Managing for sustained biodiversity and restoration of natural habitat has become increasingly important over the last two decades, first as mitigation for development (especially in wetlands), and , more recently in natural areas. The latter has come about as land managing agencies like the Department of Defense and Bureau of Land Management have seen the need to reverse the impact of past land uses and agencies like the National Park Service and The Nature Conservancy have taken on the responsibility for less-than-pristine lands.
On the California Channel Islands, the need for restoring and managing biodiversity is great, but this restoration and management needs to be based on a sound ecological understanding. By conducting surveys, implementing long-term research and monitoring, and by conducting population and community dynamics research, the necessary data to arrive at such an understanding can be obtained. Once management actions have been taken to effect restoration, monitoring needs to be conducted to determine the success of those actions. The need is to gain enough of an understanding of the islands' ecosystems that we can manage to restore, not just populations of native plants and animals, but also the processes of a naturally functioning ecosystem. The challenges that confront this goal are many and include ecology and popUlation biology, conservation ecology, information management, agency mandates and regulations, the need to build constituencies and consensus among disparate groups, financing, and political pressures.
","language":"English","publisher":"Rancho Santa Ana Botanic Garden","doi":"10.5642/aliso.19971602.06","usgsCitation":"Halvorson, W., 1997, Landscape management challenges on the California Channel Islands: Aliso, v. 16, no. 2, p. 113-120, https://doi.org/10.5642/aliso.19971602.06.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"113","endPage":"120","costCenters":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":480005,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5642/aliso.19971602.06","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":226380,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Channel Islands","volume":"16","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a4415e4b0c8380cd66835","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Halvorson, William L.","contributorId":97194,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Halvorson","given":"William L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":382956,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70020098,"text":"70020098 - 1997 - Rotational reflectance of dispersed vitrinite from the Arkoma basin","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:19","indexId":"70020098","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2958,"text":"Organic Geochemistry","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Rotational reflectance of dispersed vitrinite from the Arkoma basin","docAbstract":"Rotational reflectance of dispersed vitrinite provides superior documentation of thermal maturity and a capability for interpreting relative timing between thermal and kinematic events in Arkoma Basin strata characterized by vitrinite reflectances up to 5%. Rotational reflectance (R(rot)) is a more precise and less ambiguous index of thermal maturity than maximum (R'(max)), minimum (R(min)), and random (R(ran)) reflectance. Vitrinite reflectance anisotropy becomes sufficiently large to be measurable (using a microscope equipped with an automated rotating polarizer) at ???2% R(rot) and increases following a power function with increasing thermal maturity. Rotational reflectance data can be used to infer the shape of the vitrinite reflectance indicating surface (i.e. indicatrix) and, in turn, to enhance interpretations of the timing between thermal maxima and compressional tectonic events. Data from three wells in the Arkoma Basin Ouachita frontal thrust belt are used as examples. The absence of offsets in measured R(rot) across thrust faults combined with a predominance of uniaxial vitrinite in the thrust faulted part of the section suggest thermal maximum postdated thrust faulting in the western Ouachita frontal thrust belt of Oklahoma. In contrast, the general absence of offsets in measured R(rot) across thrust faults combined with a predominance of biaxial vitrinite in the thrust faulted part of the section suggest that the thermal maximum was coeval with thrust faulting in the eastern Ouachita frontal thrust belt of Arkansas. The presence of biaxial vitrinite in an allochthonous section and uniaxial vitrinite in an underlying, autochthonous section suggests that the thermal maximum was coeval with listric thrust faulting in the central Arkoma Basin of Oklahoma, and that rotational reflectance data can be used as a strain indicator to detect subtle decollement zones.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Organic Geochemistry","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/S0146-6380(96)00161-1","issn":"01466380","usgsCitation":"Houseknecht, D., and Weesner, C., 1997, Rotational reflectance of dispersed vitrinite from the Arkoma basin: Organic Geochemistry, v. 26, no. 3-4, p. 191-206, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0146-6380(96)00161-1.","startPage":"191","endPage":"206","numberOfPages":"16","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":206035,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0146-6380(96)00161-1"},{"id":228000,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"26","issue":"3-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505aae9ce4b0c8380cd8712e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Houseknecht, D.W. 0000-0002-9633-6910","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9633-6910","contributorId":33695,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Houseknecht","given":"D.W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":385019,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Weesner, C.M.B.","contributorId":79641,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Weesner","given":"C.M.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":385020,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70019638,"text":"70019638 - 1997 - Watershed responses to climate change at Glacier National Park","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-05-29T23:18:12.16166","indexId":"70019638","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2529,"text":"Journal of the American Water Resources Association","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Watershed responses to climate change at Glacier National Park","docAbstract":"We have developed an approach which examines ecosystem function and the potential effects of climatic shifts. The Lake McDonald watershed of Glacier National Park was the focus for two linked research activities: acquisition of baseline data on hydrologic, chemical and aquatic organism attributes that characterize this pristine northern rocky mountain watershed, and further developing the Regional Hydro-Ecosystem Simulation System (RHESSys), a collection of integrated models which collectively provide spatially explicit, mechanistically-derived outputs of ecosystem processes, including hydrologic outflow, soil moisture, and snowpack water equivalence. In this unique setting field validation of RHESSys, outputs demonstrated that reasonable estimates of SWE and streamflow are being produced. RHESSys was used to predict annual stream discharge and temperature. The predictions, in conjunction with the field data, indicated that aquatic resources of the park may be significantly affected. Utilizing RHESSys to predict potential climate scenarios and response of other key ecosystem components can provide scientific insights as well as proactive guidelines for national park management.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Water Resources Association","doi":"10.1111/j.1752-1688.1997.tb04103.x","issn":"1093474X","usgsCitation":"Fagre, D., Comanor, P., White, J., Hauer, F.R., and Running, S.W., 1997, Watershed responses to climate change at Glacier National Park: Journal of the American Water Resources Association, v. 33, no. 4, p. 755-765, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.1997.tb04103.x.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"755","endPage":"765","numberOfPages":"11","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":227677,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"33","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2007-06-08","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bcf79e4b08c986b32e902","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Fagre, D.B.","contributorId":52135,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fagre","given":"D.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383397,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Comanor, P.L.","contributorId":47103,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Comanor","given":"P.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383395,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"White, J.D.","contributorId":42923,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"White","given":"J.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383394,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Hauer, F. Richard","contributorId":76892,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hauer","given":"F.","email":"","middleInitial":"Richard","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383398,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Running, S. W.","contributorId":51257,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Running","given":"S.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383396,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70019629,"text":"70019629 - 1997 - A dynamic balance between magma supply and eruption rate at Kilauea volcano, Hawaii","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-07-19T15:54:08.371646","indexId":"70019629","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2314,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A dynamic balance between magma supply and eruption rate at Kilauea volcano, Hawaii","docAbstract":"The dynamic balance between magma supply and vent output at Kilauea volcano is used to estimate both the volume of magma stored within Kilauea volcano and its magma supply rate. Throughout most of 1991 a linear decline in volume flux from the Kupaianaha vent on Kilauea's east rift zone was associated with a parabolic variation in the elevation of Kilauea's summit as vent output initially exceeded then lagged behind the magma supply to the volcano. The correspondence between summit elevation and tilt established with over 30 years of data provided daily estimates of summit elevation in terms of summit tilt. The minimum in the parabolic variation in summit tilt and elevation (or zero elevation change) occurs when the magma supply to the reservoir from below the volcano equals the magma output from the reservoir to the surface, so that the magma supply rate is given by vent flux on that day. The measurements of vent flux and tilt establish that the magma supply rate to Kilauea volcano on June 19, 1991, was 217,000±10,000 m3/d (or 0.079±0.004 km3/yr). This is close to the average eruptive rate of 0.08 km3/yr between 1958 and 1984. In addition, the predictable response of summit elevation and tilt to each east rift zone eruption near Puu Oo since 1983 shows that summit deformation is also a measure of magma reservoir pressure. Given this, the correlation between the elevation of the Puu Oo lava lake (4 km uprift of Kupaianaha and 18 km from the summit) and summit tilt provides an estimate for magma pressure changes corresponding to summit tilt changes. The ratio of the change in volume to the change in reservoir pressure (dV/dP) during vent activity may be determined by dividing the ratio of volume erupted to change in summit tilt (dV/dtilt) by the ratio of pressure change to change in summit tilt (dP/dtilt). This measure of dV/dP, when combined with laboratory measurements of the bulk modulus of tholeitic melt, provides an estimate of 240±50 km3 for the volume of Kilauea's magma reservoir. This estimate is much larger than traditional estimates but consistent with seismic tomographic imaging and geophysical modeling of Kilauea's magma system.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/97JB01071","issn":"01480227","usgsCitation":"Denlinger, R., 1997, A dynamic balance between magma supply and eruption rate at Kilauea volcano, Hawaii: Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth, v. 102, no. B8, p. 18091-18100, https://doi.org/10.1029/97JB01071.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"18091","endPage":"18100","numberOfPages":"10","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":479017,"rank":2,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/97jb01071","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":228166,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"102","issue":"B8","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1997-08-10","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e3c7e4b0c8380cd4620b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Denlinger, R.P.","contributorId":49367,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Denlinger","given":"R.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383370,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70019912,"text":"70019912 - 1997 - Testing alternative conceptual models of seawater intrusion in a coastal aquifer using computer simulation, southern California, USA","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-06-01T14:41:17","indexId":"70019912","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1923,"text":"Hydrogeology Journal","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Testing alternative conceptual models of seawater intrusion in a coastal aquifer using computer simulation, southern California, USA","docAbstract":"Two alternative conceptual models of the physical processes controlling seawater intrusion in a coastal basin in California, USA, were tested to identify a likely principal pathway for seawater intrusion. The conceptual models were tested by using a two-dimensional, finite-element groundwater flow and transport model. This pathway was identified by the conceptual model that best replicated the historical data. The numerical model was applied in cross section to a submarine canyon that is a main avenue for seawater to enter the aquifer system underlying the study area. Both models are characterized by a heterogeneous, layered, water-bearing aquifer. However, the first model is characterized by flat-lying aquifer layers and by a high value of hydraulic conductivity in the basal aquifer layer, which is thought to be a principal conduit for seawater intrusion. The second model is characterized by offshore folding, which was modeled as a very nearshore outcrop, thereby providing a shorter path for seawater to intrude. General conclusions are that: 1) the aquifer system is best modeled as a flat, heterogeneous, layered system; 2) relatively thin basal layers with relatively high values of hydraulic conductivity are the principal pathways for seawater intrusion; and 3) continuous clay layers of low hydraulic conductivity play an important role in controlling the movement of seawater.","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/s100400050116","issn":"14312174","usgsCitation":"Nishikawa, T., 1997, Testing alternative conceptual models of seawater intrusion in a coastal aquifer using computer simulation, southern California, USA: Hydrogeology Journal, v. 5, no. 3, p. 60-74, https://doi.org/10.1007/s100400050116.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"60","endPage":"74","numberOfPages":"15","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":228144,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"5","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-11-20","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505ba5b9e4b08c986b320c21","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Nishikawa, Tracy 0000-0002-7348-3838 tnish@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7348-3838","contributorId":1515,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nishikawa","given":"Tracy","email":"tnish@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":384355,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70019524,"text":"70019524 - 1997 - Hydrological and chemical estimates of the water balance of a closed-basin lake in north central Minnesota","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-03-15T10:21:48","indexId":"70019524","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3722,"text":"Water Resources Research","onlineIssn":"1944-7973","printIssn":"0043-1397","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Hydrological and chemical estimates of the water balance of a closed-basin lake in north central Minnesota","docAbstract":"Chemical mass balances for sodium, magnesium, chloride, dissolved organic carbon, and oxygen 18 were used to estimate groundwater seepage to and from Williams Lake, Minnesota, over a 15-month period, from April 1991 through June 1992. Groundwater seepage to the lake and seepage from the lake to groundwater were determined independently using a flow net approach using data from water table wells installed as part of the study. Hydrogeological analysis indicated groundwater seepage to the lake accounted for 74% of annual water input to the lake; the remainder came from atmospheric precipitation, as determined from a gage in the watershed and from nearby National Weather Service gages. Seepage from the lake accounted for 69% of annual water losses from the lake; the remainder was removed by evaporation, as determined by the energy budget method. Calculated annual water loss exceeded calculated annual water gain, and this imbalance was double the value of the independently measured decrease in lake volume. Seepage to the lake determined from oxygen 18 was larger (79% of annual water input) than that determined from the flow net approach and made the difference between calculated annual water gain and loss consistent with the independently measured decrease in lake volume. Although the net difference between volume of seepage to the lake and volume of seepage from the lake was 1% of average lake volume, movement of water into and out of the lake by seepage represented an annual exchange of groundwater with the lake equal to 26–27% of lake volume. Estimates of seepage to the lake from sodium, magnesium, chloride, and dissolved organic carbon did not agree with the values determined from flow net approach or oxygen 18. These results indicated the importance of using a combination of hydrogeological and chemical approaches to define volume of seepage to and from Williams Lake and identify uncertainties in chemical fluxes.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/97WR02427","usgsCitation":"LaBaugh, J.W., Winter, T.C., Rosenberry, D.O., Schuster, P.F., Reddy, M.M., and Aiken, G.R., 1997, Hydrological and chemical estimates of the water balance of a closed-basin lake in north central Minnesota: Water Resources Research, v. 33, no. 12, p. 2799-2812, https://doi.org/10.1029/97WR02427.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"2799","endPage":"2812","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":226431,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Minnesota","otherGeospatial":"Williams Lake","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -94.67612028121948,\n 46.948504487557834\n ],\n [\n -94.66281652450562,\n 46.948504487557834\n ],\n [\n -94.66281652450562,\n 46.9591673117941\n ],\n [\n -94.67612028121948,\n 46.9591673117941\n ],\n [\n -94.67612028121948,\n 46.948504487557834\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"33","issue":"12","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a36a9e4b0c8380cd608c3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"LaBaugh, James W. 0000-0002-4112-2536 jlabaugh@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4112-2536","contributorId":1311,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"LaBaugh","given":"James","email":"jlabaugh@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":27111,"text":"National Water Quality Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":493,"text":"Office of Ground Water","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":383053,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Winter, Thomas C.","contributorId":84736,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Winter","given":"Thomas","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383054,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Rosenberry, Donald O. 0000-0003-0681-5641 rosenber@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0681-5641","contributorId":1312,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rosenberry","given":"Donald","email":"rosenber@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"O.","affiliations":[{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":383057,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Schuster, Paul F. 0000-0002-8314-1372 pschuste@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8314-1372","contributorId":1360,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schuster","given":"Paul","email":"pschuste@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":383056,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Reddy, Michael M. mmreddy@usgs.gov","contributorId":684,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reddy","given":"Michael","email":"mmreddy@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":145,"text":"Branch of Regional Research-Central Region","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":383055,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Aiken, George R. 0000-0001-8454-0984 graiken@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8454-0984","contributorId":1322,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Aiken","given":"George","email":"graiken@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":191,"text":"Colorado Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":383052,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70019527,"text":"70019527 - 1997 - Crustal deformation in southern California using SAR interferometry","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:20","indexId":"70019527","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1596,"text":"European Space Agency, (Special Publication) ESA SP","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Crustal deformation in southern California using SAR interferometry","docAbstract":"By combining pairs of ERS-1/2 SAR images of Southern California spanning long time intervals (1-4 years), we were able to measure the rate of slow deformation processes along faults activated during the Landers 1992 earthquake. Interferograms revealed several centimeters of post-seismic rebound in step-overs of the 1992 break, with a characteristic decay rate of -280 days. We interpreted this process as due to pore fluid flow as pore pressure gradients caused by coseismic stress changes dissipate. The data also revealed evidence of after-slip on different sections of the fault. The southern branches of the 1992 break experienced surface creep producing sharp phase cuts hi the interferometric maps. The same approach was used in the Los Angeles basin, which is currently undergoing NS shortening at a rate of ???8 mm/yr. The tectonic signal in imerferograms of the Los Angeles basin is intermingled with signals due to other sources such as ground subsidence caused by oil and water withdrawal.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"European Space Agency, (Special Publication) ESA SP","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"03796566","usgsCitation":"Peltzer, G., Rosen, P., Rogez, F., and Hudnut, K., 1997, Crustal deformation in southern California using SAR interferometry: European Space Agency, (Special Publication) ESA SP, no. 414 PART 1, p. 545-548.","startPage":"545","endPage":"548","numberOfPages":"4","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":227916,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"issue":"414 PART 1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059fcdce4b0c8380cd4e48b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Peltzer, G.","contributorId":41157,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Peltzer","given":"G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383069,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Rosen, P.","contributorId":48920,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rosen","given":"P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383070,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Rogez, F.","contributorId":26458,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rogez","given":"F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383068,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Hudnut, K.","contributorId":92439,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hudnut","given":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383071,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70019916,"text":"70019916 - 1997 - Hydrologic indices for nontidal wetlands","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-03-12T14:07:35","indexId":"70019916","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3750,"text":"Wetlands","onlineIssn":"1943-6246","printIssn":"0277-5212","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Hydrologic indices for nontidal wetlands","docAbstract":"Two sets of hydrologic indices were developed to characterize the water-budget components of nontidal wetlands. The first set consisted of six water-budget indices for input and output variables, and the second set consisted of two hydrologic interaction indices derived from the water-budget indices. The indices then were applied to 19 wetlands with previously published water-budget data. Two trilinear diagrams for each wetland were constructed, one for the three input indices and another for the three output indices. These two trilinear diagrams then were combined with a central quadrangle to form a Piper-type diagram, with data points from the trilinear diagrams projected onto the quadrangle. The quadrangle then was divided into nine fields that summarized the water-budget information. Two quantitative \"interaction indices\" were calculated from two of the six water-budget indices (precipitation and evapotranspiration). They also were obtained graphically from the water-budget indices, which were first projected to the central quadrangle of a Piper-type diagram from the flanking trilinear plots. The first interaction index (l) defines the strength of interaction between a wetland and the surrounding ground- and surface-water system. The second interaction index (S) defines the nature of the interaction between the wetland and the surrounding ground- and surface-water system (source versus sink). Evaluation of these indices using published wetland water-budget data illustrates the usefulness of the technique.","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/BF03160715","issn":"02775212","usgsCitation":"Lent, R.M., Weiskel, P.K., Lyford, F.P., and Armstrong, D.S., 1997, Hydrologic indices for nontidal wetlands: Wetlands, v. 17, no. 1, p. 19-30, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03160715.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"19","endPage":"30","numberOfPages":"12","costCenters":[{"id":478,"text":"North Dakota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":34685,"text":"Dakota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":228218,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"17","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a3638e4b0c8380cd6052f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lent, Robert M. rmlent@usgs.gov","contributorId":284,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lent","given":"Robert","email":"rmlent@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":371,"text":"Maine Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":384369,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Weiskel, Peter K. pweiskel@usgs.gov","contributorId":1099,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Weiskel","given":"Peter","email":"pweiskel@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[{"id":466,"text":"New England Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":376,"text":"Massachusetts Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":384368,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Lyford, Forest P.","contributorId":43334,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lyford","given":"Forest","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":384367,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Armstrong, David S. 0000-0003-1695-1233 darmstro@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1695-1233","contributorId":1390,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Armstrong","given":"David","email":"darmstro@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":466,"text":"New England Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":384370,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70020086,"text":"70020086 - 1997 - Dynamics of water-table fluctuations in an upland between two prairie-pothole wetlands in North Dakota","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-03-21T14:31:41","indexId":"70020086","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2342,"text":"Journal of Hydrology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Dynamics of water-table fluctuations in an upland between two prairie-pothole wetlands in North Dakota","docAbstract":"Data from a string of instrumented wells located on an upland of 55 m width between two wetlands in central North Dakota, USA, indicated frequent changes in water-table configuration following wet and dry periods during 5 years of investigation. A seasonal wetland is situated about 1.5 m higher than a nearby semipermanent wetland, suggesting an average ground water-table gradient of 0.02. However, water had the potential to flow as ground water from the upper to the lower wetland during only a few instances. A water-table trough adjacent to the lower semipermanent wetland was the most common water-table configuration during the first 4 years of the study, but it is likely that severe drought during those years contributed to the longevity and extent of the water-table trough. Water-table mounds that formed in response to rainfall events caused reversals of direction of flow that frequently modified the more dominant water-table trough during the severe drought. Rapid and large water-table rise to near land surface in response to intense rainfall was aided by the thick capillary fringe. One of the wettest summers on record ended the severe drought during the last year of the study, and caused a larger-scale water-table mound to form between the two wetlands. The mound was short in duration because it was overwhelmed by rising stage of the higher seasonal wetland which spilled into the lower wetland. Evapotranspiration was responsible for generating the water-table trough that formed between the two wetlands. Estimation of evapotranspiration based on diurnal fluctuations in wells yielded rates that averaged 3–5 mm day−1. On many occasions water levels in wells closer to the semipermanent wetland indicated a direction of flow that was different from the direction indicated by water levels in wells farther from the wetland. Misinterpretation of direction and magnitude of gradients between ground water and wetlands could result from poorly placed or too few observation wells, and also from infrequent measurement of water levels in wells.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/S0022-1694(96)03050-8","issn":"00221694","usgsCitation":"Rosenberry, D.O., and Winter, T.C., 1997, Dynamics of water-table fluctuations in an upland between two prairie-pothole wetlands in North Dakota: Journal of Hydrology, v. 191, no. 1-4, p. 266-289, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-1694(96)03050-8.","productDescription":"24 p.","startPage":"266","endPage":"289","numberOfPages":"24","costCenters":[{"id":478,"text":"North Dakota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":34685,"text":"Dakota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":227786,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":205992,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0022-1694(96)03050-8"}],"volume":"191","issue":"1-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a043be4b0c8380cd5087a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Rosenberry, Donald O. 0000-0003-0681-5641 rosenber@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0681-5641","contributorId":1312,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rosenberry","given":"Donald","email":"rosenber@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"O.","affiliations":[{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":384972,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Winter, Thomas C.","contributorId":84736,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Winter","given":"Thomas","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":384971,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70019530,"text":"70019530 - 1997 - Estimation of αL, velocity, Kd and confidence limits from tracer injection test data","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-07-11T16:16:50.16129","indexId":"70019530","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3825,"text":"Groundwater","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"displayTitle":"Estimation of αL, velocity, Kd and confidence limits from tracer injection test data","title":"Estimation of αL, velocity, Kd and confidence limits from tracer injection test data","docAbstract":"Bromide and boron were used as tracers during an injection experiment conducted at an artificial recharge facility near Stanton, Texas. The Ogallala aquifer at the Stanton site represents a heterogeneous alluvial environment and provides the opportunity to report scale dependent dispersivities at observation distances of 2 to 15 m in this setting. Values of longitudinal dispersivities are compared with other published values. Water samples were collected at selected depths both from piezometers and from fully screened observation wells at radii of 2, 5, 10 and 15 m. An exact analytical solution is used to simulate the concentration breakthrough curves and estimate longitudinal dispersivities and velocity parameters. Greater confidence can be placed on these data because the estimated parameters are error bounded using the bootstrap method. The non-conservative behavior of boron transport in clay rich sections of the aquifer were quantified with distribution coefficients by using bromide as a conservative reference tracer.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1111/j.1745-6584.1997.tb00179.x","issn":"0017467X","usgsCitation":"Broermann, J., Bassett, R., Weeks, E.P., and Borgstrom, M., 1997, Estimation of αL, velocity, Kd and confidence limits from tracer injection test data: Groundwater, v. 35, no. 6, p. 1066-1076, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6584.1997.tb00179.x.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"1066","endPage":"1076","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":430979,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Texas","otherGeospatial":"northern Texas","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -102.74414062499999,\n 33.284619968887675\n ],\n [\n -99.84374999999999,\n 33.284619968887675\n ],\n [\n -99.84374999999999,\n 36.66841891894786\n ],\n [\n -102.74414062499999,\n 36.66841891894786\n ],\n [\n -102.74414062499999,\n 33.284619968887675\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"35","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2005-08-04","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0b74e4b0c8380cd5271e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Broermann, James","contributorId":98481,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Broermann","given":"James","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383082,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bassett, R.L.","contributorId":13233,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bassett","given":"R.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383079,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Weeks, Edwin P. epweeks@usgs.gov","contributorId":2576,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Weeks","given":"Edwin","email":"epweeks@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":383081,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Borgstrom, Mark","contributorId":31538,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Borgstrom","given":"Mark","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383080,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70019949,"text":"70019949 - 1997 - In situ stress and fracture permeability along the Stillwater fault zone, Dixie Valley Nevada","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:22","indexId":"70019949","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2071,"text":"International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences & Geomechanics Abstracts","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"In situ stress and fracture permeability along the Stillwater fault zone, Dixie Valley Nevada","docAbstract":"Borehole televiewer and hydrologic logging and hydraulic fracturing stress measurements were carried out in a 2.7-km-deep geothermal production well (73B-7) drilled into the Stillwater fault zone. Precision temperature and spinner flowmeter logs were also acquired in well 73B-7, with and without simultaneously injecting water into the well. Localized perturbations to well-bore temperature and flow were used to identify hydraulically conductive fractures. Comparison of these data with fracture orientations from the televiewer log indicates that permeable fractures within and adjacent to the Stillwater fault zone are critically stressed, potentially active shear planes in the current west-northwest extensional stress regime at Dixie Valley.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences & Geomechanics Abstracts","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"conferenceTitle":"Proceedings of the 1997 36th US Rock Mechanics ISRM International Symposium","conferenceDate":"29 June 1997 through 2 July 1997","conferenceLocation":"New York, NY, USA","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier Sci Ltd","publisherLocation":"Exeter, United Kingdom","doi":"10.1016/S0148-9062(97)00169-1","issn":"01489062","usgsCitation":"Hickman, S., Barton, C.A., Zoback, M.D., Morin, R., Sass, J., and Benoit, R., 1997, In situ stress and fracture permeability along the Stillwater fault zone, Dixie Valley Nevada: International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences & Geomechanics Abstracts, v. 34, no. 3-4, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0148-9062(97)00169-1.","startPage":"414","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":206054,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0148-9062(97)00169-1"},{"id":228107,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"34","issue":"3-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a39ace4b0c8380cd619de","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hickman, S.H. 0000-0003-2075-9615","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2075-9615","contributorId":16027,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hickman","given":"S.H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":384465,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Barton, C. A.","contributorId":47097,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Barton","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":384466,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Zoback, Mark D.","contributorId":80275,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zoback","given":"Mark","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":384468,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Morin, R.","contributorId":6210,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Morin","given":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":384464,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Sass, J.","contributorId":65623,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sass","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":384467,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Benoit, R.","contributorId":97651,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Benoit","given":"R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":384469,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70020013,"text":"70020013 - 1997 - An interactive program for computer-aided map design, display, and query: EMAPKGS2","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-01-21T13:17:15","indexId":"70020013","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1315,"text":"Computers & Geosciences","printIssn":"0098-3004","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"An interactive program for computer-aided map design, display, and query: EMAPKGS2","docAbstract":"EMAPKGS2 is a user-friendly, PC-based electronic mapping tool for use in hydrogeologic exploration and appraisal. EMAPKGS2 allows the analyst to construct maps interactively from data stored in a relational database, perform point-oriented spatial queries such as locating all wells within a specified radius, perform geographic overlays, and export the data to other programs for further analysis. EMAPKGS2 runs under Microsoft?? Windows??? 3.1 and compatible operating systems. EMAPKGS2 is a public domain program available from the Kansas Geological Survey. EMAPKGS2 is the centerpiece of WHEAT, the Windows-based Hydrogeologic Exploration and Appraisal Toolkit, a suite of user-friendly Microsoft?? Windows??? programs for natural resource exploration and management. The principal goals in development of WHEAT have been ease of use, hardware independence, low cost, and end-user extensibility. WHEAT'S native data format is a Microsoft?? Access?? database. WHEAT stores a feature's geographic coordinates as attributes so they can be accessed easily by the user. The WHEAT programs are designed to be used in conjunction with other Microsoft?? Windows??? software to allow the natural resource scientist to perform work easily and effectively. WHEAT and EMAPKGS have been used at several of Kansas' Groundwater Management Districts and the Kansas Geological Survey on groundwater management operations, groundwater modeling projects, and geologic exploration projects. ?? 1997 Elsevier Science Ltd.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Computers and Geosciences","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","publisherLocation":"Amsterdam, Netherlands","doi":"10.1016/S0098-3004(96)00070-2","issn":"00983004","usgsCitation":"Pouch, G., 1997, An interactive program for computer-aided map design, display, and query: EMAPKGS2: Computers & Geosciences, v. 23, no. 3, p. 259-266, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0098-3004(96)00070-2.","startPage":"259","endPage":"266","numberOfPages":"8","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":227904,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":266159,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0098-3004(96)00070-2"}],"volume":"23","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059ea84e4b0c8380cd488f9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Pouch, G.W.","contributorId":71710,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pouch","given":"G.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":384703,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70019606,"text":"70019606 - 1997 - Statistical modeling of agricultural chemical occurrence in midwestern rivers","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-02-14T06:49:45","indexId":"70019606","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2342,"text":"Journal of Hydrology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Statistical modeling of agricultural chemical occurrence in midwestern rivers","docAbstract":"Agricultural chemicals in surface water may constitute a human health risk or have adverse effects on aquatic life. Recent research on unregulated rivers in the midwestern USA documents that elevated concentrations of herbicides occur for 1-4 months following application in late spring and early summer. In contrast, nitrate concentrations in unregulated rivers are elevated during fall, winter, and spring months. Natural and anthropogenic variables of fiver drainage basins, such as soil permeability, amount of agricultural chemicals applied, or percentage of land planted in corn, affect agricultural chemical concentration and mass transport in rivers. Presented is an analysis of selected data on agricultural chemicals collected for three regional studies conducted by the US Geological Survey. Statistical techniques such as multiple linear and logistic regression were used to identify natural and anthropogenic variables of drainage basins that have strong relations to agricultural chemical concentrations and mass transport measured in rivers. A geographic information system (GIS) was used to manage and analyze spatial data. Statistical models were developed that estimated the concentration, annual transport, and annual mean concentration of selected agricultural chemicals in midwestern rivers. Multiple linear regression models were not very successful (R2 from 0.162 to 0.517) in explaining the variance in observed agricultural chemical concentrations during post-planting runoff. Logistic regression models were somewhat more successful, correctly matching the observed concentration category in 61-80% of observations. Linear and multiple linear regression models were moderately successful (R2 from 0.522 to 0.995) in explaining the variance in observed annual transport and annual mean concentration of agricultural chemicals. Explanatory variables that were commonly significant in the regression models include estimates of agricultural chemical use, crop acreage, soil characteristics, and basin topography.","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/S0022-1694(97)00011-5","issn":"00221694","usgsCitation":"Battaglin, W., and Goolsby, D.A., 1997, Statistical modeling of agricultural chemical occurrence in midwestern rivers: Journal of Hydrology, v. 196, no. 1-4, p. 1-25, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-1694(97)00011-5.","productDescription":"25 p.","startPage":"1","endPage":"25","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":227797,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":205996,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0022-1694(97)00011-5"}],"volume":"196","issue":"1-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b9732e4b08c986b31b940","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Battaglin, W.A.","contributorId":16376,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Battaglin","given":"W.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383307,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Goolsby, D. A.","contributorId":50508,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Goolsby","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383308,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70020017,"text":"70020017 - 1997 - Nest materials as a source of genetic data for avian ecological studies","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-07-14T14:28:58","indexId":"70020017","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2284,"text":"Journal of Field Ornithology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Nest materials as a source of genetic data for avian ecological studies","docAbstract":"We examined the utility of feathers and egg shell membranes, deposited in the nests of Spectacled Eiders (Somateria fischeri), as a source of DNA for genetic studies at both the population and individual level. The potential for feather DNA contamination as a result of female behavioral interactions (e.g. nest parasitism), reuse of nest sites from previous years, or other unknown occurrences was acknowledged and specifically tested. DNA was successfully extracted from both feathers and egg shell membranes and waterfowl microsatellite loci were used to construct individual genotypes. We found no difference in the genotypes obtained from nest feathers or blood of the incubating female. Detection of nest feather contamination was possible with as little as one feather when samples from multiple females were intentionally mixed. Triplicate DNA extractions from 33 nests provided a means of detecting contamination in 3 nests. Egg membranes proved a viable source of offspring DNA and can contribute valuable data to investigations of parentage when assayed jointly with maternal feather DNA. Nest materials provide an efficient, non-invasive method of genetic sampling that can be readily incorporated into field research. However, the natural history traits and mating strategies of a species must be considered during sample collection to identify the possible sources of nest materials (e.g., paternal, maternal, parasite, etc.). Specific experiments should also be designed to test sampling assumptions.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Field Ornithology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"02738570","usgsCitation":"Pearce, J.M., Fields, R., and Scribner, K.T., 1997, Nest materials as a source of genetic data for avian ecological studies: Journal of Field Ornithology, v. 68, no. 3, p. 471-481.","startPage":"471","endPage":"481","numberOfPages":"11","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":227993,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"68","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a647be4b0c8380cd729d2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Pearce, John M. 0000-0002-8503-5485 jpearce@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8503-5485","contributorId":181766,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pearce","given":"John","email":"jpearce@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":117,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology WTEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":384716,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Fields, R.L.","contributorId":19978,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fields","given":"R.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":384714,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Scribner, Kim T.","contributorId":95434,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Scribner","given":"Kim","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[{"id":6601,"text":"Michigan State University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":384715,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70020032,"text":"70020032 - 1997 - Geomorphic considerations for erosion prediction","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:21","indexId":"70020032","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1539,"text":"Environmental Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Geomorphic considerations for erosion prediction","docAbstract":"Current soil-erosion prediction technology addresses processes of rainsplash, overland-flow sediment transport, and rill erosion in small watersheds. The effects of factors determining sediment yield from larger-scale drainage basins, in which sediment movement is controlled by the combined small-scale processes and a complex set of channel and other basin-scale sediment-delivery processes, such as soil creep, bioturbation, and accelerated erosion due to denudation of vegetation, have been poorly evaluated. General suggestions are provided for the development of erosion-prediction technology at the geomorphic or drainage-basin scale based on the separation of sediment-yield data for channel and geomorphic processes from those of field-scale soil loss. An emerging technology must consider: (1) the effects on sediment yield of climate, geology and soils, topography, biotic interactions with other soil processes, and land-use practices; (2) all processes of sediment delivery to a channel system; and (3) the general tendency in most drainage basins for progressively greater sediment storage in the downstream direction.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Environmental Geology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1007/s002540050113","issn":"09430105","usgsCitation":"Osterkamp, W.R., and Toy, T., 1997, Geomorphic considerations for erosion prediction: Environmental Geology, v. 29, no. 3-4, p. 152-157, https://doi.org/10.1007/s002540050113.","startPage":"152","endPage":"157","numberOfPages":"6","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":228225,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":206078,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002540050113"}],"volume":"29","issue":"3-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a2784e4b0c8380cd5996c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Osterkamp, W. R.","contributorId":46044,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Osterkamp","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":384768,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Toy, T.J.","contributorId":36626,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Toy","given":"T.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":384767,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70020018,"text":"70020018 - 1997 - Mapping hydrothermally altered rocks on Mount Rainier, Washington, with Airborne Visible/Infrared Imaging Spectrometer (AVIRIS) data","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-01-17T00:58:35.452285","indexId":"70020018","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1796,"text":"Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Mapping hydrothermally altered rocks on Mount Rainier, Washington, with Airborne Visible/Infrared Imaging Spectrometer (AVIRIS) data","docAbstract":"Mount Rainier has produced numerous Holocene debris flows, the largest of which contain clays and other minerals derived from hydrothermally altered rocks on the volcano's edifice. Imagery from an advanced airborne sensor was used to map altered rocks at Mount Rainier and demonstrates their distinctly nonuniform distribution. The mapping of altered rocks helps to identify edifice failure surfaces and to recognize the source areas for the largest debris flow events. Remote sensing methods like those used at Mount Rainier can enhance ground-based mapping efforts and should prove useful for rapidly identifying hazardous sectors at other volcanoes.
Intense rains produced flooding during the spring and summer of 1993 over much of the midwestern USA including many agricultural areas of Missouri. Because of potential contamination from floodwater, an investigation was conducted to determine the changes in concentrations of agricultural chemicals in water samples from alluvial wells in Missouri after the flood. Water samples from 80 alluvial wells with historical data were collected in March, July, and November 1994, and analyzed for dissolved herbicides, herbicide metabolites, and nitrate (NO3). There were no statistically significant differences in the distribution of alachlor ((2,chloro-2′-6′-diethyl-N-[methoxymethyl]-acetanilide), atrazine (2-chloro-4-ethylamino-6-isopropylamino-1, 3, 5 triazine), and nitrate concentrations between pre- and postflood samples (α = 0.05). The detection frequency of alachlor and atrazine in postflood samples was generally lower than the frequency in preflood samples. Analyses of agricultural chemicals in water samples from an intensely sampled well field indicate significant differences between the distribution of dissolved P concentrations in pre- and postflood samples (α = 0.05). However, no significant differences were detected between the pre- and postflood distributions of NO3 or ammonia concentrations. Because of the numerous sources of temporal variability and the relatively short record of water-quality data for the study wells, a cause-and-effect relation between changes in agricultural chemical concentrations and a single factor of the 1993 flood is difficult to determine. Based on the results of this study, the 1993 flood did not cause widespread or long-term significant changes in concentrations of agricultural chemicals in water from alluvial aquifers in Missouri.
Boron-isotope (δ11B) values may be useful as surrogate tracers of contaminants and indicators of water mixing in agricultural settings. This paper characterizes the B contents and isotopic compositions of hog manure and selected fertilizers, and presents δ11B data for ground and surface water from two agricultural areas. Boron concentrations in dry hog manure averaged 61 mg/kg and in commercial fertilizers ranged from below detection limits in some brands of ammonium nitrate and urea to 382 mg/kg in magnesium sulfate. Values of δ11B of untreated hog manure ranged from 7.2 to 11.2o/oo and of N fertilizers were −2.0 to 0.7o/oo. In 22 groundwater samples from a sand-plain aquifer in east-central Minnesota, B concentrations averaged 0.04 mg/L and δ11B values ranged from 2.3 to 41.5o/oo. Groundwater beneath a hog feedlot and a cultivated field where hog manure was applied had B-isotope compositions consistent with the water containing hog-manure leachate. In a 775-km2 watershed with silty-loam soils in southcentral Minnesota: 18 samples of subsurface drainage from corn (Zea mays L.) and soybean (Glycine max L. Merr.) fields had average B concentrations of 0.06 mg/L and δ11B values of 5.3 to 15.1o/oo; 27 stream samples had average B concentrations of 0.05 mg/L and δ11B values of 1.0 to 19.0o/oo; and eight groundwater samples had average B concentrations of 0.09 mg/L and δ11B values of −0.3 to 23.0o/oo. Values of δ11B and B concentrations, when plotted against one another, define a curved mixing trend that suggests subsurface drainage and stream water contain mixtures of B from shallow and deep groundwater.
","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Environmental Quality","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"American Soc of Agronomy Inc","publisherLocation":"Madison, WI, United States","doi":"10.2134/jeq1997.00472425002600050004x","issn":"00472425","usgsCitation":"Komor, S., 1997, Boron contents and isotopic compositions of hog manure, selected fertilizers, and water in Minnesota: Journal of Environmental Quality, v. 26, no. 5, p. 1212-1222, https://doi.org/10.2134/jeq1997.00472425002600050004x.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"1212","endPage":"1222","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":392,"text":"Minnesota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":227674,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United 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\"}}]}","volume":"26","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f220e4b0c8380cd4b008","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Komor, S.C.","contributorId":21182,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Komor","given":"S.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383278,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70019185,"text":"70019185 - 1997 - XRD measurement of mean crystallite thickness of illite and illite/smectite: Reappraisal of the Kubler index and the Scherrer equation","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-01-27T18:09:11","indexId":"70019185","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1245,"text":"Clays and Clay Minerals","onlineIssn":"1552-8367","printIssn":"0009-8604","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"XRD measurement of mean crystallite thickness of illite and illite/smectite: Reappraisal of the Kubler index and the Scherrer equation","docAbstract":"The standard form of the Scherrer equation, which has been used to calculate the mean thickness of the coherent scattering domain (CSD) of illite crystals from X-ray diffraction (XRD) full width data at half maximum (FWHM) intensity, employs a constant, Ksh, of 0.89. Use of this constant is unjustified, even if swelling has no effect on peak broadening, because this constant is valid only if all CSDs have a single thickness. For different thickness distributions, the Scherrer “constant” has very different values.
Analysis of fundamental particle thickness data (transmission electron microscopy, TEM) for samples of authigenic illite and illite/smectite from diagenetically altered pyroclastics and filamentous illites from sandstones reveals a unique family of lognormal thickness distributions for these clays. Experimental relations between the distributions' lognormal parameters and mean thicknesses are established. These relations then are used to calculate the mean thickness of CSDs for illitic samples from XRD FWHM, or from integral XRD peak widths (integrated intensity/maximum intensity).
For mixed-layer illite/smectite, the measured thickness of the CSD corresponds to the mean thickness of the mixed-layer crystal. Using this measurement, the mean thickness of the fundamental particles that compose the mixed-layer crystals can be calculated after XRD determination of percent smectitic interlayers. The effect of mixed layering (swelling) on XRD peak width for these samples is eliminated by using the 003 reflection for glycolated samples, and the 001, 002 or 003 reflection for dehydrated, K-saturated samples. If this technique is applied to the 001 reflection of air-dried samples (Kubler index measurement), mean CSD thicknesses are underestimated due to the mixed-layering effect.
The technique was calibrated using NEW MOD©-simulated XRD profiles of illite, and then tested on well-characterized illite and illite/smectite samples. The XRD measurements are in good agreement with estimates of the mean thickness of fundamental particles obtained both from TEM measurements and from fixed cations content, up to a mean value of 20 layers. Correction for instrumental broadening under the conditions employed here is unnecessary for this range of thicknesses.
","language":"English","publisher":"The Clay Minerals Society","doi":"10.1346/CCMN.1997.0450315","usgsCitation":"Drits, V.A., Srodon, J., and Eberl, D.D., 1997, XRD measurement of mean crystallite thickness of illite and illite/smectite: Reappraisal of the Kubler index and the Scherrer equation: Clays and Clay Minerals, v. 45, no. 3, p. 461-475, https://doi.org/10.1346/CCMN.1997.0450315.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"461","endPage":"475","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":226367,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"45","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2024-02-28","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bd1f9e4b08c986b32f60e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Drits, Victor A.","contributorId":65616,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Drits","given":"Victor","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":381919,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Srodon, Jan","contributorId":50780,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Srodon","given":"Jan","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":381921,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Eberl, D. D.","contributorId":66282,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Eberl","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":381920,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70020100,"text":"70020100 - 1997 - Age and significance of earthquake-induced liquefaction near Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-08-31T16:06:06.983085","indexId":"70020100","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1166,"text":"Canadian Geotechnical Journal","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Age and significance of earthquake-induced liquefaction near Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada","docAbstract":"In late 1994, sand dykes, large sand blows, and deformed strata were exposed in the walls of an excavation at Annacis Island on the Fraser River delta near Vancouver, British Columbia. The features record liquefaction during a large earthquake about 1700 years ago; this was perhaps the largest earthquake to affect the Vancouver area in the last 3500 years. Similar, less well-dated features have been reported from several other sites on the Fraser delta and may be products of the same earthquake. Three radiocarbon ages that closely delimit the time of liquefaction on Annacis Island are similar to the most precise radiocarbon ages on coseismically subsided marsh soils at estuaries in southern Washington and Oregon. Both the liquefaction and the subsidence may have been produced by a single great plate-boundary earthquake at the Cascadia subduction zone. Alternatively, liquefaction at Annacis Island may have been caused by a large crustal or subcrustal earthquake of about the same age as a plate-boundary earthquake farther west. The data from Annacis Island and other sites on the Fraser delta suggest that earthquakes capable of producing extensive liquefaction in this area are rare events. Further, liquefaction analysis using historical seismicity suggests that current assessment procedures may overestimate liquefaction risk.","language":"English","publisher":"Canadian Science Publishing","doi":"10.1139/t96-081","usgsCitation":"Clague, J.J., Naesgaard, E., and Nelson, A., 1997, Age and significance of earthquake-induced liquefaction near Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada: Canadian Geotechnical Journal, v. 34, no. 1, p. 53-62, https://doi.org/10.1139/t96-081.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"53","endPage":"62","numberOfPages":"10","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":228038,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Canada","state":"British Columbia","city":"Vancouver","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -123.31816679721818,\n 49.31800575292786\n ],\n [\n -123.31816679721818,\n 49.00125031229382\n ],\n [\n -122.7762456570658,\n 49.00125031229382\n ],\n [\n -122.7762456570658,\n 49.31800575292786\n ],\n [\n -123.31816679721818,\n 49.31800575292786\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"34","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e8e2e4b0c8380cd47f47","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Clague, J. J.","contributorId":36306,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Clague","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":385024,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Naesgaard, E.","contributorId":39144,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Naesgaard","given":"E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":385025,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Nelson, A.R. 0000-0001-7117-7098","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7117-7098","contributorId":55078,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nelson","given":"A.R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":385026,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70019426,"text":"70019426 - 1997 - Morphology and distribution of seamounts surrounding Easter Island","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-10-21T11:46:21","indexId":"70019426","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2314,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Morphology and distribution of seamounts surrounding Easter Island","docAbstract":"We investigate the morphology and distribution of a seamount population on a section of seafloor influenced by both superfast seafloor spreading and hotspot volcanism. The population under investigation is part of a broad chain of seamounts extending eastward from the East Pacific Rise, near Easter Island. In order to define the morphological variability of the seamounts, basal shape, cross-sectional area, volume, flatness, and flank slope are plotted against height for 383 seamounts with heights greater than 200 m, based on bathymetry data collected by GLORI-B and SeaBeam 2000, during three cruises onboard the R/V Melville in the spring of 1993. Nearly complete swath mapping coverage of the seamounts is available for the analysis of size and shape distribution. We quantitatively describe the seamount population of this active region, in which seamounts cover ???27% of the seafloor, and account for ???4.2% of the total crustal volume. Over 50% of the total volume (61,000 km3) of seamounts used in this study is made up by the 14 largest seamounts, and the remaining volume is made up by the 369 smaller seamounts (>200 m in height). Our analysis indicates there are at least two seamount populations in the Easter Island-Salas y Gomez Island (25??-29??S, 113??-104??W) study area. One population of seamounts is composed of short seamounts (<1200 m in height) with variable flatness from pointy cones to flattened domes (flatness from 0.01 to 0.57) and predominantly steep flanks (slopes from 5?? to 32??). A second population is of massive (>1200 m), shield-like, pointy cones (flatness < 0.2) and gentle slopes (from 5?? to 15??). An exponential maximum likelihood distribution is fit to the binned raw frequency of height and gives a characteristic height of the seamount population of 308??12m and an expected number of seamounts per 1000 km2 of 2.7??0.15. Many seamounts that have different slope and flatness relationships with height are formed next to each other. We speculate that the larger volcanoes (>???1200 m) originate exclusively from a hotspot source, but only a portion of the smaller volcanoes (2 = 0.333 really tell us about the Earth","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-05-19T15:14:56","indexId":"70020092","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2125,"text":"Izvestiya, Physics of the Solid Earth","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"What a = 1/298 and C/Ma2 = 0.333 really tell us about the Earth","docAbstract":"The discussion in the several versions of The Earth by Jeffreys (third edition, 1952, for example) [1] relative to the ellipticity of the Earth does not demonstrate, as generally believed, that the Earth has the shape of a rotating liquid. His development in conjunction with the work of H. Lamb (1945) [2] shows unequivocally that the Earth is much less oblate than required if it were behaving as a liquid mass. It is not true that the observations of Bouguer in the late 1700's regarding the actual ellipticity of the Earth demonstrated the liquidity of the Earth with mass concentrated towards the center. In fact, proper interpretation of his data would have shown that the Earth's ellipticity results from its great strength, not its weakness. Data available today establish that great strength resides in the lower mantle and has in all probability resided there from the time of the Earth's origin. This strength results in the need for reinterpretation of Earth behavior and operative processes.
","language":"English","issn":"10693513","usgsCitation":"Evernden, J., 1997, What a = 1/298 and C/Ma2 = 0.333 really tell us about the Earth: Izvestiya, Physics of the Solid Earth, v. 33, no. 2, p. 162-170.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"162","endPage":"170","numberOfPages":"9","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":227909,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"33","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bd02de4b08c986b32eced","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Evernden, J. F.","contributorId":40593,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Evernden","given":"J. F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":384998,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70020179,"text":"70020179 - 1997 - Evaluation of field and laboratory research on scour at bridge piers in the United States","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:15","indexId":"70020179","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Evaluation of field and laboratory research on scour at bridge piers in the United States","docAbstract":"The Federal Highway Administration sponsored a laboratory research at Colorado State University and field data collection with the US Geological Survey, to evaluate the effects of bed material on the depth of scour. Correction factors are compared to include the effect of bed material in the HEC-18 equation. The HEC-18 equation tends to overpredict the observed scour for streams with coarse bed material. The field-based correction factor K4 causes underprediction associated with data collected from other countries.","largerWorkTitle":"Proceedings, Congress of the International Association of Hydraulic Research, IAHR","conferenceTitle":"Proceedings of the 1997 27th Congress of the International Association of Hydraulic Research, IAHR. Part C","conferenceDate":"10 August 1997 through 15 August 1997","conferenceLocation":"San Francisco, CA, USA","language":"English","publisher":"ASCE","publisherLocation":"New York, NY, United States","usgsCitation":"Mueller, D.S., and Jones, J.S., 1997, Evaluation of field and laboratory research on scour at bridge piers in the United States, in Proceedings, Congress of the International Association of Hydraulic Research, IAHR, v. A, San Francisco, CA, USA, 10 August 1997 through 15 August 1997, p. 135-140.","startPage":"135","endPage":"140","numberOfPages":"6","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":231162,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"A","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0c73e4b0c8380cd52b5a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Mueller, David S. dmueller@usgs.gov","contributorId":1499,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mueller","given":"David","email":"dmueller@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":502,"text":"Office of Surface Water","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":385286,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Jones, J. Sterling","contributorId":92814,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jones","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"Sterling","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":385287,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ]}