Eloctromigraiion offers a potential tool for remediating ground water contaminated with highly soluble components, such as Na+, Cl, NO3 and SO4−. A field experiment was designed to lest the efficacy of electromigration for preconcontrating dissolved SO42 in ground water associated with a fossil-fuel power plant. Two shallow wells, 25 feel apart (one 25 feel deep, the other 47 feet deep), were constructed in the upper portion of an unconfined alluvial aquifer. The wells were constructed with a double-wall design, with an outer casing of 4-inch PVC and an inner lube of 2-inch FVC; both were fully slotted (0.01 inch). Electrodes were constructed by wrapping the inner lulling with a 100-foot length of rare-earth metal oxide/copper wire. An electrical potential of 10.65 volts DC Was applied, and tests were run for periods of 12, 44, and 216 hours. Results showed large changes in the pH from the initial pH of ground water of about 7.5 to values of approximately 2 and 12 at the anode and cathode, respectively. Despite the fact that the test conditions were far from ideal, dissolved SO42-; was significantly concentrated at the anode. Over a period of approximately nine days, the concentration of SO42- at the anode reached what appeared to he a steady-state value of 2200 mg/L. compared lo the initial value in ground water of approximately 1150 mg/L. The results of this field lest should encourage further investigation of electromigration as a tool in the remediation of contaminated ground water.
","language":"English","publisher":"National Groundwater Association","doi":"10.1111/j.1745-6592.1996.tb01172.x","usgsCitation":"Patterson, C., and Runnells, D., 1996, A field test of electromigration as a method for remediating sulfate from shallow ground water: Ground Water Monitoring and Remediation, v. 16, no. 4, p. 63-68, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6592.1996.tb01172.x.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"63","endPage":"68","numberOfPages":"6","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":226312,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"16","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2007-02-22","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e2d8e4b0c8380cd45caf","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Patterson, C. G.","contributorId":87132,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Patterson","given":"C. G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":381498,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Runnells, D.D.","contributorId":69721,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Runnells","given":"D.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":381497,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70018988,"text":"70018988 - 1996 - Sediment retention in a bottomland hardwood wetland in eastern Arkansas","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2026-04-27T17:01:48.619607","indexId":"70018988","displayToPublicDate":"1996-09-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3750,"text":"Wetlands","onlineIssn":"1943-6246","printIssn":"0277-5212","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Sediment retention in a bottomland hardwood wetland in eastern Arkansas","docAbstract":"One of the often-stated functions of wetlands is their ability to remove sediments and other particulates from water, thus improving water quality in the adjacent aquatic system. However, actual rates of suspended sediment removal have rarely been measured in freshwater wetland systems. To address this issue, suspended sediment dynamics were measured in a 85-km2 bottomland hardwood (BLH) wetland adjacent to the highly turbid Cache River in eastern Arkansas during the 1988–1990 water years. A suspended sediment mass balance was calculated using depth-integrated, flow-weighted daily measurements at wetland inflow and outflow points. Over the three-year period, suspended sediment load decreased an average of 14% between upstream and downstream sampling points. To test the idea that the suspended sediments were retained by the adjacent wetland and to determine what portion of the BLH forest was most responsible for retaining the suspended sediments, concurrent measurements of sediment accretion were made at 30 sites in the wetland using feldspar clay marker horizons, sedimentation disks, the137cesium method, and dendrogeomorphic techniques. Sedimentation rates exceeding 1 cm/yr were measured in frequently flooded areas dominated by Nyssa aquatica and Taxodium distichum. Maximum sedimentation rates did not occur on the natural levee, as would be predicted by classical fluvial geomorphology, but in the “first bottom,” where retention time of the water reached a maximum. Multiple regression was used to relate sedimentation rates with several physical and biological factors. A combination of distance from the river, flood duration, and tree basal area accounted for nearly 90% of the variation in sedimentation rates.
","language":"English","publisher":"Springer Nature","doi":"10.1007/BF03161323","issn":"02775212","usgsCitation":"Kleiss, B., 1996, Sediment retention in a bottomland hardwood wetland in eastern Arkansas: Wetlands, v. 16, no. 3, p. 321-333, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03161323.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"321","endPage":"333","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":503770,"rank":2,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/gradschool_disstheses/6025","text":"External Repository"},{"id":226719,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Arkansas","otherGeospatial":"eastern Arkansas","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -91.21480606880425,\n 36.05701646084884\n ],\n [\n -91.6592849714275,\n 34.425186910956285\n ],\n [\n -91.5122639998533,\n 32.53441399953529\n ],\n [\n -90.84299278500842,\n 32.331053891219526\n ],\n [\n -90.86333874610101,\n 33.56914964201549\n ],\n [\n -89.5141845795728,\n 36.16899487873114\n ],\n [\n -89.77878071589814,\n 36.5449158948269\n ],\n [\n -91.21480606880425,\n 36.05701646084884\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"16","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b89bce4b08c986b316e7f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kleiss, B.A.","contributorId":107320,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Kleiss","given":"B.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":381315,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70178300,"text":"70178300 - 1996 - Development and evaluation of sediment quality guidelines for Florida coastal waters","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-11-10T15:30:49","indexId":"70178300","displayToPublicDate":"1996-08-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1479,"text":"Ecotoxicology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Development and evaluation of sediment quality guidelines for Florida coastal waters","docAbstract":"The weight-of-evidence approach to the development of sediment quality guidelines (SQGs) was modified to support the derivation of biological effects-based SQGs for Florida coastal waters. Numerical SQGs were derived for 34 substances, including nine trace metals, 13 individual polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), three groups of PAHs, total polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), seven pesticides and one phthalate ester. For each substance, a threshold effects level (TEL) and a probable effects level (PEL) was calculated. These two values defined three ranges of chemical concentrations, including those that were (1) rarely, (2) occasionally or (3) frequently associated with adverse effects. The SQGs were then evaluated to determine their degree of agreement with other guidelines (an indicator of comparability) and the percent incidence of adverse effects within each concentration range (an indicator of reliability). The guidelines also were used to classify (using a dichotomous system: toxic, with one or more exceedances of the PELs or non-toxic, with no exceedances of the TELs) sediment samples collected from various locations in Florida and the Gulf of Mexico. The accuracy of these predictions was then evaluated using the results of the biological tests that were performed on the same sediment samples. The resultant SQGs were demonstrated to provide practical, reliable and predictive tools for assessing sediment quality in Florida and elsewhere in the southeastern portion of the United States.
","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/BF00118995","usgsCitation":"MacDonald, D.D., Carr, R.S., Calder, F.D., Long, E.R., and Ingersoll, C.G., 1996, Development and evaluation of sediment quality guidelines for Florida coastal waters: Ecotoxicology, v. 5, no. 4, p. 253-278, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00118995.","productDescription":"16 p.","startPage":"253","endPage":"278","costCenters":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":330950,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"5","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58259565e4b01fad86db2439","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"MacDonald, Donald D.","contributorId":176179,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"MacDonald","given":"Donald","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":653565,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Carr, R. Scott","contributorId":14025,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Carr","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"Scott","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":653566,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Calder, Fred D.","contributorId":176812,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Calder","given":"Fred","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":653567,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Long, Edward R.","contributorId":106365,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Long","given":"Edward","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":653568,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Ingersoll, Christopher G. 0000-0003-4531-5949 cingersoll@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4531-5949","contributorId":2071,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ingersoll","given":"Christopher","email":"cingersoll@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":653569,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":3618,"text":"cir1136 - 1996 - Nutrients in the Nation's Waters--Too Much of a Good Thing?","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:05:34","indexId":"cir1136","displayToPublicDate":"1996-06-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":307,"text":"Circular","code":"CIR","onlineIssn":"2330-5703","printIssn":"1067-084X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1136","title":"Nutrients in the Nation's Waters--Too Much of a Good Thing?","docAbstract":"Historical data on nutrients (nitrogen and phosphorus) from about 12,000 ground-water and more than 22,000 stream samples have been compiled and related to possible sources. This existing information was collected by many agencies for a variety of purposes. Therefore, though it can be used to determine where concentrations differ, the exact percentages should not be taken as those for the Nation as a whole. Major findings include: (1) nutrient concentrations in water generally are related to land use in the area overlying ground-water aquifers or upstream from surface-water locations, (2) regional differences are related to differences in soil-drainage properties and agricultural practices, (3) nitrate concentrations in about 12 percent of domestic-supply wells in agricultural areas exceeded the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's drinking-water standard (10 mg/L), and (4) nitrate concentrations in surface water rarely exceed the drinking-water standard. This information has helped identify locations across the Nation where ground water and streams are most likely to be vulnerable to nutrient contamination. Programs to manage and protect water resources can therefore be targeted to the most critical areas, providing the greatest protection for the least cost.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"Geological Survey (U.S.)","doi":"10.3133/cir1136","usgsCitation":"Mueller, D.K., and Helsel, D., 1996, Nutrients in the Nation's Waters--Too Much of a Good Thing?: U.S. Geological Survey Circular 1136, 24 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/cir1136.","productDescription":"24 p.","costCenters":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":123714,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1996/1136/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":11745,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/circ1136/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":30655,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1996/1136/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4afce4b07f02db696743","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Mueller, David K. mueller@usgs.gov","contributorId":1585,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mueller","given":"David","email":"mueller@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[{"id":503,"text":"Office of Water Quality","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":147265,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Helsel, Dennis R.","contributorId":85569,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Helsel","given":"Dennis R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":147266,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70207830,"text":"70207830 - 1996 - Proterozoic low-Ti iron-oxide deposits in New York and New Jersey: Relation to Fe-oxide (Cu–U–Au–rare earth element) deposits and tectonic implications: Comment and Reply","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-01-14T16:52:39","indexId":"70207830","displayToPublicDate":"1996-05-14T16:50:40","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1796,"text":"Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Proterozoic low-Ti iron-oxide deposits in New York and New Jersey: Relation to Fe-oxide (Cu–U–Au–rare earth element) deposits and tectonic implications: Comment and Reply","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/0091-7613(1996)024<0475:PLTIOD>2.3.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Johnson, C.A., McLelland, J., and Foose, M.P., 1996, Proterozoic low-Ti iron-oxide deposits in New York and New Jersey: Relation to Fe-oxide (Cu–U–Au–rare earth element) deposits and tectonic implications: Comment and Reply: Geology, v. 24, no. 5, p. 475-477, https://doi.org/10.1130/0091-7613(1996)024<0475:PLTIOD>2.3.CO;2.","productDescription":"3 p.","startPage":"475","endPage":"477","costCenters":[{"id":35995,"text":"Geology, Geophysics, and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":371245,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"New York, New 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Jersey\",\"nation\":\"USA \"}}]}","volume":"24","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Johnson, Craig A. 0000-0002-1334-2996 cjohnso@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1334-2996","contributorId":909,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnson","given":"Craig","email":"cjohnso@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":35995,"text":"Geology, Geophysics, and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":211,"text":"Crustal Geophysics and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":171,"text":"Central Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":779466,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"McLelland, James","contributorId":28271,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McLelland","given":"James","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":779467,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Foose, Michael P. mfoose@usgs.gov","contributorId":4756,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Foose","given":"Michael","email":"mfoose@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":779468,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70018820,"text":"70018820 - 1996 - Pliocene and early Pleistocene environments and climates of the western Snake River Plain, Idaho","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-09-30T15:59:00.338944","indexId":"70018820","displayToPublicDate":"1996-04-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2673,"text":"Marine Micropaleontology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Pliocene and early Pleistocene environments and climates of the western Snake River Plain, Idaho","docAbstract":"Sedimentological, palynological, and magnetic susceptibility data provide paleoenvironmental and paleoclimatic information from a 989 ft (301 m) core of sediments from the upper Glenns Ferry and Bruneau Formations from near the town of Bruneau in Owyhee County, Idaho. Chronology is based on stratigraphic position, paleomagnetism, and biostratigraphic data, which collectively suggest a late Gauss Normal-Polarity Chron age for the Glenns Ferry sediments and a middle Matuyama Reversed-Polarity Chron age for the Bruneau sediments. A deep lake was present on the western Snake River Plain during the portions of the time represented by the Glenns Ferry Formation, and the mudstones of the lower half of the core were apparently deposited in this lake. The terminal regression of the Glenns Ferry lake may be represented in the Bruneau core by sandy mudstones and sands that overlie the deep-water mudstones. A cobble layer present in the core between the Glenns Ferry lake beds and those of the overlying Bruneau Formation may indicate through-flow by the ancestral Snake River.
Palynological data from the Glenns Ferry sediments in the Bruneau core reveal a pollen flora similar to the modern regional pollen flora, with very rare occurrences of now-extirpated taxa common earlier in the Tertiary. Palynological data from the Pliocene portion of this core indicate conditions more moist than today, with cooler summers and perhaps warmer winters. Quasi-periodic fluctuations in coniferous pollen (primarily Pinus) versus arid steppe taxa (primarily Chenopodiaceae/Amar-anthus) indicate significant variations in moisture through the lower two-thirds of the Glenns Ferry portion of the core. Shorter wave-length fluctuations in magnetic susceptibility and (inversely) Artemisia may reflect variations in temperature or other unidentified climatic variables. The pollen spectra from the Bruneau Formation sediments in the Bruneau core are dominated by Artemisia and resemble those of the Wisconsinan glacial period on the Snake River Plain, and hence indicate cold and dry conditions during some portion of the early Pleistocene.
The deep-water Glenns Ferry lacustrine episode appears to date between approximately 3.5 to 3.3 and 2.5 Ma, and thus occurred during the middle Pliocene period of warmer-than-modern global temperatures. Similar sustained wetter-than-present conditions occurred in the same age range at sites across the western U.S.A. from southern California and Arizona to northern California and Idaho. This moist period was apparently followed by an interval of regional arid conditions that persisted for several hundred thousand years.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0377-8398(95)00056-9","usgsCitation":"Thompson, R.S., 1996, Pliocene and early Pleistocene environments and climates of the western Snake River Plain, Idaho: Marine Micropaleontology, v. 27, no. 1-4, p. 141-156, https://doi.org/10.1016/0377-8398(95)00056-9.","productDescription":"16 p.","startPage":"141","endPage":"156","costCenters":[{"id":318,"text":"Geosciences and Environmental Change Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":226521,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Idaho","otherGeospatial":"western Snake River Plain","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -117.12644856805878,\n 44.75494380211967\n ],\n [\n -117.12644856805878,\n 43.03170351478383\n ],\n [\n -114.78362293505984,\n 43.03170351478383\n ],\n [\n -114.78362293505984,\n 44.75494380211967\n ],\n [\n -117.12644856805878,\n 44.75494380211967\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"27","issue":"1-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a7c63e4b0c8380cd79968","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Thompson, Robert S. 0000-0001-9287-2954 rthompson@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9287-2954","contributorId":891,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thompson","given":"Robert","email":"rthompson@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":318,"text":"Geosciences and Environmental Change Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":380845,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70018584,"text":"70018584 - 1996 - Influence of stretching and density contrasts on the chemical evolution of continental magmas: An example from the Ivrea-Verbano Zone","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-09-22T16:10:55.919698","indexId":"70018584","displayToPublicDate":"1996-04-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1336,"text":"Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Influence of stretching and density contrasts on the chemical evolution of continental magmas: An example from the Ivrea-Verbano Zone","docAbstract":"The southern Ivrea-Verbano Zone of the Italian Western Alps contains a huge mafic complex that intruded high-grade metamorphic rocks while they were resident in the lower crust. Geologic mapping and chemical variations of the igneous body were used to study the evolution of underplated crust. Slivers of crustal rocks (septa) interlayered with igneous mafic rocks are concentrated in a narrow zone deep in the complex (Paragneiss-bearing Belt) and show evidence of advanced degrees of partial melting. Variations of rare-earth-element patterns and Sr isotope composition of the igneous rocks across the sequence are consistent with increasing crustal contamination approaching the septa. Therefore, the Paragneiss-bearing Belt is considered representative of an “assimilation region” where in-situ interaction between mantle- and crust-derived magmas resulted in production of hybrid melts. Buoyancy caused upwards migration of the hybrid melts that incorporated the last septa and were stored at higher levels, feeding the Upper Mafic Complex. Synmagmatic stretching of the assimilation region facilitated mixing and homogenization of melts. Chemical variations of granitoids extracted from the septa show that deep septa are more depleted than shallow ones. This suggests that the first incorporated septa were denser than the later ones, as required by the high density of the first-injected mafic magmas. It is inferred that density contrasts between mafic melts and crustal rocks play a crucial role for the processes of contamination of continental magmas. In thick under plated crust, the extraction of early felsic/hybrid melts from the lower crust may be required to increase the density of the lower crust and to allow the later mafic magmas to penetrate higher crustal levels.
","language":"English","publisher":"Springer Link","doi":"10.1007/s004100050153","usgsCitation":"Sinigoi, S., Quick, J.E., Mayer, A., and Budahn, J., 1996, Influence of stretching and density contrasts on the chemical evolution of continental magmas: An example from the Ivrea-Verbano Zone: Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, v. 123, no. 3, p. 238-250, https://doi.org/10.1007/s004100050153.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"238","endPage":"250","numberOfPages":"13","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":227169,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"123","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a3b7fe4b0c8380cd625ad","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Sinigoi, S.","contributorId":77245,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sinigoi","given":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380114,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Quick, J. E.","contributorId":48563,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Quick","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380113,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Mayer, A.","contributorId":96780,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mayer","given":"A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380115,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Budahn, J. 0000-0001-9794-8882","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9794-8882","contributorId":33034,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Budahn","given":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380112,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70208252,"text":"70208252 - 1996 - Organic geochemistry applied to environmental assessments of Prince William Sound, Alaska, after the Exxon Valdez oil spill—a review","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-01-31T13:36:55","indexId":"70208252","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-31T13:31:27","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2958,"text":"Organic Geochemistry","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"displayTitle":"Organic geochemistry applied to environmental assessments of Prince William Sound, Alaska, after the Exxon Valdez oil spill—a review","title":"Organic geochemistry applied to environmental assessments of Prince William Sound, Alaska, after the Exxon Valdez oil spill—a review","docAbstract":"Organic geochemistry played a major role in the environmental assessments conducted following the Exxon Valdez oil spill, which occurred on March 24, 1989, and released about 258,000 bbls (41 million liters) of Alaska North Slope crude oil into Prince William Sound. Geochemical analyses of more than 15,000 sediment, tar, and biological samples and about 5000 water samples provide the largest database yet collected on oil-spill chemistry, and we review the results here. The marine environment of the Sound has a complex background of petrogenic, pyrogenic, and biogenic hydrocarbons from natural and anthropogenic sources. Geochemical evaluation of the fate and effects of the spilled oil required that this oil and its residues be distinguished from the background. A variety of molecular and isotopic techniques were employed to identify various hydrocarbon sources and to distinguish quantitatively among mixed sources in the samples. Although the specific criteria used to distinguish multiple sources in the region affected by the Exxon Valdez spill are not necessarily applicable to all spill situations, the principles that governed their selection are.
Distributions of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) and dibenzothiophenes distinguish Exxon Valdez oil and its weathered residues from background hydrocarbons in benthic sediments. Ratios of
Results of geochemical studies suggest that the petrogenic component in the background of benthic sediments is derived from oil seeps in the eastern Gulf of Alaska. In 1990 and 1991, Exxon Valdez residues, generally forming a small increment to the pre-spill background, were found to be only sporadically distributed in some shallow, near shore sediments adjacent to shorelines that had been heavily oiled in 1989. In 1994, occurrences of Exxon Valdez tars on shoreline surfaces were rare, although residues could be found buried in shoreline sediments at some isolated locations along the spill path where they were protected from wave action. Spilled oil residues collected 16 months after the spill were degraded, on average, by nearly 50%. Shoreline residues from sources other than the spill were also identified and are widespread throughout the Sound. These residues include (1) geochemically distinct tars and oils imported from California oil fields to Alaska for fuel and construction purposes prior to the discovery of the Cook Inlet and North Slope oil fields, (2) diesel and diesel soot, and (3) more highly refined products.
Of the more than 2700 chemical analyses of biological samples of higher life forms (fish, birds, and mammals) about 150 (6%) indicate recognizable residues of Exxon Valdez oil, which were identified by their distribution of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH). Most of these samples (138) were collected in 1989 and most were associated with external surfaces or the gastrointestinal tract. Rarely do internal tissues or fluids contain recognizable fingerprints of spilled oil. This observation includes samples from marine mammals that were visibly oiled externally. Other hydrocarbon sources, including diesel and a non-petroleum artifact that occurs when concentrations of individual PAH are at or near their method detection limit, are also identified in biological samples.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0146-6380(96)00010-1","usgsCitation":"Bence, A., Kvenvolden, K.A., and Kennicutt, M., 1996, Organic geochemistry applied to environmental assessments of Prince William Sound, Alaska, after the Exxon Valdez oil spill—a review: Organic Geochemistry, v. 24, no. 1, p. 7-42, https://doi.org/10.1016/0146-6380(96)00010-1.","productDescription":"36 p.","startPage":"7","endPage":"42","costCenters":[{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":371827,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"South-central Alaska","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -161.1474609375,\n 56.511017504952136\n ],\n [\n -158.73046875,\n 54.23955053156177\n ],\n [\n -143.1298828125,\n 60.108670463036\n ],\n [\n -150.205078125,\n 62.4107287530686\n ],\n [\n -161.1474609375,\n 56.511017504952136\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"24","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bence, A.E.","contributorId":101943,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bence","given":"A.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":781165,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kvenvolden, Keith A. kkvenvolden@usgs.gov","contributorId":3384,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kvenvolden","given":"Keith","email":"kkvenvolden@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":781166,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Kennicutt, M.C. II","contributorId":67665,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kennicutt","given":"M.C.","suffix":"II","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":781167,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70178145,"text":"70178145 - 1996 - Calculation and evaluation of sediment effect concentrations for the amphipod Hyalella azteca and the midge Chironomus riparius","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-11-04T09:34:39","indexId":"70178145","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2330,"text":"Journal of Great Lakes Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Calculation and evaluation of sediment effect concentrations for the amphipod Hyalella azteca and the midge Chironomus riparius","docAbstract":"Procedures are described for calculating and evaluating sediment effect concentrations (SECs) using laboratory data on the toxicity of contaminants associated with field-collected sediment to the amphipod Hyalella azteca and the midge Chironomus riparius. SECs are defined as the concentrations of individual contaminants in sediment below which toxicity is rarely observed and above which toxicity is frequently observed. The objective of the present study was to develop SECs to classify toxicity data for Great Lake sediment samples tested with Hyalella azteca and Chironomus riparius. This SEC database included samples from additional sites across the United States in order to make the database as robust as possible. Three types of SECs were calculated from these data: (1) Effect Range Low (ERL) and Effect Range Median (ERM), (2) Threshold Effect Level (TEL) and Probable Effect Level (PEL), and (3) No Effect Concentration (NEC). We were able to calculate SECs primarily for total metals, simultaneously extracted metals, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). The ranges of concentrations in sediment were too narrow in our database to adequately evaluate SECs for butyltins, methyl mercury, polychlorinated dioxins and furans, or chlorinated pesticides. About 60 to 80% of the sediment samples in the database are correctly classified as toxic or not toxic depending on type of SEC evaluated. ERMs and ERLs are generally as reliable as paired PELs and TELs at classifying both toxic and non-toxic samples in our database. Reliability of the SECs in terms of correctly classifying sediment samples is similar between ERMs and NECs; however, ERMs minimize Type I error (false positives) relative to ERLs and minimize Type II error (false negatives) relative to NECs. Correct classification of samples can be improved by using only the most reliable individual SECs for chemicals (i.e., those with a higher percentage of correct classification). SECs calculated using sediment concentrations normalized to total organic carbon (TOC) concentrations did not improve the reliability compared to SECs calculated using dry-weight concentrations. The range of TOC concentrations in our database was relatively narrow compared to the ranges of contaminant concentrations. Therefore, normalizing dry-weight concentrations to a relatively narrow range of TOC concentrations had little influence on relative concentra of contaminants among samples. When SECs are used to conduct a preliminary screening to predict the potential for toxicity in the absence of actual toxicity testing, a low number of SEC exceedances should be used to minimize the potential for false negatives; however, the risk of accepting higher false positives is increased.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/S0380-1330(96)70984-X","usgsCitation":"Ingersoll, C.G., Haverland, P.S., Brunson, E., Canfield, T., Dwyer, F.J., Henke, C., Kemble, N.E., Mount, D.R., and Fox, R.G., 1996, Calculation and evaluation of sediment effect concentrations for the amphipod Hyalella azteca and the midge Chironomus riparius: Journal of Great Lakes Research, v. 22, no. 3, p. 602-623, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0380-1330(96)70984-X.","productDescription":"22 p.","startPage":"602","endPage":"623","costCenters":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":330730,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"22","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"581d9e2de4b0dee4cc90cbed","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ingersoll, Christopher G. 0000-0003-4531-5949 cingersoll@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4531-5949","contributorId":2071,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ingersoll","given":"Christopher","email":"cingersoll@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":653005,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Haverland, Pamela S.","contributorId":176137,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Haverland","given":"Pamela","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":653006,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Brunson, Eric L. 0000-0001-6624-0902 elbrunson@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6624-0902","contributorId":3282,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brunson","given":"Eric L.","email":"elbrunson@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":653007,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Canfield, Timothy J.","contributorId":175397,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Canfield","given":"Timothy J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":653008,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Dwyer, F. James","contributorId":176136,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dwyer","given":"F.","email":"","middleInitial":"James","affiliations":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":653009,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Henke, Chris chenke@usgs.gov","contributorId":4915,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Henke","given":"Chris","email":"chenke@usgs.gov","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":653010,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Kemble, Nile E. 0000-0002-3608-0538 nkemble@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3608-0538","contributorId":2626,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kemble","given":"Nile","email":"nkemble@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":653011,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Mount, David R.","contributorId":150725,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Mount","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":18078,"text":"U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, Duluth, Minnesota","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":653012,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Fox, Richard G.","contributorId":176650,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Fox","given":"Richard","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":653013,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9}]}} ,{"id":70177023,"text":"70177023 - 1996 - A preliminary evaluation of sediment quality assessment values for freshwater ecosystems","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-10-14T14:24:14","indexId":"70177023","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2330,"text":"Journal of Great Lakes Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A preliminary evaluation of sediment quality assessment values for freshwater ecosystems","docAbstract":"Sediment quality assessment values were developed using a weight of evidence approach in which matching biological and chemical data from numerous modelling, laboratory, and field studies performed on freshwater sediments were compiled and analyzed. Two assessment values (a threshold effect level (TEL) and a probable effect level(PEL)) were derived for 23 substances, including eight trace metals, six individual polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), total polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), and eight pesticides. The two values defined three ranges of chemical concentrations; those that were (1) rarely, (2) occasionally, and (3) frequently associated with adverse biological effects. An evaluation of the percent incidence of adverse biological effects within the three concentration ranges indicated that the reliability of the TELs (i.e., the degree to which the TELs represent concentrations within the data set below which adverse effects rarely occur) was consistently good. However, this preliminary evaluation indicated that most of the PELs were less reliable (i.e., they did not adequately represent concentrations within the data set above which adverse effects frequently occur). Nonetheless, these values were often comparable to other biological effects-based assessment values (which were themselves reliable), which increased the level of confidence that could be placed in our values. This method is being used as a basis for developing national sediment quality guidelines for freshwater systems in Canada and sediment effect concentrations as part of the Assessment and Remediation of Contaminated Sediments (ARCS) program in the Great Lakes.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/S0380-1330(96)70985-1","usgsCitation":"Smith, S.L., MacDonald, D., Keenleyside, K.A., Ingersoll, C.G., and Field, L.J., 1996, A preliminary evaluation of sediment quality assessment values for freshwater ecosystems: Journal of Great Lakes Research, v. 22, no. 3, p. 624-638, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0380-1330(96)70985-1.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"624","endPage":"638","costCenters":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":329614,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"22","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5801eebfe4b0824b2d18c435","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Smith, Sherri L.","contributorId":175399,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Smith","given":"Sherri","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":651018,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"MacDonald, Donald D.","contributorId":49911,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"MacDonald","given":"Donald D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":651019,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Keenleyside, Karen A.","contributorId":175400,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Keenleyside","given":"Karen","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":651020,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Ingersoll, Christopher G. 0000-0003-4531-5949 cingersoll@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4531-5949","contributorId":2071,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ingersoll","given":"Christopher","email":"cingersoll@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":651021,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Field, L. Jay","contributorId":87032,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Field","given":"L.","email":"","middleInitial":"Jay","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":651022,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70018547,"text":"70018547 - 1996 - Age and character of basaltic rocks of the Yucca Mountain region, southern Nevada","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-11-13T17:17:02.417053","indexId":"70018547","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2314,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Age and character of basaltic rocks of the Yucca Mountain region, southern Nevada","docAbstract":"Volcanism in the Yucca Mountain region of southern Nevada in the last 5 m.y. is restricted to moderate-to-small volumes of subalkaline basaltic magmas, produced during at least 6 intervals, and spanning an age range from 4.6 Ma to about 125 ka. Where paleomagnetic evidence is available, the period of volcanism at individual eruptive centers apparently was geologically short-lived, even where multiple eruptions involved different magma types. K-Ar studies are consistent with most other geochronologic information, such as the minimum ages of exposure-dating techniques, and show no evidence of renewed volcanism after a significant quiescence at any of the centers in the Yucca Mountain region. A volcanic recurrence interval of 860 ± 350 kyr is computed from a large K-Ar data set and an evaluation of their uncertainties. Monte Carlo error propagations demonstrate the validity of uncertainties obtained for weighted-mean ages when modified using the goodness of fit parameter, MSWD. Elevated 87Sr/86Sr initial ratios (Sri) in the basalts, nearly constant at 0.707, combined with low SiO2 and Rb/Sr ratios indicate a subcontinental, lithospheric mantle source, previously enriched in radiogenic Sr and depleted in Rb. Beginning with eruptions of the most voluminous eruptive center, the newly dated Pliocene Thirsty Mountain volcano, basaltic magmas have decreased in eruptive volume, plagioclase-phenocryst content, various trace element ratios, and TiO2, while increasing in light rare earth elements, U, Th, P2O5, and light REE/heavy REE ratios. These time-correlated changes are consistent with either increasing depths of melting or a decreasing thermal gradient in the Yucca Mountain region during the last 5 m.y.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/95JB03123","issn":"01480227","usgsCitation":"Fleck, R., Turrin, B.D., Sawyer, D., Warren, R., Champion, D., Hudson, M., and Minor, S., 1996, Age and character of basaltic rocks of the Yucca Mountain region, southern Nevada: Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth, v. 101, no. 4, p. 8205-8227, https://doi.org/10.1029/95JB03123.","productDescription":"23 p.","startPage":"8205","endPage":"8227","numberOfPages":"23","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":227213,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"101","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1996-04-10","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e8d6e4b0c8380cd47ee6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Fleck, R.J.","contributorId":25147,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fleck","given":"R.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380002,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Turrin, B. D.","contributorId":32548,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Turrin","given":"B.","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380003,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Sawyer, D.A.","contributorId":107666,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sawyer","given":"D.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380007,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Warren, R.G.","contributorId":6037,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Warren","given":"R.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380001,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Champion, D.E.","contributorId":70402,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Champion","given":"D.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380006,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Hudson, M.R.","contributorId":68317,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hudson","given":"M.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380005,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Minor, S.A.","contributorId":65047,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Minor","given":"S.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380004,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}} ,{"id":70018702,"text":"70018702 - 1996 - The origin of the Bering Sea basalt province, western Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:16","indexId":"70018702","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1798,"text":"Geology of the Pacific Ocean","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The origin of the Bering Sea basalt province, western Alaska","docAbstract":"Bering Sea basalt province consists of at least 15 late Cenozoic (less than 6 Ma) volcanic fields that occur on islands in the Bering Sea and along the adjacent west coast of Alaska. The fields are composed of widespread flows of tholeiitic and alkali olivine basalt and small cones, flows, and maar craters of more alkalic basalt, basanite, and rare nephelinite. Although the volcanic fields do not lie along a hot-spot trace, the rocks are compositionally similar to ocean island basalts. Although the rocks show some evidence for fractionation, the dominant control on composition is by varying degrees of partial melting of a mantle source. Trace-element and isotopic data further constrain the mantle source.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Geology of the Pacific Ocean","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"8755755X","usgsCitation":"Moll-Stalcup, E.J., 1996, The origin of the Bering Sea basalt province, western Alaska: Geology of the Pacific Ocean, v. 12, no. 4, p. 671-689.","startPage":"671","endPage":"689","numberOfPages":"19","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":227004,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"12","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bae6fe4b08c986b3240cc","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Moll-Stalcup, E. J.","contributorId":26698,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Moll-Stalcup","given":"E.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380492,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70017810,"text":"70017810 - 1996 - AMS radiocarbon analyses from Lake Baikal, Siberia: Challenges of dating sediments from a large, oligotrophic lake","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-08-16T09:08:37","indexId":"70017810","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3219,"text":"Quaternary Science Reviews","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"AMS radiocarbon analyses from Lake Baikal, Siberia: Challenges of dating sediments from a large, oligotrophic lake","docAbstract":"A suite of 146 new accelerator-mass spectrometer (AMS) radiocarbon ages provides the first reliable chronology for late Quaternary sediments in Lake Baikal. In this large, highly oligotrophic lake, biogenic and authigenic carbonate are absent, and plant macrofossils are extremely rare. Total organic carbon is therefore the primary material available for dating. Several problems are associated with the TOC ages. One is the mixture of carbon sources in TOC, not all of which are syndepositional in age. This problem manifests itself in apparent ages for the sediment surface that are greater than zero. However, because most of the organic carbon in Lake Baikal sediments is algal (autochthonous) in origin, this effect is limited to about 1000+500 years, which can be corrected, at least for young deposits. The other major problem with dating Lake Baikal sediments is the very low carbon contents of glacial-age deposits, which makes them extremely susceptible to contamination with modern carbon. This problem can be minimized by careful sampling and handling procedures. The ages show almost an order of magnitude difference in sediment-accumulation rates among different sedimentary environments in Lake Baikal, from about 0.04 mm/year on isolated banks such as Academician Ridge, to nearly 0.3 mm/year in the turbidite depositional areas beneath the deep basin floors, such as the Central Basin. The new AMS ages clearly indicate that the dramatic increase in diatom productivity in the lake, as evidenced by increases in biogenic silica and organic carbon, began about 13 ka, in contrast to previous estimates of 7 ka for the age of this transition. Holocene net sedimentation rates may be less than, equal to, or greater than those in the late Pleistocene, depending on the site. This variability reflects the balance between variable terrigenous sedimentation and increased biogenic sedimentation during interglaciations. The ages reported here, and the temporal and spatial variation in sedimentation rates that they imply, provide opportunities for paleoenvironmental reconstructions at different time scales and resolutions.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Quaternary Science Reviews","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/0277-3791(96)00027-3","issn":"02773791","usgsCitation":"Colman, S.M., Jones, G.A., Rubin, M., King, J., Peck, J., and Orem, W., 1996, AMS radiocarbon analyses from Lake Baikal, Siberia: Challenges of dating sediments from a large, oligotrophic lake: Quaternary Science Reviews, v. 15, no. 7, p. 669-684, https://doi.org/10.1016/0277-3791(96)00027-3.","startPage":"669","endPage":"684","numberOfPages":"16","costCenters":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":487268,"rank":10000,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"https://digitalcommons.uri.edu/gsofacpubs/1758","text":"External Repository"},{"id":228487,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":206118,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0277-3791(96)00027-3"}],"volume":"15","issue":"7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e62ce4b0c8380cd471ee","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Colman, Steven M. 0000-0002-0564-9576","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0564-9576","contributorId":77482,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Colman","given":"Steven","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":377631,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Jones, Glenn A.","contributorId":17779,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Jones","given":"Glenn","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":6706,"text":"Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution,","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":377628,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Rubin, M.","contributorId":88079,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rubin","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377632,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"King, J.W.","contributorId":19265,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"King","given":"J.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377629,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Peck, J.A.","contributorId":26398,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Peck","given":"J.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377630,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Orem, W. H. 0000-0003-4990-0539","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4990-0539","contributorId":93084,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Orem","given":"W. H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377633,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70017799,"text":"70017799 - 1996 - Source and tectonic implications of tonalite-trondhjemite magmatism in the Klamath Mountains","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-09-22T16:15:29.997708","indexId":"70017799","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1336,"text":"Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Source and tectonic implications of tonalite-trondhjemite magmatism in the Klamath Mountains","docAbstract":"In the Klamath Mountains, voluminous tonalite-trondhjemite magmatism was characteristic of a short period of time from about 144 to 136 Ma (Early Cretaceous). It occurred about 5 to 10 m.y. after the ∼165 to 159 Ma Josephine ophiolite was thrust beneath older parts of the province during the Nevadan orogeny (thrusting from ∼155 to 148 Ma). The magmatism also corresponds to a period of slow or no subduction. Most of the plutons crop out in the south-central Klamath Mountains in California, but one occurs in Oregon at the northern end of the province. Compositionally extended members of the suite consist of precursor gabbroic to dioritic rocks followed by later, more voluminous tonalitic and trondhjemitic intrusions. Most plutons consist almost entirely of tonalite and trondhjemite. Poorly-defined concentric zoning is common. Tonalitic rocks are typically of the low-Al type but trondhjemites are generally of the high-Al type, even those that occur in the same pluton as low-Al tonalite. The suite is characterized by low abundances of K2O, Rb, Zr, and heavy rare earth elements. Sr contents are generally moderate (∼450 ppm) by comparison with Sr-rich arc lavas interpreted to be slab melts (up to 2000 ppm). Initial 87Sr/86Sr, δ 18O, and ɛ Nd are typical of mantle-derived magmas or of crustally-derived magmas with a metabasic source. Compositional variation within plutons can be modeled by variable degrees of partial melting of a heterogeneous metabasaltic source (transitional mid-ocean ridge to island arc basalt), but not by fractional crystallyzation of a basaltic parent. Melting models require a residual assemblage of clinopyroxene+garnet±plagioclase±amphibole; residual plagioclase suggests a deep crustal origin rather than melting of a subducted slab. Such models are consistent with the metabasic part of the Josephine ophiolite as the source. Because the Josephine ophiolite was at low T during Nevadan thrusting, an external heat source was probably necessary to achieve significant degrees of melting; heat was probably extracted from mantle-derived basaltic melts, which were parental to the mafic precursors of the tonalite-trondhjemite suite. Thus, under appropriate tectonic and thermal conditions, heterogeneous mafic crustal rocks can melt to form both low- and high-Al tonalitic and trondhjemitic magmas; slab melting is not necessary.
","language":"English","publisher":"Springer Link","doi":"10.1007/s004100050142","usgsCitation":"Barnes, C., Petersen, S.W., Kistler, R.W., Murray, R., and Kays, M.A., 1996, Source and tectonic implications of tonalite-trondhjemite magmatism in the Klamath Mountains: Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, v. 123, no. 1, p. 40-60, https://doi.org/10.1007/s004100050142.","productDescription":"21 p.","startPage":"40","endPage":"60","numberOfPages":"21","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":228350,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California, Oregon","otherGeospatial":"Klamath Mountains","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -124.58423057231622,\n 43.14760111393659\n ],\n [\n -124.58423057231622,\n 40.23260246232101\n ],\n [\n -120.96992289802705,\n 40.23260246232101\n ],\n [\n -120.96992289802705,\n 43.14760111393659\n ],\n [\n -124.58423057231622,\n 43.14760111393659\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"123","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b9322e4b08c986b31a2ee","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Barnes, C. G.","contributorId":78819,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Barnes","given":"C. G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377594,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Petersen, S. W.","contributorId":72946,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Petersen","given":"S.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377593,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Kistler, R. W.","contributorId":36112,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kistler","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377591,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Murray, R.","contributorId":80440,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Murray","given":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377595,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Kays, M. A.","contributorId":65925,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Kays","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377592,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70017759,"text":"70017759 - 1996 - Using hydrogeochemical methods to evaluate complex quaternary subsurface stratigraphy Block Island, Rhode Island, USA","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-03-25T10:59:22","indexId":"70017759","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1923,"text":"Hydrogeology Journal","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Using hydrogeochemical methods to evaluate complex quaternary subsurface stratigraphy Block Island, Rhode Island, USA","docAbstract":"One of the major problems in hydrogeologic investigations of glaciated regions is the determination of complex stratigraphic relationships in the subsurface where insufficient information is available from drilling and geophysical records. In this paper, chemical characteristics of groundwater were used to identify stratigraphic changes in glacial deposits that were previously inferred on Block Island, Rhode Island, USA, an emergent remnant of the late Wisconsinan terminal moraine, located approximately 16 km south of the Rhode Island mainland. Two chemically distinct water types are recognized on the island: 1) high-iron, characterized by dissolved silica levels in excess of 20 mg/L, bicarbonate greater than 30 mg/L and dissolved iron ranging from 1-20 mg/L; and 2) low-iron, characterized by dissolved silica levels below 16 mg/L, bicarbonate less than 30 mg/L, and less than 0.3 mg/L dissolved iron. The spatial distribution of iron-bearing minerals and organic matter and the resulting redox conditions are believed to control the occurrence of highiron groundwater. The high-iron waters occur almost exclusively in the eastern half of the island and appear to coincide with the presence of allochthonous blocks of Cretaceous-age coastal-plain sediments that were incorporated into Pleistocene-age deposits derived from the Narragansett Bay-Buzzard's Bay lobe of the Late Wisconsinan Laurentide ice sheet. The low-iron waters occur in the western half of the island, where the occurrence of these Cretaceous-age blocks is rare and the sediments are attributed to a sublobe of the Hudson-Champlain lobe of the Late Wisconsinan ice sheet.
","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/s100400050093","usgsCitation":"Veeger, A., and Stone, B., 1996, Using hydrogeochemical methods to evaluate complex quaternary subsurface stratigraphy Block Island, Rhode Island, USA: Hydrogeology Journal, v. 4, no. 4, p. 69-82, https://doi.org/10.1007/s100400050093.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"69","endPage":"82","numberOfPages":"14","costCenters":[{"id":40020,"text":"Florence Bascom Geoscience Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":488745,"rank":1,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"https://digitalcommons.uri.edu/geo_facpubs/178","text":"External Repository"},{"id":228484,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Rhode Island","otherGeospatial":"Block Island","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -71.61918640136719,\n 41.14531119462475\n ],\n [\n -71.54090881347656,\n 41.14531119462475\n ],\n [\n -71.54090881347656,\n 41.233800286547435\n ],\n [\n -71.61918640136719,\n 41.233800286547435\n ],\n [\n -71.61918640136719,\n 41.14531119462475\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"4","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-11-20","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bc05ee4b08c986b32a0ad","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Veeger, A.I.","contributorId":100031,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Veeger","given":"A.I.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377485,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Stone, B. D. 0000-0001-6092-0798","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6092-0798","contributorId":50919,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stone","given":"B. D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377484,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70017683,"text":"70017683 - 1996 - Introduction: Paleozoic applications of sequence stratigraphy","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:54","indexId":"70017683","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3005,"text":"Paleozoic sequence stratigraphy: views from the North American craton","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Introduction: Paleozoic applications of sequence stratigraphy","docAbstract":"Despite conceptual origins from studies of the Paleozoic strata of cratonic basins, sequence stratigraphy has largely been developed and applied to post-Paleozoic successions in extracratonic settings. The application of continental-margin sequence stratigraphic concepts to cratonic basinal successions is fraught with problems owing to slower rates of sediment accumulation, and consequently, a more coarsely defined temporal resolution. In addition, some important sequence stratigraphic components are rare or completely missing from cratonic areas. Common usage of genetic sequence stratigraphic terminology can coopt critical evaluation of depositional characters, and must be practiced with extreme caution in order to avoid 'model-driven' approaches to stratigraphic synthesis. The best available tests for evaluating current questions regarding the central role of eustasy in sequence stratigraphy may be through interregional and intercontinental comparisons of cratonic stratigraphic sequences.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Paleozoic sequence stratigraphy: views from the North American craton","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America; Special Paper","publisherLocation":"306","usgsCitation":"Witzke, B., Ludvigson, G.A., and Day, J., 1996, Introduction: Paleozoic applications of sequence stratigraphy: Paleozoic sequence stratigraphy: views from the North American craton, p. 1-6.","startPage":"1","endPage":"6","numberOfPages":"6","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":228809,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a3e0be4b0c8380cd63a67","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Witzke B.J.","contributorId":128402,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Witzke B.J.","id":536372,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1}],"authors":[{"text":"Witzke, B.J.","contributorId":12976,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Witzke","given":"B.J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377258,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ludvigson, Greg A.","contributorId":80803,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ludvigson","given":"Greg","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377260,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Day, J.","contributorId":62357,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Day","given":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377259,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":1000787,"text":"1000787 - 1996 - Bathythermal distribution, maturity, and growth of lake trout strains stocked in U.S. waters of Lake Ontario, 1978-1993","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-02-05T15:43:59","indexId":"1000787","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2330,"text":"Journal of Great Lakes Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Bathythermal distribution, maturity, and growth of lake trout strains stocked in U.S. waters of Lake Ontario, 1978-1993","docAbstract":"Bathythermal distributions, sexual maturity, and growth of lake trout (Salvelinus namaycush) strains stocked in Lake Ontario were determined for fish collected with trawls and gill nets in 1978-93. The purpose was to augment the basis for deciding which strains to continue stocking in an effort to reestablish a self-sustaining population. The Clearwater Lake (CWL) strain was found in shallower, warmer water than all other strains; the Seneca Lake (SEN) strain was usually shallower than the Jenny Lake (JEN) and Lake Superior (SUP) strains at ages 1 and 2 but was usually deeper at age 3 and older. Depth distribution of the 'Ontario strain'--from gametes of several strains that survived to maturity in Lake Ontario-- was similar to that of the SEN and SUP strains. About half the males matured at age 4 and half the females at age 5; males < 500 mm and females < 600 mm long were rarely mature. Least-sqaures mean lengths and weights of the CWL strain were greater than those of all other strains through age 4. At age 7 and older, CWL and JEN fish were generally smaller than all other strains. Means lengths and weights of males and females of the same age and strain frequently differed at age 4 and older. Growth in weight at age 4 and older was not associated with biomass indices of prey fishes. Differences in growth rates among strains were associated with bathythermal distribution which is a heritable trait. Weight-length regressions differed by year, sex, and stage of maturity but were rarely different among strains. Competition for space appeared to affect condition of large lake trout. Growth rates and maturity schedules provide little basis for recommending stocking one strain in preference to another. Depth ranges of strains overlapped widely, but lake trout occupied only about one-fourth of available bottom habitat. Stocking several strains should be continued to maximize use of sustainable habitat.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Great Lakes Research","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","publisherLocation":"Amsterdam, Netherlands","doi":"10.1016/S0380-1330(96)70992-9","usgsCitation":"Elrod, J.H., O’Gorman, R., and Schneider, C.P., 1996, Bathythermal distribution, maturity, and growth of lake trout strains stocked in U.S. waters of Lake Ontario, 1978-1993: Journal of Great Lakes Research, v. 22, no. 3, p. 722-743, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0380-1330(96)70992-9.","productDescription":"22 p.","startPage":"722","endPage":"743","numberOfPages":"22","costCenters":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":134031,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":267056,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0380-1330(96)70992-9"}],"volume":"22","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a6ce4b07f02db63e4cd","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Elrod, Joseph H.","contributorId":72737,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Elrod","given":"Joseph","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":309433,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"O’Gorman, Robert rogorman@usgs.gov","contributorId":3451,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"O’Gorman","given":"Robert","email":"rogorman@usgs.gov","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":309431,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Schneider, Clifford P.","contributorId":45251,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schneider","given":"Clifford","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":309432,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70018270,"text":"70018270 - 1996 - Emerald mineralization and metasomatism of amphibolite, khaltaro granitic pegmatite - Hydrothermal vein system, Haramosh Mountains, Northern Pakistan","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:13","indexId":"70018270","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1177,"text":"Canadian Mineralogist","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Emerald mineralization and metasomatism of amphibolite, khaltaro granitic pegmatite - Hydrothermal vein system, Haramosh Mountains, Northern Pakistan","docAbstract":"Emerald mineralization is found within 0.1- to 1-m-thick hydrothermal veins and granitic pegmatites cutting amphibolite within the Nanga Parbat - Haramosh massif, in northern Pakistan. The amphibolite forms a sill-like body within garnet-mica schist, and both are part of a regional layered gneiss unit of Proterozoic (?) age. The 40Ar/39Ar data for muscovite from a pegmatite yield a plateau age of 9.13 ?? 0.04 Ma. Muscovite from mica schist and hornblende from amphibolite yield disturbed spectra with interpreted ages of 9 to 10 Ma and more than 225 Ma, respectively, which indicate that peak Tertiary metamorphism reached 325 to 550??C prior to 10 Ma. Pegmatites were emplaced after peak metamorphism during this interval and are older than pegmatites farther south in the massif. At Khaltaro, simply zoned albite-rich miarolitic pegmatites and hydrothermal veins containing various proportions of quartz, albite, tourmaline, muscovite, and beryl are associated with a 1- to 3-m-thick heterogeneous leucogranite sill, that is locally albitized. The pegmatites likely crystallized at 650 to 600??C at pressures of less than 2 kbar. Crystals of emerald form within thin (<30 cm) veins of quartz and tourmaline-albite, and more rarely in pegmatite, near the contacts with altered amphibolite. The emerald-green coloration is produced by Cr and Fe. The Cr and total Fe contents, expressed as Cr2O3 and Fe2O3, respectively, decrease systematically from emerald (>0.20, 0.54-0.89 wt%), to pale blue beryl (<0.07, 0.10-0.63%), to colorless beryl (<0.07, 0.07-0.28%). The amphibolite is metasomatized in less than 20-cm-wide selvages that are symmetrically zoned around veins or pegmatites. A sporadic inner zone containing F-rich biotite, tourmaline, and fluorite, with local albite, muscovite, quartz, and rare beryl, gives way to an intermediate zone containing biotite and fluorite with local plagioclase and quartz, and to an outer zone of amphibolite containing sparse biotite and local quartz. The inner and intermediate zones experienced gains of K, H, F, B, Li, Rb, Cs, Be, Ta, Nb, As, Y and Sr, and losses of Si, Mg, Ca, Fe, Cr, V and Sc. The outer alteration zone has gained F, Li, Rb, Cs, and As. Oxygen isotope analyses of igneous and hydrothermal minerals indicate that a single fluid of magmatic origin with ??18OH2O = 8??? produced the pegmatite-vein system and hydrothermal alteration at temperatures between 550 and 400??C. The formation of emerald results from introduction of HF-rich magmatic-hydrothermal fluids into the amphibolite, which caused hydrogen ion metasomatism and released Cr and Fe into the pegmatite-vein system.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Canadian Mineralogist","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"00084476","usgsCitation":"Laurs, B., Dilles, J., and Snee, L., 1996, Emerald mineralization and metasomatism of amphibolite, khaltaro granitic pegmatite - Hydrothermal vein system, Haramosh Mountains, Northern Pakistan: Canadian Mineralogist, v. 34, no. 6, p. 1253-1286.","startPage":"1253","endPage":"1286","numberOfPages":"34","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":226975,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"34","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a08eae4b0c8380cd51d03","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Laurs, B.M.","contributorId":37086,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Laurs","given":"B.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379060,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Dilles, J.H.","contributorId":25310,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dilles","given":"J.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379059,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Snee, L.W.","contributorId":99981,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Snee","given":"L.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379061,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70019314,"text":"70019314 - 1996 - A glass spherule of questionable impact origin from the Apollo 15 landing site: Unique target mare basalt","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-10-03T15:43:23.737094","indexId":"70019314","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1759,"text":"Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A glass spherule of questionable impact origin from the Apollo 15 landing site: Unique target mare basalt","docAbstract":"A 6 mm-diameter dark spherule, 15434,28, from the regolith on the Apennine Front at the Apollo 15 landing site has a homogeneous glass interior with a 200 ??m-thick rind of devitrified or crystallized melt. The rind contains abundant small fragments of Apollo 15 olivine-normative mare basalt and rare volcanic Apollo 15 green glass. The glass interior of the spherule has the chemical composition, including a high FeO content and high CaO/Al2O3, of a mare basalt. Whereas the major element and Sc, Ni, and Co abundances are similar to those of low-Ti mare basalts, the incompatible elements and Sr abundances are similar to those of high-Ti mare basalts. The relative abundance patterns of the incompatible trace elements are distinct from any other lunar mare basalts or KREEP; among these distinctions are a much steeper slope of the heavy rare earth elements. The 15434,28 glass has abundances of the volatile element Zn consistent with both impact glasses and crystalline mare basalts, but much lower than in glasses of mare volcanic origin. The glass contains siderophile elements such as Ir in abundances only slightly higher than accepted lunar indigenous levels, and some, such as Au, are just below such upper limits. The age of the glass, determined by the 40Ar/39Ar laser incremental heating technique, is 1647 ?? 11 Ma (2 ??); it is expressed as an age spectrum of seventeen steps over 96% of the 39Ar released, unusual for an impact glass. Trapped argon is negligible. The undamaged nature of the sphere demonstrates that it must have spent most of its life buried in regolith; 38Ar cosmic ray exposure data suggest that it was buried at less than 2m but more than a few centimeters if a single depth is appropriate. That the spherule solidified to a glass is surprising; for such a mare composition, cooling at about 50??C s-1 is required to avoid crystallization, and barely attainable in such a large spherule. The low volatile abundances, slightly high siderophile abundances, and the young age are perhaps all most consistent with an impact origin, but nonetheless not absolutely definitive. The 15434,28 glass is distinct from the common yellow impact glasses at the Apollo 15 landing site, in particular in its lower abundances of incompatible elements and much younger age. If we accept an impact origin, then the trace element relative abundances preclude both typical KREEP and the common Apollo 15 yellow impact glass from contributing more than a few percent of the incompatible elements to potential mixtures. The melted part of any target must have consisted almost entirely of a variety (or varieties) of mare basalt or glass distinct from any known mare basalts or glasses, including Apollo 15 yellow volcanic glass, or mixtures of them. However, the rind inclusions, similar to materials of local origin, do suggest a source near the Apollo 15 landing site. An impact melt cannot have dissolved much, if any, of such inclusions. A lack of regolith materials in the rind and in the melt component suggest an immature source terrain. Thus, even for an impact origin, there is the possibility (though not requirement) that the volcanic target is younger than most mare plains. The crater Hadley C, 25 km away, is a potential source. If the 15434,28 glass is instead directly of volcanic origin, it represents an extremely young mare magma of a type previously undiscovered on the Moon.","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0016-7037(95)00420-3","issn":"00167037","usgsCitation":"Ryder, G., Delano, J., Warren, P., Kallemeyn, G., and Dalrymple, G.B., 1996, A glass spherule of questionable impact origin from the Apollo 15 landing site: Unique target mare basalt: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 60, no. 4, p. 693-710, https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-7037(95)00420-3.","productDescription":"18 p.","startPage":"693","endPage":"710","numberOfPages":"18","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":479116,"rank":1,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19970026873","text":"External Repository"},{"id":226959,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"60","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e409e4b0c8380cd4637d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ryder, G.","contributorId":96020,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ryder","given":"G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":382324,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Delano, J.W.","contributorId":50670,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Delano","given":"J.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":382321,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Warren, P.H.","contributorId":77674,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Warren","given":"P.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":382323,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Kallemeyn, G.W.","contributorId":64822,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kallemeyn","given":"G.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":382322,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Dalrymple, G. B.","contributorId":10407,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dalrymple","given":"G.","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":382320,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":1008037,"text":"1008037 - 1996 - The decline of amphibians in California's Great Central Valley","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-11-17T12:30:44.362881","indexId":"1008037","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1321,"text":"Conservation Biology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The decline of amphibians in California's Great Central Valley","docAbstract":"Declines in amphibian populations are rarely reported on the community or ecosystem level. We combined broad-scale field sampling with historical analyses of museum records to quantify amphibian declines in California’s Great Central Valley. Overall, amphibians showed an unambiguous pattern of decline, although the intensity of decline varied both geographically and taxonomically. The greatest geographical decline was detected in the counties of the Sacramento and San Joaquin Valleys. Two species, Rana aurora and Bufo boreas were identified as the most affected by decline, whereas Pseudacris regilla was the least affected. The Coast Range counties had little or no detectable decline. We provide new evidence implicating introduced predators as a primary threat. Introduced predators occur at lower elevations than native species, and our data indicate that for some native species there has been significant restriction to higher elevation sites from a formerly broader distribution. Our historical approach provides a strategy for identifying declining amphibian communities that complements more detailed, long-term monitoring programs and provides an assessment of the pattern of change that is a necessary prerequisite for the development of field experiments that test hypothesized mechanisms of change.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1046/j.1523-1739.1996.10051387.x","usgsCitation":"Fisher, R., and Shaffer, H., 1996, The decline of amphibians in California's Great Central Valley: Conservation Biology, v. 10, no. 5, p. 1387-1397, https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1523-1739.1996.10051387.x.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"1387","endPage":"1397","costCenters":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":132602,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Great Central Valley, Sacramento Valley, San Joaquin Valley","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -122.95478503791206,\n 40.34076903750591\n ],\n [\n -122.70133858329675,\n 39.93499746231427\n ],\n [\n -122.70133858329675,\n 39.84681444802092\n ],\n [\n -122.63566351992802,\n 39.73958260971801\n ],\n [\n -122.6685010516125,\n 39.37882174274441\n ],\n [\n -122.60282598824377,\n 39.21364146963981\n ],\n [\n -122.1102630129779,\n 38.62603321273264\n ],\n [\n -122.01995980084587,\n 38.298200737478226\n ],\n [\n -121.71621263276526,\n 37.85433565508822\n ],\n [\n -121.4453029963689,\n 37.549056956387204\n ],\n [\n -121.25648718918363,\n 37.28172460065326\n ],\n [\n -121.12513706244617,\n 36.94785956001563\n ],\n [\n -121.01020570155083,\n 36.7770879372292\n ],\n [\n -120.78855236268132,\n 36.698141618708604\n ],\n [\n -120.6325740871803,\n 36.49382148683635\n ],\n [\n -120.59973655549607,\n 36.35510394004818\n ],\n [\n -120.45196766291625,\n 36.2624879733757\n ],\n [\n -120.55048025796945,\n 36.0702909709879\n ],\n [\n -120.29598938741546,\n 35.93081988788137\n ],\n [\n -119.97582345349248,\n 35.510929391145666\n ],\n [\n -119.45042294654237,\n 34.974555438137145\n ],\n [\n -119.26160713935712,\n 34.93418455585531\n ],\n [\n -119.08100071509304,\n 34.981281985126856\n ],\n [\n -118.99890688588194,\n 34.86685558181675\n ],\n [\n -118.79367231285457,\n 34.887060069204026\n ],\n [\n -118.69515971780133,\n 35.1828212598368\n ],\n [\n -118.6541128031959,\n 35.497563325803725\n ],\n [\n -118.71978786656464,\n 35.67114855343105\n ],\n [\n -118.72799724948582,\n 36.149877920778636\n ],\n [\n -118.82650984453906,\n 36.30219400055398\n ],\n [\n -118.8839755249866,\n 36.46741820688207\n ],\n [\n -119.13846639554059,\n 36.605935009832976\n ],\n [\n -119.31907281980492,\n 36.915048507770805\n ],\n [\n -119.68028566833306,\n 37.21637693261127\n ],\n [\n -120.00866098517699,\n 37.51650655260606\n ],\n [\n -120.24568867394989,\n 37.804665124466084\n ],\n [\n -120.34420126900312,\n 38.070123230137796\n ],\n [\n -120.5986921395571,\n 38.37968364822905\n ],\n [\n -120.73825164921575,\n 38.68151684487435\n ],\n [\n -120.98453313684857,\n 38.98846357752694\n ],\n [\n -120.99274251976976,\n 39.23688208091471\n ],\n [\n -121.28007092200824,\n 39.38297452676707\n ],\n [\n -121.41963043166689,\n 39.57939885410039\n ],\n [\n -121.37858351706146,\n 39.72477436798434\n ],\n [\n -121.69054006806303,\n 39.901340406505085\n ],\n [\n -121.90398402401158,\n 40.17788426482895\n ],\n [\n -121.90398402401158,\n 40.35953819559904\n ],\n [\n -121.82189019480074,\n 40.55318017813562\n ],\n [\n -121.88756525816947,\n 40.696489236615264\n ],\n [\n -122.2323593408555,\n 40.771137080118194\n ],\n [\n -122.43759391388289,\n 40.771137080118194\n ],\n [\n -122.56894404062035,\n 40.55318017813562\n ],\n [\n -122.95478503791206,\n 40.34076903750591\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"10","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2002-01-19","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4aa9e4b07f02db668873","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Fisher, Robert N. 0000-0002-2956-3240","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2956-3240","contributorId":51675,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fisher","given":"Robert N.","affiliations":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":316605,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Shaffer, H.B.","contributorId":32106,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shaffer","given":"H.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":316604,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70019097,"text":"70019097 - 1996 - Characterizing coal beds in western Kentucky with the Al-La-Sc coherent triad","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:15","indexId":"70019097","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2033,"text":"International Journal of Coal Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Characterizing coal beds in western Kentucky with the Al-La-Sc coherent triad","docAbstract":"Cyclic sedimentation and lateral facies changes make coal bed correlations inconclusive and difficult. This uncertainty can be further complicated if a coal basin has been structurally deformed. Coal macerals can be studied to indicate the nature and degree of coalification. Their use in coal bed correlation, however, is limited. Most of the trace elements and their ratios that have been studied show significant within-bed lateral and stratigraphic variations, and thus are not effective in correlating coal beds regionally. Geochemically coherent groups of elements, such as rare earth elements (REE) and platinum group elements (PGE), appear to be highly differentiated in coal-forming environments. Geochemical coherent elemental triads appear to be useful for coal bed identification or fingerprinting. The best triad which was demonstrated to be effective in coal bed characterization in western Kentucky, is that of Al, La and Sc. These three elements are highly correlated with one another and they can be determined accurately and simultaneously with instrumental neutron activation analysis (INAA). The elemental triad Al-La-Sc is used to identify and fingerprint three key coal beds in western Kentucky: the Springfield (western Kentucky No. 9), the Davis (western Kentucky No. 6), and the Mining City and Dawson Springs are both considered to be the No. 4 coal bed in western Kentucky). Four distinct groupings can be recognized by use of the Al-La-Sc triad. The Dawson Springs coals have the highest Al/(La + Sc) ratios, followed by the Springfield, the Davis and the Mining City. The Mining City coal bed generally has the highest La/Sc ratio. However, the Dawson Springs is not correlated with the Mining City using the triad analysis, even though they have reportedly similar stratigraphic positions in the western Kentucky coal basin. The Al-La-Sc triad appears to be effective in discriminating between the Springfield and the Davis coal beds throughout the entire Illinois Basin. Furthermore, the range of concentration variation of the AL-La-Sc triad suggests individual groupings of the No. 4 coal in western Kentucky. In addition to characterizing these coal beds, the Al-La-Sc triad may be used to confirm stratigraphic correlations.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"International Journal of Coal Geology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/0166-5162(95)00054-2","issn":"01665162","usgsCitation":"Chyi, L., and Medlin, J., 1996, Characterizing coal beds in western Kentucky with the Al-La-Sc coherent triad: International Journal of Coal Geology, v. 30, no. 4 SPEC. ISS., p. 349-359, https://doi.org/10.1016/0166-5162(95)00054-2.","startPage":"349","endPage":"359","numberOfPages":"11","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":205730,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0166-5162(95)00054-2"},{"id":226454,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"30","issue":"4 SPEC. ISS.","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f4f0e4b0c8380cd4c002","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Chyi, L.L.","contributorId":16587,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chyi","given":"L.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":381665,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Medlin, J.H.","contributorId":27869,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Medlin","given":"J.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":381666,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70019084,"text":"70019084 - 1996 - Porphyry deposits of the Canadian Cordillera","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:36","indexId":"70019084","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1813,"text":"Geoscience Canada","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Porphyry deposits of the Canadian Cordillera","docAbstract":"Porphyry deposits are intrusion-related, large tonnage low grade mineral deposits with metal assemblages that may include all or some of copper, molybdenum, gold and silver. The genesis of these deposits is related to the emplacement of intermediate to felsic, hypabyssal, generally porphyritic intrusions that are commonly formed at convergent plate margins. Porphyry deposits of the Canadian Cordillera occur in association with two distinctive intrusive suites: calc-alkalic and alkalic. In the Canadian Cordillera, these deposits formed during two separate time periods: Late Triassic to Middle Jurassic (early Mesozoic), and Late Cretaceous to Eocene (Mesozoic-Cenozoic). Deposits of the early Mesozoic period occur in at least three different arc terranes (Wrangellia, Stikinia and Quesnellia) with a single deposit occurring in the oceanic assemblage of the Cache Creek terrane. These terranes were located outboard from continental North America during formation of most of their contained early Mesozoic porphyry deposits. Some of the deposits of this early period may have been emplaced during terrane collisions. Metal assemblages in deposits of the calc-alkalic suite include Mo-Cu (Brenda), Cu-Mo (Highland Valley, Gibraltar), Cu-Mo-Au-Ag (Island Copper, Schaft Creek) and Cu-Au (Kemess, Kerr).The alkalic suite deposits are characterized by a Cu-Au assemblage (Copper Mountain, Afton-Ajax, Mt. Milligan, Mount Polley, Galore Creek). Although silver is recovered from calc-alkalic and alkalic porphyry copper mining operations, silver data are seldom included in the published reserve figures. Those available are in the range of 1-2 grams per tonne (g??t-1). Alkalic suite deposits are restricted to the early Mesozoic and display distinctive petrology, alteration and mineralization that suggest a similar tectonic setting for both Quesnellia and Stikinia in Early Jurassic time. The younger deposits, late Mesozoic to Cenozoic in age, formed in an intracontinental setting, after the outboard host arc and related terranes accreted to the western margin of North America. These deposits are interpreted to occur in continental arc settings, and individual deposits are hosted by a variety of older country rocks. These younger deposits also show a spectrum of metal associations: Cu-Mo (Huckleberry, Berg), Cu-Au (-Mo) (Bell, Granisle, Fish Lake, Casino), Mo (Endako, Boss Mountain, Kit-sault, Quartz Hill), Mo-W (Logtung), Au-W (Dublin Gulch) and Au (Ft. Knox). There may be a continuum between Mo, Mo-W, Au-Mo-W and Au deposits. The distribution and timing of these post-accretion deposits likely reflect major crustal structures and subduction geometry. Cordilleran porphyry metallic deposits show the full range of morphological and depth relationships found in porphyry deposits worldwide. In addition, the Cordillera contains numerous alkalic suite deposits, which are rare worldwide: the unusual, possibly syntectonic Gibraltar deposit; and end-member gold-rich granite-hosted deposits, such as Ft. Knox (Alaska).","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Geoscience Canada","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"03150941","usgsCitation":"McMillan, W., Thompson, J.F., Hart, C., and Johnston, S., 1996, Porphyry deposits of the Canadian Cordillera: Geoscience Canada, v. 23, no. 3, p. 125-134.","startPage":"125","endPage":"134","numberOfPages":"10","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":226274,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"23","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a7de8e4b0c8380cd7a22b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"McMillan, W.J.","contributorId":86121,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McMillan","given":"W.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":381632,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Thompson, J. F. H.","contributorId":18519,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Thompson","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"F. H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":381629,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hart, C.J.R.","contributorId":67228,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hart","given":"C.J.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":381630,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Johnston, S.T.","contributorId":81647,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnston","given":"S.T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":381631,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70019030,"text":"70019030 - 1996 - Cryptic trace-element alteration of Anorthosite, Stillwater complex, Montana","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:15","indexId":"70019030","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1177,"text":"Canadian Mineralogist","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Cryptic trace-element alteration of Anorthosite, Stillwater complex, Montana","docAbstract":"Evidence of cryptic alteration and correlations among K, Ba, and LREE concentrations indicate that a post-cumulus, low-density aqueous fluid phase significantly modified the trace-element contents of samples from Anorthosite zones I and II of the Stillwater Complex, Montana. Concentrations of Ba, Ca, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Hf, K, Li, Mg, Mn, Na, Ni, Sc, Sr, Th, Zn, and the rare-earth elements (REE) were measured in whole rocks and plagioclase separates from five traverses across the two main plagioclase cumulate (anorthosite) zones and the contiguous cumulates of the Stillwater Complex in an attempt to better understand the origin and solidification of the anorthosites. However, nearly the entire observed compositional range for many trace elements can be duplicated at a single locality by discriminating between samples rich in oikocrystic pyroxene and those which are composed almost entirely of plagioclase and show anhedral-granular texture. Plagioclase separates with high trace-element contents were obtained from the pyroxene-poor samples, for which maps of K concentration show plagioclase grains to contain numerous fractures hosting a fine-grained, K-rich phase, presumed to be sericite. Secondary processes in layered intrusions have the potential to cause cryptic disturbance, and the utmost care must be taken to ensure that samples provide information about primary processes. Although plagioclase from Anorthosite zones I and II shows significant compositional variation, there are no systematic changes in the major- or trace-element compositions of plagioclase over as much as 630 m of anorthosite thickness or 18 km of strike length. Plagioclase in the two major anorthosite zones shows little distinction in trace-element concentrations from plagioclase in the cumulates immediately below, between, and above these zones.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Canadian Mineralogist","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"00084476","usgsCitation":"Czamanske, G., and Loferski, P., 1996, Cryptic trace-element alteration of Anorthosite, Stillwater complex, Montana: Canadian Mineralogist, v. 34, no. 3, p. 559-576.","startPage":"559","endPage":"576","numberOfPages":"18","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":226768,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"34","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059fcf6e4b0c8380cd4e54b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Czamanske, G.K.","contributorId":26300,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Czamanske","given":"G.K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":381456,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Loferski, P. J.","contributorId":12841,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Loferski","given":"P. J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":381455,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70018808,"text":"70018808 - 1996 - Acetochlor in the hydrologic system in the midwestern United States, 1994","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-02-19T06:23:01","indexId":"70018808","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1565,"text":"Environmental Science & Technology","onlineIssn":"1520-5851","printIssn":"0013-936X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Acetochlor in the hydrologic system in the midwestern United States, 1994","docAbstract":"The herbicide acetochlor [2-chloro-N-(ethoxymethyl)-N-(2-ethyl-6-methylphenyl)acetamide] was given conditional registration in the United States by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency in March 1994. This registration provided a rare opportunity to investigate the occurrence of a pesticide during its first season of extensive use in the midwestern United States. Water samples collected and analyzed by the U.S. Geological Survey during 1994 documented the distribution of acetochlor in the hydrologic system; it was detected in 29% of the rain samples from four sites in Iowa, 17% of the stream samples from 51 sites across nine states, and 0% of the groundwater samples from 38 wells across eight states. Acetochlor exhibited concentration increases in rain and streams following its application to corn in the midwestern United States, with 75% of the rainwater and 35% of the stream samples having acetochlor detected during this time period. Acetochlor concentrations in rain decreased as the growing season progressed. Based on the limited data collected for this study, it is anticipated that acetochlor concentrations will have a seasonal pattern in rain and streams similar to those of other acetanilide herbicides examined. Possible explanations for the absence of acetochlor in groundwater for this study include the rapid degradation of acetochlor in the soil zone, insufficient time for this first extensive use of acetochlor to have reached the aquifers sampled, and the possible lack of acetochlor use in the recharge areas for the wells examined.
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A.","contributorId":50508,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Goolsby","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380815,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Thurman, E.M.","contributorId":102864,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thurman","given":"E.M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380818,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70018797,"text":"70018797 - 1996 - A camerate-rich late carboniferous (Moscovian) crinoid fauna from volcanic conglomerate, Xinjiang, People's Republic of China","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-06-07T00:24:03.44913","indexId":"70018797","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2412,"text":"Journal of Paleontology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A camerate-rich late carboniferous (Moscovian) crinoid fauna from volcanic conglomerate, Xinjiang, People's Republic of China","docAbstract":"A low-diversity camerate-rich crinoid fauna from the Qijiagou Formation, Taoshigo Valley near Turpan, Xinjiang-Uygar Autonomous Region, China was collected during field work in May, 1993. The crinoid fauna is dominated by species of Platycrinites. Other camerate crinoids include a species in the Paragaricocrinidae, Actinocrinites, a hexacrinitid, and an acrocrinoid. The only other non-North American occurrence of this latter family is Springeracrocrinus from the Moscovian of Russia. In addition to the camerates, there are several advanced cladid inadunates more typical of Upper Carboniferous crinoid faunas, including an erisocrinoid (possibly Sinocrinus), Graphiocrinus, ?Cromyocrinus, and an agassizocrinoid (Petschoracrinus) represented by partly fused infrabasal cones. A single radial plate with angustary facet may represent a cyathocrinoid, There also is a catillocrinoid, assigned here to Paracatillocrinus. The fauna, which resembles Moscovian crinoids described from Russia, is preserved in graded volcanic conglomeratic debris flows that overlie a carbonate mound and contain clasts up to 3 m in dimension. The crinoids are fragmentary, with many calyces seemingly torn into two or three pieces and dumped in with the pyroclastic debris. Camerates are represented by large thecal scraps consisting of numerous plates, or by large individual plates or circlets. Other fossils include rare solitary rugose corals, tabular bryozoans, Neospirifer, and other fragmentary brachiopods. We suspect that the crinoids may have been swept off of a nearby carbonate mound and deposited as debris-flow bedload.","language":"English","publisher":"Paleontological Society","issn":"00223360","usgsCitation":"Lane, N., Waters, J., Maples, C., Marcus, S., and Liao, Z., 1996, A camerate-rich late carboniferous (Moscovian) crinoid fauna from volcanic conglomerate, Xinjiang, People's Republic of China: Journal of Paleontology, v. 70, no. 1, p. 117-128.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"117","endPage":"128","numberOfPages":"12","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":227627,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"70","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e334e4b0c8380cd45ea3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lane, N.G.","contributorId":60796,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lane","given":"N.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380783,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Waters, J.A.","contributorId":78891,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Waters","given":"J.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380784,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Maples, C.G.","contributorId":7425,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Maples","given":"C.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380781,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Marcus, S.A.","contributorId":43924,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Marcus","given":"S.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380782,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Liao, Z.-T.","contributorId":85345,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Liao","given":"Z.-T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380785,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ]}