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Dissemination of volcano-hazard information in coordination with other Federal, State, and local agencies is a primary responsibility of the Alaska Volcano Observatory (AVO). During the 2005-6 eruption of Augustine Volcano in Alaska, AVO used existing interagency relationships and written protocols to provide hazard guidance before, during, and after eruptive events. The 2005-6 eruption was notable because of the potential for volcanogenic tsunami, which required establishment of a new procedure for alerts of possible landslide-induced tsunami in Cook Inlet. Despite repeated ash-cloud generating explosions and far-traveled ash clouds, impacts from the event were relatively minor. Primary economic losses occurred when air carriers chose to avoid flights into potentially unsafe conditions. Post-eruption evaluations by agencies involved in the response indicated weaknesses in information centralization and availability of specific information regarding ash fall hazards in real time.

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Satellite observations played an important role in monitoring the 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano. It represented the first opportunity for observers to use, in an operational setting, new Web-based tools and techniques developed by the Alaska Volcano Observatory remote sensing group. The 'Okmok Algorithm' was used to analyze thermal infrared satellite data and highlight changes in the style and phases of activity. Temperature measurements were used to estimate ash cloud heights, which compared favorably to radar and ground-based observations, although larger discrepancies were seen when compared to pilot reports. Brightness temperature difference techniques were used to locate and track the 14 ash clouds produced during the explosive phase of the eruption. Stacking of these analyses allowed the creation of composite maps showing the distribution of airborne ash. The data from these maps were further combined with information from local reports and samples of ashfall to create a prototype of a concentration map that could be used to assess the potential hazard an eruption represents to aircraft, infrastructure and human health.

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2010 - Remote telemetered and time-lapse cameras at Augustine Volcano: Chapter 12 in The 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano, Alaska","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":98941,"text":"pp176912 - 2010 - Remote telemetered and time-lapse cameras at Augustine Volcano: Chapter 12 in The 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano, Alaska","indexId":"pp176912","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"chapter":"12","title":"Remote telemetered and time-lapse cameras at Augustine Volcano: Chapter 12 in The 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano, Alaska"},"predicate":"IS_PART_OF","object":{"id":98929,"text":"pp1769 - 2010 - The 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano, Alaska","indexId":"pp1769","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"title":"The 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano, Alaska"},"id":1}],"isPartOf":{"id":98929,"text":"pp1769 - 2010 - The 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano, Alaska","indexId":"pp1769","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"title":"The 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano, Alaska"},"lastModifiedDate":"2016-08-29T15:05:38","indexId":"pp176912","displayToPublicDate":"2010-12-16T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1769","chapter":"12","title":"Remote telemetered and time-lapse cameras at Augustine Volcano: Chapter 12 in The 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano, Alaska","docAbstract":"

Before and during the 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano, the Alaska Volcano Observatory (AVO) installed a network of telemetered and nontelemetered cameras in Homer, Alaska, and on Augustine Island. On December 1, 2005, a network camera was installed at the Homer Field Station, a University of Alaska Fairbanks Geophysical Institute (UAF/GI) facility on a bluff near Homer, where telemetered Augustine data are received. The camera placed there provides observations of the volcano from a distance of 126 km (78 miles) in daylight hours during clear sky conditions. On January 9, 2006, a radio-telemetered network camera was installed on the lower eastern flank of the volcano at 'Mound,' 4.4 km (2.7 miles) from the summit. The proximity of this camera provided for near-field images of the volcano. A nontelemetered camera with onsite recording was installed 3.8 km (2.4 miles) north of the volcano's summit near Burr Point on December 17, 2005. This camera recorded high-resolution images at a rate of 4 images per hour through much of the eruptive sequence. A low-light camera was installed on February 8, 2006, at the Homer facility to augment the extreme low-light camera installed by the UAF/GI (Sentman and others, this volume). On September 10, 2006, a second radio-telemetered network camera was installed at Lagoon camp on the west side of Augustine Island, 5.4 km (3.3 miles) west-northwest of the summit. The installation of these camera systems proved valuable for assessing volcanic activity, determining ground hazards and on-island weather for visiting field teams, and deciphering depositional history after the eruption.

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2010 - Petrology and geochemistry of the 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano: Chapter 15 in The 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano, Alaska","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":98944,"text":"pp176915 - 2010 - Petrology and geochemistry of the 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano: Chapter 15 in The 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano, Alaska","indexId":"pp176915","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"chapter":"15","title":"Petrology and geochemistry of the 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano: Chapter 15 in The 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano, Alaska"},"predicate":"IS_PART_OF","object":{"id":98929,"text":"pp1769 - 2010 - The 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano, Alaska","indexId":"pp1769","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"title":"The 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano, Alaska"},"id":1}],"isPartOf":{"id":98929,"text":"pp1769 - 2010 - The 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano, Alaska","indexId":"pp1769","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"title":"The 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano, Alaska"},"lastModifiedDate":"2016-08-29T15:02:51","indexId":"pp176915","displayToPublicDate":"2010-12-16T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1769","chapter":"15","title":"Petrology and geochemistry of the 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano: Chapter 15 in The 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano, Alaska","docAbstract":"

Deposits from the 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano, Alaska, record a complex history of magma mixing before and during the eruption. The eruption produced five major lithologies: low-silica andesite scoria (LSAS; 56.5 to 58.7 weight percent SiO2), mostly during the initial explosive phase; high-silica andesite pumice (HSA; 62.2 to 63.3 weight percent SiO2), prevalent during the continuous phase; dense low-silica andesite (DLSA; 56.4 to 59.3 weight percent SiO2), predominantly during the late effusive phase; and dense intermediate andesite (DIA) and banded clasts, present throughout the eruption but most abundant in the continuous phase. The DIA and banded clasts have compositions that fall between and partially overlap the ranges noted above. All rock types are phenocryst-rich (36 to 44 volume percent), containing plagioclase, orthopyroxene, augite, Fe-Ti oxides, olivine, and rare amphibole, apatite, and anhydrite. Glasses from tephra and flow-deposit clasts range from 66 to nearly 80 weight percent SiO2 and represent highly evolved melt relative to the bulk rock compositions. Fe-Ti oxides recorded fO2 ~2 log units above the Ni-NiO buffer and temperatures of 904±47°C and 838±14°C from LSAS and HSA samples, respectively, with the intermediate lithologies falling in the middle of these ranges. The dense low-silica andesite and scoria (collectively LSA) are compositionally nearly identical, and trace-element patterns show that the HSA is not the result of shallow crustal fractionation of the LSA. The petrological and geochemical data indicate that two-component magma mixing between the LSA and HSA caused the compositional spread in eruptive products. The phenocryst population in the LSA suggests that it represents a hybrid formed from the HSA and an unerupted, basaltic “replenishing” magma. On the basis of petrological and geophysical observations reported here and elsewhere in this volume, the HSA was stored as a crystal-rich mush with its top at ~5-km depth. An influx of basalt remobilized and partially mixed with a portion of the mush, forming the hybrid LSA. The lower viscosity LSA ascended towards the surface as a dike, erupting during the explosive phase in mid-January 2006. In late January, a large explosion produced the first significant volumes of HSA, followed by several days of rapid HSA effusion during the eruption’s continuous phase. After a three-week hiatus marked by elevated gas output, signifying an open system, degassed LSA erupted during the final, effusive phase. Consistency in eruptive styles and compositions suggests that the HSA magma body may have been similarly rejuvenated during the past several eruptions. 

","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"The 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano, Alaska","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/pp176915","usgsCitation":"Larsen, J., Nye, C.J., Coombs, M.L., Tilman, M., Izbekov, P., and Cameron, C., 2010, Petrology and geochemistry of the 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano: Chapter 15 in The 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano, Alaska: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1769, 48 p.; Appendixes: 1-5, https://doi.org/10.3133/pp176915.","productDescription":"48 p.; Appendixes: 1-5","startPage":"335","endPage":"382","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":121,"text":"Alaska Volcano Observatory","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":14368,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1769/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":126042,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/pp_1769_15.gif"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -153.51470947265625,\n 59.412945785071\n ],\n [\n -153.47625732421875,\n 59.41993301322722\n ],\n [\n -153.446044921875,\n 59.428315784042574\n ],\n [\n -153.39385986328125,\n 59.428315784042574\n ],\n [\n -153.36090087890622,\n 59.41574084934491\n ],\n [\n -153.34442138671875,\n 59.39477224351409\n ],\n [\n -153.31695556640625,\n 59.37658895163648\n ],\n [\n -153.32794189453125,\n 59.33599107056162\n ],\n [\n -153.37188720703125,\n 59.32338185310805\n ],\n [\n -153.446044921875,\n 59.31777625443006\n ],\n [\n -153.5394287109375,\n 59.31076795603884\n ],\n [\n -153.577880859375,\n 59.32618430580267\n ],\n [\n -153.577880859375,\n 59.35139598294652\n ],\n [\n -153.60260009765625,\n 59.379387015928536\n ],\n [\n -153.59161376953125,\n 59.404559208021745\n ],\n [\n -153.55865478515625,\n 59.410150490100754\n ],\n [\n -153.51470947265625,\n 59.412945785071\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a91e4b07f02db656bda","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Power, John A. 0000-0002-7233-4398 jpower@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7233-4398","contributorId":2768,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Power","given":"John","email":"jpower@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":647324,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Coombs, Michelle L. 0000-0002-6002-6806 mcoombs@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6002-6806","contributorId":2809,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Coombs","given":"Michelle","email":"mcoombs@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":647325,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Freymueller, Jeffrey T.","contributorId":97458,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Freymueller","given":"Jeffrey","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":647326,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":3}],"authors":[{"text":"Larsen, Jessica F.","contributorId":32149,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Larsen","given":"Jessica F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":307010,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Nye, Christopher J.","contributorId":55418,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nye","given":"Christopher","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":121,"text":"Alaska Volcano Observatory","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":307013,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Coombs, Michelle L. 0000-0002-6002-6806 mcoombs@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6002-6806","contributorId":2809,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Coombs","given":"Michelle","email":"mcoombs@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":307009,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Tilman, Mariah","contributorId":48548,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tilman","given":"Mariah","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":307012,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Izbekov, Pavel","contributorId":85950,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Izbekov","given":"Pavel","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":307014,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Cameron, Cheryl","contributorId":38543,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cameron","given":"Cheryl","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":307011,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":98940,"text":"pp176911 - 2010 - Characterizing pyroclastic-flow interactions with snow and water using environmental magnetism at Augustine Volcano: Chapter 11 in The 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano, Alaska","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":98940,"text":"pp176911 - 2010 - Characterizing pyroclastic-flow interactions with snow and water using environmental magnetism at Augustine Volcano: Chapter 11 in The 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano, Alaska","indexId":"pp176911","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"chapter":"11","title":"Characterizing pyroclastic-flow interactions with snow and water using environmental magnetism at Augustine Volcano: Chapter 11 in The 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano, Alaska"},"predicate":"IS_PART_OF","object":{"id":98929,"text":"pp1769 - 2010 - The 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano, Alaska","indexId":"pp1769","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"title":"The 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano, Alaska"},"id":1}],"isPartOf":{"id":98929,"text":"pp1769 - 2010 - The 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano, Alaska","indexId":"pp1769","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"title":"The 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano, Alaska"},"lastModifiedDate":"2016-08-29T15:06:19","indexId":"pp176911","displayToPublicDate":"2010-12-16T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1769","chapter":"11","title":"Characterizing pyroclastic-flow interactions with snow and water using environmental magnetism at Augustine Volcano: Chapter 11 in The 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano, Alaska","docAbstract":"

In-place measurements of environmental magnetic susceptibility of pyroclastic flows, surges and lahars emplaced during the 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano show that primary volume magnetic susceptibilities of pyroclastic materials decreased where the flows encountered water and steam. The Rocky Point pyroclastic flow, the largest flow of the eruption sequence, encountered a small pond near the north coast of Augustine Island where local interactions with water and steam caused susceptibilities to decrease from 1,084±128×10-5 SI to 615±114×10-5 SI. Ash produced during phreatic explosions and pyroclastic surges that crossed snow also produced deposits with reduced susceptibilities, while lahar deposits derived from pyroclastic flows showed even greater reductions in susceptibility (430±129×10-5 SI). The susceptibility reductions are probably largely attributable to oxidation of iron in magnetite and other minerals within the pyroclastic flows, although other physiochemical processes may play a role. Measurements of the magnetic properties of pyroclastic flows, surges, and lahar deposits can be a useful tool in understanding the processes that occur when pyroclastic flows encounter ice, snow, and water and interact with water and steam on the slopes of active volcanoes.

","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"The 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano, Alaska","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/pp176911","usgsCitation":"Beget, J.E., 2010, Characterizing pyroclastic-flow interactions with snow and water using environmental magnetism at Augustine Volcano: Chapter 11 in The 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano, Alaska: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1769, 15 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/pp176911.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"269","endPage":"283","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":121,"text":"Alaska Volcano Observatory","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":139358,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/pp176911.gif"},{"id":14364,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1769/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -153.51470947265625,\n 59.412945785071\n ],\n [\n -153.47625732421875,\n 59.41993301322722\n ],\n [\n -153.446044921875,\n 59.428315784042574\n ],\n [\n -153.39385986328125,\n 59.428315784042574\n ],\n [\n -153.36090087890622,\n 59.41574084934491\n ],\n [\n -153.34442138671875,\n 59.39477224351409\n ],\n [\n -153.31695556640625,\n 59.37658895163648\n ],\n [\n -153.32794189453125,\n 59.33599107056162\n ],\n [\n -153.37188720703125,\n 59.32338185310805\n ],\n [\n -153.446044921875,\n 59.31777625443006\n ],\n [\n -153.5394287109375,\n 59.31076795603884\n ],\n [\n -153.577880859375,\n 59.32618430580267\n ],\n [\n -153.577880859375,\n 59.35139598294652\n ],\n [\n -153.60260009765625,\n 59.379387015928536\n ],\n [\n -153.59161376953125,\n 59.404559208021745\n ],\n [\n -153.55865478515625,\n 59.410150490100754\n ],\n [\n -153.51470947265625,\n 59.412945785071\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49e2e4b07f02db5e4cf6","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Power, John A. 0000-0002-7233-4398 jpower@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7233-4398","contributorId":2768,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Power","given":"John","email":"jpower@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":647357,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Coombs, Michelle L. 0000-0002-6002-6806 mcoombs@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6002-6806","contributorId":2809,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Coombs","given":"Michelle","email":"mcoombs@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":647358,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Freymueller, Jeffrey T.","contributorId":97458,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Freymueller","given":"Jeffrey","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":647359,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":3}],"authors":[{"text":"Beget, James E.","contributorId":22757,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Beget","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":307001,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":98945,"text":"pp176916 - 2010 - Augustine Volcano - The influence of volatile components in magmas erupted A.D. 2006 to 2,100 years before present: Chapter 16 in The 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano, Alaska","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":98945,"text":"pp176916 - 2010 - Augustine Volcano - The influence of volatile components in magmas erupted A.D. 2006 to 2,100 years before present: Chapter 16 in The 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano, Alaska","indexId":"pp176916","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"chapter":"16","title":"Augustine Volcano - The influence of volatile components in magmas erupted A.D. 2006 to 2,100 years before present: Chapter 16 in The 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano, Alaska"},"predicate":"IS_PART_OF","object":{"id":98929,"text":"pp1769 - 2010 - The 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano, Alaska","indexId":"pp1769","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"title":"The 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano, Alaska"},"id":1}],"isPartOf":{"id":98929,"text":"pp1769 - 2010 - The 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano, Alaska","indexId":"pp1769","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"title":"The 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano, Alaska"},"lastModifiedDate":"2016-08-29T13:30:07","indexId":"pp176916","displayToPublicDate":"2010-12-16T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1769","chapter":"16","title":"Augustine Volcano - The influence of volatile components in magmas erupted A.D. 2006 to 2,100 years before present: Chapter 16 in The 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano, Alaska","docAbstract":"

The petrology and geochemistry of 2006 eruptive products of Augustine Volcano, Alaska, have been investigated through analyses of whole-rock samples, phenocrysts, silicate melt inclusions, and matrix glasses to constrain processes of magma evolution, eruption, and degassing. Particular attention was directed toward the concentrations and geochemical relationships involving the magmatic volatile components H2O, CO2, S, and Cl. The analytical results for 2006 samples have been integrated with data for samples of Pleistocene basalt, prehistoric andesites, and 1986 andesites from Augustine to provide a broad view of volatile behavior in Augustine magmas. The observation of generally similar geochemical features for this range of eruptions indicates that magmatic and volatile degassing processes have been relatively consistent during the past 2,100 years.

\n

Augustine andesites range from low-silica to high-silica compositions and contain phenocrysts of plagioclase, orthopyroxene, and clinopyroxene, with lesser olivine, amphiboles, iron-titanium oxides, and apatite. The groundmass varies from strongly crystallized and/or oxidized to comparatively clear, microlite-poor vesicular glass. Coexisting iron-titanium oxides of 2006 rock samples, which are generally consistent with those of prior eruptive materials, indicate ƒO2 values of approximately NNO+1.5 to NNO+2.5 and oxide crystallization temperatures of 835 to 1,052°C.

\n

The compositions of matrix and melt-inclusion glasses range from rhyodacite to rhyolite and show relationships that reflect magma evolution involving fractional crystallization and multiple stages of mingling and/or mixing. In particular, melt inclusions of low-silica andesites express mixing of magmas with more widely varying compositions, than do melt inclusions of high-silica andesites and dacites. The melt inclusions of 2006, 1986, and prehistoric andesites contain moderate to high concentrations of H2O and Cl and lesser CO2 and SO2. Comparing the abundances of H2O, CO2, and Cl in these melt inclusions with experimentally established volatile solubilities for felsic melts indicates that the 2006 and prehistoric samples are most consistent with the ascent of fluid-saturated magmas containing 1 weight percent of H2O-enriched vapor under closed-system conditions and that pressures of volatile phase exsolution range from 150 to less than 20 MPa. This closed-system behavior was maintained to quite shallow depths prior to eruption, and this pressure range is consistent with constraints derived from 2006 geodetic measurements indicating magma storage and crystallization at 4 to 6 km and upwards to near-surface depths. The magmatic fluids were relatively oxidizing and included H2O-enriched and HCl-, H2S-, S2-, and SO2 ± CO2-bearing vapors; hydrosaline aqueous liquids largely enriched in Cl-, SO42-, alkalis, and H2O; and moderately saline, H2O-poor liquids containing Cl-, SO42-, and alkali elements.

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2010 - Emission of SO2, CO2, and H2S from Augustine Volcano, 2002-2008: Chapter 26 in The 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano, Alaska","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":98955,"text":"pp176926 - 2010 - Emission of SO2, CO2, and H2S from Augustine Volcano, 2002-2008: Chapter 26 in The 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano, Alaska","indexId":"pp176926","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"chapter":"26","title":"Emission of SO2, CO2, and H2S from Augustine Volcano, 2002-2008: Chapter 26 in The 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano, Alaska"},"predicate":"IS_PART_OF","object":{"id":98929,"text":"pp1769 - 2010 - The 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano, Alaska","indexId":"pp1769","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"title":"The 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano, Alaska"},"id":1}],"isPartOf":{"id":98929,"text":"pp1769 - 2010 - The 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano, Alaska","indexId":"pp1769","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"title":"The 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano, Alaska"},"lastModifiedDate":"2016-08-29T14:56:22","indexId":"pp176926","displayToPublicDate":"2010-12-16T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1769","chapter":"26","title":"Emission of SO2, CO2, and H2S from Augustine Volcano, 2002-2008: Chapter 26 in The 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano, Alaska","docAbstract":"

Airborne surveillance of gas emissions from Augustine Volcano and other Cook Inlet volcanoes began in 1990 to identify baseline emission levels during noneruptive conditions. Gas measurements at Augustine for SO2, CO2, and H2S showed essentially no evidence of anomalous degassing through spring 2005. Neither did a measurement on May 10, 2005, right after the onset of low level seismicity and inflation. The following measurement, on December 20, 2005, showed Augustine to be degassing about 600 metric tons per day (t/d) of SO2, and by January 4, 2006, only 7 days before the first explosive event, SO2 emissions had climbed to ten times that amount. Maximum emission rates measured during the subsequent eruption were: 8,930 t/d SO2 (February 24, 2006), 1,800 t/d CO2 (March 9, 2006), and 4.3 t/d H2S (January 19, 2006). In total, 45 measurements for SO2 were made from December 2005 through the end of 2008, with 19 each for CO2 and H2S during the same period. Molar CO2/SO2 ratios averaged about 1.6. In general, SO2 emissions appeared to increase during inflation of the volcanic edifice, whereas CO2 emissions were at their highest during the period of deflation associated with the vigorous effusive phase of the eruption in March. High SO2 was probably associated with degassing of shallow magma, whereas high CO2 likely reflected deep (>4 km) magma recharge of the sub-volcanic plumbing system, For the 2005–6 period, the volcano released a total of about 1.5×106 tons of CO2 to the atmosphere, a level similar to the annual output of a medium-sized natural-gas-fired powerplant. Augustine also emitted about 8×105 tons of SO2, similar to that produced by the 1976 and 1986 eruptions of the volcano.

","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"The 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano, Alaska","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/pp176926","usgsCitation":"McGee, K.A., Doukas, M.P., McGimsey, R.G., Neal, C., and Wessels, R., 2010, Emission of SO2, CO2, and H2S from Augustine Volcano, 2002-2008: Chapter 26 in The 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano, Alaska: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1769, 19 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/pp176926.","productDescription":"19 p.","startPage":"609","endPage":"627","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":121,"text":"Alaska Volcano Observatory","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":139652,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/pp176926.gif"},{"id":14379,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1769/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -153.51470947265625,\n 59.412945785071\n ],\n [\n -153.47625732421875,\n 59.41993301322722\n ],\n [\n -153.446044921875,\n 59.428315784042574\n ],\n [\n -153.39385986328125,\n 59.428315784042574\n ],\n [\n -153.36090087890622,\n 59.41574084934491\n ],\n [\n -153.34442138671875,\n 59.39477224351409\n ],\n [\n -153.31695556640625,\n 59.37658895163648\n ],\n [\n -153.32794189453125,\n 59.33599107056162\n ],\n [\n -153.37188720703125,\n 59.32338185310805\n ],\n [\n -153.446044921875,\n 59.31777625443006\n ],\n [\n -153.5394287109375,\n 59.31076795603884\n ],\n [\n -153.577880859375,\n 59.32618430580267\n ],\n [\n -153.577880859375,\n 59.35139598294652\n ],\n [\n -153.60260009765625,\n 59.379387015928536\n ],\n [\n -153.59161376953125,\n 59.404559208021745\n ],\n [\n -153.55865478515625,\n 59.410150490100754\n ],\n [\n -153.51470947265625,\n 59.412945785071\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a19e4b07f02db6057a9","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Power, John A. 0000-0002-7233-4398 jpower@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7233-4398","contributorId":2768,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Power","given":"John","email":"jpower@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":647237,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Coombs, Michelle L. 0000-0002-6002-6806 mcoombs@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6002-6806","contributorId":2809,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Coombs","given":"Michelle","email":"mcoombs@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":647238,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Freymueller, Jeffrey T.","contributorId":96841,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Freymueller","given":"Jeffrey T.","affiliations":[{"id":26875,"text":"Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":647239,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":3}],"authors":[{"text":"McGee, Kenneth A. kenmcgee@usgs.gov","contributorId":2135,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McGee","given":"Kenneth","email":"kenmcgee@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":307068,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Doukas, Michael P. mdoukas@usgs.gov","contributorId":2686,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Doukas","given":"Michael","email":"mdoukas@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":307070,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"McGimsey, Robert G. 0000-0001-5379-7779 mcgimsey@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5379-7779","contributorId":2352,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McGimsey","given":"Robert","email":"mcgimsey@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":307069,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Neal, Christina A. 0000-0002-7697-7825","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7697-7825","contributorId":82660,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Neal","given":"Christina A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":307072,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Wessels, Rick L.","contributorId":24777,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wessels","given":"Rick L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":307071,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":98943,"text":"pp176914 - 2010 - Preliminary slope-stability analysis of Augustine Volcano: Chapter 14 in The 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano, Alaska","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":98943,"text":"pp176914 - 2010 - Preliminary slope-stability analysis of Augustine Volcano: Chapter 14 in The 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano, Alaska","indexId":"pp176914","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"chapter":"14","title":"Preliminary slope-stability analysis of Augustine Volcano: Chapter 14 in The 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano, Alaska"},"predicate":"IS_PART_OF","object":{"id":98929,"text":"pp1769 - 2010 - The 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano, Alaska","indexId":"pp1769","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"title":"The 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano, Alaska"},"id":1}],"isPartOf":{"id":98929,"text":"pp1769 - 2010 - The 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano, Alaska","indexId":"pp1769","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"title":"The 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano, Alaska"},"lastModifiedDate":"2016-08-29T15:03:32","indexId":"pp176914","displayToPublicDate":"2010-12-16T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1769","chapter":"14","title":"Preliminary slope-stability analysis of Augustine Volcano: Chapter 14 in The 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano, Alaska","docAbstract":"

Augustine Volcano has been a prolific producer of large debris avalanches during the Holocene. Originating as landslides from the steep upper edifice, these avalanches typically slide into the surrounding ocean. At least one debris avalanche that occurred in 1883 during an eruption initiated a far-traveled tsunami. The possible occurrence of another edifice collapse and ensuing tsunami was a concern during the 2006 eruption of Augustine. To aid in hazard assessments, we have evaluated the slope stability of Augustine's edifice, using a quasi-three-dimensional, geotechnically based slope-stability model implemented in the computer program SCOOPS. We analyzed the effects of topography, variations in rock strength, and earthquake-induced strong ground motion on the relative stability of millions of potential large (>0.1 km3 volume) slope failures throughout the edifice. Preliminary results from pre-2006 topography provide three insights. First, the predicted stability of all parts of the upper edifice is approximately the same, suggesting an equal likelihood of slope failure, in agreement with geologic observations that debris avalanches have swept all sectors of the volcano. Second, the least stable (by a small amount) sector is on the east flank where a debris avalanche would flow into deeper ocean water and a resulting tsunami would be directed toward the southwestern part of the Kenai Peninsula. Third, most model scenarios predict stable edifice slopes, and only scenarios assuming extensive weak rocks and moderate to strong ground shaking predict potential large collapses. Because other transient triggering mechanisms, such as shallow magma intrusion, may be needed to instigate slope instability, monitoring ground deformation and seismicity could

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2010 - Public outreach and communications of the Alaska Volcano Observatory during the 2005-2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano: Chapter 27 in The 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano, Alaska","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":98956,"text":"pp176927 - 2010 - Public outreach and communications of the Alaska Volcano Observatory during the 2005-2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano: Chapter 27 in The 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano, Alaska","indexId":"pp176927","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"chapter":"27","title":"Public outreach and communications of the Alaska Volcano Observatory during the 2005-2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano: Chapter 27 in The 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano, Alaska"},"predicate":"IS_PART_OF","object":{"id":98929,"text":"pp1769 - 2010 - The 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano, Alaska","indexId":"pp1769","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"title":"The 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano, Alaska"},"id":1}],"isPartOf":{"id":98929,"text":"pp1769 - 2010 - The 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano, Alaska","indexId":"pp1769","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"title":"The 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano, Alaska"},"lastModifiedDate":"2016-08-27T19:45:32","indexId":"pp176927","displayToPublicDate":"2010-12-16T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1769","chapter":"27","title":"Public outreach and communications of the Alaska Volcano Observatory during the 2005-2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano: Chapter 27 in The 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano, Alaska","docAbstract":"

The 2005-6 eruption of Augustine Volcano in the Cook Inlet region, Alaska, greatly increased public desire for volcano hazard information, as this eruption was the most significant in Cook Inlet since 1992. In response to this heightened concern, the Alaska Volcano Observatory (AVO) increased ongoing efforts to deliver specific eruption-focused information to communities nearest to the volcano, created a public communications strategy to assist staff with managing requests, and used the recently upgraded AVO Web site as a primary information-delivery path. During the eruption, AVO responded to a minimum of ~1,700 individual requests for information from the media, the public, and other organizations with responsibilities associated with volcanic activity in Alaska; requests were received both as phone calls to the observatory and e-mail stemming from the AVO Web site. Staff also delivered approximately two dozen Augustine-specific presentations and gave nearly three dozen tours of the AVO Anchorage Operations Center in Anchorage. This intensity of public interaction was markedly higher than during noneruptive periods.

\n

During the Augustine unrest and eruption, AVO also refined its internal communication procedures, instituted and maintained up-to-date and concise talking points concerning the most recent and relevant volcanic activity and hazards, and created a media management plan to assist staff in working with members of the media. These items aided staff in maintaining a consistent message concerning the eruption, potential hazards, and our response activities.

\n

The AVO Web site, with its accompanying database, is the backbone of AVO's external and internal communications. This was the first Cook Inlet volcanic eruption with a public expectation of real-time access to data, updates, and hazards information over the Internet. In March 2005, AVO improved the Web site from individual static pages to a dynamic, database-driven site. This new system provided quick and straightforward access to the latest information for (1) staff within the observatory, (2) emergency managers from State and local governments and organizations, (3) the media, and (4) the public. From mid-December 2005 through April 2006, the AVO Web site served more than 45 million Web pages and about 5.5 terabytes of data.

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2010 - Lightning and electrical activity during the 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano: Chapter 25 in The 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano, Alaska","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":98954,"text":"pp176925 - 2010 - Lightning and electrical activity during the 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano: Chapter 25 in The 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano, Alaska","indexId":"pp176925","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"chapter":"25","title":"Lightning and electrical activity during the 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano: Chapter 25 in The 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano, Alaska"},"predicate":"IS_PART_OF","object":{"id":98929,"text":"pp1769 - 2010 - The 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano, Alaska","indexId":"pp1769","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"title":"The 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano, Alaska"},"id":1}],"isPartOf":{"id":98929,"text":"pp1769 - 2010 - The 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano, Alaska","indexId":"pp1769","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"title":"The 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano, Alaska"},"lastModifiedDate":"2016-08-29T14:57:02","indexId":"pp176925","displayToPublicDate":"2010-12-16T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1769","chapter":"25","title":"Lightning and electrical activity during the 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano: Chapter 25 in The 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano, Alaska","docAbstract":"

Lightning and other electrical activity were measured during the 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano. We found two phases of the activity, the explosive phase corresponding to the explosive eruptions and the plume phase. We classified the lightning into three types, vent discharges, near-vent lightning, and plume lightning. Vent discharges are small, 10 to 100 m sparks, that occur at rate as great as 10,000 s-1 at the mouth of the volcano during the energetic explosive eruptions. The vent discharges were observed six different times. Near-vent lightning appears to develop upward from the volcanic cone into the developing column during explosions. This lightning is small, in the range of 1 to 7 km, and short, 0.01 to 0.1 s. The behavior of the near-vent lightning indicates an overall positive charge in the ejecta. The plume lightning resembled intracloud thunderstorm lightning. Often it was branched, spanned more than 10 km, and lasted more than 0.5 s.

","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"The 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano, Alaska","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/pp176925","usgsCitation":"Thomas, R.J., McNutt, S.R., Krehbiel, P.R., Rison, W., Aulich, G., Edens, H., Tytgat, G., and Clark, E., 2010, Lightning and electrical activity during the 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano: Chapter 25 in The 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano, Alaska: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1769, 30 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/pp176925.","productDescription":"30 p.","startPage":"579","endPage":"608","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":121,"text":"Alaska Volcano Observatory","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":139368,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/pp176925.gif"},{"id":14378,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index 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In September of 2004, UNAVCO and the National Science Foundation (NSF) funded EarthScope Plate Boundary Observatory (PBO) installed five permanent Continuous Global Positioning System (CGPS) stations on Augustine Volcano, supplementing one existing CGPS station operated by the Alaska Volcano Observatory. All six CGPS stations proved crucial to scientists for detecting and monitoring the precursory deformation of the volcano beginning in early May 2005, as well as for monitoring the many subsequent small inflationary and deflationary episodes that characterized the 2006 eruption. Following the eruption, in September of 2006, PBO added six additional permanent CGPS stations. The 2006 eruption and its precursors were the first significant activity of the volcano in 20 years and the PBO CGPS network provided an unprecedented opportunity to monitor and detect volcanic ground deformation on an erupting Alaskan stratovolcano. Data from the new CGPS stations coupled with the existing seismic stations provided scientists with the first real opportunity to use geodetic data and real time seismic data to assess the volcanic hazards before, during, and after an Alaskan eruption.

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2010 - Ejecta and landslides from Augustine Volcano before 2006: Chapter 13 in The 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano, Alaska","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":98942,"text":"pp176913 - 2010 - Ejecta and landslides from Augustine Volcano before 2006: Chapter 13 in The 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano, Alaska","indexId":"pp176913","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"chapter":"13","title":"Ejecta and landslides from Augustine Volcano before 2006: Chapter 13 in The 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano, Alaska"},"predicate":"IS_PART_OF","object":{"id":98929,"text":"pp1769 - 2010 - The 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano, Alaska","indexId":"pp1769","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"title":"The 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano, Alaska"},"id":1}],"isPartOf":{"id":98929,"text":"pp1769 - 2010 - The 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano, Alaska","indexId":"pp1769","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"title":"The 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano, Alaska"},"lastModifiedDate":"2016-08-29T13:40:01","indexId":"pp176913","displayToPublicDate":"2010-12-16T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1769","chapter":"13","title":"Ejecta and landslides from Augustine Volcano before 2006: Chapter 13 in The 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano, Alaska","docAbstract":"

A late Wisconsin volcano erupted onto the JurassicCretaceous sedimentary bedrock of Augustine Island in lower Cook Inlet in Alaska. Olivine basalt interacting with water erupted explosively. Rhyolitic eruptive debris then swept down the south volcano flank while late Wisconsin glaciers from mountains on western mainland surrounded the island. Early to middle Holocene deposits probably erupted onto the island but are now largely buried. About 5,200, 3,750, 3,500, and 2,275 yr B.P. Augustine ash fell 70 to 110 km away.

\n

Since about 2,300 yr B.P. several large eruptions deposited coarse-pumice fall beds on the volcano flanks; many smaller eruptions dropped sand and silt ash. The steep summit erupting viscous andesite domes has repeatedly collapsed into rocky avalanches that flowed into the sea. After a collapse, new domes rebuilt the summit. One to three avalanches shed east before about 2,100 yr B.P., two large ones swept east and southeast between about 2,100 and 1,700 yr B.P., and one shed east and east-northeast between 1,700 and 1,450 yr B.P. Others swept into the sea on the volcano’s south, southwest, and north-northwest between about 1,450 and 1,100 yr B.P., and pyroclastic fans spread southeast and southwest. Pyroclastic flows and surges poured down the west and south flanks and a debris avalanche plowed into the western sea between about 1,000 and 750 yr B.P. A small debris avalanche shed south-southeast between about 750 and 390 yr B.P., and large lithic pyroclastic flows went southeast.

\n

From about 390 to 200 yr B.P., three rocky avalanches swept down the west-northwest, north-northwest, and north flanks. The large West Island avalanche reached far beyond a former sea cliff and initiated a tsunami. Augustine’s only conspicuous lava flow erupted on the north flank.

\n

In October 1883 a debris avalanche plowed into the sea to form Burr Point on the north-northeast; then came ashfall, pyroclastic surge, and pyroclastic flows. Eruptions in 1935 and 1963–64 grew summit lava domes that shed coarse rubbly lithic pyroclastic flows down the southwest and south flanks. Eruptions in 1976 and 1986 grew domes that shed large pyroclastic flows northeast, north, and north-northwest.

\n

The largest debris avalanches off Augustine sweep into the sea and radiate tsunami about lower Cook Inlet.

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Each glacier's data record was analyzed with the same methods. For surface processes, we estimated missing information with an improved degree-day model. Degree-day models predict ablation from the sum of daily mean temperatures and an empirical degree-day factor. We modernized the traditional degree-day model and derived new degree-day factors in an effort to match the balance time series more closely. We estimated missing yearly-site data with a new balance gradient method. These efforts showed that an additional step needed to be taken at Wolverine Glacier to adjust for non-representative index sites. As with the previously calculated mass balances, the re-analyzed balances showed a continuing trend of mass loss. We noted that the time series, and thus our estimate of the cumulative mass loss over the period of record, was very sensitive to the data input, and suggest the need to add data-collection sites and modernize our weather stations.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/sir20105247","usgsCitation":"Van Beusekom, A., O’Nell, S.R., March, R.S., Sass, L., and Cox, L.H., 2010, Re-analysis of Alaskan benchmark glacier mass-balance data using the index method: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2010-5247, vi, 14 p.; Appendix, https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20105247.","productDescription":"vi, 14 p.; Appendix","numberOfPages":"16","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":120,"text":"Alaska Science Center Water","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":438836,"rank":201,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/F7HD7SRF","text":"USGS data release","linkHelpText":"Glacier-Wide Mass Balance and Compiled Data Inputs"},{"id":203339,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":19177,"rank":200,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2010/5247/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ad7e4b07f02db684546","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Van Beusekom, Ashely E.","contributorId":63923,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Van Beusekom","given":"Ashely E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":344174,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"O’Nell, Shad R.","contributorId":73726,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"O’Nell","given":"Shad","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":344175,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"March, Rod S. rsmarch@usgs.gov","contributorId":416,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"March","given":"Rod","email":"rsmarch@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":344172,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Sass, Louis C. 0000-0003-4677-029X lsass@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4677-029X","contributorId":3555,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sass","given":"Louis C.","email":"lsass@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":120,"text":"Alaska Science Center Water","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":344176,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Cox, Leif H.","contributorId":17740,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cox","given":"Leif","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":344173,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":98930,"text":"pp17691 - 2010 - Seismic observations of Augustine Volcano, 1970-2007","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":98930,"text":"pp17691 - 2010 - Seismic observations of Augustine Volcano, 1970-2007","indexId":"pp17691","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"chapter":"1","title":"Seismic observations of Augustine Volcano, 1970-2007"},"predicate":"IS_PART_OF","object":{"id":98929,"text":"pp1769 - 2010 - The 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano, Alaska","indexId":"pp1769","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"title":"The 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano, Alaska"},"id":1}],"isPartOf":{"id":98929,"text":"pp1769 - 2010 - The 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano, Alaska","indexId":"pp1769","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"title":"The 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano, Alaska"},"lastModifiedDate":"2022-08-01T21:11:20.060117","indexId":"pp17691","displayToPublicDate":"2010-12-14T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1769","chapter":"1","title":"Seismic observations of Augustine Volcano, 1970-2007","docAbstract":"

Seismicity at Augustine Volcano in south-central Alaska was monitored continuously between 1970 and 2007. Seismic instrumentation on the volcano has varied from one to two short-period instruments in the early 1970s to a complex network comprising 8 to 10 short-period, 6 broadband, and 1 strong-motion instrument in 2006. Since seismic monitoring began, the volcano has erupted four times; a relatively minor eruption in 1971 and three major eruptions in 1976, 1986, and 2006. Each of the major eruptions was preceded by 9 to 10 months of escalating volcano-tectonic (VT) earthquake activity that began near sea level. The major eruptions are characterized seismically by explosive eruptions, rock avalanches, lahars, and periods of small repetitive low-frequency seismic events often called drumbeats that are associated with periods of lava effusion, and they all followed a similar pattern, beginning with an explosive onset that was followed by several months of discontinuous effusive activity.

\n

Earthquake hypocenters were observed to move upward from near sea level toward the volcano’s summit over a roughly 9-month period before the 1976 and 1986 eruptions. The 1976 eruption was preceded by a small number of earthquakes that ranged in depth from 2 to 5 km below sea level. Earthquakes in this depth range were also observed following the 2006 eruption. The evolution of earthquake hypocenters associated with the three major eruptions, in conjunction with other supporting geophysical and geological observations, suggests that the Augustine magmatic system consists of a deeper magma source area at about 3.5 to 5 km below sea level and a shallower system of cracks near sea level where volatiles and magma may temporally reside as they ascend to the surface. The strong similarity in seismicity and character of the 1976, 1986, and 2006 eruptions suggests that the processes responsible for magma generation, rise, and eruption at Augustine Volcano have been roughly constant since the early 1970s.

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2010 - Using seismic b-values to interpret seismicity rates and physical processes during the preeruptive earthquake swarm at Augustine Volcano 2005-2006: Chapter 3 in The 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano, Alaska","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":98932,"text":"pp17693 - 2010 - Using seismic b-values to interpret seismicity rates and physical processes during the preeruptive earthquake swarm at Augustine Volcano 2005-2006: Chapter 3 in The 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano, Alaska","indexId":"pp17693","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"chapter":"3","title":"Using seismic b-values to interpret seismicity rates and physical processes during the preeruptive earthquake swarm at Augustine Volcano 2005-2006: Chapter 3 in The 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano, Alaska"},"predicate":"IS_PART_OF","object":{"id":98929,"text":"pp1769 - 2010 - The 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano, Alaska","indexId":"pp1769","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"title":"The 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano, Alaska"},"id":1}],"isPartOf":{"id":98929,"text":"pp1769 - 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We use seismic b-values to explore physical processes during the Augustine Volcano 2005–6 preeruptive earthquake swarm. The preeruptive earthquake swarm was divided into two parts: the “long swarm,” which extended from April 30, 2005, to January 10, 2006; and the \"short swarm,\" which started 13 hours before the onset of explosive activity on January 11, 2006. Calculations of b-value for each of these swarms and for a background period were performed. The short swarm, directly preceding the eruption, had the lowest calculated b-value. In addition to the low value, the shape of the b-value plot for the short swarm appears to have two separate slopes, a shallower slope for magnitudes as great as 1.2 and a steeper slope for magnitudes greater than 1.2. Calculations of b were also run for three precursory deformation stages suggested by a separate investigation of deformation at Augustine Volcano. The highest b-value, found in stage 2, may indicate an increase in pore pressure and in thermal gradient, which matches the geodetic interpretation of a proposed dike intrusion. Finer resolution changes of b are explored through calculations of b-value versus time. An initial drop in b-value in late 2004 preceded the onset of increased seismicity. The temporal nature of this change and its timing are corroborated by atmospheric temperature data recorded on the summit of the volcano, which increased at approximately the same time. Stress at Augustine Volcano was also studied using 79 earthquakes that returned acceptable focal mechanisms between January 1, 2002, and January 10, 2006. These mechanisms and an attempted stress-tensor inversion imply that stresses within the Augustine edifice are highly variable and do not display a dominant faulting style. A population of high-frequency volcano-tectonic earthquakes during the short swarm is found to have accompanying very-long-period (20 seconds and greater) energy. Statistical analysis indicates that these earthquakes are a separate population of events. We interpret this population of earthquakes to represent a separate and distinct physical process that was not seen before the 13 hours preceding the eruption. The b-value time series also indicates that when changes in stress, pore pressure, and thermal gradient occur simultaneously, that stress effects dominate the observed b-value.

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2010 - Distal volcano-tectonic seismicity near Augustine Volcano: Chapter 6 in The 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano, Alaska","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":98935,"text":"pp17696 - 2010 - Distal volcano-tectonic seismicity near Augustine Volcano: Chapter 6 in The 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano, Alaska","indexId":"pp17696","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"chapter":"6","title":"Distal volcano-tectonic seismicity near Augustine Volcano: Chapter 6 in The 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano, Alaska"},"predicate":"IS_PART_OF","object":{"id":98929,"text":"pp1769 - 2010 - The 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano, Alaska","indexId":"pp1769","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"title":"The 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano, Alaska"},"id":1}],"isPartOf":{"id":98929,"text":"pp1769 - 2010 - The 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano, Alaska","indexId":"pp1769","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"title":"The 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano, Alaska"},"lastModifiedDate":"2016-08-29T14:29:49","indexId":"pp17696","displayToPublicDate":"2010-12-14T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1769","chapter":"6","title":"Distal volcano-tectonic seismicity near Augustine Volcano: Chapter 6 in The 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano, Alaska","docAbstract":"

Clustered earthquakes located 25 km northeast of Augustine Volcano occurred more frequently beginning about 8 months before the volcano’s explosive eruption in 2006. This increase in distal seismicity was contemporaneous with an increase in seismicity directly below the volcano’s vent. Furthermore, the distal seismicity intensified penecontemporaneously with signals in geodetic data that appear to reveal a transition from magmatic inflation of the volcano to dike injection. Focal mechanisms for five events within the distal cluster show strike-slip-fault movement. Directly above the earthquake cluster, shallow (<5 km deep) folds and faults mapped using multichannel seismic-reflection data strike northeast, parallel to the regional structural grain. About 10 km northeast of Augustine Volcano, however, the Augustine-Seldovia arch, an important trans-basin feature, strikes west and intersects the northeast-striking structural zone. We propose that the fault causing the distal earthquake cluster strikes northwest, subparallel to the arch, and is a right-lateral strike-slip fault. Future earthquake monitoring might show whether increasing activity in the remote cluster can aid in making eruption forecasts.

","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"The 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano, Alaska","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/pp17696","usgsCitation":"Fisher, M.A., Ruppert, N.A., White, R.A., Sliter, R.W., and Wong, F.L., 2010, Distal volcano-tectonic seismicity near Augustine Volcano: Chapter 6 in The 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano, Alaska: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1769, 10 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/pp17696.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"119","endPage":"128","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":121,"text":"Alaska Volcano Observatory","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":115909,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/pp_1769_6.jpg"},{"id":14358,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1769/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United 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1993 to 2006: Chapter 5 in The 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano, Alaska","docAbstract":"

Temporal changes in waveform characteristics and earthquake locations associated with the 2006 Augustine eruption and preeruptive seismicity provide constraints on eruptive processes within the edifice. Volcano-tectonic earthquakes occur within the upper 1 to 2 km at Augustine between and during eruptive cycles, and we use the Alaska Volcano Observatory hypocenter and waveform catalog from 1993 to 2006 to constrain changes in event similarity and location over time. Waveform crosscorrelation with bispectrum verification improves the pick accuracy of the catalog data to yield better locations and allows for identification of families of similar earthquakes. Event waveform similarity is low at Augustine, with ~60 to 70 percent of events failing to form event families of more than 10 events. The remaining earthquakes form event families over multiple time scales. Events prior to the 2006 eruption exhibit a high degree of similarity over multiple years. Earthquakes recorded during the precursory and explosive phases of the 2006 eruption form swarms of similar earthquakes over periods of days or hours. Seismicity rate and event similarity decrease rapidly during the explosive and effusive eruption phases. The largest recorded swarms accompany reports of increased steaming and explosive eruptions at the summit. Relative relocation of some event families indicates upward migration of activity over time, consistent with magma transport by way of an ascending dike. Multiple regions of the edifice generate seismicity simultaneously, however, suggesting the edifice contains a network of fractures and/or dikes.

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2010 - Seismic precursors to volcanic explosions during the 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano: Chapter 2 in The 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano, Alaska","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":98931,"text":"pp17692 - 2010 - Seismic precursors to volcanic explosions during the 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano: Chapter 2 in The 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano, Alaska","indexId":"pp17692","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"chapter":"2","title":"Seismic precursors to volcanic explosions during the 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano: Chapter 2 in The 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano, Alaska"},"predicate":"IS_PART_OF","object":{"id":98929,"text":"pp1769 - 2010 - The 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano, Alaska","indexId":"pp1769","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"title":"The 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano, Alaska"},"id":1}],"isPartOf":{"id":98929,"text":"pp1769 - 2010 - The 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano, Alaska","indexId":"pp1769","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"title":"The 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano, Alaska"},"lastModifiedDate":"2016-08-29T14:48:10","indexId":"pp17692","displayToPublicDate":"2010-12-14T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1769","chapter":"2","title":"Seismic precursors to volcanic explosions during the 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano: Chapter 2 in The 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano, Alaska","docAbstract":"

The 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano, Alaska, generated more than 3,500 earthquakes in a month-long time frame bracketing the most explosive period of activity. We examine two quantitative tools that, in retrospective analysis, were excellent indicators of imminent eruption. The first tool, referred to as the frequency index (FI), is based on a simple ratio of high- and low-frequency energy in an earthquake seismogram. It is a metric that allows us to quantify the differences between the canonical high-frequency, hybrid, and low-frequency volcanic earthquakes. FI values greater than -0.4 indicate earthquakes classically referred to as high-frequency or volcano-tectonic events. FI values less than -1.3 correspond to events usually referred to as low-frequency earthquakes. Because the FI is based on a ratio and not a spectral peak, hybrid earthquakes are successfully assigned FI values intermediate to these two classes. In this eruption, we find a remarkable correlation between events with FI less than -1.8 and explosive eruptions. The second tool we examine is based on repeating seismic waveforms identified through waveform cross-correlation. Although the vast majority of earthquakes during this eruption have unique waveforms, subsets of events exhibiting a high degree of similarity occur and are closely tied to explosive eruption events. Of the 13 large explosion events, seven were preceded by clusters of highly similar earthquakes. We apply the FI and correlation tools together to identify changes in high- and low-frequency earthquake occurrences and examine their relations to the precursory, explosive, and continuous phases of the eruption. We find that earthquakes that have low FI values and earthquakes exhibiting high degrees of similarity occur almost exclusively within hours of explosive eruptions and postulate that they occur as a result of the final ascent of magma in the volcanic edifice. Because neither of these methods requires analyst-reviewed earthquake locations, we believe that they have considerable potential as automated real-time volcano monitoring tools.

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2010 - A parametric study of the January 2006 explosive eruptions of Augustine Volcano, using seismic, infrasonic, and lightning data: Chapter 4 in The 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano, Alaska","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":98933,"text":"pp17694 - 2010 - A parametric study of the January 2006 explosive eruptions of Augustine Volcano, using seismic, infrasonic, and lightning data: Chapter 4 in The 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano, Alaska","indexId":"pp17694","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"chapter":"4","title":"A parametric study of the January 2006 explosive eruptions of Augustine Volcano, using seismic, infrasonic, and lightning data: Chapter 4 in The 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano, Alaska"},"predicate":"IS_PART_OF","object":{"id":98929,"text":"pp1769 - 2010 - The 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano, Alaska","indexId":"pp1769","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"title":"The 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano, Alaska"},"id":1}],"isPartOf":{"id":98929,"text":"pp1769 - 2010 - The 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano, Alaska","indexId":"pp1769","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"title":"The 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano, Alaska"},"lastModifiedDate":"2016-08-29T14:37:46","indexId":"pp17694","displayToPublicDate":"2010-12-14T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1769","chapter":"4","title":"A parametric study of the January 2006 explosive eruptions of Augustine Volcano, using seismic, infrasonic, and lightning data: Chapter 4 in The 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano, Alaska","docAbstract":"

A series of 13 explosive eruptions occurred at Augustine Volcano, Alaska, from January 11–28, 2006. Each lasted 2.5 to 19 minutes and produced ash columns 3.8 to 13.5 km above mean sea level. We investigated various parameters to determine systematic trends, including durations, seismic amplitudes, frequency contents, signal characteristics, peak acoustic pressures, ash column heights, lightning occurrence, and lengths of pre-event and post-event quiescence. Individual tephra volumes are not known. There is no clear correlation between acoustic peak pressure and ash column height or between peak seismic amplitude and duration. However, several trends are evident. Two events, January 11 at 0444 AKST (1344 UTC) and January 27 at 2337 AKST (0837 UTC) are short (180 and 140 seconds) and have very impulsive onsets and high acoustic peak pressures of 93 and 105 Pa, as well as high peak seismic amplitudes. We interpret these to be mainly gas releases. Two of the largest events followed quiescent intervals of 3 days or longer: January 17 at 0758 AKST (1658 UTC), and January 27 at 2024 AKST (January 28 at 0524 UTC). These two events had reduced displacements (DR) of 11.4 and 7.5 cm2, respectively. Although these DR values are typical for eruptions with ash columns to 9 to 14 km, most other DR values of 1.6 to 3.6 cm2 are low for the 7.0 to 10.5 km ash column heights observed. The combination of short durations, small DR and high ash columns suggests that these events are highly explosive, in agreement with Vulcanian eruption type. Several events had long durations on individual seismic stations but not on others; we interpret these to represent pyroclastic or other flows passing near the affected stations so that tractions or momentum exchange from the cloud or flow adds energy to the ground only near those stations. The eruption on January 27 at 2024 AKST had more than 300 lightning flashes, whereas the following eruptions on January 28 at 0204 AKST and 0742 AKST had only 28 and 6 lightning flashes. The 2024 AKST eruption had a longer duration (1,180 versus <460 seconds), a higher ash column height (10.5 versus 7.0–7.2 km) and higher acoustic peak pressure (83 versus 66 and 24 Pa). The data suggest that the lightning-rich 2024 AKST eruption produced more tephra than the following eruptions, hence there were more charge carriers injected to the atmosphere. Seismic signals preceded the infrasound signals by 0 to 5 seconds with no obvious pattern in terms of the above groupings. The explosive eruption phase overlapped with the subsequent continuous phase by about 2 days. Parametric data may be useful to estimate eruption conditions in near real time.

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2010 - A two-step procedure for calculating earthquake hypocenters at Augustine Volcano: Chapter 7 in The 2006 Eruption of Augustine Volcano, Alaska","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":98936,"text":"pp17697 - 2010 - A two-step procedure for calculating earthquake hypocenters at Augustine Volcano: Chapter 7 in The 2006 Eruption of Augustine Volcano, Alaska","indexId":"pp17697","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"chapter":"7","title":"A two-step procedure for calculating earthquake hypocenters at Augustine Volcano: Chapter 7 in The 2006 Eruption of Augustine Volcano, Alaska"},"predicate":"IS_PART_OF","object":{"id":98929,"text":"pp1769 - 2010 - The 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano, Alaska","indexId":"pp1769","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"title":"The 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano, Alaska"},"id":1}],"isPartOf":{"id":98929,"text":"pp1769 - 2010 - The 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano, Alaska","indexId":"pp1769","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"title":"The 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano, Alaska"},"lastModifiedDate":"2016-08-29T14:26:57","indexId":"pp17697","displayToPublicDate":"2010-12-14T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1769","chapter":"7","title":"A two-step procedure for calculating earthquake hypocenters at Augustine Volcano: Chapter 7 in The 2006 Eruption of Augustine Volcano, Alaska","docAbstract":"

This chapter describes a two-step technique for determining earthquake hypocenters at Augustine Volcano. The algorithm, which was originally developed in the mid-1970s, was designed both to overcome limitations in the standard earthquake-location programs available at the time and to take advantage of the detailed seismic-velocity information obtained at Augustine Volcano. Hypocenters are calculated on the basis of a two-dimensional (2D) ray-tracing procedure that accounts for in plane lateral discontinuities within the seismic velocity structure. This algorithm calculates the minimum P- and S-wave travel time between theoretical grid points embedded in the velocity structure to each station in the seismic network. Station corrections that account for the differences between the model and actual velocity structure are derived from a time-term analysis of the 1975 active-source seismic experiment. Each relocated hypocenter is assigned to the grid point with the lowest rms residual between observed and calculated arrival times. Statistical techniques are used to assess the effect of random errors in P-wave-arrival determination on hypocentral location. These tests suggest that the 2D ray-tracing procedure presented here is able to resolve earthquake hypocenter depths to within 0.25 km between the volcano's summit and sea level and within 0.5 km from sea level to depths of 2 km below sea level.

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2010 - A parametric study of the January 2006 explosive eruptions of Augustine Volcano, using seismic, infrasonic, and lightning data: Chapter 4 in The 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano, Alaska","indexId":"pp17694","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"chapter":"4","title":"A parametric study of the January 2006 explosive eruptions of Augustine Volcano, using seismic, infrasonic, and lightning data: Chapter 4 in The 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano, Alaska"},"predicate":"IS_PART_OF","object":{"id":98929,"text":"pp1769 - 2010 - The 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano, Alaska","indexId":"pp1769","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"title":"The 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano, Alaska"},"id":4},{"subject":{"id":98934,"text":"pp17695 - 2010 - Earthquake waveform similarity and evolution at Augustine Volcano from 1993 to 2006: Chapter 5 in The 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano, Alaska","indexId":"pp17695","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"chapter":"5","title":"Earthquake waveform similarity and evolution at Augustine Volcano from 1993 to 2006: Chapter 5 in The 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano, Alaska"},"predicate":"IS_PART_OF","object":{"id":98929,"text":"pp1769 - 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2010 - The 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano, Alaska","indexId":"pp1769","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"title":"The 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano, Alaska"},"id":7},{"subject":{"id":98937,"text":"pp17698 - 2010 - Timing, distribution, and volume of proximal products of the 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano: Chapter 8 in The 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano, Alaska","indexId":"pp17698","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"chapter":"8","title":"Timing, distribution, and volume of proximal products of the 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano: Chapter 8 in The 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano, Alaska"},"predicate":"IS_PART_OF","object":{"id":98929,"text":"pp1769 - 2010 - The 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano, Alaska","indexId":"pp1769","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"title":"The 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano, Alaska"},"id":8},{"subject":{"id":98938,"text":"pp17699 - 2010 - Timing, distribution, and character of tephra fall from the 2005-2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano: Chaper 9 in The 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano","indexId":"pp17699","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"chapter":"9","title":"Timing, distribution, and character of tephra fall from the 2005-2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano: Chaper 9 in The 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano"},"predicate":"IS_PART_OF","object":{"id":98929,"text":"pp1769 - 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2010 - The 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano, Alaska","indexId":"pp1769","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"title":"The 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano, Alaska"},"id":28}],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-08-26T20:36:18","indexId":"pp1769","displayToPublicDate":"2010-12-14T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1769","title":"The 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano, Alaska","docAbstract":"

Augustine Volcano, the most historically active volcano in Alaska’s Cook Inlet region, again showed signs of life in April 2005. Escalating seismic unrest, ground deformation, and gas emissions culminated in an eruption from January 11 to mid-March of 2006, the fifth major eruption in 75 years. The eruption began with a series of 13 short-lived blasts over 20 days that sent pyroclastic flows; snow, rock, and ice avalanches; and lahars down the volcano’s snow clad flanks; ash clouds drifted hundreds of kilometers downwind. Punctuated explosive activity gave way to effusion of lava and emplacement of thick block-and-ash flows on the volcano’s north flank that continued through mid-February. In mid-March renewed extrusion resulted in the building of a new, higher summit lava dome and two blocky lava flows on the north and northeast flanks of the cone. The eruption resulted in ash fall on many south-central Alaskan communities and disrupted air traffic in the region.

\n

Augustine’s frequent eruptions and relatively easy access have long drawn volcanologists to study the accumulation, ascent, and eruption of andesitic to dacitic magma. Studies of the most recent activity before 2006, in 1976 and 1986, revealed that the volcano lately produces explosive eruptions that are preceded by months of unrest and injection of new magma into a storage region in the upper several kilometers of the crust. Each of these eruptions then followed a similar progression from explosive to effusive behavior over several months. Petrologic and geophysical observations suggest that these three eruptions were triggered by similar magma mixing events and that the subsequent ascent and eruption of magma was governed by processes that were roughly constant from one eruption to the next. Geologic studies of the island show that in the more distant past parts of Augustine’s edifice have failed repeatedly, resulting in debris avalanches that entered the sea and, at least once, in 1883, caused a tsunami that hit surrounding Cook Inlet coastlines. Such edifice failures and resultant local tsunamis should be expected in the future.

\n

Recognition of Augustine’s frequent activity and hazardous nature led to the installation of a network of telemetered seismometers beginning in 1971, the establishment of a geodetic network in 1988, and the installation of other new instrumentation such as pressure sensors, broadband seismometers, and cameras by the Alaska Volcano Observatory (AVO), and the selection of Augustine for geodetic instrumentation through the EarthScope/Plate Boundary Observatory program in 2004. In addition, remote sensing techniques, such as airborne thermal imaging and the advanced spaceborne thermal emission and reflection radiometer (ASTER), provided novel and often critical information as the 2006 eruption progressed. The combination of a long-term seismic network and an array of new monitoring techniques has provided a breadth and depth of understanding of Augustine’s most recent activity that was not possible in the past.

\n

This volume contains 28 chapters reporting on a diverse suite of new scientific observations and investigations that were motivated by the 2006 eruption. Understanding the magmatic processes that drive eruptions, identifying eruptive events, tracking the movement of ash clouds, and communicating the resultant hazards to other government agencies and the public are all critical tasks for AVO, and chapters touch upon all of these topics. One goal in this compilation is to synthesize the diverse information into as complete an understanding of the magmatic and eruptive processes as possible.

\n

An equally important goal is to provide a framework for diagnosing periods of unrest and formulating forecasts of eruptions that will certainly take place at Augustine in the future. This latter goal is especially important, as Augustine’s frequent eruptive activity suggests that another eruption can be expected within the next several decades. Consequently, the investigations in this volume are intended to provide both a means to better forecast future eruptive episodes and also an opportunity to formulate and test future hypotheses for magmatic and eruptive processes. Future eruptions may follow a course similar to those observed in 1976, 1986, and 2006. However, a major perturbation that upsets conditions within the magmatic system could occur, owing perhaps to the rise of a much larger or different parental magma or to a large edifice failure similar to the 1883 sector collapse. In such events, the comprehensive study of past eruptions will provide data critical to assessing the current state of the magmatic system.

\n

In assembling this volume we have sought as consistent and accurate a portrayal of the 2006 eruption as possible. We have asked all authors to refer to the same basic eruption chronology, unless their observations and data require alternative explanations. Naturally, not all techniques or methodologies produce a completely consistent set of observations, nor do the precise conclusions in every paper support one another. We have grouped chapters on the basis of discipline. Papers that focus on specific techniques, methodology, or instrumentation are placed throughout the volume where they best fit with others that rely on their results.

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National Wildlife Refuges in Alaska and throughout the U.S. have begun developing a spatially comprehensive monitoring program to inform management decisions, and to provide data to broader research projects. In an era of unprecedented rates of climate change, monitoring is essential to detecting, understanding, communicating and mitigating climate-change effects on refuge and other resources under the protection of U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, and requires monitoring results to address spatial scales broader than individual refuges. This document provides guidance for building a monitoring program for refuges in Alaska that meets refuge-specific management needs while also allowing synthesis and summary of ecological conditions at the ecoregional and statewide spatial scales.

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\"}}]}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b32e4b07f02db6b44a7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Woodward, Andrea 0000-0003-0604-9115 awoodward@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0604-9115","contributorId":3028,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Woodward","given":"Andrea","email":"awoodward@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":289,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosys Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":290,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":572327,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Beever, Erik A. 0000-0002-9369-486X ebeever@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9369-486X","contributorId":2934,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Beever","given":"Erik","email":"ebeever@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":481,"text":"Northern Rocky Mountain Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":572328,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70236320,"text":"70236320 - 2010 - Seasonal ice and hydrologic controls on dissolved organic carbon and nitrogen concentrations in a boreal-rich fen","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-09-01T16:42:32.726099","indexId":"70236320","displayToPublicDate":"2010-12-01T11:42:18","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2319,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research G: Biogeosciences","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Seasonal ice and hydrologic controls on dissolved organic carbon and nitrogen concentrations in a boreal-rich fen","docAbstract":"

[1] Boreal wetland carbon cycling is vulnerable to climate change in part because hydrology and the extent of frozen ground have strong influences on plant and microbial functions. We examined the response of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and total dissolved nitrogen (TDN) across an experimental manipulation of water table position (both raised and lowered water table treatments) in a boreal-rich fen in interior Alaska. DOC and TDN responses to water table manipulation exhibited an interaction with seasonal ice dynamics. We observed consistently higher DOC and TDN concentrations in the lowered water table treatment (71.7 ± 6.5 and 3.0 ± 0.3 mg−L) than in both the control (55.6 ± 5.1 and 2.3 ± 0.2 mg−L) and raised (49.1 ± 4.3 and 1.9 ± 0.1 mg L−1, respectively) water table treatments. Across all plots, pore water DOC concentrations at 20 cm increased as the depth to water table increased (R2 = 0.43, p < 0.001). DOC concentrations also increased as the seasonal thaw depth increased, with solutes increasing most rapidly in the drained plot (R2 = 0.62, p < 0.001). About half of the TDN pool was composed of dissolved organic N (DON). Inorganic N and DON were both highly correlated with changes in DOC, and their respective constraints to mineralization are discussed. These results demonstrate that a declining water table position and dryer conditions affect thaw depth and peat temperatures, and interactions among these ecosystem properties will likely increase DOC and TDN loading and potential for export in these systems.

","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/2010JG001366","usgsCitation":"Kane, E.S., Turetsky, M.R., Harden, J.W., McGuire, A.D., and Waddington, J.M., 2010, Seasonal ice and hydrologic controls on dissolved organic carbon and nitrogen concentrations in a boreal-rich fen: Journal of Geophysical Research G: Biogeosciences, v. 115, no. G4, G04012, 15 p., https://doi.org/10.1029/2010JG001366.","productDescription":"G04012, 15 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":475636,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2010jg001366","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":406075,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Alaska Peatland Experiment, Bonanza Creek Experimental Forest, Tanana Valley","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -147.3204803466797,\n 64.71831979769435\n ],\n [\n -147.2995376586914,\n 64.69822506859181\n ],\n [\n -147.23567962646484,\n 64.65960723743939\n ],\n [\n -147.1127700805664,\n 64.6706255344161\n ],\n [\n -147.1402359008789,\n 64.70218652380355\n ],\n [\n -147.16976165771484,\n 64.71084102073965\n ],\n [\n -147.20993041992188,\n 64.7181731748711\n ],\n [\n -147.2380828857422,\n 64.7213986934753\n ],\n [\n -147.26726531982422,\n 64.72975393054311\n ],\n [\n -147.3204803466797,\n 64.71831979769435\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"115","issue":"G4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2010-10-14","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kane, Evan S.","contributorId":11903,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kane","given":"Evan","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":850600,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Turetsky, Merritt R.","contributorId":80980,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Turetsky","given":"Merritt","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":850601,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Harden, Jennifer W. 0000-0002-6570-8259 jharden@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6570-8259","contributorId":1971,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Harden","given":"Jennifer","email":"jharden@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":615,"text":"Volcano Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":850602,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"McGuire, A. David 0000-0003-4646-0750 ffadm@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4646-0750","contributorId":166708,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McGuire","given":"A.","email":"ffadm@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"David","affiliations":[{"id":200,"text":"Coop Res Unit Seattle","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":850603,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Waddington, James Michael","contributorId":89774,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Waddington","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"Michael","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":850604,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70198305,"text":"70198305 - 2010 - Magma flux at Okmok Volcano, Alaska, from a joint inversion of continuous GPS, campaign GPS, and interferometric synthetic aperture radar","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-05-19T15:45:08.029855","indexId":"70198305","displayToPublicDate":"2010-12-01T07:39:49","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2314,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Magma flux at Okmok Volcano, Alaska, from a joint inversion of continuous GPS, campaign GPS, and interferometric synthetic aperture radar","docAbstract":"

Volcano deformation is usually measured using satellite geodetic techniques including interferometric synthetic aperture radar (InSAR), campaign GPS, and continuous GPS. Differences in the spatial and temporal sampling of each system mean that most appropriate inversion scheme to determine the source parameters from each data set is different. Most studies either compare results from independent inversions or subsample the data sets to the lowest common factor. It is unclear whether differences in the solution reflect differences in source behavior, differences in measurement bias, or differences in inversion technique. Here we develop a single inversion procedure that captures the benefits of each system, especially the daily sampling of continuous GPS and the high spatial resolution of InSAR. Okmok Volcano, Alaska, is an ideal target for such a test because a long series (<15 years) of InSAR and continuous GPS measurement exists and the source is almost continuously active and in a stable location.

","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/2010JB007577","usgsCitation":"Biggs, J., Lu, Z., Fournier, T., and Freymueller, J., 2010, Magma flux at Okmok Volcano, Alaska, from a joint inversion of continuous GPS, campaign GPS, and interferometric synthetic aperture radar: Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth, v. 115, no. B12, B12401; 11 p., https://doi.org/10.1029/2010JB007577.","productDescription":"B12401; 11 p.","costCenters":[{"id":157,"text":"Cascades Volcano Observatory","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":356036,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Okmok Volcano, Umnak Island","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -168.46572875976562,\n 53.26685566290742\n ],\n [\n -168.46572875976562,\n 53.570491879287\n ],\n [\n -167.772216796875,\n 53.570491879287\n ],\n [\n -167.772216796875,\n 53.26685566290742\n ],\n [\n -168.46572875976562,\n 53.26685566290742\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"115","issue":"B12","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5b98b6b6e4b0702d0e844c6c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Biggs, Juliet","contributorId":99018,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Biggs","given":"Juliet","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":740963,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lu, Zhong 0000-0001-9181-1818 lu@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9181-1818","contributorId":901,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lu","given":"Zhong","email":"lu@usgs.gov","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":740964,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Fournier, T.","contributorId":78964,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fournier","given":"T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":740965,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Freymueller, Jeffrey T.","contributorId":96841,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Freymueller","given":"Jeffrey T.","affiliations":[{"id":26875,"text":"Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":740966,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70198324,"text":"70198324 - 2010 - The role of water in generating the calc-alkaline trend: New volatile data for aleutian magmas and a new tholeiitic index","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-07-31T09:48:10","indexId":"70198324","displayToPublicDate":"2010-11-18T10:50:54","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2420,"text":"Journal of Petrology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The role of water in generating the calc-alkaline trend: New volatile data for aleutian magmas and a new tholeiitic index","docAbstract":"

The origin of tholeiitic (TH) versus calc-alkaline (CA) magmatic trends has long been debated. Part of the problem stems from the lack of a quantitative measure for the way in which a magma evolves. Recognizing that the salient feature in many TH–CA discrimination diagrams is enrichment in Fe during magma evolution, we have developed a quantitative index of Fe enrichment, the Tholeiitic Index (THI): THI = Fe4·0/Fe8·0, where Fe4·0 is the average FeO* concentration of samples with 4 ± 1 wt % MgO, and Fe8·0 is the average FeO* at 8 ± 1 wt % MgO. Magmas with THI > 1 have enriched in FeO* during differentiation from basalts to andesites and are tholeiitic; magmas with THI < 1 are calc-alkaline. Most subduction zone volcanism is CA, but to varying extents; the THI expresses the continuum of Fe enrichment observed in magmatic suites in all tectonic settings. To test various controls on the development of CA trends, we present new magmatic water measurements in melt inclusions from eight volcanoes from the Aleutian volcanic arc (Augustine, Emmons, Shishaldin, Akutan, Unalaska, Okmok, Seguam, and Korovin). Least degassed H2O contents vary from ∼2 wt % (Shishaldin) to >7 wt % (Augustine), spanning the global range in arc mafic magmas. Within the Aleutian data, H2O correlates negatively with THI, from strongly calc-alkaline (Augustine, THI = 0·65) to moderately tholeiitic (Shishaldin, THI = 1·16). The relationship between THI and magmatic water is maintained when data are included from additional arc volcanoes, back-arc basins, ocean islands, and mid-ocean ridge basalts (MORBs), supporting a dominant role of magmatic water in generating CA trends. An effective break between TH and CA trends occurs at ∼2 wt % H2O. Both pMELTs calculations and laboratory experiments demonstrate that the observed co-variation of H2O and THI in arcs can be generated by the effect of H2O on the suppression of plagioclase and the relative enhancement of Fe-oxides on the liquid line of descent. The full THI–H2O array requires an increase in fO2 with H2O, from ≤FMQ (where FMQ is the fayalite–magnetite–quartz buffer) in MORB to ∼ΔFMQ +0·5 to +2 in arcs, consistent with inferences from measured Fe and S species in glasses and melt inclusions. A curve fit to the data, H2O (wt % ± 1·2) = exp[(1·26 – THI)/0·32], may provide a useful tool for estimating the H2O content of magmas that are inaccessible to melt inclusion study.

","language":"English","publisher":"Oxford ","doi":"10.1093/petrology/egq062","usgsCitation":"Zimmer, M.M., Plank, T., Hauri, E.H., Yogodzinski, G., Stelling, P.L., Larsen, J., Singer, B., Jicha, B.R., Mandeville, C., and Nye, C.J., 2010, The role of water in generating the calc-alkaline trend: New volatile data for aleutian magmas and a new tholeiitic index: Journal of Petrology, v. 51, no. 12, p. 2411-2444, https://doi.org/10.1093/petrology/egq062.","productDescription":"34 p.","startPage":"2411","endPage":"2444","costCenters":[{"id":121,"text":"Alaska Volcano Observatory","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":615,"text":"Volcano Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":356055,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"51","issue":"12","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2010-11-18","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5b98b6b7e4b0702d0e844c70","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Zimmer, Mindy M.","contributorId":206549,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Zimmer","given":"Mindy","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":741044,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Plank, Terry","contributorId":16743,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Plank","given":"Terry","affiliations":[{"id":7135,"text":"Lamont Doherty Earth Observatory, Columbia University, Palisades, NY","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":741045,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hauri, Erik H.","contributorId":199798,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Hauri","given":"Erik","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[{"id":35612,"text":"Department of Terrestrial Magnetism, Carnegie Institution of Washington, Washington DC 20015","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":741046,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Yogodzinski, Gene","contributorId":193631,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Yogodzinski","given":"Gene","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":741047,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Stelling, Peter L.","contributorId":84414,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stelling","given":"Peter","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":741048,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Larsen, Jessica","contributorId":62092,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Larsen","given":"Jessica","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":741049,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Singer, Brad","contributorId":121387,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Singer","given":"Brad","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":741050,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Jicha, Brian R.","contributorId":44062,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jicha","given":"Brian","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":741051,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Mandeville, Charlie 0000-0002-8485-3689 cmandeville@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8485-3689","contributorId":753,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mandeville","given":"Charlie","email":"cmandeville@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":508,"text":"Office of the AD Hazards","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":741052,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Nye, Christopher J.","contributorId":55418,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nye","given":"Christopher","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":121,"text":"Alaska Volcano Observatory","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":741053,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10}]}} ]}