startPage":"661","endPage":"677","numberOfPages":"17","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":228210,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"33","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2007-06-08","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e57ee4b0c8380cd46d84","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"James, R.T.","contributorId":10941,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"James","given":"R.T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383919,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Martin, J.","contributorId":18871,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Martin","given":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383921,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Wool, T.","contributorId":16999,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wool","given":"T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383920,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Wang, P.-F.","contributorId":25311,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wang","given":"P.-F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383922,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70019798,"text":"70019798 - 1997 - Coal quality trends and distribution of potentially hazardous trace elements in eastern Kentucky coals","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-09-29T13:19:11.859459","indexId":"70019798","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1709,"text":"Fuel","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Coal quality trends and distribution of potentially hazardous trace elements in eastern Kentucky coals","docAbstract":"<p><span>Coal in the Eastern Kentucky coalfield has been, and continues to be, a valuable energy resource, especially for the electric utility industry. However, Federal mandates in Titles III and IV of the Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990 have placed increasingly stringent demands on the type and grade of coal that can be burnt in an environmentally acceptable manner. Therefore, a greater understanding of the spatial and temporal distribution of thickness and quality parameters, and the geologic factors that control their distribution, is critical if the Eastern Kentucky coalfield is to continue to be a major producer of high-quality coal. Information from the Kentucky Geological Survey's Coal Resource Information System database is used in this paper to document the geographic and stratigraphic distribution of important factors such as bed thickness, calorific value, ash yield and total sulfur content. The distribution of 15 elements that naturally occur in trace amounts in Kentucky coal is also discussed, as these elements may require monitoring with passage of Title III of the Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/S0016-2361(96)00191-3","issn":"00162361","usgsCitation":"Eble, C., and Hower, J., 1997, Coal quality trends and distribution of potentially hazardous trace elements in eastern Kentucky coals: Fuel, v. 76, no. 8, p. 711-715, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-2361(96)00191-3.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"711","endPage":"715","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":227726,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Kentucky","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -82.8671189710937,\n              38.591173872081185\n            ],\n            [\n              -83.51089849953684,\n              38.55705127664643\n            ],\n            [\n              -83.79459795274948,\n              38.146317393456656\n            ],\n            [\n              -84.44928899862366,\n              37.44793474218231\n            ],\n            [\n              -84.39473141146718,\n              37.26579653506417\n            ],\n            [\n              -85.32221039312296,\n              36.620461717506245\n            ],\n            [\n              -83.68548277843657,\n              36.58542322762872\n            ],\n            [\n              -83.53272153439956,\n              36.64673013905853\n            ],\n            [\n              -83.4017833252246,\n              36.64673013905853\n            ],\n            [\n              -83.3144911857744,\n              36.672989604276324\n            ],\n            [\n              -83.13990690687466,\n              36.70798828823946\n            ],\n            [\n              -83.07443780228719,\n              36.812888721703274\n            ],\n            [\n              -82.87803048852474,\n              36.86528511747656\n            ],\n            [\n              -82.83438441879997,\n              36.952532642514186\n            ],\n            [\n              -82.68162317476296,\n              37.03097006468121\n            ],\n            [\n              -82.68162317476296,\n              37.10932656265504\n            ],\n            [\n              -82.4852158610005,\n              37.213675902576355\n            ],\n            [\n              -82.34336613439451,\n              37.23974072384843\n            ],\n            [\n              -81.96146302430067,\n              37.52585859834528\n            ],\n            [\n              -82.09240123347561,\n              37.61234529306144\n            ],\n            [\n              -82.25607399494434,\n              37.69873152299168\n            ],\n            [\n              -82.27789702980706,\n              37.77639316685455\n            ],\n            [\n              -82.43065827384406,\n              37.94868273203441\n            ],\n            [\n              -82.43065827384406,\n              38.008888884492734\n            ],\n            [\n              -82.57250800045007,\n              38.1291529553875\n            ],\n            [\n              -82.52886193072528,\n              38.31773960664148\n            ],\n            [\n              -82.57250800045007,\n              38.51437524399887\n            ],\n            [\n              -82.8671189710937,\n              38.591173872081185\n            ]\n          ]\n        ],\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"76","issue":"8","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f697e4b0c8380cd4c82c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Eble, C.F.","contributorId":35346,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Eble","given":"C.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383949,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hower, J.C.","contributorId":100541,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hower","given":"J.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383950,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70020032,"text":"70020032 - 1997 - Geomorphic considerations for erosion prediction","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:21","indexId":"70020032","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1539,"text":"Environmental Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Geomorphic considerations for erosion prediction","docAbstract":"Current soil-erosion prediction technology addresses processes of rainsplash, overland-flow sediment transport, and rill erosion in small watersheds. The effects of factors determining sediment yield from larger-scale drainage basins, in which sediment movement is controlled by the combined small-scale processes and a complex set of channel and other basin-scale sediment-delivery processes, such as soil creep, bioturbation, and accelerated erosion due to denudation of vegetation, have been poorly evaluated. General suggestions are provided for the development of erosion-prediction technology at the geomorphic or drainage-basin scale based on the separation of sediment-yield data for channel and geomorphic processes from those of field-scale soil loss. An emerging technology must consider: (1) the effects on sediment yield of climate, geology and soils, topography, biotic interactions with other soil processes, and land-use practices; (2) all processes of sediment delivery to a channel system; and (3) the general tendency in most drainage basins for progressively greater sediment storage in the downstream direction.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Environmental Geology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1007/s002540050113","issn":"09430105","usgsCitation":"Osterkamp, W.R., and Toy, T., 1997, Geomorphic considerations for erosion prediction: Environmental Geology, v. 29, no. 3-4, p. 152-157, https://doi.org/10.1007/s002540050113.","startPage":"152","endPage":"157","numberOfPages":"6","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":228225,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":206078,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002540050113"}],"volume":"29","issue":"3-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a2784e4b0c8380cd5996c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Osterkamp, W. R.","contributorId":46044,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Osterkamp","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":384768,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Toy, T.J.","contributorId":36626,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Toy","given":"T.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":384767,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70019802,"text":"70019802 - 1997 - Composite recovery type curves in normalized time from Theis' exact solution","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-08-31T14:13:23.214497","indexId":"70019802","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3825,"text":"Groundwater","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Composite recovery type curves in normalized time from Theis' exact solution","docAbstract":"<div class=\"abstract-group\"><div class=\"article-section__content en main\"><p>Type curves derived from Theis’ exact nonequilibrium well function solution are proposed for graphical estimation of aquifer hydraulic properties, transmissivity (T), and storage coefficient (S), from water‐level recovery data after cessation of a constant‐rate discharge test. Drawdown (on log scale) is plotted versus the ratio of time since pumping stopped to duration of pumping, a normalized time. Under Theis conditions, individual type curves depend on only the dimensionless pumping duration, which depends in turn on S and radial distance from the pumping well. Type curve matching, in contrast to the Theis procedure for pumping data, is performed by shifting only the drawdown axis; the time axis is fixed because it is a relative or normalized time. The match‐point for the drawdown axis is used to compute T, and S is determined from matching the curve shape, which depends on early dimensionless‐time data. Multiple well data can be plotted and matched simultaneously (a composite plot), with drawdown at different radial distances matching different curves. The ratio of dimensionless pumping durations for any two matched curves is equal to one over the squared ratio of radial distances. Application to two recovery datasets from the literature confirm the utility of these type curves in normalized time for composite estimation of T and S.</p></div></div>","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1111/j.1745-6584.1997.tb00133.x","issn":"0017467X","usgsCitation":"Goode, D., 1997, Composite recovery type curves in normalized time from Theis' exact solution: Groundwater, v. 35, no. 4, p. 672-678, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6584.1997.tb00133.x.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"672","endPage":"678","costCenters":[{"id":532,"text":"Pennsylvania Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":227769,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"35","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2005-08-04","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f91ae4b0c8380cd4d427","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Goode, Daniel J. 0000-0002-8527-2456 djgoode@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8527-2456","contributorId":2433,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Goode","given":"Daniel J.","email":"djgoode@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":532,"text":"Pennsylvania Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":383958,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70020025,"text":"70020025 - 1997 - Agricultural chemicals in alluvial aquifers in Missouri after the 1993 flood","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-03-29T11:26:07.180803","indexId":"70020025","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2262,"text":"Journal of Environmental Quality","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Agricultural chemicals in alluvial aquifers in Missouri after the 1993 flood","docAbstract":"<div class=\" metis-abstract\"><div class=\"article-section__content en main\"><p>Intense rains produced flooding during the spring and summer of 1993 over much of the midwestern USA including many agricultural areas of Missouri. Because of potential contamination from floodwater, an investigation was conducted to determine the changes in concentrations of agricultural chemicals in water samples from alluvial wells in Missouri after the flood. Water samples from 80 alluvial wells with historical data were collected in March, July, and November 1994, and analyzed for dissolved herbicides, herbicide metabolites, and nitrate (NO<sub>3</sub>). There were no statistically significant differences in the distribution of alachlor ((2,chloro-2′-6′-diethyl-<i>N</i>-[methoxymethyl]-acetanilide), atrazine (2-chloro-4-ethylamino-6-isopropylamino-1, 3, 5 triazine), and nitrate concentrations between pre- and postflood samples (α = 0.05). The detection frequency of alachlor and atrazine in postflood samples was generally lower than the frequency in preflood samples. Analyses of agricultural chemicals in water samples from an intensely sampled well field indicate significant differences between the distribution of dissolved P concentrations in pre- and postflood samples (α = 0.05). However, no significant differences were detected between the pre- and postflood distributions of NO<sub>3</sub><span>&nbsp;</span>or ammonia concentrations. Because of the numerous sources of temporal variability and the relatively short record of water-quality data for the study wells, a cause-and-effect relation between changes in agricultural chemical concentrations and a single factor of the 1993 flood is difficult to determine. Based on the results of this study, the 1993 flood did not cause widespread or long-term significant changes in concentrations of agricultural chemicals in water from alluvial aquifers in Missouri.</p></div></div>","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.2134/jeq1997.00472425002600020005x","issn":"00472425","usgsCitation":"Heimann, D.C., Richards, J., and Wilkison, D., 1997, Agricultural chemicals in alluvial aquifers in Missouri after the 1993 flood: Journal of Environmental Quality, v. 26, no. 2, p. 361-371, https://doi.org/10.2134/jeq1997.00472425002600020005x.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"361","endPage":"371","numberOfPages":"11","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":228111,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"26","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e912e4b0c8380cd48092","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Heimann, D. C.","contributorId":38608,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Heimann","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":384745,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Richards, J.M.","contributorId":105775,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Richards","given":"J.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":384747,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Wilkison, D.H.","contributorId":39800,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wilkison","given":"D.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":384746,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70019808,"text":"70019808 - 1997 - Dynamic deformations of shallow sediments in the Valley of Mexico, Part I: Three-dimensional strains and rotations recorded on a seismic array","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-10-22T13:42:39.511417","indexId":"70019808","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1135,"text":"Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America","onlineIssn":"1943-3573","printIssn":"0037-1106","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Dynamic deformations of shallow sediments in the Valley of Mexico, Part I: Three-dimensional strains and rotations recorded on a seismic array","docAbstract":"<div id=\"136116140\" class=\"article-section-wrapper js-article-section js-content-section  \" data-section-parent-id=\"0\"><p>We study the spatial variation in earthquake ground motions, or equivalently the dynamic displacement gradient field, using a novel analysis procedure borrowed from geodesy. Seismic data recorded in the Valley of Mexico by a microarray of three three-component surface accelerographs and two three-component accelerographs at depths of 30 m and 102 m constrain our estimates of the dynamic displacement gradient field (from which strains and rotations derive) for four moderate earthquakes at distances of 250 to 300 km. Our study focuses on the effects of low-velocity surface materials on the deformation. At the surface, the gradients corresponding to deformation across vertical planes dominate, and vertical-axis rotations are of similar magnitudes as strains. The greatest peak surface gradient we observed was 206<span>&nbsp;</span><i>μ</i>strain for the 14 September 1995<span>&nbsp;</span><i>M<sub>W</sub></i><span>&nbsp;</span>7.5 earthquake at a distance of ∼300 km. However, much larger gradients occur across horizontal planes (<i>∂u/∂z</i>, where<span>&nbsp;</span><i>u</i><span>&nbsp;</span>is a horizontal displacement and<span>&nbsp;</span><i>z</i><span>&nbsp;</span>is depth) at some depth between 0 and 30 m. These values are about a factor 10 greater than the corresponding gradient components at the surface.<span>&nbsp;</span><i>∂u/∂z</i><span>&nbsp;</span>for the 14 September earthquake equaled or exceeded 665<span>&nbsp;</span><i>μ</i>strain at depth. The dynamic deformations experienced in Mexico City undoubtedly have occurred before and will occur again in other densely populated areas. However, in many other regions, the sediment response will not remain linear and elastic, resulting instead in liquefaction and ground failure.</p></div>","language":"English","publisher":"Seismological Society of America","doi":"10.1785/BSSA0870030528","issn":"00371106","usgsCitation":"Bodin, P., Gomberg, J., Singh, S., and Santoyo, M., 1997, Dynamic deformations of shallow sediments in the Valley of Mexico, Part I: Three-dimensional strains and rotations recorded on a seismic array: Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, v. 87, no. 3, p. 528-539, https://doi.org/10.1785/BSSA0870030528.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"528","endPage":"539","numberOfPages":"12","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":227889,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Mexico","otherGeospatial":"Valley of Mexico","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -94.73585525942752,\n              16.184568824110528\n            ],\n            [\n              -94.73585525942752,\n              22.056586804438297\n            ],\n            [\n              -104.90919510317728,\n              22.056586804438297\n            ],\n            [\n              -104.90919510317728,\n              16.184568824110528\n            ],\n            [\n              -94.73585525942752,\n              16.184568824110528\n            ]\n          ]\n        ],\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"87","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1997-06-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0424e4b0c8380cd507ea","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bodin, P.","contributorId":29554,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bodin","given":"P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383972,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Gomberg, J.","contributorId":95994,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gomberg","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383974,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Singh, S.K.","contributorId":104234,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Singh","given":"S.K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383975,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Santoyo, M.","contributorId":33073,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Santoyo","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383973,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70019263,"text":"70019263 - 1997 - Nutrients in streams during baseflow in selected environmental settings of the Potomac River Basin","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-05-29T23:20:20.256677","indexId":"70019263","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2529,"text":"Journal of the American Water Resources Association","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Nutrients in streams during baseflow in selected environmental settings of the Potomac River Basin","docAbstract":"A regional assessment of water quality in small streams was conducted within four areas of distinct physiography and lithology in the upper Potomac River Basin. The Potomac River is a major tributary to the Chesapeake Bay, and this study provides new insight on the relationships between nutrient concentrations in small streams and watershed characteristics within this river basin. Nutrient concentrations were compared to land-use data including categories for agriculture (cropland and pasture), urban areas, and forests. Among agricultural areas, streams draining areas of intense row cropping typically contained higher nitrate concentrations than did those draining pastures. Streams draining forested areas typically had the lowest nutrient concentrations. Streams in areas underlain by carbonate bedrock were more likely to contain elevated concentrations of inorganic nitrogen and potassium than did streams in areas underlain by fractured siliciclastic or crystalline rocks, and we suggest that this is a physical phenomenon related to high hydraulic conductivities in carbonate ground-water systems. The median nitrate concentrations were highest in the Great Valley portion of the Valley and Ridge physiographic province, particularly in watersheds that have both carbonate bedrock and intensive row cropping. Values of nitrate in these streams ranged up to 8.99 mg/L as nitrogen. The soluble phosphorus concentrations during baseflow were generally low in all subunits, even in some settings with potential for high phosphorus inputs such as urban areas with municipal point sources or agricultural areas. The mobility of phosphorus in these environments may be hindered by adsorption and geochemical reactions.","language":"English","publisher":"American Water Resources Association","doi":"10.1111/j.1752-1688.1997.tb03543.x","issn":"1093474X","usgsCitation":"Miller, C., Denis, J.M., Ator, S., and Brakebill, J., 1997, Nutrients in streams during baseflow in selected environmental settings of the Potomac River Basin: Journal of the American Water Resources Association, v. 33, no. 6, p. 1155-1171, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.1997.tb03543.x.","productDescription":"17 p.","startPage":"1155","endPage":"1171","numberOfPages":"17","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":226825,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"33","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2007-06-08","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a69afe4b0c8380cd73e62","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Miller, C.V.","contributorId":41026,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Miller","given":"C.V.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":382168,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Denis, J. M.","contributorId":50552,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Denis","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":382170,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Ator, S.W. 0000-0002-9186-4837","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9186-4837","contributorId":104100,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ator","given":"S.W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":382171,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Brakebill, J. W.","contributorId":48206,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brakebill","given":"J. W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":382169,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70019638,"text":"70019638 - 1997 - Watershed responses to climate change at Glacier National Park","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-05-29T23:18:12.16166","indexId":"70019638","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2529,"text":"Journal of the American Water Resources Association","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Watershed responses to climate change at Glacier National Park","docAbstract":"<p>We have developed an approach which examines ecosystem function and the potential effects of climatic shifts. The Lake McDonald watershed of Glacier National Park was the focus for two linked research activities: acquisition of baseline data on hydrologic, chemical and aquatic organism attributes that characterize this pristine northern rocky mountain watershed, and further developing the Regional Hydro-Ecosystem Simulation System (RHESSys), a collection of integrated models which collectively provide spatially explicit, mechanistically-derived outputs of ecosystem processes, including hydrologic outflow, soil moisture, and snowpack water equivalence. In this unique setting field validation of RHESSys, outputs demonstrated that reasonable estimates of SWE and streamflow are being produced. RHESSys was used to predict annual stream discharge and temperature. The predictions, in conjunction with the field data, indicated that aquatic resources of the park may be significantly affected. Utilizing RHESSys to predict potential climate scenarios and response of other key ecosystem components can provide scientific insights as well as proactive guidelines for national park management.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"American Water Resources Association","doi":"10.1111/j.1752-1688.1997.tb04103.x","issn":"1093474X","usgsCitation":"Fagre, D., Comanor, P., White, J., Hauer, F.R., and Running, S.W., 1997, Watershed responses to climate change at Glacier National Park: Journal of the American Water Resources Association, v. 33, no. 4, p. 755-765, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.1997.tb04103.x.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"755","endPage":"765","numberOfPages":"11","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":227677,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"33","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2007-06-08","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bcf79e4b08c986b32e902","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Fagre, D.B.","contributorId":52135,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fagre","given":"D.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383397,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Comanor, P.L.","contributorId":47103,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Comanor","given":"P.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383395,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"White, J.D.","contributorId":42923,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"White","given":"J.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383394,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Hauer, F. Richard","contributorId":76892,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hauer","given":"F.","email":"","middleInitial":"Richard","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383398,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Running, S. W.","contributorId":51257,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Running","given":"S.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383396,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":70020021,"text":"70020021 - 1997 - Amplitude versus offset modeling of the bottom simulating reflection associated with submarine gas hydrates","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:18","indexId":"70020021","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Amplitude versus offset modeling of the bottom simulating reflection associated with submarine gas hydrates","docAbstract":"A bottom simulating seismic reflection (BSR) that parallels the sea floor occurs worldwide on seismic profiles from outer continental margins. The BSR coincides with the base of the gas hydrate stability field and is commonly used as indicator of natural submarine gas hydrates. Despite the widespread assumption that the BSR marks the base of gas hydrate-bearing sediments, the occurrence and importance of low-velocity free gas in the sediments beneath the BSR has long been a subject of debate. This paper investigates the relative abundance of hydrate and free gas associated with the BSR by modeling the reflection coefficient or amplitude variation with offset (AVO) of the BSR at two separate sites, offshore Oregon and the Beaufort Sea. The models are based on multichannel seismic profiles, seismic velocity data from both sites and downhole log data from Oregon ODP Site 892. AVO studies of the BSR can determine whether free gas exists beneath the BSR if the saturation of gas hydrate above the BSR is less than approximately 30% of the pore volume. Gas hydrate saturation above the BSR can be roughly estimated from AVO studies, but the saturation of free gas beneath the BSR cannot be constrained from the seismic data alone. The AVO analyses at the two study locations indicate that the high amplitude BSR results primarily from free gas beneath the BSR. Hydrate concentrations above the BSR are calculated to be less than 10% of the pore volume for both locations studied.","largerWorkTitle":"Marine Geology","language":"English","doi":"10.1016/S0025-3227(96)00076-X","issn":"00253227","usgsCitation":"Andreassen, K., Hart, P., and MacKay, M., 1997, Amplitude versus offset modeling of the bottom simulating reflection associated with submarine gas hydrates, <i>in</i> Marine Geology, v. 137, no. 1-2, p. 25-40, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0025-3227(96)00076-X.","startPage":"25","endPage":"40","numberOfPages":"16","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":206042,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0025-3227(96)00076-X"},{"id":228034,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"137","issue":"1-2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e9cbe4b0c8380cd4846c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Andreassen, K.","contributorId":102218,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Andreassen","given":"K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":384733,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hart, P. E.","contributorId":10773,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hart","given":"P. E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":384731,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"MacKay, M.","contributorId":98482,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"MacKay","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":384732,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70019376,"text":"70019376 - 1997 - Regional interpretation of water-quality monitoring data","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-03-15T10:27:02","indexId":"70019376","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3722,"text":"Water Resources Research","onlineIssn":"1944-7973","printIssn":"0043-1397","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Regional interpretation of water-quality monitoring data","docAbstract":"<p><span>We describe a method for using spatially referenced regressions of contaminant transport on watershed attributes (SPARROW) in regional water-quality assessment. The method is designed to reduce the problems of data interpretation caused by sparse sampling, network bias, and basin heterogeneity. The regression equation relates measured transport rates in streams to spatially referenced descriptors of pollution sources and land-surface and stream-channel characteristics. Regression models of total phosphorus (TP) and total nitrogen (TN) transport are constructed for a region defined as the nontidal conterminous United States. Observed TN and TP transport rates are derived from water-quality records for 414 stations in the National Stream Quality Accounting Network. Nutrient sources identified in the equations include point sources, applied fertilizer, livestock waste, nonagricultural land, and atmospheric deposition (TN only). Surface characteristics found to be significant predictors of land-water delivery include soil permeability, stream density, and temperature (TN only). Estimated instream decay coefficients for the two contaminants decrease monotonically with increasing stream size. TP transport is found to be significantly reduced by reservoir retention. Spatial referencing of basin attributes in relation to the stream channel network greatly increases their statistical significance and model accuracy. The method is used to estimate the proportion of watersheds in the conterminous United States (i.e., hydrologic cataloging units) with outflow TP concentrations less than the criterion of 0.1 mg/L, and to classify cataloging units according to local TN yield (kg/km</span><sup>2</sup><span>/yr).</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/97WR02171","usgsCitation":"Smith, R.A., Schwarz, G., and Alexander, R.B., 1997, Regional interpretation of water-quality monitoring data: Water Resources Research, v. 33, no. 12, p. 2781-2798, https://doi.org/10.1029/97WR02171.","productDescription":"18 p.","startPage":"2781","endPage":"2798","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":480024,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/97wr02171","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":226646,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"33","issue":"12","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"50e4a534e4b0e8fec6cdbd7b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Smith, Richard A. 0000-0003-2117-2269 rsmith1@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2117-2269","contributorId":580,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"Richard","email":"rsmith1@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":37778,"text":"WMA - Integrated Modeling and Prediction Division","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":451,"text":"National Water Quality Assessment Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":503,"text":"Office of Water Quality","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":382517,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Schwarz, Gregory E. 0000-0002-9239-4566 gschwarz@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9239-4566","contributorId":543,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schwarz","given":"Gregory E.","email":"gschwarz@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":451,"text":"National Water Quality Assessment Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":5067,"text":"Northeast Regional Director's Office","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":382516,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Alexander, Richard B. 0000-0001-9166-0626 ralex@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9166-0626","contributorId":541,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Alexander","given":"Richard","email":"ralex@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[{"id":503,"text":"Office of Water Quality","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":451,"text":"National Water Quality Assessment Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":382518,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70019600,"text":"70019600 - 1997 - Sandstone-body and shale-body dimensions in a braided fluvial system: Salt wash sandstone member (Morrison formation), Garfield County, Utah","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:27","indexId":"70019600","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":701,"text":"American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Sandstone-body and shale-body dimensions in a braided fluvial system: Salt wash sandstone member (Morrison formation), Garfield County, Utah","docAbstract":"Excellent three-dimensional exposures of the Upper Jurassic Salt Wash Sandstone Member of the Morrison Formation in the Henry Mountains area of southern Utah allow measurement of the thickness and width of fluvial sandstone and shale bodies from extensive photomosaics. The Salt Wash Sandstone Member is composed of fluvial channel fill, abandoned channel fill, and overbank/flood-plain strata that were deposited on a broad alluvial plain of low-sinuosity, sandy, braided streams flowing northeast. A hierarchy of sandstone and shale bodies in the Salt Wash Sandstone Member includes, in ascending order, trough cross-bedding, fining-upward units/mudstone intraclast conglomerates, singlestory sandstone bodies/basal conglomerate, abandoned channel fill, multistory sandstone bodies, and overbank/flood-plain heterolithic strata. Trough cross-beds have an average width:thickness ratio (W:T) of 8.5:1 in the lower interval of the Salt Wash Sandstone Member and 10.4:1 in the upper interval. Fining-upward units are 0.5-3.0 m thick and 3-11 m wide. Single-story sandstone bodies in the upper interval are wider and thicker than their counterparts in the lower interval, based on average W:T, linear regression analysis, and cumulative relative frequency graphs. Multistory sandstone bodies are composed of two to eight stories, range up to 30 m thick and over 1500 m wide (W:T > 50:1), and are also larger in the upper interval. Heterolithic units between sandstone bodies include abandoned channel fill (W:T = 33:1) and overbank/flood-plain deposits (W:T = 70:1). Understanding W:T ratios from the component parts of an ancient, sandy, braided stream deposit can be applied in several ways to similar strata in other basins; for example, to (1) determine the width of a unit when only the thickness is known, (2) create correlation guidelines and maximum correlation lengths, (3) aid in interpreting the controls on fluvial architecture, and (4) place additional constraints on input variables to stratigraphie and fluid-flow modeling. The usefulness of these types of data demonstrates the need to develop more data sets from other depositional environments.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"01491423","usgsCitation":"Robinson, J.W., and McCabea, P., 1997, Sandstone-body and shale-body dimensions in a braided fluvial system: Salt wash sandstone member (Morrison formation), Garfield County, Utah: American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin, v. 81, no. 8, p. 1267-1291.","startPage":"1267","endPage":"1291","numberOfPages":"25","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":227714,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"81","issue":"8","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b86aee4b08c986b31608a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Robinson, J. W.","contributorId":54179,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Robinson","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383285,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"McCabea, P.J.","contributorId":55589,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McCabea","given":"P.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383286,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70019842,"text":"70019842 - 1997 - Continuous monitoring of surface deformation at Long Valley Caldera, California, with GPS","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-10-03T16:14:19.717128","indexId":"70019842","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2314,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Continuous monitoring of surface deformation at Long Valley Caldera, California, with GPS","docAbstract":"<div class=\" metis-abstract\"><div class=\"article-section__content en main\"><p>Continuous Global Positioning System (GPS) measurements at Long Valley Caldera, an active volcanic region in east central California, have been made on the south side of the resurgent dome since early 1993. A site on the north side of the dome was added in late 1994. Special adaptations for autonomous operation in remote regions and enhanced vertical precision were made. The data record ongoing volcanic deformation consistent with uplift and expansion of the surface above a shallow magma chamber. Measurement precisions (1 standard error) for “absolute” position coordinates, i.e., relative to a global reference frame, are 3–4 mm (north), 5–6 mm (east), and 10–12 mm (vertical) using 24 hour solutions. Corresponding velocity uncertainties for a 12 month period are about 2 mm/yr in the horizontal components and 3–4 mm/yr in the vertical component. High precision can also be achieved for relative position coordinates on short (less than 10 km) baselines using broadcast ephemerides and observing times as short as 3 hours, even when data are processed rapidly on site. Comparison of baseline length changes across the resurgent dome between the two GPS sites and corresponding two-color electronic distance measurements indicates similar extension rates within error (∼2 mm/yr) once we account for a random walk noise component in both systems that may reflect spurious monument motion. Both data sets suggest a pause in deformation for a 3.5 month period in mid-1995, when the extension rate across the dome decreased essentially to zero. Three dimensional positioning data from the two GPS stations suggest a depth (5.8±1.6 km) and location (west side of the resurgent dome) of a major inflation center, in agreement with other geodetic techniques, near the top of a magma chamber inferred from seismic data. GPS systems similar to those installed at Long Valley can provide a practical method for near real-time monitoring and hazard assessment on many active volcanoes.</p></div></div>","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/96JB03902","issn":"01480227","usgsCitation":"Dixon, T., Mao, A., Bursik, M., Heflin, M., Langbein, J., Stein, R., and Webb, F., 1997, Continuous monitoring of surface deformation at Long Valley Caldera, California, with GPS: Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth, v. 102, no. 6, p. 12017-12034, https://doi.org/10.1029/96JB03902.","productDescription":"18 p.","startPage":"12017","endPage":"12034","numberOfPages":"18","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":227771,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"102","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1997-06-10","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059fa5de4b0c8380cd4da8b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Dixon, T.H.","contributorId":14947,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dixon","given":"T.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":384130,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Mao, A.","contributorId":39142,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mao","given":"A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":384133,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Bursik, M.","contributorId":102213,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bursik","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":384136,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Heflin, M.","contributorId":76080,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Heflin","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":384134,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Langbein, J.","contributorId":16990,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Langbein","given":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":384131,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Stein, R.","contributorId":18507,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stein","given":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":384132,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Webb, F.","contributorId":85732,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Webb","given":"F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":384135,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}}
,{"id":70019851,"text":"70019851 - 1997 - Temporal trends of selected agricultural chemicals in Iowa's groundwater, 1982-1995: Are things getting better?","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-02-08T16:29:59","indexId":"70019851","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2262,"text":"Journal of Environmental Quality","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Temporal trends of selected agricultural chemicals in Iowa's groundwater, 1982-1995: Are things getting better?","docAbstract":"<p><span>Since 1982, the Iowa Groundwater Monitoring (IGWM) Program has been used to sample untreated groundwater from Iowa municipal wells for selected agricultural chemicals. This long-term database was used to determine if concentrations of select agricultural chemicals in groundwater have changed with time. Nitrate, alachlor [2-chloro-2&prime;-6&prime;-diethyl-</span><i>N</i><span>-(methoxymethyl)-acetanilide], atrazine (2-chloro-4-ethylamino-6-isopropylamino-</span><i>s</i><span>-triazine), cyanazine [2-[[4-chloro-6-(ethylamino)-1,3,5-triazin-2-yl]amino]-2-methylpropionitrile)], and metolachlor [2-chloro-</span><i>N</i><span>-(2-ethyl-6-methylphenyl)-</span><i>N</i><span>-(2-methoxy-1-methylethyl) acetamide] were selected for this temporal analysis of the data. Conclusive temporal changes in frequency of detection and median chemical concentrations were found only for atrazine (decrease) and metolachlor (increase). The greatest temporal chemical changes occurred in the shallowest wells and in alluvial aquifers&mdash;both relating to groups of wells generally having the youngest groundwater age. The temporal patterns found for atrazine and metolachlor are consistent with their patterns of chemical use and/or application rates and are suggestive of a causal relation. Only continued data collection, however, will indicate if the trends in chemical concentrations described here represent long-term temporal patterns or only short-term changes in groundwater. No definitive answers could be made in regards to the question of overall improvements in groundwater quality with respect to agricultural chemical contamination and time, due to the inherent problems with the simplistic measurement of overall severity (summation of alachlor + atrazine + cyanazine + metolachlor concentrations) examined for this study. To adequately determine if there is an actual decreasing trend in the overall severity of contamination (improving groundwater quality), the collection of additional water-chemistry data and the investigation of other measures of severity are needed.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"ACSESS","doi":"10.2134/jeq1997.00472425002600040012x","issn":"00472425","usgsCitation":"Kolpin, D., Sneck-Fahrer, D., Hallberg, G., and Libra, R., 1997, Temporal trends of selected agricultural chemicals in Iowa's groundwater, 1982-1995: Are things getting better?: Journal of Environmental Quality, v. 26, no. 4, p. 1007-1017, https://doi.org/10.2134/jeq1997.00472425002600040012x.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"1007","endPage":"1017","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":351,"text":"Iowa Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology 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,{"id":70019414,"text":"70019414 - 1997 - Chronology of the episode 54 eruption at Kilauea Volcano, Hawaii, from GOES-9 satellite data","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:12","indexId":"70019414","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1807,"text":"Geophysical Research Letters","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Chronology of the episode 54 eruption at Kilauea Volcano, Hawaii, from GOES-9 satellite data","docAbstract":"The free availability of GOES satellite data every 15 minutes makes these data an attractive tool for studying short-term changes on cloud-free volcanoes in the Pacific basin. We use cloud-free GOES-9 data to investigate the chronology of the January 1997, episode 54 eruption of Kilauea Volcano, Hawaii. Seventy-six images for this effusive eruption were collected over a 60-hour period and show the opening and shutdown of active fissures, the draining and refilling of the Pu'u 'O'o lava lake, and the cessation of activity at the ocean entry. Copyright 1997 by the American Geophysical Union.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Geophysical Research Letters","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"00948276","usgsCitation":"Harris, A., Keszthelyi, L., Flynn, L., Mouginis-Mark, P., Thornber, C., Kauahikaua, J., Sherrod, D., Trusdell, F., Sawyer, M., and Flament, P., 1997, Chronology of the episode 54 eruption at Kilauea Volcano, Hawaii, from GOES-9 satellite data: Geophysical Research Letters, v. 24, no. 24, p. 3281-3284.","startPage":"3281","endPage":"3284","numberOfPages":"4","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":226560,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"24","issue":"24","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f5f9e4b0c8380cd4c513","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Harris, A.J.L.","contributorId":82878,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Harris","given":"A.J.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":382662,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Keszthelyi, L.","contributorId":42691,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Keszthelyi","given":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":382657,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Flynn, L.P.","contributorId":59302,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Flynn","given":"L.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":382659,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Mouginis-Mark, P. J.","contributorId":41086,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mouginis-Mark","given":"P. J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":382656,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Thornber, C.","contributorId":28629,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thornber","given":"C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":382655,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Kauahikaua, J. 0000-0003-3777-503X","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3777-503X","contributorId":26087,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kauahikaua","given":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":382654,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Sherrod, D.","contributorId":49828,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sherrod","given":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":382658,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Trusdell, F.","contributorId":61233,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Trusdell","given":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":382660,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Sawyer, M.W.","contributorId":21420,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sawyer","given":"M.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":382653,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Flament, P.","contributorId":68600,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Flament","given":"P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":382661,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10}]}}
,{"id":70019415,"text":"70019415 - 1997 - Empirical Green's function analysis: Taking the next step","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-09-30T13:27:16.64549","indexId":"70019415","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2314,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Empirical Green's function analysis: Taking the next step","docAbstract":"<p><span>An extension of the empirical Green's function (EGF) method is presented that involves determination of source parameters using standard EGF deconvolution, followed by inversion for a common attenuation parameter for a set of colocated events. Recordings of three or more colocated events can thus be used to constrain a single path attenuation estimate. I apply this method to recordings from the 1995–1996 Ridgecrest, California, earthquake sequence; I analyze four clusters consisting of 13 total events with magnitudes between 2.6 and 4.9. I first obtain corner frequencies, which are used to infer Brune stress drop estimates. I obtain stress drop values of 0.3–53 MPa (with all but one between 0.3 and 11 MPa), with no resolved increase of stress drop with moment. With the corner frequencies constrained, the inferred attenuation parameters are very consistent; they imply an average shear wave quality factor of approximately 20–25 for alluvial sediments within the Indian Wells Valley. Although the resultant spectral fitting (using corner frequency and κ) is good, the residuals are consistent among the clusters analyzed. Their spectral shape is similar to the the theoretical one-dimensional response of a layered low-velocity structure in the valley (an absolute site response cannot be determined by this method, because of an ambiguity between absolute response and source spectral amplitudes). I show that even this subtle site response can significantly bias estimates of corner frequency and κ, if it is ignored in an inversion for only source and path effects. The multiple-EGF method presented in this paper is analogous to a joint inversion for source, path, and site effects; the use of colocated sets of earthquakes appears to offer significant advantages in improving resolution of all three estimates, especially if data are from a single site or sites with similar site response.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/96JB03488","issn":"01480227","usgsCitation":"Hough, S., 1997, Empirical Green's function analysis: Taking the next step: Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth, v. 102, no. B3, p. 5369-5384, https://doi.org/10.1029/96JB03488.","productDescription":"16 p.","startPage":"5369","endPage":"5384","numberOfPages":"16","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":479962,"rank":2,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/96jb03488","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":226601,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"102","issue":"B3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1997-03-10","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0904e4b0c8380cd51d6e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hough, S. E. 0000-0002-5980-2986","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5980-2986","contributorId":7316,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hough","given":"S. E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":382663,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70019597,"text":"70019597 - 1997 - Boron contents and isotopic compositions of hog manure, selected fertilizers, and water in Minnesota","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-03-12T12:30:50","indexId":"70019597","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2262,"text":"Journal of Environmental Quality","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Boron contents and isotopic compositions of hog manure, selected fertilizers, and water in Minnesota","docAbstract":"<p><span>Boron-isotope (&delta;</span><sup>11</sup><span>B) values may be useful as surrogate tracers of contaminants and indicators of water mixing in agricultural settings. This paper characterizes the B contents and isotopic compositions of hog manure and selected fertilizers, and presents &delta;</span><sup>11</sup><span>B data for ground and surface water from two agricultural areas. Boron concentrations in dry hog manure averaged 61 mg/kg and in commercial fertilizers ranged from below detection limits in some brands of ammonium nitrate and urea to 382 mg/kg in magnesium sulfate. Values of &delta;</span><sup>11</sup><span>B of untreated hog manure ranged from 7.2 to 11.2o/oo and of N fertilizers were &minus;2.0 to 0.7o/oo. In 22 groundwater samples from a sand-plain aquifer in east-central Minnesota, B concentrations averaged 0.04 mg/L and &delta;</span><sup>11</sup><span>B values ranged from 2.3 to 41.5o/oo. Groundwater beneath a hog feedlot and a cultivated field where hog manure was applied had B-isotope compositions consistent with the water containing hog-manure leachate. In a 775-km</span><sup>2</sup><span>&nbsp;watershed with silty-loam soils in southcentral Minnesota: 18 samples of subsurface drainage from corn (</span><i>Zea mays</i><span>&nbsp;L.) and soybean (</span><i>Glycine max</i><span>&nbsp;L. Merr.) fields had average B concentrations of 0.06 mg/L and &delta;</span><sup>11</sup><span>B values of 5.3 to 15.1o/oo; 27 stream samples had average B concentrations of 0.05 mg/L and &delta;</span><sup>11</sup><span>B values of 1.0 to 19.0o/oo; and eight groundwater samples had average B concentrations of 0.09 mg/L and &delta;</span><sup>11</sup><span>B values of &minus;0.3 to 23.0o/oo. Values of &delta;</span><sup>11</sup><span>B and B concentrations, when plotted against one another, define a curved mixing trend that suggests subsurface drainage and stream water contain mixtures of B from shallow and deep groundwater.</span></p>","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Environmental Quality","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"American Soc of Agronomy Inc","publisherLocation":"Madison, WI, United States","doi":"10.2134/jeq1997.00472425002600050004x","issn":"00472425","usgsCitation":"Komor, S., 1997, Boron contents and isotopic compositions of hog manure, selected fertilizers, and water in Minnesota: Journal of Environmental Quality, v. 26, no. 5, p. 1212-1222, https://doi.org/10.2134/jeq1997.00472425002600050004x.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"1212","endPage":"1222","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":392,"text":"Minnesota Water Science 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,{"id":70019870,"text":"70019870 - 1997 - Climate change and the detection of trends in annual runoff","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-09-08T16:00:26.91172","indexId":"70019870","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1249,"text":"Climate Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Climate change and the detection of trends in annual runoff","docAbstract":"<p><span>This study examines the statistical likelihood of detecting a trend in annual runoff given an assumed change in mean annual runoff, the underlying year-to-year variability in runoff, and serial correlation of annual runoff. Means, standard deviations, and lag-1 serial correlations of annual runoff were computed for 585 stream gages in the conterminous United States, and these statistics were used to compute the probability of detecting a prescribed trend in annual runoff. Assuming a linear 20% change in mean annual runoff over a 100 yr period and a significance level of 95%, the average probability of detecting a significant trend was 28% among the 585 stream gages. The largest probability of detecting a trend was in the northwestern U.S., the Great Lakes region, the northeastern U.S., the Appalachian Mountains, and parts of the northern Rocky Mountains. The smallest probability of trend detection was in the central and southwestern U.S., and in Florida. Low probabilities of trend detection were associated with low ratios of mean annual runoff to the standard deviation of annual runoff and with high lag-1 serial correlation in the data.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Inter-Research Science Publisher","doi":"10.3354/cr008129","usgsCitation":"McCabe, G.J., and Wolock, D., 1997, Climate change and the detection of trends in annual runoff: Climate Research, v. 8, no. 2, p. 129-134, https://doi.org/10.3354/cr008129.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"129","endPage":"134","numberOfPages":"6","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":479957,"rank":2,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.3354/cr008129","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":228142,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","otherGeospatial":"conterminous United States","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  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J. Jr.","contributorId":77551,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McCabe","given":"G.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":384225,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wolock, D.M. 0000-0002-6209-938X","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6209-938X","contributorId":36601,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wolock","given":"D.M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":384224,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70019871,"text":"70019871 - 1997 - A structural equation model of plant species richness and its application to a coastal wetland","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-10-24T11:48:22","indexId":"70019871","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":740,"text":"American Naturalist","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A structural equation model of plant species richness and its application to a coastal wetland","docAbstract":"Studies of plant species richness have often emphasized the role of either community biomass (as an indicator of density effects) or abiotic factors. In this article we present a general model that simultaneously examines the relative importance of abiotic and density effects. General and specific models were developed to examine the importance of abiotic conditions, disturbance, and community biomass on plant species richness. Models were evaluated using structural equation modeling based on data from 190 plots across a coastal marsh landscape. The accepted model was found to explain 45% of the observed variation in richness, 75% of biomass, and 65% of light penetration. Model results indicate that abiotic conditions have both direct effects on the species pool and indirect effects on richness mediated through effects on biomass and shading. Effects of disturbance were found to be indirect via biomass. Strong density effects on richness were indicated by the results, and canopy light penetration was found to be a better predictor of richness than was biomass. Overall, it appears that richness in this coastal landscape is controlled in roughly equal proportions by abiotic influences on the species pool and density effects, with disturbance playing a lesser role. The structure of the general model presented should be applicable to a wide variety of herbaceous plant communities.","language":"English","publisher":"University of Chicago Press","doi":"10.1086/285999","issn":"00030147","usgsCitation":"Grace, J., and Pugesek, B., 1997, A structural equation model of plant species richness and its application to a coastal wetland: American Naturalist, v. 149, no. 3, p. 436-460, https://doi.org/10.1086/285999.","productDescription":"25 p.","startPage":"436","endPage":"460","numberOfPages":"25","costCenters":[{"id":455,"text":"National Wetlands Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":228178,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Louisiana, Mississippi","otherGeospatial":"Pearl River Basin","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -89.75486755371092,\n              30.149877316442065\n            ],\n            [\n              -89.49806213378905,\n              30.149877316442065\n            ],\n            [\n              -89.49806213378905,\n              30.376429556899954\n            ],\n            [\n              -89.75486755371092,\n              30.376429556899954\n            ],\n            [\n              -89.75486755371092,\n              30.149877316442065\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"149","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e5b8e4b0c8380cd46f36","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Grace, J.B. 0000-0001-6374-4726","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6374-4726","contributorId":38938,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Grace","given":"J.B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":384226,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Pugesek, B.H.","contributorId":45666,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pugesek","given":"B.H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":384227,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70020004,"text":"70020004 - 1997 - Organic carbon balance and net ecosystem metabolism in Chesapeake Bay","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-01-19T08:28:15","indexId":"70020004","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2663,"text":"Marine Ecology Progress Series","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Organic carbon balance and net ecosystem metabolism in Chesapeake Bay","docAbstract":"The major fluxes of organic carbon associated with physical transport and biological metabolism were compiled, analyzed and compared for the mainstem portion of Chesapeake Bay (USA). In addition, 5 independent methods were used to calculate the annual mean net ecosystem metabolism (NEM = production - respiration) for the integrated Bay. These methods, which employed biogeochemical models, nutrient mass-balances anti summation of individual organic carbon fluxes, yielded remarkably similar estimates, with a mean NEM of +50 g C m-2 yr-1 (?? SE = 751, which is approximately 8% of the estimated annual average gross primary production. These calculations suggest a strong cross-sectional pattern in NEM throughout the Bay, wherein net heterotrophic metabolism prevails in the pelagic zones of the main channel, while net autotrophy occurs in the littoral zones which flank the deeper central area. For computational purposes, the estuary was separated into 3 regions along the land-sea gradient: (1) the oligohaline Upper Bay (11% of total area); (2) the mesohaline Mid Bay (36% of area); and (3) the polyhaline Lower Bay (53% of area). A distinct regional trend in NEM was observed along this salinity gradient, with net here(atrophy (NEM = 87 g C m-2 yr-1) in the Upper Bay, balanced metabolism in the Mid Bay and net autotrophy (NEM = +92 g C m-2 yr-1) in the Lower Bay. As a consequence of overall net autotrophy, the ratio of dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN) to total organic nitrogen (TON) changed from DIN:TON = 5.1 for riverine inputs to DIN:TON = 0.04 for water exported to the ocean. A striking feature of this organic C mass-balance was the relative dominance of biologically mediated metabolic fluxes compared to physical transport fluxes. The overall ratio of physical TOC inputs (1) to biotic primary production (P) was 0.08 for the whole estuary, but varied dramatically from 2.3 in the Upper Bay to 0.03 in the Mid and Lower Bay regions. Similarly, ecosystem respiration was some 6-fold higher than the sum of all physical carbon sinks. This general negative correspondence between I:P ratio and NEM, which occurred among Bay regions, was also evident in data available for organic C fluxes in other coastal ecosystems. An inverse relationship between NEM and P, postulated in a previous study, did not apply to Chesapeake Bay, and closer examination of available data revealed the importance of the loading ratio of DIN:TOC as a key control on coastal NEM. It is proposed here that the general global trend of coastal eutrophication will lead to increasing values of NEM in estuaries worldwide. The management implications of this trend are complex, involving both increased potential fisheries harvest and decreased demersal habitat.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Marine Ecology Progress Series","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Inter-Research","doi":"10.3354/meps150229","issn":"01718630","usgsCitation":"Kemp, W., Smith, E., Marvin-DiPasquale, M., and Boynton, W., 1997, Organic carbon balance and net ecosystem metabolism in Chesapeake Bay: Marine Ecology Progress Series, v. 150, no. 1-3, p. 229-248, https://doi.org/10.3354/meps150229.","startPage":"229","endPage":"248","numberOfPages":"20","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":480037,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.3354/meps150229","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":227742,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":266001,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3354/meps150229"}],"volume":"150","issue":"1-3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a6f91e4b0c8380cd75b6c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kemp, W. M.","contributorId":77990,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kemp","given":"W. M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":384672,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Smith, E.M.","contributorId":94450,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"E.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":384673,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Marvin-DiPasquale, M.","contributorId":28367,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Marvin-DiPasquale","given":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":384670,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Boynton, W.R.","contributorId":77679,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Boynton","given":"W.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":384671,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70019994,"text":"70019994 - 1997 - Time-series animation techniques for visualizing urban growth","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-05-14T15:57:31.152428","indexId":"70019994","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1315,"text":"Computers & Geosciences","printIssn":"0098-3004","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Time-series animation techniques for visualizing urban growth","docAbstract":"<div class=\"u-margin-s-bottom\">Time-series animation is a visually intuitive way to display urban growth. Animations of landuse change for the Baltimore-Washington region were generated by showing a series of images one after the other in sequential order. Before creating an animation, various issues which will affect the appearance of the animation should be considered, including the number of original data frames to use, the optimal animation display speed, the number of intermediate frames to create between the known frames, and the output media on which the animations will be displayed. To create new frames between the known years of data, the change in each theme (i.e. urban development, water bodies, transportation routes) must be characterized and an algorithm developed to create the in-between frames.</div><div class=\"u-margin-s-bottom\">Example time-series animations were created using a temporal GIS database of the Baltimore-Washington area. Creating the animations involved generating raster images of the urban development, water bodies, and principal transportation routes; overlaying the raster images on a background image; and importing the frames to a movie file. Three-dimensional perspective animations were created by draping each image over digital elevation data prior to importing the frames to a movie file.</div>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/S0098-3004(97)00006-X","issn":"00983004","usgsCitation":"Acevedo, W., and Masuoka, P., 1997, Time-series animation techniques for visualizing urban growth: Computers & Geosciences, v. 23, no. 4, p. 423-435, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0098-3004(97)00006-X.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"423","endPage":"435","numberOfPages":"13","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":228266,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"23","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bb3d7e4b08c986b326002","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Acevedo, William wacevedo@usgs.gov","contributorId":2689,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Acevedo","given":"William","email":"wacevedo@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":657,"text":"Western Geographic Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":223,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center (Geography)","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":384633,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Masuoka, P.","contributorId":7586,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Masuoka","given":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":384632,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70019589,"text":"70019589 - 1997 - Soluble trace elements and total mercury in Arctic Alaskan snow","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-08-14T14:56:28.6","indexId":"70019589","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":894,"text":"Arctic","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Soluble trace elements and total mercury in Arctic Alaskan snow","docAbstract":"<p><span>Ultraclean field and laboratory procedures were used to examine trace element concentrations in northern Alaskan snow. Sixteen soluble trace elements and total mercury were determined in snow core samples representing the annual snowfall deposited during the 1993-94 season at two sites in the Prudhoe Bay oil field and nine sites in the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge (Arctic NWR). Results indicate there were two distinct point sources for trace elements in the Prudhoe Bay oil field- a source associated with oil and gas production and a source associated with municipal solid-waste incineration. Soluble trace element concentrations measured in snow from the Arctic NWR resembled concentrations of trace elements measured elsewhere in the Arctic using clean sample-collection and processing techniques and were consistent with deposition resulting from widespread arctic atmospheric contamination. With the exception of elements associated with sea salts, there were no orographic or east-west trends observed in the Arctic NWR data, nor were there any detectable influences from the Prudhoe Bay oil field, probably because of the predominant easterly and northeasterly winds on the North Slope of Alaska. However, regression analysis on latitude suggested significant south-to-north increases in selected trace element concentrations, many of which appear unrelated to the sea salt contribution.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Arctic Institute of North America","doi":"10.14430/arctic1102","usgsCitation":"Snyder-Conn, E., Garbarino, J.R., Hoffman, G.L., and Oelkers, A., 1997, Soluble trace elements and total mercury in Arctic Alaskan snow: Arctic, v. 50, no. 3, p. 201-215, https://doi.org/10.14430/arctic1102.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"201","endPage":"215","numberOfPages":"15","costCenters":[{"id":452,"text":"National Water Quality Laboratory","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":479955,"rank":2,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.14430/arctic1102","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":228239,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -152.00780315828374,\n              71.06255434580251\n            ],\n            [\n              -152.00780315828374,\n              68.45974566234574\n            ],\n            [\n              -140.87836627646902,\n              68.45974566234574\n            ],\n            [\n              -140.87836627646902,\n              71.06255434580251\n            ],\n            [\n              -152.00780315828374,\n              71.06255434580251\n            ]\n          ]\n        ],\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"50","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1997-01-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b924de4b08c986b319e19","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Snyder-Conn, E.","contributorId":7026,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Snyder-Conn","given":"E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383250,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Garbarino, John R. jrgarb@usgs.gov","contributorId":2189,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Garbarino","given":"John","email":"jrgarb@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":5046,"text":"Branch of Analytical Serv (NWQL)","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":383253,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hoffman, Gerald L.","contributorId":89172,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hoffman","given":"Gerald","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383252,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Oelkers, A.","contributorId":17000,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Oelkers","given":"A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383251,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
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