We investigate the use of spectral mixture modeling to decompose the integrated spectra of several galaxies. This technique uses a linear combination of template spectra to model over 93% of the variance in Kennicutt's sample of galaxy spectra. One result of our model is a stellar population parameter for each galaxy, which correlates with both star formation rate and the population's mass-to-light ratio. Armed with the template spectra, we use mixture modeling to develop a photometric system that is independent of redshift, in order to more precisely measure the color evolution of galaxies. We show how to use the photometric system to model the composition of high-redshift galaxies in terms of the template spectra, and hence estimate their star-formation history. This photometric technique avoids being biased by the nucleus, unlike techniques which rely on slit spectra.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Astronomical Society","doi":"10.1086/118526","usgsCitation":"Titus, T.N., Spillar, E.J., and Johnson, P., 1997, Population analysis of faint galaxies with mixture modeling: Astronomical Journal, v. 114, no. 3, p. 958-964, https://doi.org/10.1086/118526.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"958","endPage":"964","costCenters":[{"id":131,"text":"Astrogeology Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":361452,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"otherGeospatial":"Mars","volume":"114","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Titus, Timothy N. 0000-0003-0700-4875 ttitus@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0700-4875","contributorId":146,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Titus","given":"Timothy","email":"ttitus@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[{"id":131,"text":"Astrogeology Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":757844,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Spillar, Earl J.","contributorId":213503,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Spillar","given":"Earl","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":757845,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Johnson, Paul","contributorId":25453,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnson","given":"Paul","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":757846,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70203533,"text":"70203533 - 1997 - A SAS® code to correct for non-normality and non-constant variance in regression and anova models using the box-cox method of power transormation","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-01-09T15:01:29","indexId":"70203533","displayToPublicDate":"1997-09-01T08:53:25","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1552,"text":"Environmental Monitoring and Assessment","onlineIssn":"1573-2959","printIssn":"0167-6369","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A SAS® code to correct for non-normality and non-constant variance in regression and anova models using the box-cox method of power transormation","docAbstract":"A computer program written in SAS ® code for the Box–Cox family of power transformations is presented. The purpose of the program is to suggest a power transformation for the positive continuous response variables in only regression and ANOVA models. A brief overview of data transformation in regression and analysis of variance is given.An example using real data from the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency‘s Environmental Monitoring and Assessment Program/Estuaries (EMAP-E) illustrates the use of the program.
","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1023/A:1005798521296","usgsCitation":"Malaeb, Z.A., 1997, A SAS® code to correct for non-normality and non-constant variance in regression and anova models using the box-cox method of power transormation: Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, v. 47, no. 3, p. 255-273, https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1005798521296.","productDescription":"19 p.","startPage":"255","endPage":"273","costCenters":[{"id":455,"text":"National Wetlands Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":17705,"text":"Wetland and Aquatic Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":364025,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"47","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Malaeb, Ziad A.","contributorId":215704,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Malaeb","given":"Ziad","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":763035,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":1965,"text":"wsp2484 - 1997 - Historical land-use changes and potential effects on stream disturbance in the Ozark Plateaus, Missouri","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":19536,"text":"ofr94333 - 1994 - Historical land-use changes and potential effects on stream disturbance in the Ozark Plateaus, Missouri","indexId":"ofr94333","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"title":"Historical land-use changes and potential effects on stream disturbance in the Ozark Plateaus, Missouri"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":1965,"text":"wsp2484 - 1997 - Historical land-use changes and potential effects on stream disturbance in the Ozark Plateaus, Missouri","indexId":"wsp2484","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"title":"Historical land-use changes and potential effects on stream disturbance in the Ozark Plateaus, Missouri"},"id":1}],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-12-27T11:46:55","indexId":"wsp2484","displayToPublicDate":"1997-09-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2484","title":"Historical land-use changes and potential effects on stream disturbance in the Ozark Plateaus, Missouri","docAbstract":"Land-use changes have been blamed for creating disturbance in the morphology of streams in the Ozark Plateaus, Missouri (hereafter referred to as the \"Ozarks\"). Historical evidence and stratigraphic observations document that streams have been aggraded by substantial quantities of gravel beginning sometime at or near the time of European settlement of the Ozarks. Before European settlement, streams were depositing a mixed sediment load of gravel bedload and silty overbank sediment. Observations of early explorers conspicuously lack descriptions of extensive gravel bars; observations of geologists working during the middle to late 1800's before significant landuse disturbance, however, include descriptions of large quantities of gravel in stream banks and beds.
The first change in land cover as settlement progressed from the early 1800's to approximately 1880 was replacement of valley-bottom forest with cultivated fields and pastures. At the same time, suppression of wildfires in the uplands caused an increase of woodland with woody understory at the expense of grassland and oak savannah. Valley-bottom clearing probably initiated some direct disturbance of stream channels, but fire suppression would have decreased runoff and sediment yield from uplands.
Beginning sometime from 1870 to 1880 and continuing until 1920, commercial timber companies began large operations in the Ozarks to harvest shortleaf pine for sawlogs and oak for railroad ties. Selective cutting of large timber, use of livestock for skidding logs from the forest, and avoidance of the steeper slopes minimized the effect of this phase of logging on runoff and sediment supply of uplands and valley-side slopes. Continued decreases in the erosional resistance of valley bottoms through clearing and road building and the incidence of extreme regional floods from 1895 to 1915 probably caused initiation of moderate stream disturbance. This hypothesis is supported by historical and oral-historical observations that stream instability began before the peak of upland destabilization from 1920 to 1960.
The post-Timber-boom period (1920-60) included the institution of annual burning of uplands and cut-over valley-side slopes, increased grazing on open range, and increased use of marginal land for cultivated crops. Models for landuse controls on annual runoff, storm runoff, and soil erosion indicate that this period should have been the most effective in creating stream disturbance. Written historical sources and oral-historical accounts indicate that erosion was notable mainly on lands in row-crop cultivation. Oral-history respondents consistently recall that smaller streams had more discharge for longer periods from 1920 to 1960 than from 1960 to 1993; many additionally observed that floods are \"flashier\" under present-day (1993) conditions. Changes in the timing of hydrographs probably relate to changes in upland and riparian zone vegetation that decreased storage and flow resistance. Probably the most destabilizing effect on Ozarks stream channels during this period was caused by livestock on the open range that concentrated in valley bottoms and destroyed riparian vegetation in the channels and on banks. Destruction of riparian vegetation in small valleys may have encouraged headward migration of channels, resulting in extension of the drainage network and accelerated release of gravel from storage in the small valleys. This hypothesis is supported by lack of other sources for the large quantity of gravel in Ozarks streams and oral-historical observations that gravel came out of the runs, rather than from slopes.
From 1960 to 1993, cultivated fields and total improved land in farms decreased, but cattle populations continued to increase. This increase in grazing density has the potential to maintain runoff and sediment delivery to streams at rates higher than natural background rates. Whereas some riparian zones have been allowed to grow up into bottom-land forest, this stabilizing effect occurs on only a small part of valley-bottom land. Recovery processes aided by riparian vegetation are limited by channel instability and frequent, large floods.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wsp2484","usgsCitation":"Jacobson, R.B., and Primm, A.T., 1997, Historical land-use changes and potential effects on stream disturbance in the Ozark Plateaus, Missouri: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 2484, 92 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp2484.","productDescription":"92 p.","costCenters":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":480,"text":"Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":138282,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/2484/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":27330,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/2484/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a58e4b07f02db62ede2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Jacobson, Robert B. 0000-0002-8368-2064 rjacobson@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8368-2064","contributorId":1289,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jacobson","given":"Robert","email":"rjacobson@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":144445,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Primm, Alexander T.","contributorId":7688,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Primm","given":"Alexander","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":144446,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":27293,"text":"wri964216 - 1997 - A method for evaluating water-level response to hydrologic stresses in karstic wetlands in central Florida, using a simple water-balance model","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:41","indexId":"wri964216","displayToPublicDate":"1997-09-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"96-4216","title":"A method for evaluating water-level response to hydrologic stresses in karstic wetlands in central Florida, using a simple water-balance model","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nBranch of Information Services [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/wri964216","usgsCitation":"German, E.R., 1997, A method for evaluating water-level response to hydrologic stresses in karstic wetlands in central Florida, using a simple water-balance model: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 96-4216, iv, 52 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm. +1 computer disk (3 1/2 in.) [PGS - 51 p.], https://doi.org/10.3133/wri964216.","productDescription":"iv, 52 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm. +1 computer disk (3 1/2 in.) [PGS - 51 p.]","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":119744,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1996/4216/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":56173,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1996/4216/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b23e4b07f02db6ae09a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"German, E. R.","contributorId":86315,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"German","given":"E.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":197864,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":21868,"text":"ofr9746 - 1997 - Hydrogeologic facies characterization of an alluvial fan near Fresno, California, using geophysical techniques","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:07:44","indexId":"ofr9746","displayToPublicDate":"1997-09-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"97-46","title":"Hydrogeologic facies characterization of an alluvial fan near Fresno, California, using geophysical techniques","docAbstract":"DBCP (1,2-dibromo-3-chloropropane) contamination in the sole source aquifer near Fresno, California, has significantly affected drinking-water supplies. Borehole and surface geophysical data were integrated with borehole textural data to characterize the Kings River alluvial fan sediments and to provide a framework for computer modeling of pesticide transport in ground water. Primary hydrogeologic facies units, such as gravel, coarse sand or gravel, fine sand, and silt and clay, were identified in cores collected from three borings located on a 4.6-kilometer transect of multilevel monitoring wells. Borehole geophysical logs collected from seven wells and surface geophysical surveys were used to extrapolate hydrogeologic facies to depths of about 82meters and to correlate the facies units with neighboring drilling sites. Thickness ranged from 0.3to 13 meters for sand and gravel units, and from 0.3 to 17 meters for silt and clay. The lateral extent of distinct silt and clay layers was mapped using shallow seismic reflection and ground-penetrating radar techniques. About 3.6 kilometers of seismic reflection data were collected; at least three distinct fine-grained layers were mapped. The depth of investigation of the seismic survey ranged from 34 to 107 meters below land surface, and vertical resolution was about 3.5 meters. The ground-penetrating radar survey covered 3.6kilometers and imaged a 1.5-meters thick, continuous fine-grained layer located at a depth of about 8 meters. Integrated results from the borehole sediment descriptions and geophysical surveys provided a detailed characterization over a larger areal extent than traditional hydrogeologic methods alone.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nInformation Services [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/ofr9746","issn":"0566-8174","usgsCitation":"Burow, K.R., Weissmann, G., Miller, R., and Placzek, G., 1997, Hydrogeologic facies characterization of an alluvial fan near Fresno, California, using geophysical techniques: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 97-46, iv, 15 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr9746.","productDescription":"iv, 15 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":153029,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1997/0046/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":51359,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1997/0046/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4adce4b07f02db686340","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Burow, Karen R. 0000-0001-6006-6667 krburow@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6006-6667","contributorId":1504,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Burow","given":"Karen","email":"krburow@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":186045,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Weissmann, G.S.","contributorId":50927,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Weissmann","given":"G.S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":186046,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Miller, R. D.","contributorId":92693,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Miller","given":"R. D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":186048,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Placzek, Gary","contributorId":58295,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Placzek","given":"Gary","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":186047,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":22232,"text":"ofr97116 - 1997 - U.S. Geological Survey Middle Rio Grande Basin Study; Proceedings of the first annual workshop, Denver, Colorado, November 12-14, 1996","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-01-28T09:30:49","indexId":"ofr97116","displayToPublicDate":"1997-09-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"97-116","title":"U.S. Geological Survey Middle Rio Grande Basin Study; Proceedings of the first annual workshop, Denver, Colorado, November 12-14, 1996","docAbstract":"Approximately 40 percent (about 600,000 people) of the total \r\npopulation of New Mexico lives within the Middle Rio Grande Basin,\r\nwhich includes the City of Albuquerque. Ongoing analyses \r\nof the central portion of the Middle Rio Grande Basin by the U.S. \r\nGeological Survey (USGS) in cooperation with the City of \r\nAlbuquerque and other cooperators have shown that ground water in \r\nthe basin is not as readily accessible as earlier studies \r\nindicated. A more complete characterization of the ground-water \r\nresources of the entire Middle Rio Grande Basin is hampered by a \r\nscarcity of data in the northern and southern areas of the basin.\r\n\r\n The USGS Middle Rio Grande Basin Study is a 5-year effort by \r\nthe USGS and other agencies to improve the understanding of the \r\nhydrology, geology, and land-surface characteristics of the Middle \r\nRio Grande Basin. The primary objective of this study is to improve \r\nthe understanding of the water resources of the basin. Of \r\nparticular interest is to determine the extent of hydrologic \r\nconnection between the Rio Grande and the Santa Fe Group aquifer. \r\nAdditionally, ground-water quality affects the availability of \r\nwater supplies in the basin. Improving the existing USGS-\r\nconstructed ground-water flow model of the Middle Rio Grande Basin \r\nwill integrate all the various tasks that improve our knowledge of \r\nthe various components of the Middle Rio Grande water budget. Part \r\nof this improvement will be accompanied by extended knowledge of \r\nthe aquifer system beyond the Albuquerque area into the northern \r\nand southern reaches of the basin. Other improvements will be based \r\non understanding gained through process-oriented research and \r\nimproved geologic characterization of the deposits. The USGS will \r\nstudy the hydrology, geology, and land-surface characteristics of \r\nthe basin to provide the scientific information needed for water- \r\nresources management and for managers to plan for water supplies \r\nneeded for a growing population. \r\n\r\n To facilitate exchange of information among the many USGS \r\nscientists working in the Middle Rio Grande Basin, yearly technical \r\nmeetings are planned for the anticipated 5-year study. These \r\nmeetings provide an opportunity to present research results and \r\nplan new field efforts. This report documents the results of \r\nresearch presented at the first technical workshop held in Denver, \r\nColorado, in November 1996.\r\n\r\n The report is organized into this introduction, five chapters \r\nthat focus on USGS investigations in progress in the Middle Rio \r\nGrande Basin, and three appendixes with supplemental information. \r\nThe first chapter provides an overview of the USGS program in the \r\nbasin. The second chapter describes geographic data and analysis \r\nefforts in the basin. The third chapter details work being done on \r\nthe hydrogeologic framework of the basin. The fourth chapter \r\ndescribes studies on ground-water availability in the basin and is \r\ndivided into three areas of research: ground-water/surface-water \r\ninteraction, ground-water flow and aquifer properties, and \r\nrecharge. The fifth chapter is devoted to an overview of New Mexico \r\nDistrict Cooperative Program studies in the basin. Finally, the \r\nappendixes list publications and presentations made during the \r\nfirst year of the study and 1996 workshop attendees. The report \r\nconcludes with a list of selected references relevant to the study.\r\n\r\n The information in this report presents preliminary results of \r\nan evolving study. As the study progresses and individual projects \r\npublish their results in more detail, the USGS hopes to expand the \r\nscientific basis needed for management decisions regarding the \r\nMiddle Rio Grande Basin.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr97116","issn":"0094-9140","usgsCitation":"1997, U.S. Geological Survey Middle Rio Grande Basin Study; Proceedings of the first annual workshop, Denver, Colorado, November 12-14, 1996: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 97-116, v, 91 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr97116.","productDescription":"v, 91 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":155903,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1997/0116/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":51665,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1997/0116/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a2be4b07f02db6130ee","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Bartolino, James R. 0000-0002-2166-7803 jrbartol@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2166-7803","contributorId":2548,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bartolino","given":"James","email":"jrbartol@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":343,"text":"Idaho Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":726068,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":3007,"text":"wsp2485 - 1997 - Nutrient and trace-element enrichment of Coeur d'Alene Lake, Idaho","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":24909,"text":"ofr95740 - 1996 - Nutrient and trace-element enrichment of Coeur d'Alene Lake, Idaho","indexId":"ofr95740","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"title":"Nutrient and trace-element enrichment of Coeur d'Alene Lake, Idaho"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":3007,"text":"wsp2485 - 1997 - Nutrient and trace-element enrichment of Coeur d'Alene Lake, Idaho","indexId":"wsp2485","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"title":"Nutrient and trace-element enrichment of Coeur d'Alene Lake, Idaho"},"id":1}],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:05:37","indexId":"wsp2485","displayToPublicDate":"1997-09-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2485","title":"Nutrient and trace-element enrichment of Coeur d'Alene Lake, Idaho","docAbstract":"The limnological characteristics and geochemistry of lakebed sediments in Coeur d'Alene Lake were assessed during 1991-92 because of the possible interaction of nutrient enrichment with the highly enriched trace-element concentrations stored in the lakebed. The scope included characterization of physical, chemical, and biological variables; quantification of hydrologic, nutrient, and trace-element budgets; development of an empirical nutrient load/lake response model; and characterization of trace elements in surficial and subsurface lakebed sediments.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nFor sale by Information Services,","doi":"10.3133/wsp2485","usgsCitation":"Woods, P.F., and Beckwith, M.A., 1997, Nutrient and trace-element enrichment of Coeur d'Alene Lake, Idaho: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 2485, vii, 93 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp2485.","productDescription":"vii, 93 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":139415,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/2485/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":29801,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/2485/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4afce4b07f02db69678b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Woods, Paul F.","contributorId":82273,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Woods","given":"Paul","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":146139,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Beckwith, Michael A.","contributorId":66670,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Beckwith","given":"Michael","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":146138,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":26089,"text":"wri964245 - 1997 - Chlorofluorocarbon and tritium age determination of ground-water recharge in the Ryan Flat subbasin, Trans-Pecos Texas","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:34","indexId":"wri964245","displayToPublicDate":"1997-09-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"96-4245","title":"Chlorofluorocarbon and tritium age determination of ground-water recharge in the Ryan Flat subbasin, Trans-Pecos Texas","docAbstract":"A study was conducted to determine the relative influence of \r\nmountain-front infiltration in the Ryan Flat subbasin and to \r\ndetermine whether recent recharge (post-1940), which is of \r\nimportance to water-use planning, has reached the Salt Basin \r\naquifer, Trans-Pecos Texas. The alluvial and volcanic Salt Basin \r\naquifer lies within a bolson, and the average depth to water in \r\nmost of the subbasin is approximately 250 feet. Concentrations of \r\nthe chlorofluorocarbons CFC-11, CFC-12, and CFC-113, as well as \r\ntritium, were measured in water from 10 wells in the study area. \r\nCFC-model recharge dates ranged from pre-1940 to the early \r\n1970's. Ground water in five wells had CFC-model dates of pre-1940 \r\nor pre-1945. Ground water in two wells had dates of the mid- to \r\nlate 1940's. Ground water from one well had a CFC-model recharge \r\nage of the early 1950's. Samples from the remaining two wells were \r\nmost probably contaminated in some manner and are probably \r\nunreliable. CFC-model ages were calculated independently for the \r\nthree chlorofluorocarbons, though the presence of volatile \r\norganic compounds affected agreement among them. Tritium \r\nactivities in the nine wells for which tritium was analyzed \r\nindicated pre-1953 recharge and thus agreed approximately with \r\nthe CFC-model dates.\r\n\r\n Ground water was analyzed for selected water-quality \r\nconstituents. Water from all wells met U.S. Environmental \r\nProtection Agency national primary and secondary drinking water \r\nstandards for all tested constituents except fluoride in samples \r\nfrom three wells. Silica concentrations in water from six wells \r\nexceeded a range considered typical in natural waters.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ; Denver, CO : Branch of Information Services [distributor], 1997","doi":"10.3133/wri964245","usgsCitation":"Bartolino, J., 1997, Chlorofluorocarbon and tritium age determination of ground-water recharge in the Ryan Flat subbasin, Trans-Pecos Texas: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 96-4245, iv, 29 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri964245.","productDescription":"iv, 29 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":124987,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1996/4245/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":54858,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1996/4245/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4abae4b07f02db671cf7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bartolino, J. R.","contributorId":72417,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bartolino","given":"J. R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":195779,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":23860,"text":"ofr96206 - 1997 - Simulation of ground-water flow in the High Plains aquifer, southern sandhills area, west-central Nebraska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-09-17T14:25:12","indexId":"ofr96206","displayToPublicDate":"1997-09-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"96-206","title":"Simulation of ground-water flow in the High Plains aquifer, southern sandhills area, west-central Nebraska","docAbstract":"A generalized ground-water flow model was prepared for the High Plains aquifer in the southern sandhills area of west-central Nebraska. A grid of 4- by 4-mile nodes was established over the study area. Steady-state water levels were simulated using a distribution of recharge from a soil-moisture budget model and from estimates of hydraulic conductivity obtained from logs of test holes in the area. The final calibrated simulation used hydraulic- conductivity values that were 122 percent, and recharge rates that were 89 percent of the original values used in the model. Sixty-seven percent of the simulated recharge to the High Plains aquifer discharges to rivers, streams, and lakes. Discharges through ground-water evapotranspiration and from pumping wells account for 20 percent, with the wells accounting for less than 10 percent of the total discharge, and subsurface boundary outflow accounts for 13 percent. Twenty years of simulated pumping, assuming one additional well would be added to each township annually for 10 years, and two wells per township would be added each year for the succeeding 10 years, produced a maximum simulated drawdown of less than 10 feet when a uniform specific yield of 16 percent for the aquifer in the study area was assumed.","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/ofr96206","issn":"0094-9140","collaboration":"The USGS does not support this software or technical questions for the software associated with the publication.","usgsCitation":"McLean, J., Chen, H., and Goeke, J., 1997, Simulation of ground-water flow in the High Plains aquifer, southern sandhills area, west-central Nebraska: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 96-206, iv, 16 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm. +2 computer disks (3 1/2 in.), https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr96206.","productDescription":"iv, 16 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm. +2 computer disks (3 1/2 in.)","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":155700,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1996/0206/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":53080,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1996/0206/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":277649,"type":{"id":4,"text":"Application Site"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1996/0206/application.zip"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e499de4b07f02db5bc08c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"McLean, J. S.","contributorId":48589,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McLean","given":"J. S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":190873,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Chen, H.H.","contributorId":97526,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chen","given":"H.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":190874,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Goeke, J.W.","contributorId":23170,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Goeke","given":"J.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":190872,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":65738,"text":"i2583C - 1997 - Map showing selected wells and geophysical survey and modeling lines in the vicinity of the lower Wabash Valley, Illinois, Indiana, and Kentucky","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-10T00:11:06","indexId":"i2583C","displayToPublicDate":"1997-09-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":320,"text":"IMAP","code":"I","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2583","subseriesTitle":"GIS","chapter":"C","title":"Map showing selected wells and geophysical survey and modeling lines in the vicinity of the lower Wabash Valley, Illinois, Indiana, and Kentucky","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/i2583C","isbn":"0607883081","usgsCitation":"Wheeler, R.L., Diehl, S.F., Rhea, S., Sargent, M.L., and Bear, G.W., 1997, Map showing selected wells and geophysical survey and modeling lines in the vicinity of the lower Wabash Valley, Illinois, Indiana, and Kentucky: U.S. Geological Survey IMAP 2583, 1 map ;112 x 71 cm., on sheet 127 x 90 cm., folded in envelope 30 x 23 cm. +1 pamphlet (16 p. ; 28 cm.), https://doi.org/10.3133/i2583C.","productDescription":"1 map ;112 x 71 cm., on sheet 127 x 90 cm., folded in envelope 30 x 23 cm. +1 pamphlet (16 p. ; 28 cm.)","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":190245,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/imap/2583c/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":91488,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/imap/2583c/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":91489,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/imap/2583c/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"scale":"250000","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -89,36.5 ], [ -89,39 ], [ -87,39 ], [ -87,36.5 ], [ -89,36.5 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b12e4b07f02db6a2a69","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wheeler, R. L.","contributorId":34916,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wheeler","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":273512,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Diehl, S. F.","contributorId":84780,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Diehl","given":"S.","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":273514,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Rhea, Susan","contributorId":81110,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rhea","given":"Susan","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":273513,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Sargent, M. L.","contributorId":27146,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sargent","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":273510,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Bear, G. W.","contributorId":32617,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bear","given":"G.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":273511,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":31680,"text":"ofr9791A - 1997 - Crinoids; a computer animation and paper model","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:09:00","indexId":"ofr9791A","displayToPublicDate":"1997-09-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"97-91","chapter":"A","title":"Crinoids; a computer animation and paper model","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/ofr9791A","usgsCitation":"Alpha, T.R., Stout, D.L., and Starratt, S.W., 1997, Crinoids; a computer animation and paper model: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 97-91, 57 leaves : ill. ; 28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr9791A.","productDescription":"57 leaves : ill. ; 28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":159923,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1997/0091a/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":59911,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1997/0091a/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ad5e4b07f02db68340c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Alpha, Tau Rho","contributorId":63371,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Alpha","given":"Tau","email":"","middleInitial":"Rho","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":206694,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Stout, Dorothy L.","contributorId":20369,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stout","given":"Dorothy","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":206693,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Starratt, Scott W. 0000-0001-9405-1746 sstarrat@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9405-1746","contributorId":2891,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Starratt","given":"Scott","email":"sstarrat@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":206692,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":22644,"text":"ofr97136 - 1997 - Evaluation of the potential for debris and hyperconcentrated flows in Capulin Canyon as a result of the 1996 Dome fire, Bandelier National Monument, New Mexico","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:07:57","indexId":"ofr97136","displayToPublicDate":"1997-09-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"97-136","title":"Evaluation of the potential for debris and hyperconcentrated flows in Capulin Canyon as a result of the 1996 Dome fire, Bandelier National Monument, New Mexico","docAbstract":"The Dome fire of April 1996 burned 6684 ha in Bandelier National Monument and the adjacent Sante Fe National Forest. The potential for significant debris- and hyperconcentrated-flow activity in Capulin Canyon is evaluated through 1) a systematic consideration of geologic and geomorphic factors that characterize the condition of the hillslope materials and channels following the fire, 2) examination of sedimentologic evidence for past debris-flow activity in the canyon, and 3) evaluation of the response of the watershed through the 1996 summer monsoon season. The lack of accumulations of dry-ravel material on the hillslopes or in channels, the absence of a continuous hydrophobic layer, the relatively intact condition of the riparian vegetation and of the fibrous root mat on the hillslopes, and the lack of evidence of widespread past debris- and hyperconcentrated-flow activity, even with evidence of past fires, indicate a low potential for debris-flow activity in Capulin Canyon. In addition, thunderstorms during the summer monsoon of 1996 resulted in abundant surface overland flow on the hillslopes which transported low-density pumice, charcoal, ash and some mineral soil downslope as small-scale and non-erosive debris flows. In some places cobble- and boulder-sized material was moved short distances. A moderate potential for debris- and hyperconcentrated-flow activity is identified for the two major tributary canyons to Capulin Canyon based on evidence of both summer of 1996 and possible historic significant debris-flow activity.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/ofr97136","issn":"0094-9140","usgsCitation":"Cannon, S.H., 1997, Evaluation of the potential for debris and hyperconcentrated flows in Capulin Canyon as a result of the 1996 Dome fire, Bandelier National Monument, New Mexico: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 97-136, 20 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr97136.","productDescription":"20 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":155383,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1997/0136/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":8097,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1997/ofr-97-0136/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":52113,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1997/0136/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a29e4b07f02db611a8e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cannon, Susan H. cannon@usgs.gov","contributorId":1019,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cannon","given":"Susan","email":"cannon@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[{"id":300,"text":"Geologic Hazards Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":188627,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":35490,"text":"b2094A - 1997 - Regional diagenetic patterns in the St. Peter Sandstone; implications for brine migration in the Illinois Basin","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:09:47","indexId":"b2094A","displayToPublicDate":"1997-09-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":306,"text":"Bulletin","code":"B","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2094","chapter":"A","title":"Regional diagenetic patterns in the St. Peter Sandstone; implications for brine migration in the Illinois Basin","docAbstract":"Diagenetic minerals and alteration patterns in the\r\nOrdovician St. Peter Sandstone, Illinois Basin, record varied\r\nhydrologic and chemical conditions during the basin?s long\r\nand complex geologic history. Major diagenetic events modifying\r\nthe St. Peter Sandstone include (1) mechanical compaction,\r\n(2) early K-feldspar overgrowth and dolospar\r\nprecipitation, (3) burial quartz, dolospar, anhydrite, and calcite\r\ncementation, and (4) carbonate-cement and K-feldspar\r\ngrain dissolution. Radiometric age dates of authigenic\r\nK-feldspar and illite in combination with the reconstructed\r\nburial history of the St. Peter reveal that early-diagenetic\r\nK-feldspar and dolospar precipitated at shallow to moderate\r\ndepths in the Devonian, whereas late-diagenetic quartz,\r\ndolospar, anhydrite, and calcite formed during deep burial in\r\nthe Late Pennsylvanian to Early Permian. Stable-isotope\r\ngeochemistry and fluid-inclusion paleothermometry suggest\r\nthat burial cements precipitated from saline fluids over a\r\nwide temperature range. In the southern part of the basin,\r\nburial cements preserve a record of diagenetic effects that\r\nwere in part controlled by fractures and hydrothermal-fluid\r\ncirculation. Baroque dolospar cementation is the most significant\r\nof these effects.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. G.P.O.,","doi":"10.3133/b2094A","usgsCitation":"Pitman, J.K., Goldhaber, M.B., and Spoetl, C., 1997, Regional diagenetic patterns in the St. Peter Sandstone; implications for brine migration in the Illinois Basin: U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin 2094, iii, p. A1-A17, ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/b2094A.","productDescription":"iii, p. A1-A17, ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":165406,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":3413,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/b2094a/b2094a.html","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ac9e4b07f02db67c5f5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Pitman, Janet K. 0000-0002-0441-779X jpitman@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0441-779X","contributorId":767,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pitman","given":"Janet","email":"jpitman@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[{"id":241,"text":"Eastern Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":164,"text":"Central Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":214734,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Goldhaber, Martin B. 0000-0002-1785-4243 mgold@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1785-4243","contributorId":1339,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Goldhaber","given":"Martin","email":"mgold@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[{"id":171,"text":"Central Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":211,"text":"Crustal Geophysics and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":214735,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Spoetl, Christoph","contributorId":18043,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Spoetl","given":"Christoph","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":214736,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":23871,"text":"ofr96474 - 1997 - Equations for estimating synthetic unit-hydrograph parameter values for small watersheds in Lake County, Illinois","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:07","indexId":"ofr96474","displayToPublicDate":"1997-09-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"96-474","title":"Equations for estimating synthetic unit-hydrograph parameter values for small watersheds in Lake County, Illinois","docAbstract":"Design hydrographs computed from design storms, simple models of abstractions (interception, depression storage, and infiltration), and synthetic unit hydrographs provide vital information for stormwater, flood-plain, and water-resources management throughout the United States. Rainfall and runoff data for small watersheds in Lake County collected between 1990 and 1995 were studied to develop equations for estimation of synthetic unit-hydrograph parameters on the basis of watershed and storm characteristics. The synthetic unit-hydrograph parameters of interest were the time of concentration (TC) and watershed-storage coefficient (R) for the Clark unit-hydrograph method, the unit-graph lag (UL) for the Soil Conservation Service (now known as the Natural Resources Conservation Service) dimensionless unit hydrograph, and the hydrograph-time lag (TL) for the linear-reservoir method for unit-hydrograph estimation. Data from 66 storms with effective-precipitation depths greater than 0.4 inches on 9 small watersheds (areas between 0.06 and 37 square miles (mi2)) were utilized to develop the estimation equations, and data from 11 storms on 8 of these watersheds were utilized to verify (test) the estimation equations. The synthetic unit-hydrograph parameters were determined by calibration using the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Flood Hydrograph Package HEC-1 (TC, R, and UL) or by manual analysis of the rainfall and run-off data (TL). The relation between synthetic unit-hydrograph parameters, and watershed and storm characteristics was determined by multiple linear regression of the logarithms of the parameters and characteristics.\r\nSeparate sets of equations were developed with watershed area and main channel length as the starting parameters. Percentage of impervious cover, main channel slope, and depth of effective precipitation also were identified as important characteristics for estimation of synthetic unit-hydrograph parameters. The estimation equations utilizing area had multiple correlation coefficients of 0.873, 0.961, 0.968, and 0.963 for TC, R, UL, and TL, respectively, and the estimation equations utilizing main channel length had multiple correlation coefficients of 0.845, 0.957, 0.961, and 0.963 for TC, R, UL, and TL, respectively.\r\n\r\nSimulation of the measured hydrographs for the verification storms utilizing TC and R obtained from the estimation equations yielded good results without calibration. The peak discharge for 8 of the 11 storms was estimated within 25 percent and the time-to-peak discharge for 10 of the 11 storms was estimated within 20 percent. Thus, application of the estimation equations to determine synthetic unit-hydrograph parameters for design-storm simulation may result in reliable design hydrographs; as long as the physical characteristics of the watersheds under consideration are within the range of those for the watersheds in this study (area: 0.06-37 mi2, main channel length: 0.33-16.6 miles, main channel slope: 3.13-55.3 feet per mile, and percentage of impervious cover: 7.32-40.6 percent). The estimation equations are most reliable when applied to watersheds with areas less than 25 mi2.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nU.S. Geological Survey, Branch of Information Services [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/ofr96474","issn":"0094-9140","usgsCitation":"Melching, C., and Marquardt, J., 1997, Equations for estimating synthetic unit-hydrograph parameter values for small watersheds in Lake County, Illinois: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 96-474, v, 49 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr96474.","productDescription":"v, 49 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":155481,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1996/0474/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":53086,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1996/0474/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a96e4b07f02db65a5ea","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Melching, Charles S.","contributorId":23973,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Melching","given":"Charles S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":190889,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Marquardt, J.S.","contributorId":81936,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Marquardt","given":"J.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":190890,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":2300,"text":"wsp2491 - 1997 - Computation of the time-varying flow rate from an artesian well in central Dade County, Florida, by analytical and numerical simulation methods","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":20105,"text":"ofr94457 - 1995 - Computation of the time-varying flow rate from an artesian well in central Dade County, Florida, by analytical and numerical simulation methods","indexId":"ofr94457","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"title":"Computation of the time-varying flow rate from an artesian well in central Dade County, Florida, by analytical and numerical simulation methods"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":2300,"text":"wsp2491 - 1997 - Computation of the time-varying flow rate from an artesian well in central Dade County, Florida, by analytical and numerical simulation methods","indexId":"wsp2491","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"title":"Computation of the time-varying flow rate from an artesian well in central Dade County, Florida, by analytical and numerical simulation methods"},"id":1}],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:05:20","indexId":"wsp2491","displayToPublicDate":"1997-09-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2491","title":"Computation of the time-varying flow rate from an artesian well in central Dade County, Florida, by analytical and numerical simulation methods","docAbstract":"Simulation modeling techniques can by used advantageously in estimating artesian flow rates of wells in the upper Floridan Aquifer or for estimating transmissivity based in measured flow rates. The generalized aquifer model was useful in testing conceptual models of the relation between the various aquifers and confining layers beneath the surface of Dade County.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. G.P.O. ;\r\nFor sale by the U.S. Geological Survey, Branch of Information Services,","doi":"10.3133/wsp2491","usgsCitation":"Merritt, M.L., 1997, Computation of the time-varying flow rate from an artesian well in central Dade County, Florida, by analytical and numerical simulation methods: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 2491, iv, 44 p. :ill. (some col.), maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp2491.","productDescription":"iv, 44 p. :ill. (some col.), maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":29,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/wsp2491/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":137677,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b19e4b07f02db6a7eb7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Merritt, Michael L.","contributorId":29392,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Merritt","given":"Michael","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":144976,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":21765,"text":"ofr9728 - 1997 - Effects of produced waters at oilfield production sites on the Osage Indian Reservation, northeastern Oklahoma","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-12-05T09:26:08","indexId":"ofr9728","displayToPublicDate":"1997-08-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"97-28","title":"Effects of produced waters at oilfield production sites on the Osage Indian Reservation, northeastern Oklahoma","docAbstract":"The authors conducted limited site surveys in the Wildhorse and Burbank oilfields on the Osage Indian Reservation, northeastern Oklahoma. The purpose was to document salt scarring, erosion, and soil and water salinization, to survey for radioactivity in oilfield equipment, and to determine if trace elements and naturally occurring radioactive materials (NORM) were present in soils affected by oilfield solid waste and produced waters. These surveys were also designed to see if field gamma spectrometry and field soil conductivity measurements were useful in screening for NORM contamination and soil salinity at these sites.\r\nVisits to oilfield production sites in the Wildhorse field in June of 1995 and 1996 confirmed the presence of substantial salt scarring, soil salinization, and slight to locally severe erosion. Levels of radioactivity on some oil field equipment, soils, and road surfaces exceed proposed state standards. Radium activities in soils affected by tank sludge and produced waters also locally exceed proposed state standards. Laboratory analyses of samples from two sites show moderate levels of copper, lead, and zinc in brine-affected soils and pipe scale. Several sites showed detectable levels of bromine and iodine, suggesting that these trace elements may be present in sufficient quantity to inhibit plant growth. Surface waters in streams at two sampled sites exceed total dissolved solid limits for drinking waters. At one site in the Wildhorse field, an EM survey showed that saline soils in the upper 6m extend from a surface salt scar downvalley about 150 m.\r\n(Photo [95k]: Dead oak trees and partly revegetated salt scar at Site OS95-2 in the Wildhorse field, Osage County, Oklahoma.)\r\n\r\nIn the Burbank field, limited salt scarring and slight erosion occurs in soils at some sites and low to moderate levels of radioactivity were observed in oil field equipment at some sites.\r\nThe levels of radioactivity and radium observed in some soils and equipment at these sites are above levels of concern as defined in regulations proposed by the Conference of Radiation Control Program Directors. The volumes of material involved appear to be relatively small for most sites. The lead levels observed in soils affected by tank sludge wastes are about one half of the US Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) interim remedial action levels used for Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act (CERCLA) and Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) sites (400 ppm).\r\nField gamma spectrometry proved useful in delineating areas where radium has been added to the natural soil by oilfield solid waste and produced water, although the technique does not meet standards of assessment used in the state of Louisiana which require core sampling of 15 cm intervals and radiochemical analysis in the laboratory. Further work is needed to develop field gamma spectrometry as a substitute for the more expensive coring and laboratory analysis. The ratio of radium-228 to radium-226 may hold promise in evaluating the relative ages of NORM contamination at a site.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr9728","issn":"0566-8174","usgsCitation":"Otton, J.K., Asher-Bolinder, S., Owen, D.E., and Hall, L., 1997, Effects of produced waters at oilfield production sites on the Osage Indian Reservation, northeastern Oklahoma: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 97-28, 48 p. , https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr9728.","productDescription":"48 p. ","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":1195,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1997/ofr-97-0028/OF97-28.html","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":51262,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1997/0028/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":154715,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1997/0028/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Oklahoma","otherGeospatial":"Osage Indian Reservation","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -96.932373046875,\n 36.697053200100335\n ],\n [\n -97.00927734375,\n 36.712467243386264\n ],\n [\n -97.0806884765625,\n 36.697053200100335\n ],\n [\n -97.064208984375,\n 36.602299135790446\n ],\n [\n -97.0257568359375,\n 36.575835338491764\n ],\n [\n -96.932373046875,\n 36.575835338491764\n ],\n [\n -96.9158935546875,\n 36.558187766360675\n ],\n [\n -97.00927734375,\n 36.542742833547834\n ],\n [\n -97.03399658203125,\n 36.52067329034796\n ],\n [\n -96.9873046875,\n 36.4566360115962\n ],\n [\n -96.91314697265625,\n 36.4477991295848\n ],\n [\n -96.81976318359375,\n 36.48755716938576\n ],\n [\n -96.7730712890625,\n 36.54936246839778\n ],\n [\n -96.72637939453125,\n 36.445589751779174\n ],\n [\n -96.69342041015624,\n 36.40802070382984\n ],\n [\n -96.60827636718749,\n 36.366010258936925\n ],\n [\n -96.56982421875,\n 36.33504067209607\n ],\n [\n -96.54510498046875,\n 36.28413532741724\n ],\n [\n -96.47369384765625,\n 36.31733823488624\n ],\n [\n -96.39129638671875,\n 36.2265501474709\n ],\n [\n -96.27319335937499,\n 36.20882309283712\n ],\n [\n -96.3006591796875,\n 36.146746777814364\n ],\n [\n -95.987548828125,\n 36.14231087352999\n ],\n [\n -95.9930419921875,\n 37.017905231730914\n ],\n [\n -96.9488525390625,\n 36.99597205450302\n ],\n [\n -96.932373046875,\n 36.697053200100335\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a29e4b07f02db6119eb","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Otton, James K. jkotton@usgs.gov","contributorId":1170,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Otton","given":"James","email":"jkotton@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[{"id":164,"text":"Central Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":185588,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Asher-Bolinder, Sigrid","contributorId":57063,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Asher-Bolinder","given":"Sigrid","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":185590,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Owen, Douglass E.","contributorId":76282,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Owen","given":"Douglass","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":185591,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Hall, Laurel","contributorId":8885,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hall","given":"Laurel","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":185589,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":6830,"text":"fs23996 - 1997 - Ground-water resource evaluation on Long Island, New York, using flow models and a geographic information system","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-06-30T10:40:02","indexId":"fs23996","displayToPublicDate":"1997-08-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":313,"text":"Fact Sheet","code":"FS","onlineIssn":"2327-6932","printIssn":"2327-6916","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"239-96","title":"Ground-water resource evaluation on Long Island, New York, using flow models and a geographic information system","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/fs23996","usgsCitation":"Schubert, C., Buxton, H.T., and Monti, J., 1997, Ground-water resource evaluation on Long Island, New York, using flow models and a geographic information system: U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 239-96, 1 folded sheet ([4] p.) : ill., maps ; 28 cm. ill., maps ;, https://doi.org/10.3133/fs23996.","productDescription":"1 folded sheet ([4] p.) : ill., maps ; 28 cm. ill., maps ;","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":34164,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/1996/0239/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":125341,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/1996/0239/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"New York","otherGeospatial":"Long Island","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -132.626953125,\n 32.80574473290688\n ],\n [\n -132.626953125,\n 32.80574473290688\n ],\n [\n -132.626953125,\n 32.80574473290688\n ],\n [\n -132.626953125,\n 32.80574473290688\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {\n \"stroke\": \"#555555\",\n \"stroke-width\": 2,\n \"stroke-opacity\": 1,\n \"fill\": \"#555555\",\n \"fill-opacity\": 0.2\n },\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -73.8775634765625,\n 40.826280356677124\n ],\n [\n -73.95996093749999,\n 40.78054143186033\n ],\n [\n -74.058837890625,\n 40.6723059714534\n ],\n [\n -74.0643310546875,\n 40.58058466412761\n ],\n [\n -73.9984130859375,\n 40.55554790286311\n ],\n [\n -73.751220703125,\n 40.49291502689579\n ],\n [\n -72.69653320312499,\n 40.72644570551446\n ],\n [\n -71.751708984375,\n 41.06692773019345\n ],\n [\n -71.83959960937499,\n 41.28606238749825\n ],\n [\n -71.982421875,\n 41.265420628926684\n ],\n [\n -72.26806640624999,\n 41.19105625669688\n ],\n [\n -72.53173828125,\n 41.08349176750823\n ],\n [\n -72.718505859375,\n 41.008920735004885\n ],\n [\n -73.0426025390625,\n 40.98819156349393\n ],\n [\n -73.6029052734375,\n 40.94256444133327\n ],\n [\n -73.8775634765625,\n 40.826280356677124\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4aa7e4b07f02db667020","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Schubert, Christopher 0000-0003-0705-3933 schubert@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0705-3933","contributorId":1243,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schubert","given":"Christopher","email":"schubert@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":474,"text":"New York Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":153413,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Buxton, Herbert T. hbuxton@usgs.gov","contributorId":1911,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Buxton","given":"Herbert","email":"hbuxton@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[{"id":5056,"text":"Office of the AD Energy and Minerals, and Environmental Health","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":153414,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Monti, Jack Jr. jmonti@usgs.gov","contributorId":1185,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Monti","given":"Jack","suffix":"Jr.","email":"jmonti@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":474,"text":"New York Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":153412,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":30260,"text":"wri964274 - 1997 - Geohydrology and simulation of ground-water flow for the Ohio River alluvial aquifer near Owensboro, northwestern Kentucky","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:09:02","indexId":"wri964274","displayToPublicDate":"1997-08-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"96-4274","title":"Geohydrology and simulation of ground-water flow for the Ohio River alluvial aquifer near Owensboro, northwestern Kentucky","docAbstract":"The Ohio River alluvial aquifer is the primary source of drinking water for the residents of Owensboro and Daviess County and adjacent counties in Kentucky. The aquifer consists of sand and gravel deposits that partly fill a bedrock-valley system consisting of shales of Pennsylvanian age. The valley is a result of dissection by the Ohio River during the Pleistocene epoch. The sand and gravel deposits in the bedrock valley are glacial-outwash deposits of Illinoian and Wisconsin age. The thickness of the alluvium ranges from just a few feet near the bedrock-valley walls to nearly 150 feet in the Bon Harbor Hills area west of Owensboro. Estimates of transmissivity of the alluvium near the Ohio River are in excess of 50,000 gallons per day per foot. A two-dimensional, steady-state ground-water-flow model was developed to estimate the hydraulic properties, the rate of recharge, and the contributing areas to discharge boundaries for the Ohio River alluvial aquifer near Owensboro. Results from previous studies, available geohydrologic data, and observations of water levels from area ground-water wells were compiled to conceptualize the ground-water-flow system and construct the numerical model. Ground water enters the modeled area primarily by infiltration from precipitation and river leakage towards nearby wells and exits the modeled area primarily by withdrawal wells, flow through the valley across model boundaries, and discharge to the Ohio River. A sensitivity analysis of the model indicates the model is most sensitive to changes in horizontal hydraulic conductivity, especially near the Ohio River boundary. Particle tracking was used to compute the contributing areas to discharge boundaries. Contributing areas for withdrawal wells at Owensboro Municipal Utilities extended south and east toward the valley walls and model boundaries and toward the Ohio River, where most of the water withdrawn by the wells is from induced flow from the river.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nBranch of Information Services [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/wri964274","usgsCitation":"Unthank, M., 1997, Geohydrology and simulation of ground-water flow for the Ohio River alluvial aquifer near Owensboro, northwestern Kentucky: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 96-4274, iv, 29 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri964274.","productDescription":"iv, 29 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":122750,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1996/4274/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":59049,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1996/4274/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b1be4b07f02db6a8c4e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Unthank, M.D.","contributorId":35351,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Unthank","given":"M.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":202952,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":24126,"text":"ofr9743 - 1997 - Determining concentrations of 2-bromoallyl alcohol and dibromopropene in ground water using quantitative methods","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:17","indexId":"ofr9743","displayToPublicDate":"1997-08-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"97-43","title":"Determining concentrations of 2-bromoallyl alcohol and dibromopropene in ground water using quantitative methods","docAbstract":"A method for determining levels of 2-bromoallyl alcohol and 2,3-dibromopropene from ground-water samples using liquid/liquid extraction followed by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry is described. Analytes were extracted from the water using three aliquots of dichloromethane. The aliquots were combined and reduced in volume by rotary evaporation followed by evaporation using a nitrogen stream. The extracts were analyzed by capillary-column gas chromatography/mass spectrometry in the full-scan mode. Estimated method detection limits were 30 nanograms per liter for 2-bromoallyl alcohol and 10 nanograms per liter for 2,3-dibromopropene. Recoveries were determined by spiking three matrices at two concentration levels (0.540 and 5.40 micrograms per liter for 2-bromoallyl alcohol; and 0.534 and 5.34micro-grams per liter for dibromopropene). For seven replicates of each matrix at the high concentration level, the mean percent recoveries ranged from 43.9 to 64.9 percent for 2-bromoallyl alcohol, and from 87.5 to 99.3 percent for dibromopropene. At the low concentration level, the mean percent recoveries ranged from 43.8 to 95.2 percent for 2-bromoallyl alcohol, and from 71.3 to 84.9 percent for dibromopropene.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nBranch of Information Services [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/ofr9743","issn":"0094-9140","usgsCitation":"Panshin, S.Y., 1997, Determining concentrations of 2-bromoallyl alcohol and dibromopropene in ground water using quantitative methods: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 97-43, iv, 7 p. :ill. ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr9743.","productDescription":"iv, 7 p. :ill. ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":157485,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1997/0043/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":53280,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1997/0043/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4aa8e4b07f02db667458","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Panshin, Sandra Y.","contributorId":46126,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Panshin","given":"Sandra","email":"","middleInitial":"Y.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":191363,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":44844,"text":"wri974065 - 1997 - Time of travel of solutes in the Sabine River basin, Texas, August-November 1996","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-08-19T13:27:32","indexId":"wri974065","displayToPublicDate":"1997-08-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"97-4065","title":"Time of travel of solutes in the Sabine River basin, Texas, August-November 1996","docAbstract":"The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), in cooperation with the Sabine River Authority, did a time-of-travel study in the Sabine River Basin during low flow from August to November 1996. The study was done to provide accurate estimates of the time-of-travel and dispersion characteristics for solutes during low flow in a 1.8-mile (mi) reach of Grace Creek, a 23.9-mi reach of the mainstem Sabine River, a 3.4-mi reach of Hawkins Creek, and a 1.9-mi reach of Rocky Creek. This report explains the approach and documents the results of the study. The results of the study will be used by the Texas Natural Resource Conservation Commission in a water-quality model to determine waste-load allocation in Segment 0505 of the Sabine River Basin. The time-of-travel and dispersion characteristics also provide useful information on the probable behavior of soluble contaminants that might be introduced into the streams measured in this study.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Austin, TX","doi":"10.3133/wri974065","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Sabine River Authority","usgsCitation":"Raines, T.H., 1997, Time of travel of solutes in the Sabine River basin, Texas, August-November 1996: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 97-4065, Plate: 32 x 30 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/wri974065.","productDescription":"Plate: 32 x 30 inches","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":583,"text":"Texas Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":168872,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/wri974065.JPG"},{"id":3950,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/wri97-4065/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"scale":"220000","country":"United States","state":"Texas","otherGeospatial":"Sabine River Basin","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -94.96666666666667,32.166666666666664 ], [ -94.96666666666667,32.583333333333336 ], [ -94.45,32.583333333333336 ], [ -94.45,32.166666666666664 ], [ -94.96666666666667,32.166666666666664 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a53e4b07f02db62b601","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Raines, Timothy H. thraines@usgs.gov","contributorId":3862,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Raines","given":"Timothy","email":"thraines@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":230540,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":26405,"text":"wri954168 - 1997 - Hydrogeology and potential for ground-water development, carbonate-rock aquifers, southern Nevada and southeastern California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-02-03T19:24:01.167845","indexId":"wri954168","displayToPublicDate":"1997-08-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"95-4168","title":"Hydrogeology and potential for ground-water development, carbonate-rock aquifers, southern Nevada and southeastern California","docAbstract":"Seventeen hydrographic areas in southern Nevada were assessed for the ground-water development potential of the underlying carbonate-rock aquifers on the basis of geologic and hydrologic information developed as part of the Nevada Carbonate Aquifers Study and information compiled from previous investigations. All selected areas lie within a miogeoclinal belt where thick accumulations of carbonate rock followed by major episodes of compression and extension have greatly modified the region. Most of the selected hydrographic areas lie within the less extended terranes; however, several areas, or parts of areas, lie within severely extended terranes where carbonate rocks have been greatly thinned, or where deformed blocks of carbonate rock are discontinuous and isolated from surrounding carbonate rock aquifers. Three principal criteria were used to assess the development potential of each selected hydrographic area. These quantitative criteria are: (1) depth to water, (2) depth to and thickness of carbonate rocks, and (3) water quality. Other site-specific factors, such as accessibility and potential effects of ground-water development, are also discussed. Results suggest that sites with high potential for development may be scarce in southern Nevada. Many areas described as favorable on the basis of the three quantitative criteria were deemed unfavorable on the basis of possible short- and long-term effects associated with development and on the amount of available data used to make the assessment. The most favorable sites may be in more severely extended terranes, where development of isolated blocks (of carbonate-rock aquifer material) would be less likely to affect neighboring areas.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri954168","usgsCitation":"Burbey, T., 1997, Hydrogeology and potential for ground-water development, carbonate-rock aquifers, southern Nevada and southeastern California: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 95-4168, v, 65 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri954168.","productDescription":"v, 65 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":55195,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1995/4168/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":123682,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1995/4168/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":395394,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_48263.htm"}],"country":"United States","state":"California, Nevada","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -117.05,\n 35.5667\n ],\n [\n -114.3333,\n 35.5667\n ],\n [\n -114.3333,\n 37.7278\n ],\n [\n -117.05,\n 37.7278\n ],\n [\n -117.05,\n 35.5667\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4adbe4b07f02db685a2b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Burbey, T. J.","contributorId":97131,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Burbey","given":"T. J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":196332,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":27415,"text":"wri964309 - 1997 - Ambient quality of ground water in the vicinity of Naval Submarine Base Bangor, Kitsap County, Washington, 1995","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-04-07T13:30:58.272729","indexId":"wri964309","displayToPublicDate":"1997-08-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"96-4309","title":"Ambient quality of ground water in the vicinity of Naval Submarine Base Bangor, Kitsap County, Washington, 1995","docAbstract":"A study of the ambient ground-water quality in the vicinity of Naval Submarine Base (SUBASE) Bangor was conducted to provide the U.S. Navy with background levels of selected constituents. The Navy needs this information to plan and manage cleanup activities on the base. During March and April 1995, 136 water-supply wells were sampled for common ions, trace elements, and organic compounds; not all wells were sampled for all constituents. Man-made organic compounds were detected in only two of fifty wells, and the sources of these organic compounds were attributed to activities in the immediate vicinities of these off-base wells. Drinking water standards for trichloroethylene, iron, and manganese were exceeded in one of these wells, which was probably contaminated by an old local (off-base) dump.
Ground water from wells open to the following hydrogeologic units (in order from shallow to deep) was investigated: the Vashon till confining unit (Qvt, three wells); the Vashon aquifer (Qva, 54 wells); the Upper confining unit (QC1, 16 wells); the Permeable interbeds within QC1 (QC1pi, 34 wells); and the Sea-level aquifer (QA1, 29 wells).The 50th and 90th percentile ambient background levels of 35 inorganic constituents were determined for each hydrogeologic unit. At least ten measurements were required for a constituent in each hydrogeologic unit for determination of ambient background levels, and data for three wells determined to be affected by localized activities were excluded from these analyses.
The only drinking water standards exceeded by ambient background levels were secondary maximum contaminant levels for iron (300 micrograms per liter), in QC1 and QC1pi, and manganese (50 micrograms per liter), in all of the units. The 90th percentile values for arsenic in QC1pi, QA1, and for the entire study area are above 5 micrograms per liter, the Model Toxics Control Act Method A value for protecting drinking water, but well below the maximum contaminant level of 50 micrograms per liter for arsenic.
The manganese standard was exceeded in 38 wells and the standard for iron was exceeded in 12 wells. Most of these wells were in QC1 or QC1pi and had dissolved oxygen concentrations of less than 1 milligram per liter and dissolved organic carbon concentrations greater than 1 milligram per liter. The dissolved oxygen concentration is generally lower in the deeper units, while pH increases; the recommended pH range of 6.5-8.5 standard units was exceeded in 9 wells. The common-ion chemistry was similar for all of the units.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri964309","usgsCitation":"Greene, K.E., 1997, Ambient quality of ground water in the vicinity of Naval Submarine Base Bangor, Kitsap County, Washington, 1995: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 96-4309, iv, 46 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri964309.","productDescription":"iv, 46 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":415371,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_49274.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":56273,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1996/4309/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":125071,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1996/4309/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Washington","county":"Kitsap County","otherGeospatial":"Naval Submarine Base Bangor","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -122.8069,\n 47.8258\n ],\n [\n -122.8069,\n 47.6222\n ],\n [\n -122.5833,\n 47.6222\n ],\n [\n -122.5833,\n 47.8258\n ],\n [\n -122.8069,\n 47.8258\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4adce4b07f02db686976","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Greene, Karen E.","contributorId":16870,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Greene","given":"Karen","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":198075,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70019647,"text":"70019647 - 1997 - Extensional reactivation of the Chocolate Mountains subduction thrust in the Gavilan Hills of southeastern California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-09-08T16:26:38.337506","indexId":"70019647","displayToPublicDate":"1997-08-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3524,"text":"Tectonics","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Extensional reactivation of the Chocolate Mountains subduction thrust in the Gavilan Hills of southeastern California","docAbstract":"The NE vergent Chocolate Mountains fault of south-eastern California has been interpreted as either a subduction thrust responsible for burial and prograde metamorphism of the ensimatic Orocopia Schist or as a normal fault involved in the exhumation of the schist. Our detailed structural analysis in the Gavilan Hills area provides new evidence to confirm the latter view. A zone of deformation is present at the top of the Orocopia Schist in which lineations are parallel to those in the upper plate of the Chocolate Mountains fault but oblique to ones at relatively deep levels in the schist. Both the Orocopia Schist and upper plate contain several generations of shear zones that show a transition from crystalloblastic through mylonitic to cataclastic textures. These structures formed during retrograde metamorphism and are considered to record the exhumation of the Orocopia Schist during early Tertiary time as a result of subduction return flow. The Gatuna fault, which places low-grade, supracrustal metasediments of the Winterhaven Formation above the gneisses of the upper plate, also seems to have been active at this time. Final unroofing of the Orocopia Schist occurred during early to middle Miocene regional extension and may have involved a second phase of movement on the Gatuna fault. Formation of the Chocolate Mountains fault during exhumation indicates that its top-to-the-NE sense of movement provides no constraint on the polarity of the Orocopia Schist subduction zone. This weakens the case for a previous model involving SW dipping subduction, while providing support for the view that the Orocopia Schist is a correlative of the Franciscan Complex.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/97TC01415","issn":"02787407","usgsCitation":"Oyarzabal, F., Jacobson, C., and Haxel, G.B., 1997, Extensional reactivation of the Chocolate Mountains subduction thrust in the Gavilan Hills of southeastern California: Tectonics, v. 16, no. 4, p. 650-661, https://doi.org/10.1029/97TC01415.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"650","endPage":"661","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":495386,"rank":2,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/97tc01415","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":227837,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"southern California","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -120.43316262079014,\n 35.380649853336976\n ],\n [\n -120.43316262079014,\n 32.79760076456954\n ],\n [\n -115.12226961941393,\n 32.79760076456954\n ],\n [\n -115.12226961941393,\n 35.380649853336976\n ],\n [\n -120.43316262079014,\n 35.380649853336976\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"16","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0e45e4b0c8380cd53398","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Oyarzabal, F.R.","contributorId":77306,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Oyarzabal","given":"F.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383436,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Jacobson, C.E.","contributorId":46234,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jacobson","given":"C.E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383434,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Haxel, Gordon B. 0000-0002-6722-7803 gbhaxel@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6722-7803","contributorId":261783,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Haxel","given":"Gordon","email":"gbhaxel@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":383435,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":65702,"text":"i2546 - 1997 - Geologic maps showing structural modes in the Goshute Mountains and Toano Range, Elko County, Nevada","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-10T00:11:07","indexId":"i2546","displayToPublicDate":"1997-08-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":320,"text":"IMAP","code":"I","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2546","subseriesTitle":"NONE","title":"Geologic maps showing structural modes in the Goshute Mountains and Toano Range, Elko County, Nevada","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/i2546","usgsCitation":"Ketner, K.B., 1997, Geologic maps showing structural modes in the Goshute Mountains and Toano Range, Elko County, Nevada: U.S. Geological Survey IMAP 2546, 4 maps on 1 sheet :col. ;43 x 44 cm. or smaller, sheet 99 x 124 cm., folded in envelope 30 x 24 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/i2546.","productDescription":"4 maps on 1 sheet :col. ;43 x 44 cm. or smaller, sheet 99 x 124 cm., folded in envelope 30 x 24 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":108325,"rank":700,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_13050.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"13050"},{"id":190258,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"scale":"24000","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -114.36749999999999,40.534166666666664 ], [ -114.36749999999999,40.8675 ], [ -114.25,40.8675 ], [ -114.25,40.534166666666664 ], [ -114.36749999999999,40.534166666666664 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ae0e4b07f02db688561","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ketner, K. B.","contributorId":23121,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ketner","given":"K.","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":273429,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70019609,"text":"70019609 - 1997 - The physics of debris flows","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-07-17T22:51:11.639048","indexId":"70019609","displayToPublicDate":"1997-08-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3283,"text":"Reviews of Geophysics","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The physics of debris flows","docAbstract":"Recent advances in theory and experimentation motivate a thorough reassessment of the physics of debris flows. Analyses of flows of dry, granular solids and solid-fluid mixtures provide a foundation for a comprehensive debris flow theory, and experiments provide data that reveal the strengths and limitations of theoretical models. Both debris flow materials and dry granular materials can sustain shear stresses while remaining static; both can deform in a slow, tranquil mode characterized by enduring, frictional grain contacts; and both can flow in a more rapid, agitated mode characterized by brief, inelastic grain collisions. In debris flows, however, pore fluid that is highly viscous and nearly incompressible, composed of water with suspended silt and clay, can strongly mediate intergranular friction and collisions. Grain friction, grain collisions, and viscous fluid flow may transfer significant momentum simultaneously. Both the vibrational kinetic energy of solid grains (measured by a quantity termed the granular temperature) and the pressure of the intervening pore fluid facilitate motion of grains past one another, thereby enhancing debris flow mobility. Granular temperature arises from conversion of flow translational energy to grain vibrational energy, a process that depends on shear rates, grain properties, boundary conditions, and the ambient fluid viscosity and pressure. Pore fluid pressures that exceed static equilibrium pressures result from local or global debris contraction. Like larger, natural debris flows, experimental debris flows of ???10 m3 of poorly sorted, water-saturated sediment invariably move as an unsteady surge or series of surges. Measurements at the base of experimental flows show that coarse-grained surge fronts have little or no pore fluid pressure. In contrast, finer-grained, thoroughly saturated debris behind surge fronts is nearly liquefied by high pore pressure, which persists owing to the great compressibility and moderate permeability of the debris. Realistic models of debris flows therefore require equations that simulate inertial motion of surges in which high-resistance fronts dominated by solid forces impede the motion of low-resistance tails more strongly influenced by fluid forces. Furthermore, because debris flows characteristically originate as nearly rigid sediment masses, transform at least partly to liquefied flows, and then transform again to nearly rigid deposits, acceptable models must simulate an evolution of material behavior without invoking preternatural changes in material properties. A simple model that satisfies most of these criteria uses depth-averaged equations of motion patterned after those of the Savage-Hutter theory for gravity-driven flow of dry granular masses but generalized to include the effects of viscous pore fluid with varying pressure. These equations can describe a spectrum of debris flow behaviors intermediate between those of wet rock avalanches and sediment-laden water floods. With appropriate pore pressure distributions the equations yield numerical solutions that successfully predict unsteady, nonuniform motion of experimental debris flows.","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/97RG00426","issn":"87551209","usgsCitation":"Iverson, R., 1997, The physics of debris flows: Reviews of Geophysics, v. 35, no. 3, p. 245-296, https://doi.org/10.1029/97RG00426.","productDescription":"52 p.","startPage":"245","endPage":"296","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":492850,"rank":2,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/97rg00426","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":227875,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"35","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bae97e4b08c986b3241da","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Iverson, R.M. 0000-0002-7369-3819","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7369-3819","contributorId":16435,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Iverson","given":"R.M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383315,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ]}