We use the ratios between P and S wave velocities (VP/VS), derived from seismic refraction data, to infer the composition of the crust in the Grenville and the Appalachian Provinces of North America. The crust exhibits VP/VS increasing with depth from 1.64 to 1.84; there is a clear distinction between the Grenville Province (average VP/VS=1.81) and the Appalachian Province (average VP/VS=1.73) which persists at all depths. The boundary between these provinces is east dipping extending for 100 km east of the Champlain thrust. In the Appalachian Province the increase in VP/VS ratios with depth from 1.67 to 1.74±0.02 may reflect a normal decrease of silica content in the continental crust. In the Grenville Province beneath the Central Granulite Terrane, an anomalous VP/VS ratio of 1.82±0.02 is observed extending to a depth of 10 km; this correlates with the abundance of Ca‐plagioclase in the Marcy Anorthosite. At greater depth (15–20 km), where seismic lamination and high electrical conductivity is observed, VP/VS is 1.84±0.02 and correlates with the Tahawus Complex, a layered mafic intrusion. Within the 25‐km‐thick lower crust of the Grenville Province the VP/VS is 1.84±0.02 and P‐velocity is 7.0±0.1 km/s, which are typical for plagioclase‐bearing rocks (gabbro‐norite). The high VP/VS ratio in the Grenville Province has not been reported in crust of any other age. Since the Grenville Province contains 75% of the world's known anorthosites, high VP/VS ratio is related to high plagioclase. We suggest that the composition of the Grenville lower crust was significantly modified by the emplacement of the anorthosites in the mid‐Proterozoic.
Report on the first workshop on USGS wildland fire expertise and capabilities. The workshop brought together operational
and research representatives ofthe Federal fire management agencies to initiate a more comprehensive assessment
ofthe USGS's capabilities and the appropriate role(s) for USGS interaction and involvement with the fire community. The
report discusses how the USGS can play a significant role in wildland fire research and offer the fire community several
unique capabilities. Foremost capability is the role as data producer; fire detection, assessment, ecological modeling, and
rehabilitation and restoration relying on digital elevation models, digital line-graphs, national technical means, and image
data are also discussed. The bureau offers technical expertise using geographic information systems (GIS), image processing
and analysis, data base management and clearinghouse experience, and access to national technical means data. The
bureau must exploit the USGS's expertise and prominence in wildland fire research. The USGS is an experienced player
in fire ecology, fire assessment, and fuels loading research. Finally, the USGS also offers strong interdisciplinary experience
in watershed and geologic landslide modeling, which is key for assessing postfire effects.
In western Oregon, we created snags by sawing tops off live Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) (n = 821) trees and monitored their condition and use by cavity-nesting birds. We created snags in three silvicultural treatments: modified clearcut stands, two-story stands, and small-patch group-selection stands. We used two snag patterns: clumped and scattered. Created snags averaged 3.8/ha in density, 17 m in height, and 75 cm in diameter. Chainsaw-topped snags were used by cavity nesters within 5 yr of creation. Abundance of excavated cavities increased in all silvicultural treatments (P = 0.0001) and was higher in two-story and clearcut stands than in small-patch stands (P ≤ 0.0004). We did not, however, find that snag pattern (clumped v. scattered) affected use by cavity-nesting birds based on abundance of excavated cavities (P > 0.6). We observed excavated cavities in five hardwood species indicating that hardwoods represented an important resource for cavity-nesting birds. Creating conifer snags by topping and retaining hardwoods may retain or increase populations of cavity nesters in areas with low natural snag density.
","language":"English","publisher":"Oxford Academic","doi":"10.1093/wjaf/12.3.93","usgsCitation":"Chambers, C.L., Carrigan, T., Sabin, T., Tappeiner, J.C., and McComb, W., 1997, Use of artificially created Douglas-fir snags by cavity-nesting birds: Western Journal of Applied Forestry, v. 12, no. 3, p. 93-97, https://doi.org/10.1093/wjaf/12.3.93.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"93","endPage":"97","costCenters":[{"id":290,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":501368,"rank":2,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1093/wjaf/12.3.93","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":133879,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Oregon","otherGeospatial":"western Oregon","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -123.94935772302443,\n 46.24864258712557\n ],\n [\n -124.75465522303935,\n 42.13980495623254\n ],\n [\n -124.00243551133681,\n 42.03188415766749\n ],\n [\n -121.73533201660254,\n 42.03188415766749\n ],\n [\n -121.04270845604889,\n 45.74866744783864\n ],\n [\n -123.94935772302443,\n 46.24864258712557\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"12","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a18e4b07f02db604c93","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Chambers, C. L.","contributorId":48525,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chambers","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":323250,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Carrigan, T.","contributorId":39333,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Carrigan","given":"T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":323249,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Sabin, T.E.","contributorId":92216,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sabin","given":"T.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":323252,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Tappeiner, J. C. II","contributorId":103235,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tappeiner","given":"J.","suffix":"II","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":323253,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"McComb, W.C.","contributorId":78699,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McComb","given":"W.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":323251,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70019822,"text":"70019822 - 1997 - Spatial earthquake hazard assessment of Evansville, Indiana","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-07-29T15:57:38.668231","indexId":"70019822","displayToPublicDate":"1997-07-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3372,"text":"Seismological Research Letters","onlineIssn":"1938-2057","printIssn":"0895-0695","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Spatial earthquake hazard assessment of Evansville, Indiana","docAbstract":"The earthquake hazard has been evaluated for a 150-square-kilometer area around Evansville, Indiana. GIS-QUAKE, a system that combines liquefaction and ground motion analysis routines with site-specific geological, geotechnical, and seismological information, was used for the analysis. The hazard potential was determined by using 586 SPT borings, 27 CPT sounding, 39 shear-wave velocity profiles and synthesized acceleration records for body-wave magnitude 6.5 and 7.3 mid-continental earthquakes, occurring at distances of 50 km and 250 km, respectively.
The results of the GIS-QUAKE hazard analyses for Evansville identify areas with a high hazard potential that had not previously been identified in earthquake zonation studies. The Pigeon Creek area specifically is identified as having significant potential for liquefaction-induced damage. Damage as a result of ground motion amplification is determined to be a moderate concern throughout the area. Differences in the findings of this zonation study and previous work are attributed to the size and range of the database, the hazard evaluation methodologies, and the geostatistical interpolation techniques used to estimate the hazard potential. Further, assumptions regarding the groundwater elevations made in previous studies are also considered to have had a significant effect on the results.
","language":"English","publisher":"GeoScienceWorld","doi":"10.1785/gssrl.68.4.675","issn":"00128287","usgsCitation":"Rockaway, T., Frost, J., Eggert, D.L., and Luna, R., 1997, Spatial earthquake hazard assessment of Evansville, Indiana: Seismological Research Letters, v. 68, no. 4, p. 675-688, https://doi.org/10.1785/gssrl.68.4.675.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"675","endPage":"688","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":228096,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Indiana","city":"Evansville","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -87.60235442572878,\n 38.00288387892243\n ],\n [\n -87.60235442572878,\n 37.958411620309846\n ],\n [\n -87.52713583328385,\n 37.958411620309846\n ],\n [\n -87.52713583328385,\n 38.00288387892243\n ],\n [\n -87.60235442572878,\n 38.00288387892243\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"68","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b9477e4b08c986b31aad7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Rockaway, T.D.","contributorId":46240,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rockaway","given":"T.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":384031,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Frost, J.D.","contributorId":86507,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Frost","given":"J.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":384033,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Eggert, Donald L.","contributorId":19286,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Eggert","given":"Donald","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":33640,"text":"Indiana Geological Survey","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":384030,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Luna, R.","contributorId":46708,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Luna","given":"R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":384032,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70019838,"text":"70019838 - 1997 - Investigating possible earthquake-related structure beneath the southern Illinois Basin from seismic reflection","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-07-29T15:45:20.369324","indexId":"70019838","displayToPublicDate":"1997-07-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3372,"text":"Seismological Research Letters","onlineIssn":"1938-2057","printIssn":"0895-0695","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Investigating possible earthquake-related structure beneath the southern Illinois Basin from seismic reflection","docAbstract":"The relationship between seismicity and faults observed on seismic reflection profiles from the New Madrid Seismic Zone (NMSZ) in the central Mississippi Valley has been intensively studied for the past 15 years. However, comparable studies relating reflector sequences and earthquakes in the southern Illinois Basin, located northeast of the NMSZ, have not been undertaken. This study investigates the possible relationship between the source parameters of the November 9, 1968, magnitude (mbLg) 5.5 earthquake (a NNE-trending, previously interpreted west-dipping reverse fault at 21.2 ± 5.4 km depth) in southern Illinois, and a zone of moderately dipping reflectors in crystalline (?) basement observed on a nearby high-quality seismic reflection profile. The 1968 event was the twentieth century's largest magnitude earthquake in the southern Illinois region. The zone of dipping basement reflectors is part of a broad prominent sequence, in which reflectors are subhorizontal or inclined with a strong west-dipping component, that appears beneath the Wabash Valley Fault System and extends to the west beneath the Illinois Basin where it steepens and plunges deeper into the crust over the 1968 hypocenter. More than one interpretation of the dipping reflector zone is admissible, including intrusion of igneous sills or thrust faults or both within a localized shear zone. The dipping reflector zone cannot be traced from the basement into the overlying Phanerozoic sedimentary section or associated directly with any particular previously mapped fault. If a tectonic interpretation is correct, the correlation between the 1968 reverse fault event and the reflector zone may mean that such quakes are nucleating along a blind compressional structure in the crystalline basement of southern Illinois, possibly analogous to the recent destructive southern California earthquakes.
","language":"English","publisher":"GeoScienceWorld","doi":"10.1785/gssrl.68.4.641","issn":"00128287","usgsCitation":"McBride, J., Sargent, M.L., and Potter, C.J., 1997, Investigating possible earthquake-related structure beneath the southern Illinois Basin from seismic reflection: Seismological Research Letters, v. 68, no. 4, p. 641-649, https://doi.org/10.1785/gssrl.68.4.641.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"641","endPage":"649","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":227729,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Illinois","otherGeospatial":"southern Illinois Basin","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -90.41686766066587,\n 39.05576680944441\n ],\n [\n -90.40097102718397,\n 38.12884797929877\n ],\n [\n -89.58723655223915,\n 37.653196818110345\n ],\n [\n -89.30708249634165,\n 36.94087200066067\n ],\n [\n -88.63840152413286,\n 37.07721802208964\n ],\n [\n -87.90529981365495,\n 37.520230275212654\n ],\n [\n -87.90097222394972,\n 38.17558688842931\n ],\n [\n -87.47946104160714,\n 38.73177062134352\n ],\n [\n -87.67795830794927,\n 39.05576680944441\n ],\n [\n -90.41686766066587,\n 39.05576680944441\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"68","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a3e6ce4b0c8380cd63d8f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"McBride, J.H.","contributorId":99712,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McBride","given":"J.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":384125,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Sargent, M. L.","contributorId":27146,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sargent","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":384123,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Potter, Christopher J. 0000-0002-2300-6670 cpotter@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2300-6670","contributorId":1026,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Potter","given":"Christopher","email":"cpotter@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":164,"text":"Central Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":384124,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70019828,"text":"70019828 - 1997 - Geomorphic response to tectonically-induced ground deformation in the Wabash Valley","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-07-29T15:51:17.196663","indexId":"70019828","displayToPublicDate":"1997-07-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3372,"text":"Seismological Research Letters","onlineIssn":"1938-2057","printIssn":"0895-0695","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Geomorphic response to tectonically-induced ground deformation in the Wabash Valley","docAbstract":"Numerous low- to moderate-intensity earthquakes have been recorded in a zone of diffuse modern seismicity in southwest Indiana, southeast Illinois, and northernmost Kentucky. Structural elements within the zone include the Wabash Valley Fault System, the LaSalle Anticlinal Belt in western Illinois, and the Rough Creek-Shawneetown Fault System in northern Kentucky. The presence of seismically-induced liquefaction features in the near-surface alluvial sediments in the region indicates that strong ground motion has occurred in the recent geological past, but because the glacial and alluvial sediments in the Wabash Valley appear to be otherwise undisturbed, post-Paleozoic ground deformation resulting from movement on these structural elements has not yet been documented.
Morphometric analysis of the land surface, detailed mapping of geomorphic elements in the valley, reconnaissance drilling of the Holocene and Pleistocene alluvium, and structural analysis of the bedrock underlying the valley were used to determine whether the geomorphology of the valley and the patterns of alluviation of the Wabash River were affected by surface deformation associated with the seismic zone during the late Pleistocene and Holocene.
Among the observed features in the valley that can be attributed to deformation are: (1) tilting of the modern land surface to the west, (2) preferred channel migration toward the west side of the valley, with concomitant impact on patterns of soil development and sedimentation rate, (3) a convex longitudinal profile of the Wabash River where it crosses the LaSalle Anticlinal Belt, and (4) increased incision of the river into its floodplain downstream from the anticlinal belt.
","language":"English","publisher":"GeoScienceWorld","doi":"10.1785/gssrl.68.4.662","issn":"00128287","usgsCitation":"Fraser, G., Thompson, T., Olyphant, G., Furer, L., and Bennett, S., 1997, Geomorphic response to tectonically-induced ground deformation in the Wabash Valley: Seismological Research Letters, v. 68, no. 4, p. 662-674, https://doi.org/10.1785/gssrl.68.4.662.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"662","endPage":"674","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":228212,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Illinois, Indiana","otherGeospatial":"Wabash Valley","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -88.10191112458138,\n 39.26352260032891\n ],\n [\n -88.10191112458138,\n 37.75241761362966\n ],\n [\n -87.5198063562215,\n 37.75241761362966\n ],\n [\n -87.5198063562215,\n 39.26352260032891\n ],\n [\n -88.10191112458138,\n 39.26352260032891\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"68","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a2797e4b0c8380cd59a12","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Fraser, G.S.","contributorId":49946,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fraser","given":"G.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":384087,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Thompson, T.A.","contributorId":73226,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thompson","given":"T.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":384089,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Olyphant, G.A.","contributorId":51023,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Olyphant","given":"G.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":384088,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Furer, L.","contributorId":7025,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Furer","given":"L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":384086,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Bennett, S.W.","contributorId":73359,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bennett","given":"S.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":384090,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70185301,"text":"70185301 - 1997 - The travel times of solutes at the Cape Cod Tracer Experiment: Data analysis, modeling, and structural parameters inference","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-03-15T10:08:53","indexId":"70185301","displayToPublicDate":"1997-07-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3722,"text":"Water Resources Research","onlineIssn":"1944-7973","printIssn":"0043-1397","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The travel times of solutes at the Cape Cod Tracer Experiment: Data analysis, modeling, and structural parameters inference","docAbstract":"A method for analyzing and interpreting travel times of solutes in heterogeneous aquifers is presented based on the peak concentration arrival times as measured at various samplers in the aquifer. The method allows separation of the effects of pore-scale dispersion from the effects of the large-scale aquifer heterogeneity. An analysis of data from the Cape Cod field experiment is presented, and we found that the values of the hydrogeological parameters inferred from the travel times match very well the values obtained from direct interpretation of cores. Analysis of the spatial correlations of the travel times also allows inference of spatial covariances of the log conductivity and the anisotropy ratio of the correlation lengths. Separate analyses of the travel times carried over planes at different travel distances show that the variance of the log conductivity increases with travel distance.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/96WR00016","usgsCitation":"Rubin, Y., and Ezzedine, S., 1997, The travel times of solutes at the Cape Cod Tracer Experiment: Data analysis, modeling, and structural parameters inference: Water Resources Research, v. 33, no. 7, p. 1537-1547, https://doi.org/10.1029/96WR00016.","productDescription":"11 p. ","startPage":"1537","endPage":"1547","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":479917,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/96wr00016","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":337842,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Massachusetts","otherGeospatial":"Cape Cod","volume":"33","issue":"7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58d0ea1ce4b0236b68f6737b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Rubin, Yoram","contributorId":189432,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Rubin","given":"Yoram","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":685081,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ezzedine, Souheil","contributorId":189491,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Ezzedine","given":"Souheil","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":685082,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":31657,"text":"ofr97193 - 1997 - 1997 flood tracking chart for the Red River of the North basin","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-03-13T16:28:25","indexId":"ofr97193","displayToPublicDate":"1997-07-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"97-193","title":"1997 flood tracking chart for the Red River of the North basin","docAbstract":"The flood tracking chart for the Red River of the North Basin can be used by local citizens and emergency response personnel to determine the latest river stage. By comparing the current stage (water-surface elevation above some datum) and predicted flood crest to the recorded peak stages of previous floods, emergency response personnel and residents can make informed decisions concerning the threat to life and property. The flood tracking chart shows a map of the basin with the location of major real-time streamflow-gaging stations in the basin. Click on a station in the map or in the list below the map. Streamflow and stage information for the last 7 days, current stage relative to recorded peak stages, and streamflow for the previous 18 months are provided in graphic form, along with information such as station location and length of record.
The National Weather Service has direct access to all information collected by the USGS for use in their forecasting models and routinely broadcasts the forecast information to the news media and on shortwave radio. The radio frequencies are 162.400 MHz (megahertz) in Petersburg, N. Dak., and Detroit Lakes, Minn.; 162.425 MHz in Webster, N. Dak., and Bemidji, Minn.; 162.450 MHz in Roosevelt, Minn.; 162.475 MHz in Grand Forks and Amenia, N. Dak.; and 162.550 MHz in Thief River Falls, Minn.
To use the flood tracking chart for a particular property, determine the approximate elevation of the threatened property and the elevation of the gaging station that is closest to the threatened property. For example, most people in Grand Forks, N. Dak., probably will use the Red River of the North at Grand Forks station. Record the flood elevation for the gaging station. Compare the flood elevation to the elevation of the property to immediately know if the property has an impending threat of flooding. One must be cautioned by the fact that the surface of flowing water is not flat but has a slope. Therefore, the water-surface elevation near a threatened property might not be the same as the river stages at the gaging stations.
The network of river-gaging stations in the Red River of the North Basin is operated by the USGS in cooperation with the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, the North Dakota State Water Commission, the Minnesota Department of Natural Resources, the Southeast Cass Water Resources District, the Cass County Joint Water Resource District, the Red River Joint Water Resource Board, and the Red River Watershed Management Board. For more information about USGS programs in North Dakota, contact the District Chief, U.S. Geological Survey, North Dakota District, at (701) 250-7400.
Interpretation of existing regional magnetic and gravity data and new local high-resolution aeromagnetic data provides new insights on the tectonic history and structural development of the Wabash Valley Fault System in Illinois and Indiana. Enhancement of short-wavelength magnetic anomalies reveal numerous NW- to NNE-trending ultramafic dikes and six intrusive complexes (including those at Hicks Dome and Omaha Dome). Inversion models indicate that the interpreted dikes are narrow (≤3 m), lie at shallow depths (<200 m) and are steeply dipping. Some of the interpreted dikes closely follow mapped faults; their abundance suggests that the Wabash Valley Fault System contains many more faults than those mapped. Both the interpreted dike pattern and mapped Wabash Valley Fault System terminate near the Reelfoot-Rough Creek-Rome rift system.
Based on the interpretation of both the regional magnetic and gravity data and the high-resolution magnetic data, we propose that the shallow faults and deep-seated rift structures in the Wabash Valley terminate at or near the Rough Creek-Shawneetown Fault System. The Grayville Graben (∼20 km wide, ∼700 m maximum basement relief, and <40 km long [Bear et al., this volume]) underlying the Wabash Valley developed during rifting, perhaps in response to stress concentrations generated by a bend in the Reelfoot-Rough Creek-Rome rift system. We therefore hypothesize that although the Reelfoot Rift and Rough Creek Graben represent tectonic intraplate structures of large areal extent (>500 km long and generally >50 km wide) and with deep basins (locally >3 km thick), the ancestral Wabash Valley faults express, in comparison, minor tectonic structures and probably do not represent a failed rift arm.
There is a lack of any obvious relation between the Wabash Valley Fault System and the epicenters of historic and prehistoric earthquakes. Five prehistoric earthquakes lie conspicuously near structures associated with the Commerce geophysical lineament, a NE-trending magnetic and gravity lineament lying oblique to the Wabash Valley Fault System and possibly extending over 600 km from NE Arkansas to central Indiana.
","language":"English","publisher":"GeoScienceWorld","doi":"10.1785/gssrl.68.4.567","issn":"00128287","usgsCitation":"Hildenbrand, T., and Ravat, D., 1997, Geophysical setting of the Wabash Valley fault system: Seismological Research Letters, v. 68, no. 4, p. 567-585, https://doi.org/10.1785/gssrl.68.4.567.","productDescription":"18 p.","startPage":"567","endPage":"585","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":228175,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Arkansas, Illinois, Indiana, Kentucky, Missouri, Tennessee","otherGeospatial":"Wabash Valley","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -90.20833059329462,\n 39.11510704367717\n ],\n [\n -90.20833059329462,\n 35.79883797828903\n ],\n [\n -85.906159201568,\n 35.79883797828903\n ],\n [\n -85.906159201568,\n 39.11510704367717\n ],\n [\n -90.20833059329462,\n 39.11510704367717\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"68","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a286ae4b0c8380cd5a0ca","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hildenbrand, T.G.","contributorId":83892,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hildenbrand","given":"T.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383908,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ravat, D.","contributorId":102971,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ravat","given":"D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383909,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70019697,"text":"70019697 - 1997 - Testing for handling bias in survival estimation for black brant","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-01-06T16:52:52.071879","indexId":"70019697","displayToPublicDate":"1997-07-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2508,"text":"Journal of Wildlife Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Testing for handling bias in survival estimation for black brant","docAbstract":"We used an ultrastructure approach in program SURVIV to test for, and remove, bias in survival estimates for the year following mass banding of female black brant (Branta bernicla nigricans). We used relative banding-drive size as the independent variable to control for handling effects in our ultrastructure models, which took the form: S = S0(1 - αD), where α was handling effect and D was the ratio of banding-drive size to the largest banding drive. Brant were divided into 3 classes: goslings, initial captures, and recaptures, based on their state at the time of banding, because we anticipated the potential for heterogeneity in model parameters among classes of brant. Among models examined, for which α was not constrained, a model with α constant across classes of brant and years, constant survival rates among years for initially captured brant but year-specific survival rates for goslings and recaptures, and year- and class-specific detection probabilities had the lowest Akaike Information Criterion (AIC). Handling effect, α, was -0.47 ± 0.13 SE, -0.14 ± 0.057, and -0.12 ± 0.049 for goslings, initially released adults, and recaptured adults. Gosling annual survival in the first year ranged from 0.738 ± 0.072 for the 1986 cohort to 0.260 ± 0.025 for the 1991 cohort. Inclusion of winter observations increased estimates of first-year survival rates by an average of 30%, suggesting that permanent emigration had an important influence on apparent survival, especially for later cohorts. We estimated annual survival for initially captured brant as 0.782 ± 0.013, while that for recaptures varied from 0.726 ± 0.034 to 0.900 ± 0.062. Our analyses failed to detect a negative effect of handling on survival of brant, which is consistent with an hypothesis of substantial inherent heterogeneity in post-fledging survival rates, such that individuals most likely to die as a result of handling also have lower inherent survival probabilities.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.2307/3802185","usgsCitation":"Sedinger, J.S., Lindberg, M., Rexstad, E.A., Chelgren, N., and Ward, D.H., 1997, Testing for handling bias in survival estimation for black brant: Journal of Wildlife Management, v. 61, no. 3, p. 782-791, https://doi.org/10.2307/3802185.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"782","endPage":"791","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":227971,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska, 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\"}}]}","volume":"61","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505ba5c5e4b08c986b320c7d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Sedinger, James S.","contributorId":84861,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Sedinger","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":12742,"text":"University of Nevada Reno","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":383623,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lindberg, Mark S.","contributorId":89466,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Lindberg","given":"Mark S.","affiliations":[{"id":6752,"text":"University of Alaska Fairbanks","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":383624,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Rexstad, Eric A.","contributorId":55701,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rexstad","given":"Eric","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383621,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Chelgren, Nathan 0000-0003-0944-9165 nchelgren@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0944-9165","contributorId":3134,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chelgren","given":"Nathan","email":"nchelgren@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":290,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":289,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosys Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":383620,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Ward, David H. 0000-0002-5242-2526 dward@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5242-2526","contributorId":3247,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ward","given":"David","email":"dward@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":117,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology WTEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":383622,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70188687,"text":"70188687 - 1997 - Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins, dibenzofurans, biphenyls and 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin equivalents in fishes from Saginaw Bay, Michigan","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-12-21T07:26:33","indexId":"70188687","displayToPublicDate":"1997-06-17T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1571,"text":"Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"displayTitle":"Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins, dibenzofurans, biphenyls and 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin equivalents in fishes from Saginaw Bay, Michigan","title":"Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins, dibenzofurans, biphenyls and 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin equivalents in fishes from Saginaw Bay, Michigan","docAbstract":"Concentrations of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs), polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs), polychlorinated naphthalenes (PCNs), polychlorinated dibenzothiophenes (PCDTs), and 2,3,7,8-tetrachlo-rodibenzo-p-dioxin (2,3,7,8-TCDD) equivalents were measured in composite samples of forage fishes and several sizes of walleyes (Stizostedion vitreum) and common carp (Cyprinus carpio) collected from Saginaw Bay, Michigan, USA. The concentrations of 2,3,7,8-TCDD equivalents determined from the use of TCDD equivalency factors (TEFs) and instrumentally determined concentrations of individual congeners were designated TEq. The 2,3,7,8-TCDD equivalents determined on the same extracts with the H4IIE bioassay were defined as TCDD-EQ. Concentrations of TCDD-EQ and TEq were significantly, but poorly correlated (R2 = 0.44). Concentrations of TCDD-EQ and TEq ranged from 10.6 to 348 and 13.5 to 69.5 ng/kg, wet weight, respectively. The ratio of TCDD-EQ to TEq ranged from 0.5 to 5.0, with the greatest ratio observed in common carp but the average ratio between TEq and TCDD-EQ was approximately 1.0. In common carp, larger walleye, and medium-sized alewife (Alosa pseudoharengus) there were significant concentrations of TCDD-EQ that could not be accounted for by TEq calculated from an additive model of PCBs, PCDDs, or PCDFs. As much as 75% of the TCDD-EQ in some samples could not be accounted for by TEqs. It is unlikely that PCNs, PCDTs, or polychlorinated diphenyl ethers (PCDEs) occurred at concentrations that were, based on their relative potencies, great enough to contribute significant quantities of TCDD-EQ. The discrepency between TCDD-EQs and TEqs was not due to antagonisms among congeners or extraction efficiencies.
","language":"English","publisher":"Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry","doi":"10.1002/etc.5620160416","usgsCitation":"Giesy, J.P., Jude, D.J., Tillitt, D.E., Gale, R.W., Meadows, J.C., Zajieck, J.L., Peterman, P.H., Verbrugge, D.A., Sanderson, J.T., Schwartz, T.R., and Tuchman, M.L., 1997, Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins, dibenzofurans, biphenyls and 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin equivalents in fishes from Saginaw Bay, Michigan: Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, v. 16, no. 4, p. 713-724, https://doi.org/10.1002/etc.5620160416.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"713","endPage":"724","costCenters":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":342710,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Michigan","otherGeospatial":"Saginaw Bay","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -84.08935546875,\n 43.27720532212024\n ],\n [\n -83.43017578125,\n 43.27720532212024\n ],\n [\n -83.43017578125,\n 44.731125592643274\n ],\n [\n -84.08935546875,\n 44.731125592643274\n ],\n [\n -84.08935546875,\n 43.27720532212024\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"16","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1997-04-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"594b85b5e4b062508e382b93","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Giesy, John P.","contributorId":57426,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Giesy","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":698909,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Jude, David J.","contributorId":11986,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jude","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":698910,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Tillitt, Donald E. 0000-0002-8278-3955 dtillitt@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8278-3955","contributorId":1875,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tillitt","given":"Donald","email":"dtillitt@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":698911,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Gale, Robert W. 0000-0002-8533-141X rgale@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8533-141X","contributorId":2808,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gale","given":"Robert","email":"rgale@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":698912,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Meadows, John C. jmeadows@usgs.gov","contributorId":3024,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Meadows","given":"John","email":"jmeadows@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":698913,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Zajieck, James L.","contributorId":193165,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Zajieck","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":698914,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Peterman, Paul H. ppeterman@usgs.gov","contributorId":2872,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Peterman","given":"Paul","email":"ppeterman@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":698915,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Verbrugge, David A.","contributorId":172542,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Verbrugge","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":698916,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Sanderson, J. Thomas","contributorId":193166,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Sanderson","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"Thomas","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":698917,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Schwartz, Ted R.","contributorId":36510,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schwartz","given":"Ted","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":698918,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10},{"text":"Tuchman, Marc L.","contributorId":6023,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tuchman","given":"Marc","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":698919,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":11}]}} ,{"id":70185079,"text":"70185079 - 1997 - Comparing zero- and first-order approximations to the Monod model","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-07-06T20:45:09","indexId":"70185079","displayToPublicDate":"1997-06-06T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":" Comparing zero- and first-order approximations to the Monod model","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"In situ and on-site bioremediation: Papers from the Fourth International In Situ and On-Site Bioremediation Symposium","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"conferenceTitle":"Fourth International In Situ and On-Site Bioremediation Symposium","conferenceDate":" April 28-May 1, 1997","conferenceLocation":"New Orleans, LA","language":"English","publisher":"Battelle Press","publisherLocation":"Columbus, OH","usgsCitation":"Bekins, B.A., Warren, E., and Godsy, E.M., 1997, Comparing zero- and first-order approximations to the Monod model, in In situ and on-site bioremediation: Papers from the Fourth International In Situ and On-Site Bioremediation Symposium, v. 4, no. 5, New Orleans, LA, April 28-May 1, 1997, p. 547-552.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"547","endPage":"552","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":337511,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"4","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58c9012ae4b0849ce97abd30","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Alleman, Bruce C.","contributorId":113025,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Alleman","given":"Bruce","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":703816,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Leeson, Andrea","contributorId":112484,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Leeson","given":"Andrea","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":703817,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2}],"authors":[{"text":"Bekins, Barbara A. 0000-0002-1411-6018 babekins@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1411-6018","contributorId":1348,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bekins","given":"Barbara","email":"babekins@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":436,"text":"National Research Program - Eastern Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":36183,"text":"Hydro-Ecological Interactions Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":684234,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Warren, Ean ewarren@usgs.gov","contributorId":1351,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Warren","given":"Ean","email":"ewarren@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":684235,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Godsy, E. Michael","contributorId":45842,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Godsy","given":"E.","email":"","middleInitial":"Michael","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":684236,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":5223313,"text":"5223313 - 1997 - Tests for senescent decline in annual survival probabilities of common pochards, Aythya ferina","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-12-14T16:59:27.725134","indexId":"5223313","displayToPublicDate":"1997-06-01T12:17:41","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1465,"text":"Ecology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"displayTitle":"Tests for senescent decline in annual survival probabilities of common pochards, Aythya ferina","title":"Tests for senescent decline in annual survival probabilities of common pochards, Aythya ferina","docAbstract":"Senescent decline in survival probabilities of animals is a topic about which much has been written but little is known. Here, we present formal tests of senescence hypotheses, using 1373 recaptures from 8877 duckling (age 0) and 504 yearling Common Pochards (Aythya ferina) banded at a Latvian study site, 1975-1992. The tests are based on capture-recapture models that explicitly incorporate sampling probabilities that, themselves, may exhibit timeand age-specific variation. The tests provided no evidence of senescent decline in survival probabilities for this species. Power of the most useful test was low for gradual declines in annual survival probability with age, but good for steeper declines. We recommend use of this type of capture-recapture modeling and analysis for other investigations of senescence in animal survival rates.","language":"English","publisher":"Ecological Society of America","doi":"10.1890/0012-9658(1997)078[1009:TFSDIA]2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Nichols, J.D., Hines, J.E., and Blums, P., 1997, Tests for senescent decline in annual survival probabilities of common pochards, Aythya ferina: Ecology, v. 78, no. 4, p. 1009-1018, https://doi.org/10.1890/0012-9658(1997)078[1009:TFSDIA]2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"1009","endPage":"1018","numberOfPages":"10","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":199768,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"78","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49fee4b07f02db5f72d1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Nichols, James D. 0000-0002-7631-2890 jnichols@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7631-2890","contributorId":140652,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nichols","given":"James","email":"jnichols@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":338390,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hines, James E. 0000-0001-5478-7230 jhines@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5478-7230","contributorId":146530,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hines","given":"James","email":"jhines@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":338392,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Blums, Peter","contributorId":25652,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Blums","given":"Peter","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":338391,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":6411,"text":"pp1572 - 1997 - Numerical simulation of ground-water flow through glacial deposits and crystalline bedrock in the Mirror Lake area, Grafton County, New Hampshire","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-10-10T09:03:24","indexId":"pp1572","displayToPublicDate":"1997-06-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1572","title":"Numerical simulation of ground-water flow through glacial deposits and crystalline bedrock in the Mirror Lake area, Grafton County, New Hampshire","docAbstract":"This report documents the development of a computer model to simulate steady-state (long-term average) flow of ground water in the vicinity of Mirror Lake, which lies at the eastern end of the Hubbard Brook valley in central New Hampshire. The 10-km2 study area includes Mirror Lake, the three streams that flow into Mirror Lake, Leeman's Brook, Paradise Brook, and parts of Hubbard Brook and the Pemigewasset River. The topography of the area is characterized by steep hillsides and relatively flat valleys. Major hydrogeologic units include glacial deposits, composed of till containing pockets of sand and gravel, and fractured crystalline bedrock, composed of schist intruded by granite, pegmatite, and lamprophyre. Ground water occurs in both the glacial deposits and bedrock. Precipitation and snowmelt infiltrate to the water table on the hillsides, flow downslope through the saturated glacial deposits and fractured bedrock, and discharge to streams and to Mirror Lake. \r\n\r\n The model domain includes the glacial deposits, the uppermost 150m of bedrock, Mirror Lake, the layer of organic sediments on the lake bottom, and streams and rivers within the study area. A streamflow routing package was included in the model to simulate baseflow in streams and interaction between streams and ground water. Recharge from precipitation is assumed to be areally uniform, and riparian evapotranspiration along stream banks is assumed negligible. The spatial distribution of hydraulic conductivity is represented by dividing the model domain into several zones, each having uniform hydraulic properties. Local variations in recharge and hydraulic conductivities are ignored; therefore, the simulation results characterize the general ground-water system, not local details of ground-water movement. \r\n\r\n The model was calibrated using a nonlinear regression method to match hydraulic heads measured in piezometers and wells, and baseflow in three inlet streams to Mirror Lake. Model calibration indicates that recharge from precipitation to the water table is 26 to 28 cm/year. Hydraulic conductivities are 1.7 x 10-6 to 2.7 x 10-6 m/s for glacial deposits, about 3 x 10-7 m/s for bedrock beneath lower hillsides and valleys, and about 6x10-8 m/s for bedrock beneath upper hillsides and hilltops. Analysis of parameter uncertainty indicates that the above values are well constrained, at least within the context of regression analysis. In the regression, several attributes of the ground-water flow model are assumed perfectly known. The hydraulic conductivity for bedrock beneath upper hillsides and hilltops was determined from few data, and additional data are needed to further confirm this result. Model fit was not improved by introducing a 10-to-1 ration of horizontal-to-vertical anisotropy in the hydraulic conductivity of the glacial deposits, or by varying hydraulic conductivity with depth in the modeled part (uppermost 150m) of the bedrock. \r\n\r\n The calibrated model was used to delineate the Mirror Lake ground-water basin, defined as the volumes of subsurface through which ground water flows from the water table to Mirror Lake or its inlet streams. Results indicate that Mirror Lake and its inlet streams drain an area of ground-water recharge that is about 1.5 times the area of the surface-water basin. The ground-water basin extends far up the hillside on the northwestern part of the study area. Ground water from this area flows at depth under Norris Brook to discharge into Mirror Lake or its inlet streams. As a result, the Mirror Lake ground-water basin extends beneath the adjacent ground-water basin that drains into Norris Brook. \r\n\r\n Model simulation indicates that approximately 300,000 m3/year of precipitation recharges the Mirror Lake ground-water basin. 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This paper also reports results of use of the calibrated model to predict recovery efficiencies in hypothetical future operational schedules of injection and recovery.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. G.P.O. ; Denver, CO : U.S. Geological Survey, Branch of Information Services [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/wsp2431","usgsCitation":"Merritt, M.L., 1997, Tests of subsurface storage of freshwater at Hialeah, Dade County, Florida, and numerical simulation of the salinity of recovered water: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 2431, vi, 114 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.; 2 plates in pocket, https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp2431.","productDescription":"vi, 114 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.; 2 plates in pocket","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":31,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/wsp2431/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":137700,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":28126,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/2431/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":28127,"rank":401,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/2431/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ad7e4b07f02db6845ea","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Merritt, Michael L.","contributorId":29392,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Merritt","given":"Michael","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":144980,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":2224,"text":"wsp2482 - 1997 - Use of particle tracking to improve numerical model calibration and to analyze ground-water flow and contaminant migration, Massachusetts Military Reservation, western Cape Cod, Massachusetts","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":23811,"text":"ofr96214 - 1996 - Use of particle tracking to improve numerical model calibration and to analyze ground-water flow and contaminant migration, Massachusetts Military Reservation, western Cape Cod, Massachusetts","indexId":"ofr96214","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"title":"Use of particle tracking to improve numerical model calibration and to analyze ground-water flow and contaminant migration, Massachusetts Military Reservation, western Cape Cod, Massachusetts"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":2224,"text":"wsp2482 - 1997 - Use of particle tracking to improve numerical model calibration and to analyze ground-water flow and contaminant migration, Massachusetts Military Reservation, western Cape Cod, Massachusetts","indexId":"wsp2482","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"title":"Use of particle tracking to improve numerical model calibration and to analyze ground-water flow and contaminant migration, Massachusetts Military Reservation, western Cape Cod, Massachusetts"},"id":1}],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-05-17T14:12:06","indexId":"wsp2482","displayToPublicDate":"1997-06-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2482","title":"Use of particle tracking to improve numerical model calibration and to analyze ground-water flow and contaminant migration, Massachusetts Military Reservation, western Cape Cod, Massachusetts","docAbstract":"A steady-state, three-dimensional flow model coupled with a particle-tracking algorithm was developed to assess the complex interaction of hydrogeologic conditions affecting ground-water flow and contaminant transport--including aquifer heterogeneities, hydrologic boundaries such as ponds and streams, ground-water withdrawals, and aquifer recharge to characterize the migration of contaminants emanating from beneath the Massachusetts Military Reservation, Cape Cod, Massachusetts. The known extent of contaminant plumes were used to assess the effects of changes in model input parameters on model-calculated water-table and pond altitudes, streamflow, and water-particle pathlines. Although changes in selected simulated hydrogeologic conditions resulted in minor changes in model-calculated water-table altitudes, pond altitudes, and streamflow, these changes had significant effects on the projection of model-calculated water-particle pathlines.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/wsp2482","usgsCitation":"Masterson, J., Walter, D.A., and Savoie, J., 1997, Use of particle tracking to improve numerical model calibration and to analyze ground-water flow and contaminant migration, Massachusetts Military Reservation, western Cape Cod, Massachusetts: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 2482, v, 50 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp2482.","productDescription":"v, 50 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[{"id":466,"text":"New England Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":137695,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/2482/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":27973,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/2482/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a17e4b07f02db60441e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Masterson, John P. 0000-0003-3202-4413 jpmaster@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3202-4413","contributorId":1865,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Masterson","given":"John P.","email":"jpmaster@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":466,"text":"New England Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":144848,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Walter, Donald A. 0000-0003-0879-4477 dawalter@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0879-4477","contributorId":1101,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Walter","given":"Donald","email":"dawalter@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":466,"text":"New England Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":144846,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Savoie, Jennifer G. jsavoie@usgs.gov","contributorId":1691,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Savoie","given":"Jennifer G.","email":"jsavoie@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":466,"text":"New England Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":144847,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":52701,"text":"b1989I - 1997 - Clastic rocks associated with the Midcontinent rift system in Iowa","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":52701,"text":"b1989I - 1997 - Clastic rocks associated with the Midcontinent rift system in Iowa","indexId":"b1989I","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"chapter":"I","title":"Clastic rocks associated with the Midcontinent rift system in Iowa"},"predicate":"IS_PART_OF","object":{"id":33566,"text":"b1989 - 1992 - Strategic and critical minerals in the midcontinent region, United States","indexId":"b1989","publicationYear":"1992","noYear":false,"title":"Strategic and critical minerals in the midcontinent region, United States"},"id":1}],"isPartOf":{"id":33566,"text":"b1989 - 1992 - Strategic and critical minerals in the midcontinent region, United States","indexId":"b1989","publicationYear":"1992","noYear":false,"title":"Strategic and critical minerals in the midcontinent region, United States"},"lastModifiedDate":"2017-08-09T14:01:14","indexId":"b1989I","displayToPublicDate":"1997-06-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":306,"text":"Bulletin","code":"B","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1989","chapter":"I","title":"Clastic rocks associated with the Midcontinent rift system in Iowa","docAbstract":"The Middle Proterozoic Midcontinent Rift System (MRS) of North America is a failed rift that formed in response to region-wide stresses about 1,100 Ma. In Iowa, the MRS is buried beneath 2,200?3,500 ft of Paleozoic and Mesozoic sedimentary rocks and Quaternary glaciogenic deposits. An extremely large volume of sediments was deposited within basins associated with the rift at several stages during its development. Although the uplift of a rift-axial horst resulted in the erosional removal of most of these clastic rocks from the central region of the MRS in Iowa, thick sequences are preserved in a series of horst-bounding basins. Recent studies incorporating petrographic analysis, geophysical modeling, and other analytical procedures have led to the establishment of a preliminary stratigraphy for these clastic rocks and interpretations of basin geometries. This information has allowed the refinement of existing theories and history of MRS formation in Iowa. Additionally, drill samples previously interpreted as indicating the existence of early Paleozoic basins overlying the Proterozoic MRS basins were re-examined. Samples previously interpreted as deep-lying Paleozoic rocks are now known to have caved from upper levels of the drillhole and were out of stratigraphic position. No deep Paleozoic basins exist in this area. These investigations led to the development of petrographic parameters useful in differentiating the Proterozoic MRS Red clastics from Paleozoic clastic rocks having similar lithologies.","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/b1989I","usgsCitation":"Anderson, R., and McKay, R.M., 1997, Clastic rocks associated with the Midcontinent rift system in Iowa: U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin 1989, p. I1-I45, illus. incl. 2 tables, sketch maps, 67 refs, https://doi.org/10.3133/b1989I.","productDescription":"p. I1-I45, illus. incl. 2 tables, sketch maps, 67 refs","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":181298,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":5240,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/b1989i/b1989i.html","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4abbe4b07f02db672b1c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Anderson, Raymond R.","contributorId":22430,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Anderson","given":"Raymond R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":245860,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"McKay, Robert M.","contributorId":91928,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McKay","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":245861,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70019354,"text":"70019354 - 1997 - Equilibrium responses of global net primary production and carbon storage to doubled atmospheric carbon dioxide: Sensitivity to changes in vegetation nitrogen concentration","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-11-29T15:53:32.24089","indexId":"70019354","displayToPublicDate":"1997-06-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1836,"text":"Global Biogeochemical Cycles","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Equilibrium responses of global net primary production and carbon storage to doubled atmospheric carbon dioxide: Sensitivity to changes in vegetation nitrogen concentration","docAbstract":"We ran the terrestrial ecosystem model (TEM) for the globe at 0.5° resolution for atmospheric CO2 concentrations of 340 and 680 parts per million by volume (ppmv) to evaluate global and regional responses of net primary production (NPP) and carbon storage to elevated CO2 for their sensitivity to changes in vegetation nitrogen concentration. At 340 ppmv, TEM estimated global NPP of 49.0 1015 g (Pg) C yr−1 and global total carbon storage of 1701.8 Pg C; the estimate of total carbon storage does not include the carbon content of inert soil organic matter. For the reference simulation in which doubled atmospheric CO2 was accompanied with no change in vegetation nitrogen concentration, global NPP increased 4.1 Pg C yr−1 (8.3%), and global total carbon storage increased 114.2 Pg C. To examine sensitivity in the global responses of NPP and carbon storage to decreases in the nitrogen concentration of vegetation, we compared doubled CO2 responses of the reference TEM to simulations in which the vegetation nitrogen concentration was reduced without influencing decomposition dynamics (“lower N” simulations) and to simulations in which reductions in vegetation nitrogen concentration influence decomposition dynamics (“lower N+D” simulations). We conducted three lower N simulations and three lower N+D simulations in which we reduced the nitrogen concentration of vegetation by 7.5, 15.0, and 22.5%. In the lower N simulations, the response of global NPP to doubled atmospheric CO2 increased approximately 2 Pg C yr−1 for each incremental 7.5% reduction in vegetation nitrogen concentration, and vegetation carbon increased approximately an additional 40 Pg C, and soil carbon increased an additional 30 Pg C, for a total carbon storage increase of approximately 70 Pg C. In the lower N+D simulations, the responses of NPP and vegetation carbon storage were relatively insensitive to differences in the reduction of nitrogen concentration, but soil carbon storage showed a large change. The insensitivity of NPP in the N+D simulations occurred because potential enhancements in NPP associated with reduced vegetation nitrogen concentration were approximately offset by lower nitrogen availability associated with the decomposition dynamics of reduced litter nitrogen concentration. For each 7.5% reduction in vegetation nitrogen concentration, soil carbon increased approximately an additional 60 Pg C, while vegetation carbon storage increased by only approximately 5 Pg C. As the reduction in vegetation nitrogen concentration gets greater in the lower N+D simulations, more of the additional carbon storage tends to become concentrated in the north temperate-boreal region in comparison to the tropics. Other studies with TEM show that elevated CO2 more than offsets the effects of climate change to cause increased carbon storage. The results of this study indicate that carbon storage would be enhanced by the influence of changes in plant nitrogen concentration on carbon assimilation and decomposition rates. Thus changes in vegetation nitrogen concentration may have important implications for the ability of the terrestrial biosphere to mitigate increases in the atmospheric concentration of CO2 and climate changes associated with the increases.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/97GB00059","usgsCitation":"McGuire, A., Melillo, J.M., Kicklighter, D.W., Pan, Y., Xiao, X., Helfrich, J., Moore, B., Vorosmarty, C., and Schloss, A.L., 1997, Equilibrium responses of global net primary production and carbon storage to doubled atmospheric carbon dioxide: Sensitivity to changes in vegetation nitrogen concentration: Global Biogeochemical Cycles, v. 11, no. 2, p. 173-189, https://doi.org/10.1029/97GB00059.","productDescription":"17 p.","startPage":"173","endPage":"189","numberOfPages":"17","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":479921,"rank":2,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/97gb00059","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":226961,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"11","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0a29e4b0c8380cd52213","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"McGuire, A. David","contributorId":18494,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McGuire","given":"A. David","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":382443,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Melillo, Jerry M.","contributorId":87847,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Melillo","given":"Jerry","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":382444,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Kicklighter, David W.","contributorId":48872,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Kicklighter","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":382442,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Pan, Yude","contributorId":68872,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pan","given":"Yude","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":382441,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Xiao, Xiangming","contributorId":67212,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Xiao","given":"Xiangming","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":382445,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Helfrich, J.","contributorId":11346,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Helfrich","given":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":382439,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Moore, B. III","contributorId":96845,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Moore","given":"B.","suffix":"III","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":382446,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Vorosmarty, C. J.","contributorId":104232,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Vorosmarty","given":"C. J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":382447,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Schloss, A. L.","contributorId":15774,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Schloss","given":"A.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":382440,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9}]}} ,{"id":29663,"text":"wri944137 - 1997 - Hydrogeology and water quality of the West Valley Creek Basin, Chester County, Pennsylvania","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-04-12T12:44:56","indexId":"wri944137","displayToPublicDate":"1997-06-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"94-4137","title":"Hydrogeology and water quality of the West Valley Creek Basin, Chester County, Pennsylvania","docAbstract":"The West Valley Creek Basin drains 20.9 square miles in the Piedmont Physiographic Province of southeastern Pennsylvania and is partly underlain by carbonate rocks that are highly productive aquifers. The basin is undergoing rapid urbanization that includes changes in land use and increases in demand for public water supply and wastewater disposal. Ground water is the sole source of supply in the basin.
West Valley Creek flows southwest in a 1.5-mile-wide valley that is underlain by folded and faulted carbonate rocks and trends east-northeast, parallel to regional geologic structures. The valley is flanked by hills underlain by quartzite and gneiss to the north and by phyllite and schist to the south. Surface water and ground water flow from the hills toward the center of the valley. Ground water in the valley flows west-southwest parallel to the course of the stream. Seepage investigations identified losing reaches in the headwaters area where streams are underlain by carbonate rocks and gaining reaches downstream. Tributaries contribute about 75 percent of streamflow. The ground-water and surface-water divides do not coincide in the carbonate valley. The ground-water divide is about 0.5 miles west of the surface-water divide at the eastern edge of the carbonate valley. Underflow to the east is about 1.1 inches per year. Quarry dewatering operations at the western edge of the valley may act partly as an artificial basin boundary, preventing underflow to the west.
Water budgets for 1990, a year of normal precipitation (45.8 inches), and 1991, a year of sub-normal precipitation (41.5 inches), were calculated. Streamflow was 14.61 inches in 1990 and 12.08 inches in 1991. Evapotranspiration was estimated to range from 50 to 60 percent of precipitation. Base flow was about 62 percent of streamflow in both years. Exportation by sewer systems was about 3 inches from the basin and, at times, equaled base flow during the dry autumn of 1991. Recharge was estimated to be 18.5 inches in 1990 and 13.7 inches in 1991.
Ground-water quality in the basin reflects differences in lithology and has been affected by human activities. Ground water in the carbonate rocks is naturally hard, has a near neutral pH, and contains more dissolved solids and less dissolved iron, manganese, and radon-222 than ground water in the noncarbonate rocks, which is soft, with moderately acidic to acidic pH. Regional contamination by chloride and nitrate and local contamination by organic compounds and metals was detected. Natural background concentrations are estimated to be about 1 milligram per liter for nitrate as nitrogen and less than 3 milligrams per liter for chloride. Ground water in unsewered areas and agricultural areas of the basin has median concentrations of nitrate that are greater than those in ground water from other areas; septic system effluent and fertilizer are probable sources of elevated nitrate. Water samples from wells in urbanized areas contain greater concentrations of chloride than samples from wells in residential areas; road salt is the probable source of elevated chloride. Organic solvents, especially trichloroethylene, were detected in 30 percent of the wells sampled in the urbanized carbonate valley. Most of the organic solvents and some of the metals in ground water were detected near old industrial sites.
Base-flow stream quality of West Valley Creek was determined at 15 sites from monthly sampling for 1 year. Differences in stream quality reflect differences in lithology, land use, and point sources in tributary subbasins and mainstem reaches. The chemical composition of base flow in the mainstem is dominated by ground-water discharge from carbonate rocks. Elevated concentrations of nitrate (greater than 3 milligrams per liter as nitrogen) in base flow were measured in a tributary draining agricultural land and in a tributary draining an unsewered residential area. Elevated concentrations of phosphate (greater than 0.5 milligrams per liter as phosphorus) were measured in a stream that receives treated sewage effluent. Discharge of water containing elevated sulfate (about 250 milligrams per liter) from quarry dewatering operations contributes to die increase in sulfate concentration (of 10 to 40 milligrams per liter) in base flow downstream from the quarry. The chloride load at all stream sites is greater than the load contributed by precipitation and mineral weathering to the basin, indicating anthropogenic sources of chloride throughout the basin.
The diversity index of the benthic invertebrate community has increased since 1973 at the longterm biological monitoring site on West Valley Creek, indicating an improvement in stream quality. The improvement probably is related to controls on discharges and banning of pesticides, such as DOT, in the 1970's. Concentrations of dissolved constituents, except for chloride, determined for base flow in the autumn do not appear to have changed since 1971. Application of the seasonal Kendall test for trend indicates that concentrations of chloride in base flow have increased since 1971; this increase may be related to the increase in urbanization in the basin. The benthic community structure at the West Valley Creek site in 1991 indicates slight nutrient enrichment.
Lithium was detected in ground water and surface water downgradient from two lithiumprocessing facilities. Until 1991, lithium was discharged into a losing reach of West Valley Creek, thus introducing lithium into the ground-water system. The potential for cross-contamination between the ground-water and surface-water systems is great, as demonstrated by the detection of lithium in ground water and surface water downstream and downgradient from the two lithium-processing facilities. The lithium that was discharged into the creek acts as a conservative tracer in gaining reaches of West Valley Creek, maintaining a mass balance and characteristic isotopic signature. Lithium-7/lithium-6 ratios were greater in streams that are affected by sewage and by lithium-processing discharges and in ground water downgradient from the lithium-processing facilities than natural background lithium isotopic ratios.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri944137","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Chester County Water Resources Authority","usgsCitation":"Senior, L.A., Sloto, R.A., and Reif, A.G., 1997, Hydrogeology and water quality of the West Valley Creek Basin, Chester County, Pennsylvania: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 94-4137, Report: ix, 160 p.; 1 Plate: 32.59 x 26.79 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/wri944137.","productDescription":"Report: ix, 160 p.; 1 Plate: 32.59 x 26.79 inches","costCenters":[{"id":532,"text":"Pennsylvania Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":353357,"rank":3,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1994/4137/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":58488,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1994/4137/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":119480,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1994/4137/report-thumb.jpg"}],"scale":"24000","datum":"National Geodetic Datum of 1929","country":"United States","state":"Pennsylvania","county":"Chester County","otherGeospatial":"West Valley Creek Basin","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -75.70833333,\n 39.91666667\n ],\n [\n -75.54166667,\n 39.91666667\n ],\n [\n -75.54166667,\n 40.08333333\n ],\n [\n -75.70833333,\n 40.08333333\n ],\n [\n -75.70833333,\n 39.91666667\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a4ae4b07f02db625145","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Senior, Lisa A. 0000-0003-2629-1996 lasenior@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2629-1996","contributorId":2150,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Senior","given":"Lisa","email":"lasenior@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":532,"text":"Pennsylvania Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":201918,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Sloto, Ronald A. rasloto@usgs.gov","contributorId":424,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sloto","given":"Ronald","email":"rasloto@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":532,"text":"Pennsylvania Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":201919,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Reif, Andrew G. 0000-0002-5054-5207 agreif@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5054-5207","contributorId":2632,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reif","given":"Andrew","email":"agreif@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":532,"text":"Pennsylvania Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":201920,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70019120,"text":"70019120 - 1997 - Episodic nature of earthquake activity in stable continental regions revealed by palaeoseismicity studies of Australian and North American Quaternary faults","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-03-02T17:41:32.969565","indexId":"70019120","displayToPublicDate":"1997-05-09T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":941,"text":"Australian Journal of Earth Sciences","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Episodic nature of earthquake activity in stable continental regions revealed by palaeoseismicity studies of Australian and North American Quaternary faults","docAbstract":"Palaeoseismic investigations of recent faulting in stable continental regions of Australia, North America and India show that these faults typically have a long-term behaviour characterised by episodes of activity separated by quiescent intervals of at least 10 000 and commonly 100 000 years or more. Long recurrence intervals such as these are well documented by detailed studies of the faults that ruptured during the 1986 Marryat Creek, South Australia and 1988 Tennant Creek, Northern Territory earthquakes. Thus, neotectonic features associated with stable continental region faults such as scarps and grabens commonly have subtle geomorphic expression and may be poorly preserved. Many potentially hazardous faults in stable continental regions are aseismic, which is one reason why the inventory of these faults is incomplete. Although they may be currently aseismic, faults in stable continental regions that are favourably oriented for movement in the current stress field could produce damaging earthquakes, often in unexpected places. Comprehensive palaeoseismic investigations of modern and prehistoric faulting events in stable continental regions are needed to understand the long-term behaviour of these faults, and thereby, improve seismic-hazard assessments.","language":"English","publisher":"Taylor & Francis","doi":"10.1080/08120099708728304","usgsCitation":"Crone, A.J., Machette, M.N., and Bowman, J.R., 1997, Episodic nature of earthquake activity in stable continental regions revealed by palaeoseismicity studies of Australian and North American Quaternary faults: Australian Journal of Earth Sciences, v. 44, no. 2, p. 203-214, https://doi.org/10.1080/08120099708728304.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"203","endPage":"214","numberOfPages":"12","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":226816,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"44","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0a12e4b0c8380cd521b6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Crone, A. J.","contributorId":84363,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Crone","given":"A.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":381730,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Machette, M. N.","contributorId":19561,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Machette","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":381728,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Bowman, J. R.","contributorId":29496,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Bowman","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":381729,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70019818,"text":"70019818 - 1997 - Geomorphic influences on the distribution of Yellowstone cutthroat trout in the Absaroka Mountains, Wyoming","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2026-03-23T16:17:14.765139","indexId":"70019818","displayToPublicDate":"1997-05-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3624,"text":"Transactions of the American Fisheries Society","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Geomorphic influences on the distribution of Yellowstone cutthroat trout in the Absaroka Mountains, Wyoming","docAbstract":"Influences of large‐scale abiotic, geomorphic characteristics on distributions of Yellowstone cutthroat trout Oncorhynchus clarki bouvieri are poorly understood. We sampled 151 sites on 56 perennial streams in the Greybull–Wood river drainage in northwestern Wyoming to determine the effects of geomorphic variables on Yellowstone cutthroat trout distributions. Channel slope, elevation, stream size, and barriers to upstream movement significantly influenced the presence and absence of Yellowstone cutthroat trout. Wild populations of Yellowstone cutthroat trout were not found upstream of barriers to fish migration, at sites with channel slopes of 10% or greater, or at elevations above 3,182 m. Based on channel slope alone, logistic regression models correctly classified presence or absence of Yellowstone cutthroat trout in 83% of study sites. The addition of elevation and stream size in the models increased classification to 87%. Logistic models tested on an independent data set had agreement rates as high as 91 % between actual and predicted fish presence. Large‐scale geomorphic variables influence Yellowstone cutthroat trout distributions, and logistic functions can predict these distributions with a high degree of accuracy.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Fisheries Society","doi":"10.1577/1548-8659(1997)126<0418:GIOTDO>2.3.CO;2","issn":"00028487","usgsCitation":"Kruse, C., Hubert, W., and Rahel, F., 1997, Geomorphic influences on the distribution of Yellowstone cutthroat trout in the Absaroka Mountains, Wyoming: Transactions of the American Fisheries Society, v. 126, no. 3, p. 418-427, https://doi.org/10.1577/1548-8659(1997)126<0418:GIOTDO>2.3.CO;2.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"418","endPage":"427","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":228022,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Wyoming","otherGeospatial":"Absaroka Mountains","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -110.05244045059682,\n 44.78913034247202\n ],\n [\n -110.05244045059682,\n 44.5659140090352\n ],\n [\n -109.35952486868139,\n 44.5659140090352\n ],\n [\n -109.35952486868139,\n 44.78913034247202\n ],\n [\n -110.05244045059682,\n 44.78913034247202\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"126","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a2792e4b0c8380cd599da","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kruse, C.G.","contributorId":72147,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kruse","given":"C.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":384014,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hubert, W.A.","contributorId":12822,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hubert","given":"W.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":384013,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Rahel, F.J.","contributorId":82037,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rahel","given":"F.J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":384015,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ]}