{"pageNumber":"1268","pageRowStart":"31675","pageSize":"25","recordCount":40904,"records":[{"id":25720,"text":"wri974097 - 1997 - Preliminary conceptual models of the occurrence, fate, and transport of chlorinated solvents in karst regions of Tennessee","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:15","indexId":"wri974097","displayToPublicDate":"1998-03-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"97-4097","title":"Preliminary conceptual models of the occurrence, fate, and transport of chlorinated solvents in karst regions of Tennessee","docAbstract":"Published and unpublished reports and data from 22 contaminated sites in Tennessee were reviewed to develop preliminary conceptual models of the behavior of chlorinated solvents in karst aquifers. Chlorinated solvents are widely used in many industrial operations. High density and volatility, low viscosity, and solubilities that are low in absolute terms but high relative to drinkingwater standards make chlorinated solvents mobile and persistent contaminants that are difficult to find or remove when released into the groundwater system. The major obstacle to the downward migration of chlorinated solvents in the subsurface is the capillary pressure of small openings. In karst aquifers, chemical dissolution has enlarged joints, bedding planes, and other openings that transmit water. Because the resulting karst conduits are commonly too large to develop significant capillary pressures, chlorinated solvents can migrate to considerable depth in karst aquifers as dense nonaqueous-phase liquids (DNAPL?s). Once chlorinated DNAPL accumulates in a karst aquifer, it becomes a source for dissolved-phase contamination of ground water. A relatively small amount of chlorinated DNAPL has the potential to contaminate ground water over a significant area for decades or longer. Conceptual models are needed to assist regulators and site managers in characterizing chlorinated-solvent contamination in karst settings and in evaluating clean-up alternatives. Five preliminary conceptual models were developed, emphasizing accumulation sites for chlorinated DNAPL in karst aquifers. The models were developed for the karst regions of Tennessee, but are intended to be transferable to similar karst settings elsewhere. The five models of DNAPL accumulation in karst settings are (1) trapping in regolith, (2) pooling at the top of bedrock, (3) pooling in bedrock diffuse-flow zones, (4) pooling in karst conduits, and (5) pooling in isolation from active ground-water flow. More than one conceptual model of DNAPL accumulation may be applicable to a given site, depending on details of the contaminant release and geologic setting. Trapping in regolith is most likely to occur where the regolith is thick and relatively impermeable with few large cracks, fissures, or macropores. Accumulation at the top of rock is favored by flat-lying strata with few fractures or karst features near the bedrock surface. Fractures or karst features near the bedrock surface encourage migration of chlorinated DNAPL into karst conduits or diffuse-flow zones in bedrock. DNAPL can migrate through one bedrock flow regime into an underlying flow regime with different characteristics or into openings that are isolated from significant ground-water flow. As a general rule, the difficulty of finding and removing DNAPL increases with depth, lateral distance from the source, and complexity of the ground-water flow system. The prospects for mitigation are generally best for DNAPL accumulation in the regolith or at the bedrock surface. However, many such accumulations are likely to be difficult to find or remove. Accumulations in bedrock diffuse-flow zones or in fractures isolated from flow may be possible to find and partially mitigate, but will likely leave significant amounts of contaminant in small fractures or as solute diffused into primary pores. ","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nBranch of Information Services [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/wri974097","usgsCitation":"Wolfe, W., Haugh, C., Webbers, A., and Diehl, T., 1997, Preliminary conceptual models of the occurrence, fate, and transport of chlorinated solvents in karst regions of Tennessee: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 97-4097, vii, 80 p. :ill. (1 col.), maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri974097.","productDescription":"vii, 80 p. :ill. (1 col.), maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":1836,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/wri974097","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":156915,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ac9e4b07f02db67c5da","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wolfe, W.J.","contributorId":10069,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wolfe","given":"W.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":194789,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Haugh, C.J.","contributorId":24380,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Haugh","given":"C.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":194790,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Webbers, Ank","contributorId":74782,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Webbers","given":"Ank","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":194791,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Diehl, T.H.","contributorId":89170,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Diehl","given":"T.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":194792,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":23908,"text":"ofr97303 - 1997 - Modified level II streambed-scour analysis for structure I-70-104-5128 crossing Brandywine Creek in Hancock County, Indiana","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-06-21T10:41:38","indexId":"ofr97303","displayToPublicDate":"1998-03-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"97-303","title":"Modified level II streambed-scour analysis for structure I-70-104-5128 crossing Brandywine Creek in Hancock County, Indiana","docAbstract":"<p>Level II scour evaluations follow a process in which hydrologic, hydraulic, and sedient-transport data are evaluated to calculate the depth of scour that may result when given discharge is routed through a bridge opening. the results of the modified Levell II analysis for structure I-70-104-5128 on Interstate 70 crossing Brandywine Creek in Hancock County, Indiana, are presented. The site is near the town of Greenfield in the central part of Hancock County. Scour depths were computed with the Water Surface PROfile model, version V050196, which incorporates the scour-calculation procedures outlined in Hydraulic Engineering Circular No. 18. Total scour depths at the piers were approximately 6.5 feet for the modeled discharge of 6,900 cubic feet per second and approximately 8.0 feet for the modeled discharge of 9,140 cubic feet per second.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Indianapolis, IN","doi":"10.3133/ofr97303","issn":"0094-9140","collaboration":"Indiana Department of Transportation","usgsCitation":"Miller, R.L., Robinson, B., and Voelker, D.C., 1997, Modified level II streambed-scour analysis for structure I-70-104-5128 crossing Brandywine Creek in Hancock County, Indiana: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 97-303, iv, 19 p. ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr97303.","productDescription":"iv, 19 p. ;28 cm.","startPage":"1","endPage":"19","numberOfPages":"23","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":346,"text":"Indiana Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":53112,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1997/0303/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":155525,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1997/0303/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Indiana","county":"Hancock","geographicExtents":"{\"type\":\"FeatureCollection\",\"features\":[{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"Polygon\",\"coordinates\":[[[-85.5774,39.9459],[-85.5759,39.8738],[-85.5969,39.8735],[-85.5968,39.786],[-85.6333,39.7862],[-85.6338,39.6987],[-85.6876,39.6987],[-85.7993,39.6993],[-85.913,39.6976],[-85.9518,39.6969],[-85.9541,39.8696],[-85.9379,39.87],[-85.9369,39.9272],[-85.8625,39.9286],[-85.8624,39.9436],[-85.5774,39.9459]]]},\"properties\":{\"name\":\"Hancock\",\"state\":\"IN\"}}]}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4acce4b07f02db67e84f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Miller, R. L.","contributorId":54178,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Miller","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":190958,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Robinson, B.A.","contributorId":63035,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Robinson","given":"B.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":190959,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Voelker, D. C.","contributorId":36572,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Voelker","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":190957,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":23907,"text":"ofr97304 - 1997 - Modified level II streambed-scour analysis for structure I-65-81-5523 crossing Big Blue River in Shelby County, Indiana","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-06-21T09:38:58","indexId":"ofr97304","displayToPublicDate":"1998-03-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"97-304","title":"Modified level II streambed-scour analysis for structure I-65-81-5523 crossing Big Blue River in Shelby County, Indiana","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr97304","issn":"0094-9140","usgsCitation":"Miller, R.L., Robinson, B., and Voelker, D.C., 1997, Modified level II streambed-scour analysis for structure I-65-81-5523 crossing Big Blue River in Shelby County, Indiana: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 97-304, iv, 22 p. ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr97304.","productDescription":"iv, 22 p. ;28 cm.","startPage":"1","endPage":"22","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":346,"text":"Indiana Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":155524,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1997/0304/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":53111,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1997/0304/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Indiana","county":"Shelby","geographicExtents":"{\"type\":\"FeatureCollection\",\"features\":[{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"Polygon\",\"coordinates\":[[[-85.9518,39.6969],[-85.913,39.6976],[-85.7993,39.6993],[-85.6876,39.6987],[-85.6338,39.6987],[-85.6302,39.453],[-85.6296,39.4503],[-85.6302,39.3515],[-85.6849,39.3505],[-85.7998,39.3507],[-85.914,39.3472],[-85.9521,39.347],[-85.9523,39.638],[-85.9518,39.6969]]]},\"properties\":{\"name\":\"Shelby\",\"state\":\"IN\"}}]}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b04e4b07f02db6993e3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Miller, R. L.","contributorId":54178,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Miller","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":190955,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Robinson, B.A.","contributorId":63035,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Robinson","given":"B.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":190956,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Voelker, D. C.","contributorId":36572,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Voelker","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":190954,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":24765,"text":"ofr97306 - 1997 - Modified level II streambed-scour analysis for structure I-65-120-4841 crossing Little Eagle Creek in Marion County, Indiana","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:11","indexId":"ofr97306","displayToPublicDate":"1998-03-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"97-306","title":"Modified level II streambed-scour analysis for structure I-65-120-4841 crossing Little Eagle Creek in Marion County, Indiana","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nBranch of Information Services [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/ofr97306","issn":"0094-9140","usgsCitation":"Voelker, D.C., Robinson, B., and Miller, R.L., 1997, Modified level II streambed-scour analysis for structure I-65-120-4841 crossing Little Eagle Creek in Marion County, Indiana: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 97-306, iv, 19 p. ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr97306.","productDescription":"iv, 19 p. ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":156152,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1997/0306/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":53788,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1997/0306/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a94e4b07f02db658df7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Voelker, D. C.","contributorId":36572,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Voelker","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":192520,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Robinson, B.A.","contributorId":63035,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Robinson","given":"B.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":192522,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Miller, R. L.","contributorId":54178,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Miller","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":192521,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":1887,"text":"wsp2483 - 1997 - Comparison of chlorofluorocarbon-age dating with particle-tracking results of a regional ground-water flow model of the Portland Basin, Oregon and Washington","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-04-07T18:57:36.83888","indexId":"wsp2483","displayToPublicDate":"1998-03-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2483","title":"Comparison of chlorofluorocarbon-age dating with particle-tracking results of a regional ground-water flow model of the Portland Basin, Oregon and Washington","docAbstract":"This report describes the results of a study in which chlorofluorocarbon-age dating was used to evaluate the results of a ground-water particle tracker for the Portland Basin in Oregon and Washington.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wsp2483","usgsCitation":"Hinkle, S.R., and Snyder, D.T., 1997, Comparison of chlorofluorocarbon-age dating with particle-tracking results of a regional ground-water flow model of the Portland Basin, Oregon and Washington: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 2483, Report: v, 47 p.; 1 Plate: 32.63 x 39.58 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp2483.","productDescription":"Report: v, 47 p.; 1 Plate: 32.63 x 39.58 inches","costCenters":[{"id":518,"text":"Oregon Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":415452,"rank":4,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_25487.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":27176,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/2483/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":138558,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/2483/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":247067,"rank":3,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/2483/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Oregon, Washington","city":"Portland","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -123,\n              45.933\n            ],\n            [\n              -123,\n              45.321\n            ],\n            [\n              -122.172,\n              45.321\n            ],\n            [\n              -122.172,\n              45.933\n            ],\n            [\n              -123,\n              45.933\n            ]\n          ]\n        ],\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b23e4b07f02db6ae393","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hinkle, Stephen R. srhinkle@usgs.gov","contributorId":1171,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hinkle","given":"Stephen","email":"srhinkle@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":518,"text":"Oregon Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":144314,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Snyder, Daniel T. dtsnyder@usgs.gov","contributorId":820,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Snyder","given":"Daniel","email":"dtsnyder@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":144313,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":23906,"text":"ofr97305 - 1997 - Modified level II streambed-scour analysis for structure I-65-120-6016 crossing Little Eagle Creek and I-65 in Marion County, Indiana","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-06-21T10:39:57","indexId":"ofr97305","displayToPublicDate":"1998-03-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"97-305","title":"Modified level II streambed-scour analysis for structure I-65-120-6016 crossing Little Eagle Creek and I-65 in Marion County, Indiana","docAbstract":"<p>Level II scour evaluations follow a process in which hydrologic, hydraulic, and sedient-transport data are evaluated to calculate the depth of scour that may result when given discharge is routed through a bridge opening. the results of the modified Levell II analysis for structure I-65-120-6016 on Georgetown Road crossing Little Eagle Creek and 1-65 in Marion County, Indiana, are presented. The site is in the city of Indianapolis in the northwestern part of Marion County. Scour depths were computed with the Water Surface PROfile model, version V050196, which incorporates the scour-calculation procedures outlined in Hydraulic Engineering Circular No. 18. Total scour depths at the piers were approximately 5.2 feet for the modeled discharge of 3,450&nbsp; cubic feet per second and approximately 5.6 feet for the modeled discharge of 5,210 cubic feet per second.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Indianapolis, IN","doi":"10.3133/ofr97305","issn":"0094-9140","collaboration":"Indiana Department of Transporation","usgsCitation":"Miller, R.L., Robinson, B., and Voelker, D.C., 1997, Modified level II streambed-scour analysis for structure I-65-120-6016 crossing Little Eagle Creek and I-65 in Marion County, Indiana: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 97-305, iv, 19 p. ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr97305.","productDescription":"iv, 19 p. ;28 cm.","startPage":"1","endPage":"19","numberOfPages":"23","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":346,"text":"Indiana Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":53110,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1997/0305/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":155509,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1997/0305/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Indiana","county":"Marion","city":"Indianapolis","geographicExtents":"{\"type\":\"FeatureCollection\",\"features\":[{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"Polygon\",\"coordinates\":[[[-85.9369,39.9272],[-85.9379,39.87],[-85.9541,39.8696],[-85.9518,39.6969],[-85.9523,39.638],[-86.248,39.6335],[-86.3268,39.6318],[-86.3281,39.8526],[-86.328,39.8662],[-86.325,39.8662],[-86.3267,39.9238],[-86.2967,39.9246],[-86.2757,39.925],[-86.2385,39.9259],[-85.9801,39.9269],[-85.9411,39.9272],[-85.9369,39.9272]]]},\"properties\":{\"name\":\"Marion\",\"state\":\"IN\"}}]}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a94e4b07f02db658f6a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Miller, R. L.","contributorId":54178,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Miller","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":190952,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Robinson, B.A.","contributorId":63035,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Robinson","given":"B.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":190953,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Voelker, D. C.","contributorId":36572,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Voelker","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":190951,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":22442,"text":"ofr96449 - 1997 - Digital data sets that describe aquifer characteristics of the Elk City Aquifer in western Oklahoma","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:07","indexId":"ofr96449","displayToPublicDate":"1998-03-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"96-449","title":"Digital data sets that describe aquifer characteristics of the Elk City Aquifer in western Oklahoma","docAbstract":"ARC/INFO export and nonproprietary format files\r\nThis diskette contains digitized aquifer boundaries and maps of hydraulic conductivity, recharge, and ground-water level elevation contours for the Elk City aquifer in western Oklahoma. The aquifer covers an area of approximately 193,000 acres and supplies ground water for irrigation, domestic, and industrial purposes in Beckham, Custer, Roger Mills, and Washita Counties along the divide between the Washita and Red River basins.\r\n\r\nThe Elk City aquifer consists of the Elk City Sandstone and overlying terrace deposits, made up of clay, silt, sand and gravel, and dune sands in the eastern part and sand and gravel of the Ogallala Formation (or High Plains aquifer) in the western part of the aquifer. The Elk City aquifer is unconfined and composed of very friable sandstone, lightly cemented with clay, calcite, gypsum, or iron oxide. Most of the grains are fine-sized quartz but the grain size ranges from clay to cobble in the aquifer. The Doxey Shale underlies the Elk City aquifer and acts as a confining unit, restricting the downward movement of ground water.\r\n\r\nAll of the data sets were digitized and created from information and maps in a ground-water modeling thesis and report of the Elk City aquifer. The maps digitized were published at a scale of 1:63,360.\r\n\r\nGround-water flow models are numerical representations that simplify and aggregate natural systems. Models are not unique; different combinations of aquifer characteristics may produce similar results. Therefore, values of hydraulic conductivity and recharge used in the model and presented in this data set are not precise, but are within a reasonable range when compared to independently collected data.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey, Water Resources Division ;\r\nAvailable from the Earth Science Information Center, Open-file Reports Section,","doi":"10.3133/ofr96449","issn":"0094-9140","usgsCitation":"Becker, C., Runkle, D., and Rea, A., 1997, Digital data sets that describe aquifer characteristics of the Elk City Aquifer in western Oklahoma: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 96-449, 1 computer disk :col. ;3 1/2 in., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr96449.","productDescription":"1 computer disk :col. ;3 1/2 in.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":1494,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/ofr96-449","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":155666,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a9ae4b07f02db65d49b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Becker, C.J.","contributorId":64269,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Becker","given":"C.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":188263,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Runkle, D. L.","contributorId":57081,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Runkle","given":"D. L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":188262,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Rea, Alan","contributorId":41018,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rea","given":"Alan","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":188261,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":22443,"text":"ofr96450 - 1997 - Digital data sets that describe aquifer characteristics of the Enid isolated terrace aquifer in northwestern Oklahoma","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:07","indexId":"ofr96450","displayToPublicDate":"1998-03-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"96-450","title":"Digital data sets that describe aquifer characteristics of the Enid isolated terrace aquifer in northwestern Oklahoma","docAbstract":"ARC/INFO export and nonproprietary format files\r\nThe data sets in this report include digitized aquifer boundaries and maps of hydraulic conductivity, recharge, and ground-water level elevation contours for the Enid isolated terrace aquifer in northwestern Oklahoma. The Enid isolated terrace aquifer covers approximately 82 square miles and supplies water for irrigation, domestic, municipal, and industrial use for the City of Enid and western Garfield County. The Quaternary-age Enid isolated terrace aquifer is composed of terrace deposits that consist of discontinuous layers of clay, sandy clay, sand, and gravel. The aquifer is unconfined and is bounded by the underlying Permian-age Hennessey Group on the east and the Cedar Hills Sandstone Formation of the Permian-age El Reno Group on the west. The Cedar Hills Sandstone Formation fills a channel beneath the thickest section of the Enid isolated terrace aquifer in the midwestern part of the aquifer.\r\n\r\nAll of the data sets were digitized and created from information and maps in a ground-water modeling thesis and report of the Enid isolated terrace aquifer. The maps digitized were published at a scale of 1:62,500.\r\n\r\nGround-water flow models are numerical representations that simplify and aggregate natural systems. Models are not unique; different combinations of aquifer characteristics may produce similar results. Therefore, values of hydraulic conductivity and recharge used in the model and presented in this data set are not precise, but are within a reasonable range when compared to independently collected data.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey, Water Resources Division ;\r\nAvailable from the Earth Science Information Center, Open-file Reports Section,","doi":"10.3133/ofr96450","issn":"0094-9140","usgsCitation":"Becker, C., Runkle, D., and Rea, A., 1997, Digital data sets that describe aquifer characteristics of the Enid isolated terrace aquifer in northwestern Oklahoma: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 96-450, 1 computer disk :col. ;3 1/2 in., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr96450.","productDescription":"1 computer disk :col. ;3 1/2 in.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":156480,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":1495,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/ofr96-450","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a9ae4b07f02db65d4c5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Becker, C.J.","contributorId":64269,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Becker","given":"C.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":188266,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Runkle, D. L.","contributorId":57081,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Runkle","given":"D. L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":188265,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Rea, Alan","contributorId":41018,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rea","given":"Alan","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":188264,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":24358,"text":"ofr97307 - 1997 - Modified level II streambed-scour analysis for structure I-69-87-4781 crossing Wabash River in Huntington County, Indiana","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-07-12T13:44:51","indexId":"ofr97307","displayToPublicDate":"1998-03-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"97-307","title":"Modified level II streambed-scour analysis for structure I-69-87-4781 crossing Wabash River in Huntington County, Indiana","docAbstract":"<p>Level II scour evaluations follow a process in which hydrologic, hydraulic, and sediment transport data are evaluated to calculate the depth of scour that may result when a given discharge is routed through a bridge opening. The results of the modified Level II analysis for structure 1-69-87-4781 on Interstate 69 crossing Wabash River in Huntington County, Indiana, are presented. The site is near the town of Markle in the eastern part of Huntington County. Scour depths were computed with the Water Surface PROfile model, version V050196, which incorporates the scour-calculation procedures outlined in Hydraulic Engineering Circular No. 18. Total scour depths at the piers were approximately 13.1 feet for the modeled discharge of 10,600 cubic feet per second and approximately 14.6 feet for the modeled discharge of 17,000 cubic feet per second.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Indianapolis, IN","doi":"10.3133/ofr97307","issn":"0094-9140","usgsCitation":"Robinson, B., Voelker, D.C., and Miller, R.L., 1997, Modified level II streambed-scour analysis for structure I-69-87-4781 crossing Wabash River in Huntington County, Indiana: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 97-307, iv, 23 p. ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr97307.","productDescription":"iv, 23 p. ;28 cm.","startPage":"1","endPage":"19","numberOfPages":"23","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":346,"text":"Indiana Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":156711,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1997/0307/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":53456,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1997/0307/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Indiana","county":"Huntington County","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a9ae4b07f02db65db19","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Robinson, B.A.","contributorId":63035,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Robinson","given":"B.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":191763,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Voelker, D. C.","contributorId":36572,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Voelker","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":191761,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Miller, R. L.","contributorId":54178,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Miller","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":191762,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":22444,"text":"ofr96451 - 1997 - Digital data sets that describe aquifer characteristics of the High Plains aquifer in western Oklahoma","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-08-29T19:48:20.83595","indexId":"ofr96451","displayToPublicDate":"1998-03-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"96-451","title":"Digital data sets that describe aquifer characteristics of the High Plains aquifer in western Oklahoma","docAbstract":"ARC/INFO export files\r\nThis diskette contains digitized aquifer boundaries and maps of hydraulic conductivity, recharge, and ground-water level elevation contours for the High Plains aquifer in western Oklahoma. This area encompasses the panhandle counties of Cimarron, Texas, and Beaver, and the western counties of Harper, Ellis, Woodward, Dewey, and Roger Mills. The High Plains aquifer underlies approximately 7,000 square miles of Oklahoma and is used extensively for irrigation. The High Plains aquifer is a water-table aquifer and consists predominately of the Tertiary-age Ogallala Formation and overlying Quaternary-age alluvial and terrace deposits. In some areas the aquifer is absent and the underlying Triassic, Jurassic, or Cretaceous-age rocks are exposed at the surface. These rocks are hydraulically connected with the aquifer in some areas. \r\n\r\nThe High Plains aquifer is composed of interbedded sand, siltstone, clay, gravel, thin limestones, and caliche. The proportion of various lithological materials changes rapidly from place to place, but poorly sorted sand and gravel predominate. The rocks are poorly to moderately well cemented by calcium carbonate.\r\n\r\nThe aquifer boundaries, hydraulic conductivity, and recharge data sets were created by extracting geologic contact lines from published digital surficial geology maps based on a scale of 1:125,000 for the panhandle counties and 1:250,000 for the western counties. The water-level elevation contours and some boundary lines were digitized from maps in a published water-level elevation map for 1980 based on a scale of 1:250,000. The hydraulic conductivity and recharge values in this report were used as input to the ground-water flow model on the High Plains aquifer.\r\n\r\nGround-water flow models are numerical representations that simplify and aggregate natural systems. Models are not unique; different combinations of aquifer characteristics may produce similar results. Therefore, values of hydraulic conductivity and recharge used in the model and presented in this data set are not precise, but are within a reasonable range when compared to independently collected data.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr96451","usgsCitation":"Becker, C., Runkle, D., and Rea, A., 1997, Digital data sets that describe aquifer characteristics of the High Plains aquifer in western Oklahoma: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 96-451, HTML Document; 2 CDRoms, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr96451.","productDescription":"HTML Document; 2 CDRoms","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":156931,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":405833,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_40482.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":1496,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/ofr96-451","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Oklahoma","otherGeospatial":"High Plains aquifer","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -99.986572265625,\n              35.39800594715108\n            ],\n            [\n              -99.66796875,\n              35.48751102385376\n            ],\n            [\n              -99.228515625,\n              36.08462129606931\n            ],\n            [\n              -99.052734375,\n              37.02886944696474\n            ],\n            [\n              -102.996826171875,\n              37.01132594307015\n            ],\n            [\n              -103.02978515625,\n              36.50963615733049\n            ],\n            [\n              -99.97558593749999,\n              36.500805317604794\n            ],\n            [\n              -99.986572265625,\n              35.39800594715108\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b32e4b07f02db6b4658","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Becker, C.J.","contributorId":64269,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Becker","given":"C.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":188269,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Runkle, D. L.","contributorId":57081,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Runkle","given":"D. L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":188268,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Rea, Alan","contributorId":41018,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rea","given":"Alan","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":188267,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":27167,"text":"wri974037 - 1997 - Full equations utilities (FEQUTL) model for the approximation of hydraulic characteristics of open channels and control structures during unsteady flow","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:26","indexId":"wri974037","displayToPublicDate":"1998-03-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"97-4037","title":"Full equations utilities (FEQUTL) model for the approximation of hydraulic characteristics of open channels and control structures during unsteady flow","docAbstract":"The Full EQuations UTiLities (FEQUTL) model is a computer program for computation of tables that list the hydraulic characteristics of open channels and control structures as a function of upstream and downstream depths; these tables facilitate the simulation of unsteady flow in a stream system with the Full Equations (FEQ) model. Simulation of unsteady flow requires many iterations for each time period computed. Thus, computation of hydraulic characteristics during the simulations is impractical, and preparation of function tables and application of table look-up procedures facilitates simulation of unsteady flow.\r\n\r\nThree general types of function tables are computed: one-dimensional tables that relate hydraulic characteristics to upstream flow depth, two-dimensional tables that relate flow through control structures to upstream and downstream flow depth, and three-dimensional tables that relate flow through gated structures to upstream and downstream flow depth and gate setting. For open-channel reaches, six types of one-dimensional function tables contain different combinations of the top width of flow, area, first moment of area with respect to the water surface, conveyance, flux coefficients, and correction coefficients for channel curvilinearity. For hydraulic control structures, one type of one-dimensional function table contains relations between flow and upstream depth, and two types of two-dimensional function tables contain relations among flow and upstream and downstream flow depths. For hydraulic control structures with gates, a three-dimensional function table lists the system of two-dimensional tables that contain the relations among flow and upstream and downstream flow depths that correspond to different gate openings. Hydraulic control structures for which function tables containing flow relations are prepared in FEQUTL include expansions, contractions, bridges, culverts, embankments, weirs, closed conduits (circular, rectangular, and pipe-arch shapes), dam failures, floodways, and underflow gates (sluice and tainter gates).\r\n\r\nThe theory for computation of the hydraulic characteristics is presented for open channels and for each hydraulic control structure. For the hydraulic control structures, the theory is developed from the results of experimental tests of flow through the structure for different upstream and downstream flow depths. These tests were done to describe flow hydraulics for a single, steady-flow design condition and, thus, do not provide complete information on flow transitions (for example, between free- and submerged-weir flow) that may result in simulation of unsteady flow. Therefore, new procedures are developed to approximate the hydraulics of flow transitions for culverts, embankments, weirs, and underflow gates.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nBranch of Information Services [distributor,","doi":"10.3133/wri974037","usgsCitation":"Franz, D.D., and Melching, C.S., 1997, Full equations utilities (FEQUTL) model for the approximation of hydraulic characteristics of open channels and control structures during unsteady flow: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 97-4037, 205 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri974037.","productDescription":"205 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":2129,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://il.water.usgs.gov/proj/feq/fequtl/fequtl.toc_1.html","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":124603,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1997/4037/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":56041,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1997/4037/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b1ae4b07f02db6a84c1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Franz, Delbert D.","contributorId":81948,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Franz","given":"Delbert","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":197675,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Melching, Charles S.","contributorId":8135,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Melching","given":"Charles","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":197674,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":23514,"text":"ofr96433 - 1997 - Ground-water resources of the Tallapoosa River basin in Georgia and Alabama - Subarea 5 of the Apalachicola-Chattahoochee-Flint and Alabama-Coosa-Tallapoosa river basins","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2026-04-24T20:04:44.555588","indexId":"ofr96433","displayToPublicDate":"1998-02-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"96-433","title":"Ground-water resources of the Tallapoosa River basin in Georgia and Alabama - Subarea 5 of the Apalachicola-Chattahoochee-Flint and Alabama-Coosa-Tallapoosa river basins","docAbstract":"Drought conditions in the 1980's focused attention on the multiple uses of the surface- and ground-water resources in the Apalachicola-Chattahoochee-Flint (ACT) and Alabama-Coosa-Tallapoosa (ACT) River basins in Georgia, Alabama, and Florida. State and Federal agencies also have proposed projects that would require additional water resources and revise operating practices within the river basins. The existing and proposed water projects create conflicting demands for water by the States and emphasize the problem of water-resource allocation. This study was initiated to describe ground-water availability in the Tallapoosa River basin of Georgia and Alabama, Subarea 5 of the ACF and ACT River basins, and to estimate the possible effects of increased ground-water use within the basin. Subarea 5 encompasses about 4,675 square miles (mi2) in Georgia and Alabama and contains parts of the Piedmont and Coastal Plain physiographic provinces. The Piedmont Province is underlain by a two-component aquifer system that is composed of a fractured, crystalline-rock aquifer and the overlying porous-media regolith aquifer. The Coastal Plain is underlain by a porous-media aquifer formed from the poorly consolidated deposits of sand, gravel, and clay. The conceptual model described for this study qualitatively subdivides the ground-water flow system into local (shallow), intermediate, and regional (deep) flow regimes. Ground-water discharge to tributaries mainly is from local and intermediate flow regimes and varies seasonally. The regional flow regime probably approximates steady-state conditions and discharges chiefly to major drains such as the Tallapoosa River, and in upstream areas, also to the Little Tallapoosa River and the Tallapoosa River. Ground-water discharge to major drains originates from all flow regimes. Mean-annual ground-water discharge to steams (baseflow) is considered to approximate the long-term, average recharge to ground water. The mean-annual baseflow was estimated using an automated hydrograph- separation method, and represents discharge from the local, intermediate, and regional flow regimes of the ground- water flow system. Mean-annual baseflow in Georgia was estimated to be 534 cubic feet per second (from the headwaters to the Georgia-Alabama State line), 3,250 ft3/s in Alabama, and 3,780 ft3/s for all of Subarea 5 (at the Subarea 5-Subarea 8 boundary). Stream discharge for selected sites on the Tallapoosa River and its tributaries were compiled for the years 1941, 1954, and 1986, during which sustained droughts occurred throughout most of the ACF-ACT area. Stream discharges were assumed to be sustained entirely by baseflow during the latter periods of these droughts. Estimated stream discharges near the end of the 1941, 1954, and 1986 drought years were 48, 15, and 85 ft3/s, respectively, at the Georgia-Alabama State line; and 481 , 126, and 448 ft3/s, respectively, at the mouth of the Tallapoosa River. Estimated baseflow near the end of the individual drought years was about 9 percent of the estimated mean-annual baseflow in Subarea 5. The potential exists for the development of ground-water resources on a regional scale throughout Subarea 5. Estimated ground-water use in 1990 was less than 1 percent of the estimated mean-annual baseflow, and about 6 percent of baseflow during the droughts of 1941, 1954, and 1986. Because ground-water use in Subarea 5 represents a relatively minor percentage of ground-water recharge, even a large increase in ground-water use in Subarea 5 in one State is likely to have little effect on ground-water and surface-water occurrence in the other. Indications of long-term ground-water levels declines were not observed; however, the number and distribution of observation wells for which long-term water-level measurements are available in Subarea 5 are insufficient to draw conclusions.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr96433","issn":"0094-9140","usgsCitation":"Journey, C.A., and Atkins, J.B., 1997, Ground-water resources of the Tallapoosa River basin in Georgia and Alabama - Subarea 5 of the Apalachicola-Chattahoochee-Flint and Alabama-Coosa-Tallapoosa river basins: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 96-433, ix, 48 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr96433.","productDescription":"ix, 48 p.","costCenters":[{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":155663,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":1584,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1996/ofr96-433/index.html","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Alabama, Georgia","otherGeospatial":"Alabama-Coosa-Tallapoosa River basin, Apalachicola-Chattahoochee-Flint River basin, Tallapoosa River basin","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -89,28 ], [ -89,36 ], [ -80,36 ], [ -80,28 ], [ -89,28 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a96e4b07f02db65a778","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Journey, Celeste A. 0000-0002-2284-5851 cjourney@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2284-5851","contributorId":2617,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Journey","given":"Celeste","email":"cjourney@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":559,"text":"South Carolina Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":190236,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Atkins, J. Brian","contributorId":49781,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Atkins","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"Brian","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":190237,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":23960,"text":"ofr96470 - 1997 - Ground-water resources of the Cahaba River basin in Alabama - Subarea 7 of the Apalachicola-Chattahoochee-Flint and Alabama-Coosa-Tallapoosa river basins","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-10T00:10:07","indexId":"ofr96470","displayToPublicDate":"1998-02-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"96-470","title":"Ground-water resources of the Cahaba River basin in Alabama - Subarea 7 of the Apalachicola-Chattahoochee-Flint and Alabama-Coosa-Tallapoosa river basins","docAbstract":"Drought conditions in the 1980's focused attention on the multiple uses of the surface- and ground-water resources in the Apalachicola-Chattahooochee-Flint and Alabama-Coosa-Tallapoosa River basins in Georgia, Alabama, and Florida. State and Federal agencies also have proposed projects that would require additional water resources and revise operating practices within the river basins. The existing and proposed water projects create conflicting demands for water by the States and emphasize the problem of water-resource allocation. This study was initiated to describe ground-water availablity in the Cahaba River basin in Alabama, Subarea 7 of the Apalachicola-Chattahoochee-Flint and Alabama-Coosa-Tallapoosa River basins, and to estimate the possible effects of increased ground-water use within the basin. Subarea 7 encompasses about 1,030 square miles in north-central Alabama. Subarea 7 encompasses parts of the Piedmont, Valley and Ridge, and Coastal Plain physiographic provinces. The Piedmont Province is underlain by a two-component aquifer system that is composed of a fractured, crystalline-rock aquifer characterized by little or no primary porosity or permeability; and the overlying regolith, which can behave as a porous-media aquifer. The Valley and Ridge Province is underlain by fracture- and solution-conduit aquifer systems, similar in some ways to those in the Piedmont Province. Fracture-conduit aquifers predominante in the well-consolidated sandstones and shales of Paleozoic age; solution-conduit aquifers dedominate in the carbonate rocks of Paleozoic age. The Coastal Plain is underlain by southward-dipping, poorly consolidated deposits of sand, gravel, and clay of fluvial and marine origin. The conceptual model described for this study qualitatively subdivides the ground-water flow system into local (shallow), intermediate, and regional (deep) flow regimes. Ground- water discharge to tributaries mainly is from local and intermediate flow regimes and varies seasonally. The regional flow regime probably approximates steady-state conditions and discharges chiefly to major drains such as the Cahaba River. Ground-water discharge to major drains originates from all flow regimes. Mean-annual ground-water discharge to streams (baseflow) is considered to approximate the long-term, average recharge to ground water. The mean-annual baseflow was estimated using an atuomated hydrograph-separation method, and represents discharge from the local, intermediate, and regional flow regimes of the ground-water flow system. Mean-annual baseflow in Georgia was estimated to be 763 cubic feet per second at Centreville, Ala., where the Cahaba River exits Subarea 7 into Subarea 8. Mean-annual baseflow represented about 48 percent of total mean-annual stream discharge for the period of record. Stream discharge for selected sites on the Cahaba River and its tributaries were compiled for the years 1941, 1954, and 1986, during which sustained droughts occurred throughout most of the Apalachicola-Chattahoochee-Flint and Alabama-Coosa-Tallapoosa River basin area. Stream discharges were assumed to be sustained entirely by baseflow during the latter periods of these droughts. Estimated baseflow near the end of these droughts averaged about 21 percent of the estimated mean-annual baseflow in Subarea 7 (ranged from about 16 to 25 percent for individual drought years). The potential exists for the development of ground-water resources on a regional scale throughout Subarea 7. Estimated ground-water use in 1990 was about 2 percent of the estimated mean-annual baseflow, and 9.7 percent of the average drought baseflow near the end of the droughts of 1941, 1954, and 1986. Because ground- water use in Subarea 7 represents a relatively minor percentage of ground- water recharge, even a large increase in ground-water use in Subarea 7 is likely to have little effect on ground-water and surface-water occurrernce in Alabama. Indications of long-term ground-water dec","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nBranch of Information Services [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/ofr96470","issn":"0094-9140","usgsCitation":"Mooty, W.S., and Kidd, R.E., 1997, Ground-water resources of the Cahaba River basin in Alabama - Subarea 7 of the Apalachicola-Chattahoochee-Flint and Alabama-Coosa-Tallapoosa river basins: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 96-470, ix, 37 p. :ill., maps; 28 cm.; 12 plates; 8 tables, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr96470.","productDescription":"ix, 37 p. :ill., maps; 28 cm.; 12 plates; 8 tables","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":154952,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":1666,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1996/ofr96-470/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -89,30 ], [ -89,36 ], [ -80,36 ], [ -80,30 ], [ -89,30 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a96e4b07f02db65abdc","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Mooty, Will S. wsmooty@usgs.gov","contributorId":3878,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mooty","given":"Will","email":"wsmooty@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":191046,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kidd, Robert E.","contributorId":21523,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kidd","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":191047,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":23821,"text":"ofr96483 - 1997 - Ground-water resources of the lower-middle Chattahoochee River basin in Georgia and Alabama, and middle Flint River basin in Georgia - Subarea 3 of the Apalachicola-Chattahoochee-Flint and Alabama-Coosa-Tallapoosa River basins","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-03-25T18:53:31.315999","indexId":"ofr96483","displayToPublicDate":"1998-02-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"96-483","title":"Ground-water resources of the lower-middle Chattahoochee River basin in Georgia and Alabama, and middle Flint River basin in Georgia - Subarea 3 of the Apalachicola-Chattahoochee-Flint and Alabama-Coosa-Tallapoosa River basins","docAbstract":"<p>Drought conditions in the 1980's focused attention on the multiple uses of the surface- and ground-water resources in the Apalachicola-Chattahoochee-Flint (ACF) and Alabama-Coosa-Tallapoosa (ACT) River basins in Georgia, Alabama, and Florida. State and Federal agencies also have proposed projects that would require additional water resources and revise operating practices within the river basins. The existing and proposed water projects create conflicting demands for water by the States and emphasize the problem of water-resource allocation. This study was initiated to describe ground-water availability in the lower-middle Chattahoochee River basin of Georgia and Alabama; and middle Flint River basin of Georgia, Subarea 3 of the ACF and ACT River basins, and to estimate the possible effects of increased ground-water use within the basin.</p><p>Subarea 3 encompasses about 6,180 square miles (mi<sup>2)</sup> of the Coastal Plain Province in southwestern Georgia and southeastern Alabama. About 55 percent of the area is drained by the Chattahoochee River, with the remainder drained by the Flint River. The drainage area of the Chattahoochee River is divided almost equally between Alabama and Georgia.</p><p>Subarea 3 is underlain by complexly interbedded sedimentary strata that dip gently to the southeast, underlying the Floridan aquifer system to the south. The strata comprise numerous porous-media aquifers and confining units that crop out in the northern part of Subarea 3 in generally northeast-trending bands.</p><p>The conceptual model described for this study qualitatively subdivides the ground-water flow system into local (shallow), intermediate, and regional (deep) flow regimes. Ground-water discharge to tributaries mainly is from local and intermediate flow regimes and varies seasonally. The regional flow regime probably approximates steady-state conditions and discharges chiefly to major drains such as the Chattahoochee River. Ground-water discharge to major drains originates from all flow regimes.</p><p>Mean-annual baseflow is about 1,618 cubic feet per second (ft<sup>3</sup>/s) in the Chattahoochee River; and about 1,812 ft<sup>3</sup>/s in the Flint River. Of the 1,618 ft<sup>3</sup>/s baseflow in the Chattahoochee, about 37 percent is discharge from Alabama and 63 percent is discharge from Georgia. Near the end of the drought of 1954, baseflow was about 579 ft<sup>3</sup>/s in the Chattahoochee River; and about 963 ft<sup>3</sup>/s in the Flint River. Of the 579 ft<sup>3</sup>/s drought baseflow in the Chattahoochee River, about 15 percent was from Alabama and 85 percent from Georgia. Baseflow in Subarea 3 during the drought of 1954 was about 45 percent of mean-annual baseflow. Near the end of the drought of 1986, baseflow was about 449 ft<sup>3</sup>/s in the Chattahoochee River and about 498 ft<sup>3</sup>/s in the Flint River. Of the 449 ft<sup>3</sup>/s baseflow in the Chattahoochee River, about 16 percent was discharge from Alabama and 84 percent was discharge from Georgia. Baseflow in Subarea 3 during the 1986 drought was about 28 percent of mean-annual baseflow.</p><p>The potential exists for the development of ground-water resources on a regional scale throughout Subarea 3. Estimated ground-water use in 1990 was about 2.2 percent of the estimated mean-annual baseflow, and ranged from about 4.9 to 8.0 percent of baseflows near the end of the droughts of 1954 and 1986, respectively. Because groundwater use in Subarea 3 represents a relatively minor percentage of ground-water recharge, even a large increase in ground-water use in Subarea 3 in one State is likely to have little effect on ground-water and surface-water occurrence in the other. Indications of long-term ground-water level declines were not observed; however, the number and distribution of observation wells having long-term water-level measurements in Subarea 3 are insufficient to draw conclusions.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr96483","issn":"0094-9140","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Alabama Department of Economic and Community Affairs, Office of Water Resources, Georgia Department of Natural Resources, Environmental Protection Division, Northwest Florida Water Management District, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Mobile District","usgsCitation":"Mayer, G., 1997, Ground-water resources of the lower-middle Chattahoochee River basin in Georgia and Alabama, and middle Flint River basin in Georgia - Subarea 3 of the Apalachicola-Chattahoochee-Flint and Alabama-Coosa-Tallapoosa River basins: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 96-483, ix, 46 p., 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 \"}}]}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a96e4b07f02db65a53f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Mayer, Gregory C.","contributorId":55815,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mayer","given":"Gregory C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":510962,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":23558,"text":"ofr96473 - 1997 - Ground-water resources of the Alabama River Basin in Alabama; Subarea 8 of the Apalachicola-Chattahoochee-Flint and Alabama-Coosa-Tallapoosa River Basins","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:09","indexId":"ofr96473","displayToPublicDate":"1998-02-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"96-473","title":"Ground-water resources of the Alabama River Basin in Alabama; Subarea 8 of the Apalachicola-Chattahoochee-Flint and Alabama-Coosa-Tallapoosa River Basins","docAbstract":"Drought conditions in the 1980's focused attention on the multiple uses of the surface- and ground-water resources in the Apalachicola-Chattahoochee-Flint (ACF) and Alabama-Coosa-Tallapoosa (ACT) River basins in Georgia, Alabama, and Florida. State and Federal agencies also have proposed projects that would require additional water resources and revise operating practices within the river basins. The existing and proposed water projects create conflicting demands for water by the States and emphasize the problem of water-resource allocation. This study was initiated to describe ground-water availability in the Alabama River basin of Alabama, Subarea 8 of the ACF and ACT River basins, and to estimate the possible effects of increased ground-water use within the basin. Subarea 8 encompasses about 6,750 square miles in the Coastal Plain physiographic province in central and southwestern Alabama. The Alabama River extends from the juncture of the Coosa and Tallapoosa Rivers near the city of Montgomery, to its juncture with the Tombigbee River, near the town of Calvert in Washington County. Subarea 8 includes the Cahaba River basin from the physiographic 'Fall Line' at the city of Centreville in Bibb County, to its mouth in Dallas County; and the Alabama River basin from near Montgomery to the Alabama River cutoff, about 6 miles northeast of its juncture with the Tombigbee River. The study area is underlain by sedimentary deposits of Cretaceous, Tertiary, and Quaternary ages. Major aquifers underlying Subarea 8 are, from shallowest to deepest, the Coastal lowlands aquifer system, the Floridan aquifer system, the Lisbon aquifer, The Nanafalia-Clayton aquifer, the Ripley aquifer, the Eutaw aquifer, and the Tuscaloosa aquifer. The conceptual model described for this study qualitatively subdivides the ground-water flow system into local (shallow), intermediate, and regional (deep) flow regimes. Ground-water discharge to tributaries mainly is from local and intermediate flow regimes and varies seasonally. The regional flow regime probably approximates steady- state conditions and discharges chiefly to major drains such as the Alabama River, and in upstream areas, to the Cahaba River. Ground-water discharge to major drains originates from all flow regimes. Mean-annual ground-water discharge to streams (baseflow) is considered to approximate the long-term, average recharge to ground water. The mean-annual baseflow was estimated using an automated hydrograph- separation method, and represents discharge from the local, intermediate, and regional flow regimes of the ground-water flow system. Mean-annual baseflow discharging from Subarea 8 was estimated to be 20,300 cubic feet per second. Mean-annual baseflow represented about 61 percent of total mean-annual stream discharge for the period of record. Estimated and measured stream discharge for selected sites on the Alabama River and its tributaries were compiled for the years 1941, 1954, and 1986, during which sustained droughts occurred throughout most of the ACF-ACT area. Stream discharges were assumed to be sustained entirely by baseflow during the latter periods of these droughts. Estimated baseflow near the end of the individual drought years was about 17 percent of the estimated mean-annual baseflow at the Alabama River cutoff, the most downstream point of Subarea 8. The potential exists for the development of ground-water resources on a regional scale throughout Subarea 8. Estimated ground-water use in 1990 was less than 1 percent of the estimated mean-annual baseflow, and about 2.4 percent of baseflow during the droughts of 1941, 1954, and 1986. Because ground-water use in Subareas 5 and 6 represents a relatively minor percentage of ground-water recharge, even a large increase in ground-water use in Subareas 5 and 6 in Georgia probably would have little effect on the quantity of ground water and surface water in Alabama. In addition, ground-water use in Subarea 3 in Georgia probably h","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nBranch of Information Services [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/ofr96473","issn":"0094-9140","usgsCitation":"Kidd, R.E., Atkins, J.B., and Scott, J.C., 1997, Ground-water resources of the Alabama River Basin in Alabama; Subarea 8 of the Apalachicola-Chattahoochee-Flint and Alabama-Coosa-Tallapoosa River Basins: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 96-473, ix, 53 p. :ill., maps; 28 cm.; 10 illus.; 13 plates; 18 tables, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr96473.","productDescription":"ix, 53 p. :ill., maps; 28 cm.; 10 illus.; 13 plates; 18 tables","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":156550,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1996/0473/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":52851,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1996/0473/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a9ae4b07f02db65d583","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kidd, Robert E.","contributorId":21523,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kidd","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":190313,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Atkins, J. Brian","contributorId":49781,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Atkins","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"Brian","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":190315,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Scott, John C.","contributorId":21963,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Scott","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":190314,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":24368,"text":"ofr96177 - 1997 - Ground-water resources of the Coosa River basin in Georgia and Alabama;  Subarea 6 of the Apalachicola-Chattahoochee-Flint and Alabama-Coosa-Tallapoosa river basins","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-01-04T12:58:32","indexId":"ofr96177","displayToPublicDate":"1998-02-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"96-177","title":"Ground-water resources of the Coosa River basin in Georgia and Alabama;  Subarea 6 of the Apalachicola-Chattahoochee-Flint and Alabama-Coosa-Tallapoosa river basins","docAbstract":"Drought conditions in the 1980's focused attention on the multiple uses of the surface- and ground-water resources in the Apalachicola-Chattahoochee-Flint (ACF) and Alabama-Coosa-Tallapoosa (ACT) River basins in Georgia, Alabama, and Florida. State and Federal agencies also have proposed projects that would require additional water resources and revise operating practices within the river basins. The existing and proposed water projects create conflicting demands for water by the States and emphasize the problem of water-resource allocation. This study was initiated to describe ground-water availability in the Coosa River basin of Georgia and Alabama, Subarea 6 of the ACF and ACT River basins, and estimate the possible effects of increased ground-water use within the basin. Subarea 6 encompasses about 10,060 square miles in Georgia and Alabama, totaling all but about 100 mi2 of the total area of the Coosa River basin; the remainder of the basin is in Tennessee. Subarea 6 encompasses parts of the Piedmont, Blue Ridge, Cumberland Plateau, Valley and Ridge, and Coastal Plain physiographic provinces. The major rivers of the subarea are the Oostanaula, Etowah, and Coosa. The Etowah and Oostanaula join in Floyd County, Ga., to form the Coosa River. The Coosa River flows southwestward and joins with the Tallapoosa River near Wetumpka, Ala., to form the Alabama River. The Piedmont and Blue Ridge Provinces are underlain by a two-component aquifer system that is composed of a fractured, crystalline-rock aquifer characterized by little or no primary porosity or permeability; and the overlying regolith, which generally behaves as a porous-media aquifer. The Valley and Ridge and Cumberland Plateau Provinces are underlain by fracture- and solution-conduit aquifer systems, similar in some ways to those in the Piedmont and Blue Ridge Provinces. Fracture-conduit aquifers predominate in the well-consolidated sandstones and shales of Paleozoic age; solution-conduit aquifers predominate in the carbonate rocks of Paleozoic age. The Coastal Plain is underlain by southward-dipping, poorly consolidated deposits of sand, gravel, and clay of fluvial and marine origin. The conceptual model described for this study qualitatively subdivides the ground-water flow system into local (shallow), intermediate, and regional (deep) flow regimes. Ground-water discharge to tributaries mainly is from local and intermediate flow regimes and varies seasonally. The regional flow regime probably approximates steady-state conditions and discharges chiefly to major drains such as the Coosa River, and in upstream areas, to the Etowah and Oostanaula Rivers. Ground-water discharge to major drains originates from all flow regimes. Mean-annual ground-water discharge to streams (baseflow) is considered to approximate the long-term, average recharge to ground water. The mean-annual baseflow was estimated using an automated hydrograph-separation method, and represents discharge from the local, intermediate, and regional flow regimes of the ground-water flow system. Mean-annual baseflow in Georgia was estimated to be about 4,000 cubic feet per second (ft3/s) (from the headwaters to the Georgia-Alabama State Line), 5,360 ft3/s in Alabama, and 9,960 ft3/s for all of Subarea 6 (at the Subarea 7-Subarea 8 boundary). Mean annual baseflow represented about 60 percent of total mean-annual stream discharge for the period of record. Stream discharge for selected sites on the Coosa River and its tributaries were compiled for the years 1941, 1954, and 1986, during which sustained droughts occurred throughout most of the ACF-ACT area. Stream discharges were assumed to be sustained entirely by baseflow during the latter periods of these droughts. Estimated baseflow near the end of the individual drought years ranged from about 11 to 27 percent of the estimated mean-annual baseflow in Subarea 6. The potential exists for the development of ground-water resources on a regional scale throughout Su","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nBranch of Information Services [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/ofr96177","issn":"0094-9140","usgsCitation":"Robinson, J.L., Journey, C.A., and Atkins, J.B., 1997, Ground-water resources of the Coosa River basin in Georgia and Alabama;  Subarea 6 of the Apalachicola-Chattahoochee-Flint and Alabama-Coosa-Tallapoosa river basins: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 96-177, ix, 54 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.; 12 plates, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr96177.","productDescription":"ix, 54 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.; 12 plates","costCenters":[{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":156255,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":1719,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1996/ofr96177/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Alabama, Georgia","otherGeospatial":"Alabama-Coosa-Tallapoosa River basin, Apalachicola-Chattahoochee-Flint River basin","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -89,29 ], [ -89,36 ], [ -82,36 ], [ -82,29 ], [ -89,29 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a96e4b07f02db65a8a3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Robinson, James L.","contributorId":82284,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Robinson","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":191791,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Journey, Celeste A. 0000-0002-2284-5851 cjourney@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2284-5851","contributorId":2617,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Journey","given":"Celeste","email":"cjourney@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":559,"text":"South Carolina Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":191789,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Atkins, J. Brian","contributorId":49781,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Atkins","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"Brian","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":191790,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":5745,"text":"pp1422D - 1997 - Water quality in the Appalachian Valley and Ridge, the Blue Ridge, and the Piedmont Physiographic Provinces, eastern United States","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":5745,"text":"pp1422D - 1997 - Water quality in the Appalachian Valley and Ridge, the Blue Ridge, and the Piedmont Physiographic Provinces, eastern United States","indexId":"pp1422D","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"chapter":"D","title":"Water quality in the Appalachian Valley and Ridge, the Blue Ridge, and the Piedmont Physiographic Provinces, eastern United States"},"predicate":"IS_PART_OF","object":{"id":70189801,"text":"pp1422 - 2004 - Regional Aquifer-System Analysis— Appalachian Valley and Piedmont","indexId":"pp1422","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"title":"Regional Aquifer-System Analysis— Appalachian Valley and Piedmont"},"id":1}],"isPartOf":{"id":70189801,"text":"pp1422 - 2004 - Regional Aquifer-System Analysis— Appalachian Valley and Piedmont","indexId":"pp1422","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"title":"Regional Aquifer-System Analysis— Appalachian Valley and Piedmont"},"lastModifiedDate":"2017-07-26T13:06:43","indexId":"pp1422D","displayToPublicDate":"1998-02-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1422","chapter":"D","title":"Water quality in the Appalachian Valley and Ridge, the Blue Ridge, and the Piedmont Physiographic Provinces, eastern United States","docAbstract":"Chemical quality of ground water, spring water, and surface water differs substantially among the three physiographic provinces. Maps showing regional variations for 18 water properties and constituents are included in this Regional Aquifer System Analysis study report. Systematic variations in water quality are due to differences in geologic and hydrologic factors that include the dominant lithology, the availability of soluble minerals, and the degree of exposure of water to rock. Most ground water in the study area is low in concentrations of dissolved minerals, is moderately hard, and is slightly acidic. Spring water is generally harder than ground water and is slightly alkaline; whereas, surface water is softer than the ground water and is also slightly alkaline.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/pp1422D","usgsCitation":"Briel, L.I., 1997, Water quality in the Appalachian Valley and Ridge, the Blue Ridge, and the Piedmont Physiographic Provinces, eastern United States: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1422, Report: viii, 115 p.; Plate: 22.50 x 28.00 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/pp1422D.","productDescription":"Report: viii, 115 p.; Plate: 22.50 x 28.00 inches","startPage":"D1","endPage":"D115","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":32322,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1422d/plate-1.pdf","text":"Plate 1","size":"2.98 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Plate 1"},{"id":32323,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1422d/report.pdf","text":"Report","size":"19.65 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Report"},{"id":110639,"rank":700,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_76352.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"76352"},{"id":122544,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1422d/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alabama, Delaware, Georgia, Maryland, New Jersey, North Carolina, Pennsylvania, South Carolina, Tennessee, Virginia, West Virginia","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -73.916015625,\n              41.04621681452063\n            ],\n            [\n              -75.0146484375,\n              41.68932225997044\n            ],\n            [\n              -75.34423828125,\n              41.88592102814744\n            ],\n            [\n              -75.87158203125,\n              41.902277040963696\n            ],\n            [\n              -76.75048828125,\n              41.65649719441145\n            ],\n            [\n              -78.24462890625,\n              40.91351257612758\n            ],\n            [\n              -80.04638671875,\n              39.8928799002948\n            ],\n            [\n              -80.6396484375,\n              39.07890809706475\n            ],\n            [\n              -82.5732421875,\n              37.38761749978395\n            ],\n            [\n              -84.48486328124999,\n              36.686041276581925\n            ],\n            [\n              -85.078125,\n              36.54494944148322\n            ],\n            [\n              -86.15478515625,\n              36.2265501474709\n            ],\n            [\n              -87.07763671875,\n              35.817813158696616\n            ],\n            [\n              -87.64892578125,\n              35.31736632923788\n            ],\n            [\n              -87.69287109375,\n              34.52466147177172\n            ],\n            [\n              -87.73681640625,\n              33.94335994657882\n            ],\n            [\n              -87.56103515625,\n              33.247875947924385\n            ],\n            [\n              -87.20947265625,\n              32.84267363195431\n            ],\n            [\n              -86.33056640625,\n              32.91648534731439\n            ],\n            [\n              -84.287109375,\n              33.44977658311846\n            ],\n            [\n              -81.93603515625,\n              34.415973384481866\n            ],\n            [\n              -80.15625,\n              35.62158189955968\n            ],\n            [\n              -79.013671875,\n              36.98500309285596\n            ],\n            [\n              -77.62939453125,\n              38.25543637637947\n            ],\n            [\n              -76.79443359375,\n              39.36827914916014\n            ],\n            [\n              -75.78369140625,\n              39.757879992021756\n            ],\n            [\n              -75.3662109375,\n              39.9434364619742\n            ],\n            [\n              -74.68505859374999,\n              40.212440718286466\n            ],\n            [\n              -74.15771484375,\n              40.66397287638688\n            ],\n            [\n              -73.916015625,\n              41.04621681452063\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e48f3e4b07f02db55aa83","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Briel, L. I.","contributorId":7265,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Briel","given":"L.","email":"","middleInitial":"I.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":151511,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":5525,"text":"fs07697 - 1997 - Mineral-resource data bases","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":5525,"text":"fs07697 - 1997 - Mineral-resource data bases","indexId":"fs07697","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"title":"Mineral-resource data bases"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":5527,"text":"fs12200 - 2000 - Mineral-Resource Databases","indexId":"fs12200","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"title":"Mineral-Resource Databases"},"id":1}],"supersededBy":{"id":5527,"text":"fs12200 - 2000 - Mineral-Resource Databases","indexId":"fs12200","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"title":"Mineral-Resource Databases"},"lastModifiedDate":"2014-04-03T08:53:33","indexId":"fs07697","displayToPublicDate":"1998-01-10T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":313,"text":"Fact Sheet","code":"FS","onlineIssn":"2327-6932","printIssn":"2327-6916","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"076-97","title":"Mineral-resource data bases","docAbstract":"Data bases are essential for modern \nscientific research. The new and exciting \nwork being done in the Mineral Resource \nProgram in the U.S. Geological Survey \n(USGS) usually begins with the question, \n\"Where are the known deposits?\" A \nmineral-resource data base containing \nthis type of information and more can be \nuseful not just to USGS scientists, but to \nanyone who needs such data. Users of the \ndata bases from outside the USGS \ninclude mining and exploration \ncompanies, environmental groups, \nacademia, other Federal Agencies, and \nthe general public. \nAt present, the USGS has two large \nmineral-resource data bases, MRDS \n(Mineral Resource Data System) and \nMAS (Minerals Availability System). \nMRDS was built and is mamtained by the \nUSGS, and MAS was built and \nmaintained by the Bureau of Mines. In \n1996, after the Bureau was abolished, \nMAS was transferred to the USGS. \nThe two data bases were compiled for \ndifferent purposes and contain very \ndifferent mformation. For instance, MAS \ncontains information on costs, details of \nmining methods, and feasibility studies. \nMRDS has mineralogical and geologic \ndata that are not contained in MAS. Because they are both mineral-resource \ndata bases, however, they contain some information in common, such as location, \nname(s) of sites, and commodities \npresent. \nBoth data bases are international in \nscope, and both are quite large. MRDS \ncontains over 110,000 records, while \nMAS has over 220,000. One reason that \nMAS has more records is that it contains \ninformation on smelters, mill sites, and \nfossil fuel sites, as well as mineral- resource sites. The USGS is working to \ncombine the information in both data \nbases. This is a large undertaking that \nwill require some years to complete. In \nthe interim, information from both data \nbases will still be available","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/fs07697","usgsCitation":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey, 1997, Mineral-resource data bases: U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 076-97, 2 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/fs07697.","productDescription":"2 p.","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":139369,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/fs07697.jpg"},{"id":285371,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/0076-97/report.pdf"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b05e4b07f02db699f29","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","contributorId":128075,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","id":528634,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":22322,"text":"ofr97536B - 1997 - Karst topography; computer animation and paper model","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-03-27T07:01:06","indexId":"ofr97536B","displayToPublicDate":"1998-01-10T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"97-536","chapter":"B","title":"Karst topography; computer animation and paper model","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/ofr97536B","issn":"0094-9140","collaboration":"The USGS does not support this software or technical questions for the software associated with the publication.","usgsCitation":"Alpha, T.R., Galloway, J., and Tinsley, J.C., 1997, Karst topography; computer animation and paper model: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 97-536, 1 computer disk ;3 1/2 in., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr97536B.","productDescription":"1 computer disk ;3 1/2 in.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":154468,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":270234,"type":{"id":4,"text":"Application Site"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1997/0536b/application.zip"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b32e4b07f02db6b4868","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Alpha, T. R.","contributorId":20715,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Alpha","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":188036,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Galloway, J. P.","contributorId":19142,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Galloway","given":"J. P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":188035,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Tinsley, J. C. III","contributorId":39777,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tinsley","given":"J.","suffix":"III","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":188037,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":29816,"text":"wri974059 - 1997 - Nitrogen and phosphorus loading from drained wetlands adjacent to Upper Klamath and Agency lakes, Oregon","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-02-07T08:42:37","indexId":"wri974059","displayToPublicDate":"1998-01-10T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"97-4059","title":"Nitrogen and phosphorus loading from drained wetlands adjacent to Upper Klamath and Agency lakes, Oregon","docAbstract":"<p>Upper Klamath Lake and the connecting Agency Lake constitute a large, shallow lake in south-central Oregon that the historical record indicates has likely been eutrophic since its discovery by non-Native Americans. In recent decades, however, the lake has had annual occurrences of near-monoculture blooms of the blue-green alga <i>Aphanizomenon flos-aquae</i> that are thought to be a result of accelerated eutrophication. In 1988, two sucker species endemic to the lake, the Lost River sucker (<i>Deltistes luxatus</i>) and the shortnose sucker (<i>Chasmistes brevirostris</i>), were listed as endangered by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, and it has been proposed that their decline is due to the poor water quality associated with extremely long and productive algal blooms. It has also been proposed that the effluent drained from wetlands has contributed to accelerated eutrophication.</p>\n<p>Since the turn of century, most of the wetlands adjacent to Upper Klamath Lake have been drained for agriculture--cultivation of crops and grazing of cattle. Wetland areas were reclaimed from the lake by building dikes to isolate them from the lake, constructing a series of drainage ditches, and installing pumps to drain the water and maintain a lowered water table. A consequence of lowering the water table is the increased ability of air and oxygenated water to move through the subsurface and facilitate the rapid aerobic decomposition of the peat soils. Nutrients, nitrogen and phosphorus, are then liberated, leach into adjacent ditches, and are subsequently pumped to the lake or its tributaries. The rate of peat decomposition may be related to the time since drainage and the type of agricultural land use. On lands cultivated for crops, farming practices, such as disking and furrowing, could enhance the movement of air and oxygenated water, resulting in a rapid rate of decomposition. In contrast, on grazed lands, the compaction of soils by cattle probably inhibits the movement of air and oxygenated water and results in a slower rate of decomposition relative to drained wetlands used for the cultivation of crops.</p>\n<p>This report presents the results of a cooperative study between the U.S. Geological Survey and the Bureau of Reclamation whose overall objective was to determine the nutrient loading to Upper Klamath Lake from adjacent drained wetlands. Nutrient loading from drained wetlands was estimated using two independent techniques. The first method involved the measurement of the quantity and quality of water discharged by pumps draining the wetlands. The second method was used to estimate the initial (before drainage) and present-day nutrient mass of the organic soils within the drained wetlands and to calculate the change (or loss) in nutrient mass.</p>\n<p>In an effort to estimate the nutrient contributions from the water pumped off selected drained wetlands adjacent to Upper Klamath Lake, annual loads and yields of total nitrogen and total phosphorus were estimated from concentration data and the volume of water pumped during the water year. In general, there was little variation among sites or among years in the annual total nitrogen (median load of about 18 tons per year and median yield of about 8 pounds per acre per year) or the annual total phosphorus (median load of about 3 tons per year and median yield of about 2 pounds per acre per year) contributions. The sum of the annual loads of nitrogen and phosphorus calculated for each of the pumping stations in 1995 was 80 tons per year and 15 tons per year, respectively.</p>\n<p>In 1995, soil-coring activities were undertaken to ascertain the nature and extent of the organic soils in the drained and undrained wetlands. The present-day nutrient mass was calculated for each drained wetland using the nutrient content (concentration) and the present-day peat mass. The initial nutrient mass prior to drainage was estimated for each drained wetland by using the initial nutrient content (assumed to be equal to the nutrient content of the undrained wetlands) and the initial peat mass as determined using the amount of accumulated decomposition residue. The cumulative loss of nutrient mass since drainage was calculated as the change between initial and present-day nutrient mass for each drained area.</p>\n<p>The cumulative yield of total nitrogen and total phosphorus loss from the organic soils of individual wetlands since drainage ranged from 3,000 to 70,000 pounds per acre and from 0 to 1,300 pounds per acre, respectively. For all the drained wetlands sampled, the cumulative nitrogen and phosphorus loss since drainage totaled 250,000 tons and 4,300 tons, respectively. This represents about 30 percent and 22 percent of the mass of nitrogen and phosphorus, respectively, that initially existed in the organic soils. The loss of nutrients from the drained wetlands is considered to be a maximum estimate of the possible contribution of nutrients to Upper Klamath Lake from the peat soils of the drained wetlands sampled. However, not all the nutrients released by the soils are discharged to the lake. Nutrients lost from the peat soils of the drained wetlands may have been taken up by crops and harvested or consumed by grazing cattle. In addition, nitrogen can be lost to the atmosphere by denitrification and the volatilization of ammonia; phosphorus may be bound to adjacent soil layers by adsorption.</p>\n<p>The annual nutrient loss for the period 1994&ndash;95 was calculated using a first-order rate law to describe nutrient loss since drainage began. For individual drained wetlands, the yield of nitrogen and phosphorus lost from the organic soils for the period 1994&ndash;95 ranged from 27 to 540 pounds per acre per year and from 0 to 15 pounds per acre per year, respectively. The total mass of nitrogen and phosphorus loss during this period was 3,000 tons per year and 60 tons per year, respectively, for all drained wetlands that were sampled. The yield and mass of nutrient loss determined in this fashion reflect what might be expected on the basis of time-averaged or longterm contributions of nutrients to the lake and do not reflect the specific conditions existing during the period 1994&ndash;95.</p>\n<p>The results of this&nbsp;study could be useful in helping to prioritize which drained wetlands may provide the greatest benefits with regard to reducing nutrient loads to the lake if restoration or land-use modifications are instituted. Recent acquisition and planned restoration of drained wetland areas at the Wood River and Williamson River North properties may produce significant reduction in the quantity of nutrients released by the decomposition of peat soils of these areas. If the water table rises to predrainage levels, the peats soils may become inundated most of the year, resulting in the continued long-term storage of nutrients within the peat soils by reducing aerobic decomposition. The maximum benefit, in terms of decreasing potential nutrient loss due to peat decomposition, could be the reduction of total nitrogen and total phosphorus loss to about one-half that of the 1994&ndash;95 annual loss estimated for all the drained wetlands sampled for this study.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Portland, OR","doi":"10.3133/wri974059","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Bureau of Reclamation","usgsCitation":"Snyder, D.T., and Morace, J.L., 1997, Nitrogen and phosphorus loading from drained wetlands adjacent to Upper Klamath and Agency lakes, Oregon: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 97-4059, Report: ix, 67 p.; 2 Plates: 36.00 x 25.00 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/wri974059.","productDescription":"Report: ix, 67 p.; 2 Plates: 36.00 x 25.00 inches","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":518,"text":"Oregon Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":58617,"rank":3,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1997/4059/plate-1.pdf","text":"Plate 1","size":"2.44 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Plate-1"},{"id":58619,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1997/4059/report.pdf","text":"Report","size":"2.02 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Report"},{"id":58618,"rank":4,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1997/4059/plate-2.pdf","text":"Plate 2","size":"2.44 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Plate-2"},{"id":119751,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1997/4059/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Oregon","otherGeospatial":"Agency Lake, Klamath Lake","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -122.42614746093749,\n              42.00032514831621\n            ],\n            [\n              -122.42614746093749,\n              43.257205668363206\n            ],\n            [\n              -120.89904785156251,\n              43.257205668363206\n            ],\n            [\n              -120.89904785156251,\n              42.00032514831621\n            ],\n            [\n              -122.42614746093749,\n              42.00032514831621\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a54e4b07f02db62c01a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Snyder, Daniel T. dtsnyder@usgs.gov","contributorId":820,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Snyder","given":"Daniel","email":"dtsnyder@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":202179,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Morace, Jennifer L. 0000-0002-8132-4044 jlmorace@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8132-4044","contributorId":945,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Morace","given":"Jennifer","email":"jlmorace@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":518,"text":"Oregon Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":202180,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":28375,"text":"wri974015 - 1997 - Hydraulic properties and ground-water flow in the St Peter-Prairie du Chien-Jordan aquifer, Rochester area, southeastern Minnesota","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-01-10T21:40:10.607162","indexId":"wri974015","displayToPublicDate":"1998-01-10T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"97-4015","title":"Hydraulic properties and ground-water flow in the St Peter-Prairie du Chien-Jordan aquifer, Rochester area, southeastern Minnesota","docAbstract":"<p>The hydraulic properties were updated and their effects on ground-water flow in the St. Peter-Prairie du Chien-Jordan aquifer in the Rochester area in southeastern Minnesota were evaluated, using new information compiled since a study by Delin (1990). Since 1988, new information on the hydrogeology of the ground-water system in the Rochester area has become available from well-drilling and construction activity associated with Rochester's rapid growth. The St. Peter-Prairie du Chien-Jordan aquifer consists of the St. Peter Sandstone, the Prairie du Chien Group (limestones and dolomites), and the Jordan Sandstone. Horizontal hydraulic conductivity and transmissivity were determined from 15 aquifer tests and specific-capacity information compiled for 310 wells. A 140-square-mile area of the aquifer bounded on the west, south, and east by a ground-water divide contributes water to the Rochester, Minnesota, municipal wells.</p>\n<p>Transmissivities for the St. Peter-Prairie du Chien-Jordan aquifer in the study area range from less than 5,000 square feet per day (ft<sup>2</sup>/d) to greater than 20,000 ft<sup>2</sup>/d. Transmissivities greater than 20,000 ft<sup>2</sup>/d occur in the west-central, northwestern, and east-central parts of the study area. Transmissivities of less than 5,000 ft<sup>2</sup>/d occur in the northern, northeastern, central, and southern parts of the study area. The areas of greatest potential well yield coincide with areas of greatest transmissivity.</p>\n<p>Delin (1990) developed a ground-water-flow model to simulate flow of ground water in the St. Peter-Prairie du Chien-Jordan aquifer in the Rochester area. The 1988 Rochester model was rerun using revised horizontal hydraulic conductivity arrays in the model, based on the transmissivity distribution determined for this study. The results of the simulations using horizontal hydraulic conductivities based on the transmissivity distribution determined for this study may indicate that transmissivity values derived from specific-capacity information generally are too high. The transmissivity distribution determined for this study, however, is valid as an indicator of the spatial variability of the relative magnitude of transmissivity and potential well yield for the St. Peter-Prairie du Chien-Jordan aquifer in the study area.</p>\n<p>Water-level changes in wells from January through February 1988 to February through March 1995 ranged from -6.8 to +15.3 feet. Water-level changes in 12 Rochester municipal wells for the same period ranged from -7.4 to +8.0 feet. Water levels in wells generally rose in the northern and eastern parts of the study area and generally declined in the southwestern and western parts. Near Rochester, water levels in wells generally declined near the city boundaries and showed little change or rose in the central part of the city. Water-level changes from 1988 to 1995 near the ground-water divide generally were less than 2 feet, resulting in no appreciable changes in the location of the divide.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Mounds View, MN","doi":"10.3133/wri974015","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the City of Rochester and the Minnesota Department of Natural Resources","usgsCitation":"Lindgren, R.J., 1997, Hydraulic properties and ground-water flow in the St Peter-Prairie du Chien-Jordan aquifer, Rochester area, southeastern Minnesota: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 97-4015, iv, 38 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri974015.","productDescription":"iv, 38 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":392,"text":"Minnesota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":424288,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_48647.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":126355,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1997/4015/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":57177,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1997/4015/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Minnesota","county":"Olmsted County","geographicExtents":"{\"type\":\"FeatureCollection\",\"features\":[{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"Polygon\",\"coordinates\":[[[-92.5516,44.1972],[-92.3189,44.1954],[-92.3178,44.1101],[-92.0803,44.1087],[-92.0806,43.8508],[-92.4498,43.8507],[-92.4507,43.8361],[-92.6891,43.8368],[-92.6889,43.8514],[-92.6775,43.8518],[-92.6804,44.1972],[-92.5516,44.1972]]]},\"properties\":{\"name\":\"Olmsted\",\"state\":\"MN\"}}]}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a51e4b07f02db62a114","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lindgren, R. J.","contributorId":70808,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lindgren","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":199693,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":29449,"text":"wri974085 - 1997 - Nitrate and pesticides in surficial aquifers and trophic state and phosphorus sources for selected lakes, eastern Otter Tail County, west-central Minnesota, 1993-96","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-03-19T11:23:09","indexId":"wri974085","displayToPublicDate":"1998-01-10T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"97-4085","title":"Nitrate and pesticides in surficial aquifers and trophic state and phosphorus sources for selected lakes, eastern Otter Tail County, west-central Minnesota, 1993-96","docAbstract":"<p>Nitrate concentrations (as nitrogen) were analyzed in water from 73 wells completed in surficial aquifers. Water from about one-third of the wells had concentrations greater than 10 mg/L (milligrams per liter), the regulatory limit for drinking water established by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Nitrate concentrations: (1) were greater in water from wells in agricultural settings than in nonagricultural settings; (2) were not greater in water from shallow wells (25 feet deep or less) in settings with rapid soil permeability than with moderate soil permeability, probably because the effects of permeability were offset by the effects of land use and well depth; and (3) were greater in water from shallow wells (25 feet deep or less) than from deep wells (greater than 25 feet deep).</p>\n<p>Triazine herbicides were detected in water from 23 of the 73 sampled wells by immunoassay tests. Most of these wells are in agricultural settings. Ten pesticides, which included seven triazine herbicide compounds, were detected in water from 19 of 25 wells analyzed by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. Atrazine and deethylatrazine, a degradation product of atrazine, were detected in water from 18 and 16 wells, respectively. None of the detected pesticides had concentrations that exceeded their respective regulatory limits for drinking water established by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.</p>\n<p>Four lakes in the Otter Tail River Basin, which in downstream order are Little Pine, Big Pine, Rush, and Otter Tail Lakes, ranged in trophic state from upper oligotrophic to lower eutrophic. The Secchi disk transparencies were 4.0 to 7.4 feet, chlorophyll <i>a</i> concentrations (epilimnetic) were 4.4 to 28 micrograms per liter, and total phosphorus concentrations (epilimnetic) were less than 0.010 to 0.022 mg/L (except one concentration of 0.060 mg/L). The trophic state of these lakes may have become less eutrophic from upstream to downstream lakes.</p>\n<p>Major external sources of phosphorus to Big Pine Lake were the Otter Tail and Toad Rivers. The phosphorus load from these two streams during March 16, 1995, to March 15, 1996 was 10,400 pounds. The phosphorus load from the Toad River (5,730 pounds) was greater than from the Otter Tail River (4,670 pounds) even though streamflow from the Toad River was about 70 percent less than the Otter Tail River. Phosphorus removal from Big Pine Lake through the Otter Tail River outlet during the 1-year period was 8,460 pounds. The total annual accumulation of phosphorus, which includes an estimated 700 pounds from ground-water discharge, was 2,640 pounds. The accumulated phosphorus probably was utilized by phytoplankton or was absorbed by nonliving particulate matter that eventually settled into bottom sediments.</p>\n<p>Bottom sediments were an internal source of phosphorus to Little Pine and Big Pine Lakes. Increased total phosphorus concentrations (hypolimnetic) of 0.037 to 0.120 mg/L at depth during August 9-10, 1995, indicated phosphorus release from bottom sediments. The increased phosphorus probably was associated with anoxic conditions in the hypolimnion during summer stratification.</p>\n<p>Phosphorus at depth in Little Pine and Big Pine Lakes was mostly orthophosphate. During the fall turnover of the lakes, this orthophosphate may have circulated to near the lake surface and became an available nutrient for phytoplankton during the following growing season. The internal phosphorus load to Little Pine Lake may have been important because about three-fourths of the lake probably became stratified and anoxic in the hypolimnion. The internal phosphorus load to Big Pine Lake may not have been important because only a small portion of the lake became stratified and anoxic at depth.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Mounds View, MN","doi":"10.3133/wri974085","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the East Otter Tail Soil and Water Conservation District and the Minnesota Department of Natural Resources","usgsCitation":"Ruhl, J.F., 1997, Nitrate and pesticides in surficial aquifers and trophic state and phosphorus sources for selected lakes, eastern Otter Tail County, west-central Minnesota, 1993-96: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 97-4085, vi, 43 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri974085.","productDescription":"vi, 43 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":392,"text":"Minnesota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":58294,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1997/4085/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":119520,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1997/4085/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Minnesota","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -96,\n              46.75\n            ],\n            [\n              -96,\n              46.1\n            ],\n            [\n              -95.125,\n              46.1\n            ],\n            [\n              -95.125,\n              46.75\n            ],\n            [\n              -96,\n              46.75\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4afee4b07f02db6973ac","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ruhl, J. F.","contributorId":81866,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ruhl","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":201544,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":26810,"text":"wri974126 - 1997 - Hydrogeology, water quality, and simulation of ground-water-development alternatives in the Usquepaug-Queen ground-water reservoir, southern Rhode Island","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-03-14T19:35:18.052475","indexId":"wri974126","displayToPublicDate":"1998-01-10T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"97-4126","title":"Hydrogeology, water quality, and simulation of ground-water-development alternatives in the Usquepaug-Queen ground-water reservoir, southern Rhode Island","docAbstract":"<p>The Usquepaug-Queen River Basin study describes the hydrogeology, water quality, and simulation of pumping from wells for selected ground-water-development alternatives in the ground-water reservoir under average (1975-90) and drought (1963-66) conditions. In general, ground-water quality is suitable for most purposes. The study provides an evaluation of the effects of simulated pumping of 4 to 11 million gallons per day of ground water on the stream-wetland-aquifer system.</p><p>Three principal geologic units underlie the Usquepaug-Queen River Basin glacial stratified deposits (stratified drift), glacial till, and crystalline bedrock. Thick and extensive deposits of saturated coarse-grained stratified deposits form the major and most productive aquifer in the Usquepaug-Queen River Basin. The 36.1-square mile Usquepaug-Queen River Basin is in the Pawcatuck River Basin in southern Rhode Island. Stratified deposits cover about 42 percent of the basin and reach a maximum known thickness of 122 feet. The stratified deposits are subdivided into coarse-grained units (dominantly fine to very coarse sand and gravel) and fine-grained units (dominantly very fine sand, silt, and clay). Transmissivity is highest in coarse-grained stratified materials, which have the capability of yielding relatively high volumes of water to wells. Transmissivity is lowest in fine-grained stratified materials, which consist predominantly of lakebottom deposits. Transmissivity of the stratified&nbsp;drift aquifer ranges from 1,900 to 27,800 feet squared per day, and horizontal hydraulic conductivity ranges from 25 to 470 feet per day. The stratified-drift aquifer is the only aquifer in the Usquepaug-Queen River Basin capable of producing yields of 0.5 million gallons per day or more from individual wells. Pumping from ground-water and surface-water sources in the Usquepaug-Queen River Basin averaged 0.28 million gallons per day during 1989 and 0.48 million gallons per day during 1990.</p><p>Ground water and surface water (which is primarily ground-water runoff) in the UsquepaugQueen River Basin are suitable for most purposes on the basis of a comparison of physical properties and chemical constituents to drinking-water standards. Ground water in the basin is somewhat corrosive because of its low hydrogen-ion concentration. Specific conductance and concentrations of dissolved chloride and dissolved sodium are high in ground water in parts of the Usquepaug-Queen River Basin, which indicates the effects of highway de-icing salts on groundwater quality. Nitrogen (nitrite plus nitrate) concentrations in some localized areas exceed the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency maximum contaminant level of 10 milligrams per liter for drinking water.</p><p>The effects of selected ground-waterdevelopment alternatives on ground-water levels, wetland-water levels, and streamflow in the Usquepaug-Queen ground-water reservoir were evaluated by means of a three-layer ground-waterflow model. Development alternatives were&nbsp;simulated for average annual (1975-90) and drought (1963-66) conditions. In general, higher simulated pumping rates produced greater drawdowns than lower pumping rates. Drawdowns generally can be reduced by distributing the total pumping over many wells; however, drawdowns were minimal (less than 1.3 feet) in well SNW 906, which was near a major stream (recharge boundary); and drawdowns were substantial (at least 12 feet) in well EXW 33, which was near the edge of the model aquifer boundary (barrier boundary). Total gains in flow from ground-water discharge for all streams in the model area were not affected by the location of wells; however, the amount of ground-water pumpage derived from induced infiltration of streamflow varies significantly. Water levels in the wetlands tend to be constant even during simulated pumping. In general, pumping during simulated drought conditions increased drawdowns fractionally and greatly reduced overall streamflow gains.</p><p>Pumping from the Usquepaug-Queen stratified-drift aquifer causes infiltration of streamflow along stream segments simulated in the ground-water-flow model. Results of simulations for average conditions show that from 56 to 75 percent of the total water pumped is derived from intercepted ground-water runoff and that the amount of well water derived from induced recharge of streamflow ranged from 20 to 39 percent. The areal extent of contributing areas for selected simulated pumping wells suggest that large areas of stratified drift may need to be protected from land-use practices that are incompatible with the development of potable ground water in the Usquepaug-Queen ground-water reservoir.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri974126","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Rhode Island Water Resources Board","usgsCitation":"Dickerman, D.C., Kliever, J.D., and Stone, J.R., 1997, Hydrogeology, water quality, and simulation of ground-water-development alternatives in the Usquepaug-Queen ground-water reservoir, southern Rhode Island: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 97-4126, Report: vi, 48 p.; 1 Plate: 32.00 x 43.83 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/wri974126.","productDescription":"Report: vi, 48 p.; 1 Plate: 32.00 x 43.83 inches","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":119068,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1997/4126/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":55698,"rank":4,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1997/4126/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":397733,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_48747.htm"},{"id":365704,"rank":2,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1997/4126/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Rhode Island","otherGeospatial":"Usquepaug-Queen River basin","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -71.65,\n              41.45\n            ],\n            [\n              -71.5,\n              41.45\n            ],\n            [\n              -71.5,\n              41.625\n            ],\n            [\n              -71.65,\n              41.625\n            ],\n            [\n              -71.65,\n              41.45\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a2de4b07f02db6148f0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Dickerman, David C.","contributorId":41047,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dickerman","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":197046,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kliever, John D.","contributorId":46976,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kliever","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":197045,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Stone, Janet Radway jrstone@usgs.gov","contributorId":1695,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stone","given":"Janet","email":"jrstone@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"Radway","affiliations":[{"id":243,"text":"Eastern Geology and Paleoclimate Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":197047,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":30482,"text":"wri974046_1997 - 1997 - Modifications to a one-dimensional model of unsteady flow in the Colorado River through the Grand Canyon, Arizona","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:09:01","indexId":"wri974046_1997","displayToPublicDate":"1998-01-10T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"97-4046","title":"Modifications to a one-dimensional model of unsteady flow in the Colorado River through the Grand Canyon, Arizona","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nInformation Services [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/wri974046_1997","usgsCitation":"Wiele, S.M., and Griffin, E.R., 1997, Modifications to a one-dimensional model of unsteady flow in the Colorado River through the Grand Canyon, Arizona: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 97-4046, iv, 17 p. :ill., map ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri974046_1997.","productDescription":"iv, 17 p. :ill., map ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":119505,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/wri_97_4046.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b05e4b07f02db699727","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wiele, Stephen Mark","contributorId":89888,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wiele","given":"Stephen","email":"","middleInitial":"Mark","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":203326,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Griffin, Eleanor R. 0000-0001-6724-9853 egriffin@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6724-9853","contributorId":1775,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Griffin","given":"Eleanor","email":"egriffin@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":203325,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70173976,"text":"70173976 - 1997 - Investigation into avian mortality in the Playa Lakes region of southeastern New Mexico: Final Report - June 1997","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-06-21T14:09:26","indexId":"70173976","displayToPublicDate":"1998-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":6,"text":"USGS Unnumbered Series"},"title":"Investigation into avian mortality in the Playa Lakes region of southeastern New Mexico: Final Report - June 1997","docAbstract":"<p>This Final Report is a review of work on a cooperative study undertaken by the USGS Biological Resources Division's National Wildlife Health Center (NWHC) and National Wetlands Research Center (NWRC; formerly the Southern Science Center) from 1994 through 1997. The study was initiated at the request of the Bureau of Land Management (BLM), through a request to the former National Biological Service. The Southeastern New Mexico Playa Lakes Coordinating Committee (SENMPLCC) played an important role in outlining the research needs. The initial Study Plan document, which outlines the background, objectives and methods for the first two years is available as Appendix 1. A letter indicating modifications to the Study Plan was sent to the SENMPLCC chair on April 25,1995, and is Appendix 2. An Interim Report, covering this work was completed and submitted in September 1995. The Literature Review section of the study was completed and presented to SENMPLCC in August, 1995. Following SENMPLCC review, NWHC was asked to develop a series of questions that could be posed from information gained in the initial phase (Appendix 3). The NWHC and NWRC were then directed to begin work to answer the top three questions, within the available fiscal resources. NWRC could continue with work outlined under the original Study Plan (Appendix 1), however an additional Study Plan for experiments performed by NWHC and collaborators and is available as Appendix 4.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/70173976","usgsCitation":"Dein, F.J., Baeten, L.A., Moore, M.K., Samuel, M.D., Miller, P.D., Murphy, C., Sissler, S., Jeske, C.W., Jehl, J.R., Yaeger, J.S., Bauer, B., and Mahoney, S.A., 1997, Investigation into avian mortality in the Playa Lakes region of southeastern New Mexico: Final Report - June 1997, 122 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/70173976.","productDescription":"122 p.","numberOfPages":"122","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":455,"text":"National Wetlands Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":456,"text":"National Wildlife Health Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":324031,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/70173976.jpg"},{"id":324140,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/unnumbered/70173976/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"New Mexico","otherGeospatial":"Playa Lakes Region","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"576913d1e4b07657d19ff13d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Dein, F. 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