{"pageNumber":"1273","pageRowStart":"31800","pageSize":"25","recordCount":40904,"records":[{"id":70019543,"text":"70019543 - 1997 - Neural network-based nonlinear model predictive control vs. linear quadratic gaussian control","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-05-15T15:18:50.188214","indexId":"70019543","displayToPublicDate":"1997-05-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":9961,"text":"Mining, Metallurgy & Exploration (MME)","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Neural network-based nonlinear model predictive control vs. linear quadratic gaussian control","docAbstract":"<p>One problem with the application of neural networks to the multivariable control of mineral and extractive processes is determining whether and how to use them. The objective of this investigation was to compare neural network control to more conventional strategies and to determine if there are any advantages in using neural network control in terms of set-point tracking, rise time, settling time, disturbance rejection and other criteria. </p><p>The procedure involved developing neural network controllers using both historical plant data and simulation models. Various control patterns were tried, including both inverse and direct neural network plant models. These were compared to state space controllers that are, by nature, linear. For grinding and leaching circuits, a nonlinear neural network-based model predictive control strategy was superior to a state space-based linear quadratic gaussian controller. </p><p>The investigation pointed out the importance of incorporating state space into neural networks by making them recurrent, i.e., feeding certain output state variables into input nodes in the neural network. It was concluded that neural network controllers can have better disturbance rejection, set-point tracking, rise time, settling time and lower set-point overshoot, and it was also concluded that neural network controllers can be more reliable and easy to implement in complex, multivariable plants.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Springer Nature","doi":"10.1007/BF03402758","issn":"07479182","usgsCitation":"Cho, C., Vance, R., Mardi, N., Qian, Z., and Prisbrey, K., 1997, Neural network-based nonlinear model predictive control vs. linear quadratic gaussian control: Mining, Metallurgy & Exploration (MME), v. 14, no. 2, p. 43-46, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03402758.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"43","endPage":"46","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":228122,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"14","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1997-05-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a64fae4b0c8380cd72ac1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cho, C.","contributorId":56400,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cho","given":"C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383117,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Vance, R.","contributorId":38724,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Vance","given":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383115,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Mardi, N.","contributorId":48332,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mardi","given":"N.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383116,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Qian, Z.","contributorId":87312,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Qian","given":"Z.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383118,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Prisbrey, K.","contributorId":23694,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Prisbrey","given":"K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383114,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":1000623,"text":"1000623 - 1997 - Conditions for the return and simulation of the recovery of burrowing mayflies in western Lake Erie","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-12-22T16:31:03.599697","indexId":"1000623","displayToPublicDate":"1997-05-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1450,"text":"Ecological Applications","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Conditions for the return and simulation of the recovery of burrowing mayflies in western Lake Erie","docAbstract":"<p>In the 1950s, burrowing mayflies,<span>&nbsp;</span><i>Hexagenia</i><span>&nbsp;</span>spp. (<i>H. limbata</i><span>&nbsp;</span>and<span>&nbsp;</span><i>H. rigida</i>), were virtually eliminated from the western basin of Lake Erie (a 3300 km<sup>2</sup><span>&nbsp;</span>area) because of eutrophication and pollution. We develop and present a deterministic model for the recolonization of the western basin by<span>&nbsp;</span><i>Hexagenia</i><span>&nbsp;</span>to pre-1953 densities. The model was based on the logistic equation describing the population growth of<span>&nbsp;</span><i>Hexagenia</i><span>&nbsp;</span>and a presumed competitor,<span>&nbsp;</span><i>Chironomus</i><span>&nbsp;</span>(dipteran larvae). Other parameters (immigration, low oxygen, toxic sediments, competition with<span>&nbsp;</span><i>Chironomus,</i><span>&nbsp;</span>and fish predation) were then individually added to the logistic model to determine their effect at different growth rates.</p><p>The logistic model alone predicts 10–41 yr for<span>&nbsp;</span><i>Hexagenia</i><span>&nbsp;</span>to recolonize western Lake Erie. Immigration reduced the recolonization time by 2–17 yr. One low-oxygen event during the first 20 yr increased recovery time by 5–17 yr. Contaminated sediments added 5–11 yr to the recolonization time. Competition with<span>&nbsp;</span><i>Chironomus</i><span>&nbsp;</span>added 8–19 yr to recovery. Fish predators added 4–47 yr to the time required for recolonization.</p><p>The full model predicted 48–81 yr for<span>&nbsp;</span><i>Hexagenia</i><span>&nbsp;</span>to reach a carrying capacity of ≈350 nymphs/m<sup>2</sup>, or not until around the year 2038 if the model is started in 1990. The model was verified by changing model parameters to those present in 1970, beginning the model in 1970 and running it through 1990. Predicted densities overlapped almost completely with actual estimated densities of<span>&nbsp;</span><i>Hexagenia</i><span>&nbsp;</span>nymphs present in the western basin in Lake Erie in 1990. The model suggests that recovery of large aquatic ecosystems may lag substantially behind remediation efforts.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Ecological Society of America","doi":"10.1890/1051-0761(1997)007[0665:CFTRAS]2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Kolar, C.S., Hudson, P.L., and Savino, J.F., 1997, Conditions for the return and simulation of the recovery of burrowing mayflies in western Lake Erie: Ecological Applications, v. 7, no. 2, p. 665-676, https://doi.org/10.1890/1051-0761(1997)007[0665:CFTRAS]2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"665","endPage":"676","numberOfPages":"11","costCenters":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":133450,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Michigan, Ohio, Ontario","otherGeospatial":"western Lake Erie","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -81.72098896071273,\n              42.58513093461755\n            ],\n            [\n              -83.18039431256742,\n              42.67263321022071\n            ],\n            [\n              -83.54794825303408,\n              41.34729196194556\n            ],\n            [\n              -81.55883281050723,\n              41.34729196194556\n            ],\n            [\n              -81.72098896071273,\n              42.58513093461755\n            ]\n          ]\n        ],\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"7","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b14e4b07f02db6a4792","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kolar, Cynthia S. 0000-0001-6634-2343 ckolar@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6634-2343","contributorId":3621,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kolar","given":"Cynthia","email":"ckolar@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":506,"text":"Office of the AD Ecosystems","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":308926,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hudson, Patrick L. 0000-0002-7646-443X phudson@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7646-443X","contributorId":5616,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hudson","given":"Patrick","email":"phudson@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":308927,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Savino, Jacqueline F. jsavino@usgs.gov","contributorId":2213,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Savino","given":"Jacqueline","email":"jsavino@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":308925,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70019818,"text":"70019818 - 1997 - Geomorphic influences on the distribution of Yellowstone cutthroat trout in the Absaroka Mountains, Wyoming","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2026-03-23T16:17:14.765139","indexId":"70019818","displayToPublicDate":"1997-05-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3624,"text":"Transactions of the American Fisheries Society","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Geomorphic influences on the distribution of Yellowstone cutthroat trout in the Absaroka Mountains, Wyoming","docAbstract":"<p><span id=\"_mce_caret\" data-mce-bogus=\"1\" data-mce-type=\"format-caret\"><span>Influences of large‐scale abiotic, geomorphic characteristics on distributions of Yellowstone cutthroat trout&nbsp;</span><i>Oncorhynchus clarki bouvieri</i><span>&nbsp;are poorly understood. We sampled 151 sites on 56 perennial streams in the Greybull–Wood river drainage in northwestern Wyoming to determine the effects of geomorphic variables on Yellowstone cutthroat trout distributions. Channel slope, elevation, stream size, and barriers to upstream movement significantly influenced the presence and absence of Yellowstone cutthroat trout. Wild populations of Yellowstone cutthroat trout were not found upstream of barriers to fish migration, at sites with channel slopes of 10% or greater, or at elevations above 3,182 m. Based on channel slope alone, logistic regression models correctly classified presence or absence of Yellowstone cutthroat trout in 83% of study sites. The addition of elevation and stream size in the models increased classification to 87%. Logistic models tested on an independent data set had agreement rates as high as 91 % between actual and predicted fish presence. Large‐scale geomorphic variables influence Yellowstone cutthroat trout distributions, and logistic functions can predict these distributions with a high degree of accuracy.</span></span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"American Fisheries Society","doi":"10.1577/1548-8659(1997)126<0418:GIOTDO>2.3.CO;2","issn":"00028487","usgsCitation":"Kruse, C., Hubert, W., and Rahel, F., 1997, Geomorphic influences on the distribution of Yellowstone cutthroat trout in the Absaroka Mountains, Wyoming: Transactions of the American Fisheries Society, v. 126, no. 3, p. 418-427, https://doi.org/10.1577/1548-8659(1997)126<0418:GIOTDO>2.3.CO;2.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"418","endPage":"427","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":228022,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Wyoming","otherGeospatial":"Absaroka Mountains","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -110.05244045059682,\n              44.78913034247202\n            ],\n            [\n              -110.05244045059682,\n              44.5659140090352\n            ],\n            [\n              -109.35952486868139,\n              44.5659140090352\n            ],\n            [\n              -109.35952486868139,\n              44.78913034247202\n            ],\n            [\n              -110.05244045059682,\n              44.78913034247202\n            ]\n          ]\n        ],\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"126","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a2792e4b0c8380cd599da","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kruse, C.G.","contributorId":72147,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kruse","given":"C.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":384014,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hubert, W.A.","contributorId":12822,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hubert","given":"W.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":384013,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Rahel, F.J.","contributorId":82037,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rahel","given":"F.J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":384015,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70246425,"text":"70246425 - 1997 - Water-level changes in response to the 20 December 1994 earthquake near Parkfield, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-07-06T16:50:00.786049","indexId":"70246425","displayToPublicDate":"1997-04-01T11:41:12","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":7571,"text":"Bulletin of Seismological Society of America","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Water-level changes in response to the 20 December 1994 earthquake near Parkfield, California","docAbstract":"<p><span>We analyze co-seismic changes of water level in nine wells near Parkfield, California, produced by an&nbsp;</span><i>M<sub>D</sub></i><span>&nbsp;4.7 earthquake on 20 December 1994 in order to test the hypothesis that co-seismic water-level changes are proportional to co-seismic volumetric strain. For each well, a quantitative relationship between water level and volumetric strain can be inferred from water-level fluctuations due to earth tides and barometric pressure. The observed co-seismic water-level changes, which ranged from −16 to +34 cm, can therefore be compared with volumetric strain recorded by borehole strainmeters or calculated using a dislocation model of the earthquake. We were able to find a dislocation model of the earthquake rupture that predicts volumetric expansion at five of the six wells where water level fell co-seismically, as well as volumetric contraction at one of the two sites where water level rose. Strain predicted by the dislocation model is in good quantitative agreement with the strain inferred from water-level changes observed at four of the well sites, as well as strain recorded by three borehole strainmeters. Water-level changes at two more well sites correspond to strain somewhat greater than predicted by the model but agree in sign with model-calculated strains. At three of the well sites, however, water-level changes took place that cannot be explained as responses to co-seismic volumetric strain for any plausible dislocation model of the earthquake rupture. At two of these sites, one in and one near the San Andreas fault, large water-level drops are probably influenced by co-seismic fault creep. The third site has a history of large water-level rises in response to earthquakes at distances up to several hundred kilometers. This data set shows that co-seismic water-level changes in many wells are proportional to volumetric strain but that other wells exist in which different mechanisms dominate co-seismic response.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Seismological Society of America","doi":"10.1785/BSSA0870020310","usgsCitation":"Quilty, E., and Roeloffs, E.A., 1997, Water-level changes in response to the 20 December 1994 earthquake near Parkfield, California: Bulletin of Seismological Society of America, v. 87, no. 2, p. 310-317, https://doi.org/10.1785/BSSA0870020310.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"310","endPage":"317","costCenters":[{"id":234,"text":"Earthquake Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":418716,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","city":"Parkfield","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -120.625,\n              36.125\n            ],\n            [\n              -120.625,\n              35.75\n            ],\n            [\n              -120.3,\n              35.75\n            ],\n            [\n              -120.3,\n              36.125\n            ],\n            [\n              -120.625,\n              36.125\n            ]\n          ]\n        ],\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"87","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1997-04-01","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Quilty, Eddie","contributorId":190886,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Quilty","given":"Eddie","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":876988,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Roeloffs, Evelyn A. 0000-0002-4761-0469 evelynr@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4761-0469","contributorId":2680,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Roeloffs","given":"Evelyn","email":"evelynr@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":876989,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70019905,"text":"70019905 - 1997 - Triassic plutonism in southern California: Southward younging of arc initiation along a truncated continental margin","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-09-08T16:19:32.09883","indexId":"70019905","displayToPublicDate":"1997-04-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3524,"text":"Tectonics","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Triassic plutonism in southern California: Southward younging of arc initiation along a truncated continental margin","docAbstract":"<p><span>Earliest Cordilleran magmatism in the southwestern United States is recorded by a belt of Triassic plutons that intrude Proterozoic basement of the Mojave crustal province and its cratonal/miogeoclinal cover. The belt extends from the western Mojave Desert through the Transverse Ranges to the Colorado River trough. Triassic plutons are predominantly alkali-calcic, Fe- and Sr-enriched quartz monzodiorites and monzonites. The northern part of the belt is composed of two older plutonic suites (241–231 Ma) which are high K to shoshonitic; the southern part of the belt is a younger (218–213 Ma), sodic-alkalic suite. The plutonic record in southern California suggests a short-lived, southward younging continental margin arc setting for emplacement of Triassic plutons, superimposed on a continental margin modified by sinistral transform faulting. Triassic plutonism in this region was followed by a magmatic lull prior to the onset of voluminous Middle to Late Jurassic Cordilleran arc magmatism.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Unioin","doi":"10.1029/96TC03596","issn":"02787407","usgsCitation":"Barth, A.P., Tosdal, R., Wooden, J.L., and Howard, K.A., 1997, Triassic plutonism in southern California: Southward younging of arc initiation along a truncated continental margin: Tectonics, v. 16, no. 2, p. 290-304, https://doi.org/10.1029/96TC03596.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"290","endPage":"304","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":495385,"rank":2,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/96tc03596","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":228026,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"southern California","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -117.9319179036895,\n              34.891835542928646\n            ],\n            [\n              -116.71901098479887,\n              32.94733586270739\n            ],\n            [\n              -115.16683761313497,\n              33.09466321677502\n            ],\n            [\n              -116.75438961994585,\n              35.30646365617464\n            ],\n            [\n              -117.9319179036895,\n              34.891835542928646\n            ]\n          ]\n        ],\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"16","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bb83ce4b08c986b32773b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Barth, A. P.","contributorId":16997,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Barth","given":"A.","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":384331,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Tosdal, R. M.","contributorId":54982,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tosdal","given":"R. M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":384333,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Wooden, J. L.","contributorId":58678,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wooden","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":384334,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Howard, K. A.","contributorId":48938,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Howard","given":"K.","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":384332,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70207787,"text":"70207787 - 1997 - Review of two visual programming languages for simulation modeling","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-01-10T12:05:32","indexId":"70207787","displayToPublicDate":"1997-03-31T12:02:02","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":5910,"text":"SWS Bulletin","printIssn":"0732-9393","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Review of two visual programming languages for simulation modeling","docAbstract":"<p>No abstract available.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Society of Wetland Scientists","usgsCitation":"Carter, J., 1997, Review of two visual programming languages for simulation modeling: SWS Bulletin, v. 14, no. 1, p. 38-39.","productDescription":"2 p.","startPage":"38","endPage":"39","costCenters":[{"id":455,"text":"National Wetlands Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":17705,"text":"Wetland and Aquatic Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":371161,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"14","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Carter, Jacoby 0000-0003-0110-0284 carterj@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0110-0284","contributorId":2399,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Carter","given":"Jacoby","email":"carterj@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":17705,"text":"Wetland and Aquatic Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":455,"text":"National Wetlands Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":779327,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70209292,"text":"70209292 - 1997 - Application of the Modern Analog Technique (MAT) of sea surface temperature estimation to middle Pliocene North Pacific planktonic foraminifer assemblages","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-03-27T12:24:14","indexId":"70209292","displayToPublicDate":"1997-03-27T12:18:06","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2997,"text":"Palaeontologia Electronica","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Application of the Modern Analog Technique (MAT) of sea surface temperature estimation to middle Pliocene North Pacific planktonic foraminifer assemblages","docAbstract":"<p><span>Seventy-two samples from Deep Sea Drilling Project Sites 445 and 463 and Ocean Drilling Program Site 769 from the northwest Pacific Ocean were compared to 499 modern core top Pacific Ocean samples using the squared chord distance dissimilarity measure. Many samples show high levels of dissimilarity that can be explained by pervasive dissolution and/or evolution changing the composition of the fossil assemblages. Weighted averages of winter and summer sea surface temperatures (SST) from the nearest five modern analogs of each fossil-bearing sample were used to estimate Pliocene SST. Results show little to no middle Pliocene warming at low latitudes (Site 769) and warming of 2°C to 4°C in winter and possibly 1°C in summer just north of the Philippine Sea (Site 445). These data, when combined with other estimates of Pliocene SST in the northwest Pacific, suggest an enhanced meridional oceanic heat flow, similar to that found in the North Atlantic during the same part of the Pliocene.</span></p>","language":"English","doi":"10.26879/98003","usgsCitation":"Dowsett, H.J., and Robinson, M.M., 1997, Application of the Modern Analog Technique (MAT) of sea surface temperature estimation to middle Pliocene North Pacific planktonic foraminifer assemblages: Palaeontologia Electronica, p. 1-22, https://doi.org/10.26879/98003.","productDescription":"1.1.3a, 22 p.","startPage":"1","endPage":"22","costCenters":[{"id":40020,"text":"Florence Bascom Geoscience Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":479927,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.26879/98003","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":373600,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"otherGeospatial":"Pacific Ocean ","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -198.28125,\n              -19.31114335506464\n            ],\n            [\n              -203.90625,\n              -48.92249926375823\n            ],\n            [\n              -202.5,\n              -64.77412531292872\n            ],\n            [\n              -88.59374999999999,\n              -52.482780222078205\n            ],\n            [\n              -81.5625,\n              -9.79567758282973\n            ],\n            [\n              -122.34374999999999,\n              28.304380682962783\n            ],\n            [\n              -184.21874999999997,\n              40.97989806962013\n            ],\n            [\n              -205.3125,\n              43.068887774169625\n            ],\n            [\n              -244.68749999999997,\n              28.304380682962783\n            ],\n            [\n              -229.21874999999997,\n              -11.178401873711772\n            ],\n            [\n              -198.28125,\n              -19.31114335506464\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Dowsett, Harry J. 0000-0003-1983-7524 hdowsett@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1983-7524","contributorId":949,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dowsett","given":"Harry","email":"hdowsett@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":243,"text":"Eastern Geology and Paleoclimate Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":40020,"text":"Florence Bascom Geoscience Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":785916,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Robinson, Marci M. 0000-0002-9200-4097 mmrobinson@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9200-4097","contributorId":2082,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Robinson","given":"Marci","email":"mmrobinson@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":40020,"text":"Florence Bascom Geoscience Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":243,"text":"Eastern Geology and Paleoclimate Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":785917,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":5223196,"text":"5223196 - 1997 - Estimating temporary emigration using capture-recapture data with Pollock's robust design","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-12-14T17:02:52.540954","indexId":"5223196","displayToPublicDate":"1997-03-01T12:17:47","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1465,"text":"Ecology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Estimating temporary emigration using capture-recapture data with Pollock's robust design","docAbstract":"<p>Statistical inference for capture–recapture studies of open animal populations typically relies on the assumption that all emigration from the studied population is permanent. However, there are many instances in which this assumption is unlikely to be met. We define two general models for the process of temporary emigration: completely random and Markovian. We then consider effects of these two types of temporary emigration on Jolly–Seber estimators and on estimators arising from the full-likelihood approach to robust design data.</p><p>Capture–recapture data arising from Pollock’s robust design provide the basis for obtaining unbiased estimates of demographic parameters in the presence of temporary emigration, and for estimating the probability of temporary emigration. We present a likelihood-based approach to dealing with temporary emigration that permits estimation under different models of temporary emigration and yields tests for completely random and Markovian emigration. In addition, we use the relationship between capture probability estimates based on closed and open models under completely random temporary emigration to derive three ad hoc estimators for the probability of temporary emigration. Two of these should be especially useful in situations where capture probabilities are heterogeneous among individual animals. Ad hoc and full-likelihood estimators are illustrated for small-mammal capture–recapture data sets.</p><p>We believe that these models and estimators will be useful for testing hypotheses about the process of temporary emigration, for estimating demographic parameters in the presence of temporary emigration, and for estimating probabilities of temporary emigration. These latter estimates are frequently of ecological interest as indicators of animal movement and, in some sampling situations, as direct estimates of breeding probabilities and proportions.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Ecological Society of America","doi":"10.1890/0012-9658(1997)078[0563:ETEUCR]2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Kendall, W., Nichols, J.D., and Hines, J.E., 1997, Estimating temporary emigration using capture-recapture data with Pollock's robust design: Ecology, v. 78, no. 2, p. 563-578, https://doi.org/10.1890/0012-9658(1997)078[0563:ETEUCR]2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"16 p.","startPage":"563","endPage":"578","numberOfPages":"16","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":503485,"rank":2,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"https://zotero.org/groups/5435545/items/38B73FQW","text":"External Repository"},{"id":196074,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"78","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a0ce4b07f02db5fc7d9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kendall, W. L. 0000-0003-0084-9891","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0084-9891","contributorId":32880,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kendall","given":"W. L.","affiliations":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":338094,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Nichols, James D. 0000-0002-7631-2890 jnichols@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7631-2890","contributorId":200533,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nichols","given":"James","email":"jnichols@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":338093,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hines, James E. 0000-0001-5478-7230 jhines@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5478-7230","contributorId":146530,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hines","given":"James","email":"jhines@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":338095,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70197195,"text":"70197195 - 1997 - Classification of mineral deposits into types using mineralogy with a probabilistic neural network","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-05-21T16:40:56","indexId":"70197195","displayToPublicDate":"1997-03-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2879,"text":"Nonrenewable Resources","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Classification of mineral deposits into types using mineralogy with a probabilistic neural network","docAbstract":"<p><span>In order to determine whether it is desirable to quantify mineral-deposit models further, a test of the ability of a probabilistic neural network to classify deposits into types based on mineralogy was conducted. Presence or absence of ore and alteration mineralogy in well-typed deposits were used to train the network. To reduce the number of minerals considered, the analyzed data were restricted to minerals present in at least 20% of at least one deposit type. An advantage of this restriction is that single or rare occurrences of minerals did not dominate the results. Probabilistic neural networks can provide mathematically sound confidence measures based on Bayes theorem and are relatively insensitive to outliers. Founded on Parzen density estimation, they require no assumptions about distributions of random variables used for classification, even handling multimodal distributions. They train quickly and work as well as, or better than, multiple-layer feedforward networks. Tests were performed with a probabilistic neural network employing a Gaussian kernel and separate sigma weights for each class and each variable. The training set was reduced to the presence or absence of 58 reported minerals in eight deposit types. The training set included: 49 Cyprus massive sulfide deposits; 200 kuroko massive sulfide deposits; 59 Comstock epithermal vein gold districts; 17 quartzalunite epithermal gold deposits; 25 Creede epithermal gold deposits; 28 sedimentary-exhalative zinc-lead deposits; 28 Sado epithermal vein gold deposits; and 100 porphyry copper deposits. The most common training problem was the error of classifying about 27% of Cyprus-type deposits in the training set as kuroko. In independent tests with deposits not used in the training set, 88% of 224 kuroko massive sulfide deposits were classed correctly, 92% of 25 porphyry copper deposits, 78% of 9 Comstock epithermal gold-silver districts, and 83% of six quartzalunite epithermal gold deposits were classed correctly. Across all deposit types, 88% of deposits in the validation dataset were correctly classed. Misclassifications were most common if a deposit was characterized by only a few minerals, e.g., pyrite, chalcopyrite,and sphalerite. The success rate jumped to 98% correctly classed deposits when just two rock types were added. Such a high success rate of the probabilistic neural network suggests that not only should this preliminary test be expanded to include other deposit types, but that other deposit features should be added.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/BF02816922","usgsCitation":"Singer, D.A., and Kouda, R., 1997, Classification of mineral deposits into types using mineralogy with a probabilistic neural network: Nonrenewable Resources, v. 6, no. 1, p. 27-32, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02816922.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"27","endPage":"32","costCenters":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":354371,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"6","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5b15971de4b092d9651e2228","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Singer, Donald A. dsinger@usgs.gov","contributorId":5601,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Singer","given":"Donald","email":"dsinger@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":735965,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kouda, Ryoichi","contributorId":198036,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Kouda","given":"Ryoichi","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":735966,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70019874,"text":"70019874 - 1997 - Constraints on establishment of plains cottonwood in an urban riparian preserve","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2026-04-27T16:53:58.353149","indexId":"70019874","displayToPublicDate":"1997-03-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3750,"text":"Wetlands","onlineIssn":"1943-6246","printIssn":"0277-5212","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Constraints on establishment of plains cottonwood in an urban riparian preserve","docAbstract":"<p><span>Plot sampling and hydraulic modeling were combined to investigate establishment and survival of plains cottonwood along Boulder Creek, an urban stream on the Colorado Plains. We tested the hypothesis that establishment is limited to bare, moist surfaces produced by spring flooding in the current year. No cottonwood germination was observed in 1989 when peak flow was low. A moderate peak of 11.9 m</span><sup>3</sup><span>/s in 1990 resulted in cottonwood establishment on surfaces inundated by discharges less than 15 m</span><sup>3</sup><span>/s. Surviving sapling cottonwoods established before 1989 occurred on surfaces inundated by discharges of 15–31 m</span><sup>3</sup><span>/s and dated to years with peak flows over 15 m</span><sup>3</sup><span>/s. Since 1969, establishment of cottonwood has been limited to a floodplain 21 m wide. Flow regulation and channel stabilization upstream and downstream of the study area have reduced the channel movement and overbank flooding that otherwise would have created bare, moist sites suitable for cottonwood establishment across a wider area. GIS analysis of aerial photographs shows that between 1937 and 1992 the channel has not moved and forest has encroached upon formerly open areas near the channel. A terrace, 317 m wide, is now dominated by trees that can reproduce in the absence of disturbance, especially the exotic crack willow.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Springer Nature","doi":"10.1007/BF03160725","issn":"02775212","usgsCitation":"Auble, G., Scott, M.L., Friedman, J.M., Back, J., and Lee, V., 1997, Constraints on establishment of plains cottonwood in an urban riparian preserve: Wetlands, v. 17, no. 1, p. 138-148, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03160725.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"138","endPage":"148","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":228216,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Colorado","city":"Boulder","otherGeospatial":"Boulder Creek","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -105.19807364185746,\n              40.05091978969946\n            ],\n            [\n              -105.19807364185746,\n              40.047803770452646\n            ],\n            [\n              -105.17798662720091,\n              40.047803770452646\n            ],\n            [\n              -105.17798662720091,\n              40.05091978969946\n            ],\n            [\n              -105.19807364185746,\n              40.05091978969946\n            ]\n          ]\n        ],\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"17","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059fa0be4b0c8380cd4d8d2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Auble, G.T.","contributorId":19505,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Auble","given":"G.T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":384236,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Scott, M. L.","contributorId":75090,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Scott","given":"M.","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":384240,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Friedman, Jonathan M. 0000-0002-1329-0663","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1329-0663","contributorId":44495,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Friedman","given":"Jonathan","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":384239,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Back, J.","contributorId":29700,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Back","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":384238,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Lee, V.J.","contributorId":23895,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lee","given":"V.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":384237,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":70246545,"text":"70246545 - 1997 - Selection of the Mars Pathfinder landing site","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-07-07T15:58:22.728939","indexId":"70246545","displayToPublicDate":"1997-02-01T10:55:38","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":10766,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research Planets","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Selection of the Mars Pathfinder landing site","docAbstract":"<p><span>The Mars Pathfinder spacecraft will land on a depositional fan near the mouth of the catastrophic outflow channel, Ares Vallis (19.5°N, 32.8°W). This site offers the prospect of analyzing a variety of rock types from the ancient cratered highlands, intermediate-age ridged plains, and reworked channel deposits. Analyses of these rocks by Pathfinder instruments will enable first-order scientific questions to be addressed, such as differentiation of the crust, the development of weathering products, and the nature of the early environment, as well as their subsequent evolution on Mars. Constraints imposed by (1) spacecraft and rover designs (which are robust), (2) entry, descent, and landing, (3) scientific potential at various sites, and (4) safety were important considerations in site selection. Engineering constraints require a 70 km by 200 km smooth, flat (low slopes) area located between 10° and 20°N that is below 0 km elevation, with average radar reflectivity, little dust, and moderate rock abundance. Three regions on Mars are between 10° and 20°N and below 0 km elevation: Chryse, Amazonis, and Isidis-Elysium. Science considerations favor sites at the mouths of outflow channels (grab bag sites offer an assay of rock types on Mars), highland sites (early crustal differentiation and climate), and sites covered with dark (unoxidized) material. Sites are considered safe if they are clearly below 0 km elevation, appear acceptably free of hazards in high-resolution (&lt;50 m/pixel) Viking orbiter images and have acceptable reflectivity and roughness at radar wavelengths, thermal inertia, rock abundance, red to violet ratio, and albedo. Recent 3.5-cm wavelength radar observations were used to verify elevation, reflectivity, and roughness within the landing ellipses. Three sites meet all of these criteria: Ares Vallis, Tritonis Lacus, and Isidis. Although Isidis appears to be safer than Tritonis and Ares, the greater scientific potential at Ares Vallis resulted in its selection. Comparisons of the Grand Coulee (channel) and the depositional Ephrata Fan of the Channeled Scabland in eastern Washington, with Ares Vallis and its depositional fan also suggest the Ares Vallis landing site is safe and scientifically interesting.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/96JE03318","usgsCitation":"Golombek, M.P., Cook, R.A., Moore, H., and Parker, T.J., 1997, Selection of the Mars Pathfinder landing site: Journal of Geophysical Research Planets, v. 102, no. E2, p. 3967-3988, https://doi.org/10.1029/96JE03318.","productDescription":"22 p.","startPage":"3967","endPage":"3988","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":479928,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/96je03318","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":418768,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"otherGeospatial":"Mars","volume":"102","issue":"E2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Golombek, M. P.","contributorId":173337,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Golombek","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[{"id":24701,"text":"JPL, SUNY Geneseo","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":877107,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Cook, R. A.","contributorId":211044,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Cook","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":877108,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Moore, H. J.","contributorId":71962,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Moore","given":"H. J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":877109,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Parker, Thomas J. tparker@usgs.gov","contributorId":2908,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Parker","given":"Thomas","email":"tparker@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":877110,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70187678,"text":"70187678 - 1997 - Land cover characterization and land surface parameterization research","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-05-12T13:52:56","indexId":"70187678","displayToPublicDate":"1997-02-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1450,"text":"Ecological Applications","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Land cover characterization and land surface parameterization research","docAbstract":"<p><span>The understanding of land surface processes and their parameterization in atmospheric, hydrologic, and ecosystem models has been a dominant research theme over the past decade. For example, many studies have demonstrated the key role of land cover characteristics as controlling factors in determining land surface processes, such as the exchange of water, energy, carbon, and trace gases between the land surface and the lower atmosphere. The requirements for multiresolution land cover characteristics data to support coupled-systems modeling have also been well documented, including the need for data on land cover type, land use, and many seasonally variable land cover characteristics, such as albedo, leaf area index, canopy conductance, surface roughness, and net primary productivity. Recently, the developers of land data have worked more closely with the land surface process modelers in these efforts.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Ecological Society of America","doi":"10.1890/1051-0761(1997)007[0001:LCCALS]2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Steyaert, L.T., Loveland, T.R., and Parton, W.J., 1997, Land cover characterization and land surface parameterization research: Ecological Applications, v. 7, no. 1, p. 1-2, https://doi.org/10.1890/1051-0761(1997)007[0001:LCCALS]2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"2 p.","startPage":"1","endPage":"2","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":341233,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"7","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5916c9bce4b044b359e486c0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Steyaert, Louis T.","contributorId":24689,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Steyaert","given":"Louis","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":695045,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Loveland, Thomas R. 0000-0003-3114-6646 loveland@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3114-6646","contributorId":140256,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Loveland","given":"Thomas","email":"loveland@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":223,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center (Geography)","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":695046,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Parton, William J.","contributorId":25885,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Parton","given":"William","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":695047,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70217158,"text":"70217158 - 1997 - Combining digital spatial data with hydrologic measurements to interpret controls of stream chemistry in large watersheds","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-01-07T14:01:41.581874","indexId":"70217158","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-07T07:57:09","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Combining digital spatial data with hydrologic measurements to interpret controls of stream chemistry in large watersheds","docAbstract":"<p>No abstract available.</p>","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"BIOGEOMON '97 journal of conference abstracts","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"language":"English","usgsCitation":"Baevsky, Y.H., Lawrence, G.B., Wolock, D.M., Burns, D.A., and Murdoch, P.S., 1997, Combining digital spatial data with hydrologic measurements to interpret controls of stream chemistry in large watersheds, <i>in</i> BIOGEOMON '97 journal of conference abstracts, v. 2, no. 2.","costCenters":[{"id":474,"text":"New York Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":37778,"text":"WMA - Integrated Modeling and Prediction Division","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":381999,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"New York","otherGeospatial":"Neversink watershed","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -74.6905517578125,\n              41.80842868050027\n            ],\n            [\n              -74.62738037109375,\n              41.80842868050027\n            ],\n            [\n              -74.62738037109375,\n              41.88771017105127\n            ],\n            [\n              -74.6905517578125,\n              41.88771017105127\n            ],\n            [\n              -74.6905517578125,\n              41.80842868050027\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"2","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Baevsky, Yvonne H. 0000-0002-9282-3543","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9282-3543","contributorId":29025,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Baevsky","given":"Yvonne","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":807769,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lawrence, Gregory B. 0000-0002-8035-2350 glawrenc@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8035-2350","contributorId":867,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lawrence","given":"Gregory","email":"glawrenc@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[{"id":474,"text":"New York Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":807770,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Wolock, David M. 0000-0002-6209-938X dwolock@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6209-938X","contributorId":540,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wolock","given":"David","email":"dwolock@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":37778,"text":"WMA - Integrated Modeling and Prediction Division","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":27111,"text":"National Water Quality Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":353,"text":"Kansas Water Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":451,"text":"National Water Quality Assessment Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":503,"text":"Office of Water Quality","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":807771,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Burns, Douglas A. 0000-0001-6516-2869 daburns@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6516-2869","contributorId":1237,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Burns","given":"Douglas","email":"daburns@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":474,"text":"New York Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":807772,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Murdoch, Peter S. 0000-0001-9243-505X pmurdoch@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9243-505X","contributorId":2453,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Murdoch","given":"Peter","email":"pmurdoch@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":5067,"text":"Northeast Regional Director's Office","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":807773,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":70206433,"text":"70206433 - 1997 - Relation of the lower Pennsylvanian unconformity to a mid-carboniferous eustatic event in the eastern United States","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-12-11T16:08:26.858009","indexId":"70206433","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T17:02:35","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3108,"text":"Prace - Panstwowego Instytutu Geologicznego","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Relation of the lower Pennsylvanian unconformity to a mid-carboniferous eustatic event in the eastern United States","docAbstract":"<p><span>Two contrasting concepts specifying the age and duration of the hiatus resulting from a mid-Carboniferous eustatic event in the eastern United States are based on different evidence. The original model indicated that the hiatus is at an unconformity in cratonic areas that was assumed to coincide with the Mississippian-Pennsylvanian boundary at the contact between the Mississippian Bluestone Formation and the Pennsylvanian Pocahontas Formation in the Appalachian foreland basin. This concept was adhered to exclusively until 1969 and continues to reappear in reports dealing with global correlations and division of the Carboniferous into the Mississippian and Pennsylvanian Systems. This division is at a major eustatic event that supposedly occurred at about 330 Ma in scattered parts of the world, including the Appalachian basin. An alternative concept, fully supported by geologic mapping and biostratigraphic studies, indicates that the unconformity and associated hiatus are much younger because they originate in the Appalachian foreland basin in the lower part (upper Namurian) of the Lower Pennsylvanian New River Formation, about 260 m above the Mississippian-Pennsylvanian boundary. The duration of this hiatus increases in a northwesterly direction onto the cratonic shelf because the unconformity progressively truncated the underlying Lower Pennsylvanian and Upper Mississippian successions. The westward onlap of Pennsylvanian strata onto the eroded surface resulted in a hiatus from the Early Mississippian (Tournaisian) to the Middle Pennsylvanian (Westphalian B). The systemic boundary, which is in a depositional continuous sequence of strata in the Appalachian foreland basin, was correlated biostratigraphically by Pfefferkorn and Gillespie in 1982 with Gothan's \"Florensprung\" (floral break) described in 1913 at the Namurian A-B boundary in the Upper Silesian basin. An intra-Namurian erosive event was noted also in the Upper Silesian basin by Havlena, who reported in 1982 that an intra-Namurian erosive contact occurs well above the Florensprung. The origin of the Florensprung in depositional continuous strata has been attributed to tectonism, environment, or climate. However, spherules found in depositional continuous strata near the Mississippian-Pennsylvanian boundary in the Appalachian basin indicate that the effect of an asteroid impact may be the underlying cause for the biodiversity noted at the systemic boundary.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","usgsCitation":"Englund, K.J., and Thomas, R.E., 1997, Relation of the lower Pennsylvanian unconformity to a mid-carboniferous eustatic event in the eastern United States: Prace - Panstwowego Instytutu Geologicznego, no. 157 Part 3, p. 170-172.","productDescription":"3 p.","startPage":"170","endPage":"172","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":368911,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Pennsylvania, 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 \"}}]}","issue":"157 Part 3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Englund, K. J.","contributorId":96684,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Englund","given":"K.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":774528,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Thomas, R. E.","contributorId":104489,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thomas","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":774529,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70221811,"text":"70221811 - 1997 - Deep regional resistivity structure across the Carlin Trend","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-07-07T20:17:49.671929","indexId":"70221811","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T15:11:46","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"Deep regional resistivity structure across the Carlin Trend","docAbstract":"<p><span>The genesis of gold deposits along the Carlin trend is not fully understood. Many of the significant mineral deposits in the Carlin trend were formed during the Tertiary as a result of interrelated high-angle basin-and-range faulting, intrusive igneous activity, and hydrothermal processes (Radtke, 1985). According to Shawe (1991), the linearity of the gold deposits along the Carlin trend and the sub-parallel Battle Mountain-Eureka trend suggests that deep-penetrating regional structures controlled the emplacement of magmas generated in the lower part of the crust or upper mantle, and either provided hydrothermal fluids or caused heating of ground waters that were responsible for transport and deposition of the gold ores. To investigate crustal processes that may have contributed to the genesis of gold deposits along the trend, a regional southwest to northeast profile of magnetotelluric (MT) soundings was acquired in 1996 (line MT-MT′, Fig. 1). Two-dimensional resistivity modeling of the MT profile is being used to place constraints on possible heat or magma sources and possible tectonic controls on the linear distribution of mineral deposits.</span></p>","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Carlin-type gold deposits field conference","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":15,"text":"Monograph"},"language":"English","publisher":"Society of Economic Geologists","doi":"10.5382/GB.28","usgsCitation":"Rodriguez, B.D., 1997, Deep regional resistivity structure across the Carlin Trend, chap. <i>of</i> Carlin-type gold deposits field conference, v. 28, p. 39-45, https://doi.org/10.5382/GB.28.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"39","endPage":"45","costCenters":[{"id":35995,"text":"Geology, Geophysics, and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":387009,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"28","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Vikre, Peter 0000-0001-7895-5972","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7895-5972","contributorId":203922,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Vikre","given":"Peter","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":818825,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Thompson, Tommy B.","contributorId":38014,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thompson","given":"Tommy","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":818826,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Bettles, K. H.","contributorId":49556,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Bettles","given":"K.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":818827,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Christensen, Odin","contributorId":260806,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Christensen","given":"Odin","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":818828,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Parratt, Ron","contributorId":260807,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Parratt","given":"Ron","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":818829,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":5}],"authors":[{"text":"Rodriguez, Brian D. 0000-0002-2263-611X brod@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2263-611X","contributorId":836,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rodriguez","given":"Brian","email":"brod@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":211,"text":"Crustal Geophysics and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":818817,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70231436,"text":"70231436 - 1997 - Age and correlation of tephra layers, position of the Matuyama-Brunhes chron boundary, and effects of Bishop Ash eruption on Owens Lake, as determined from drill hole OL-92, Southeast California","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":70231436,"text":"70231436 - 1997 - Age and correlation of tephra layers, position of the Matuyama-Brunhes chron boundary, and effects of Bishop Ash eruption on Owens Lake, as determined from drill hole OL-92, Southeast California","indexId":"70231436","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"title":"Age and correlation of tephra layers, position of the Matuyama-Brunhes chron boundary, and effects of Bishop Ash eruption on Owens Lake, as determined from drill hole OL-92, Southeast California"},"predicate":"IS_PART_OF","object":{"id":70231435,"text":"70231435 - 1997 - An 800,000-year paleoclimatic record from core OL-92, Owens Lake, Southeast California","indexId":"70231435","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"title":"An 800,000-year paleoclimatic record from core OL-92, Owens Lake, Southeast California"},"id":1}],"isPartOf":{"id":70231435,"text":"70231435 - 1997 - An 800,000-year paleoclimatic record from core OL-92, Owens Lake, Southeast California","indexId":"70231435","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"title":"An 800,000-year paleoclimatic record from core OL-92, Owens Lake, Southeast California"},"lastModifiedDate":"2022-05-10T16:30:17.820787","indexId":"70231436","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T11:25:47","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"Age and correlation of tephra layers, position of the Matuyama-Brunhes chron boundary, and effects of Bishop Ash eruption on Owens Lake, as determined from drill hole OL-92, Southeast California","docAbstract":"<p>Tephra layers in the ~323-m-deep Owens lake drill hole OL-92 correlate to tephra layers that have been identified and dated elsewhere in the western United States. Tephra layers identified are the Bishop ash bed (758 ka) at 309.2–298.6 m; the Dibekulewe (ash) bed (ca. 470 ka to ca. 610 ka) at ~224 m; and one of several ash beds in Walker Lake (ca. 60 ka to ca. 80 ka) at ~50.7 m. Other tephra layers, the ages of which are poorly constrained, have also been identified. Age constraints from a sedimentation-rate curve based on dry bulk density and independently derived magnetostratigraphy provide new age constraints to the undated or poorly dated tephra layers: ca. 740 ka for the ash of Thermal Canyon, and ca. 510 ka for the Dibekulewe (ash) bed. </p><p>Bishop tephra fell into a deep Owens Lake, but the lake shallowed as ash was rapidly reworked by wind and water within the Owens Lake basin. The shallowing of the lake was the result in part to filling with the large volume of ash that was deposited in the basin and then reworked into the lake, but the filling was also an effect of the onset of a moderately warm interstadial period of hemispheric or global extent corresponding to oxygen-isotope stage 19. The lake deepened again as the last several meters of the 10-m-thick, composite ash bed were deposited in the lake. Despite its great thickness, reworking of the light ash must have been rapid. </p><p>The position of the Matuyama-Brunhes paleomagnetic boundary is estimated to be between 311.4 m and 314.8 m, and most likely between 311.4 m and 312.9 m, in the core, based on (1) the pattern of magnetic inclinations in the Owens Lake core as compared with those at other sites in the region; (2) estimates of the time elapsed between the magnetic reversal and the deposition of the Bishop ash bed; and (3) the probable range of sediment-deposition rates in Owens Lake during this time.</p>","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"An 800,000-year paleoclimatic record from core OL-92, Owens Lake, Southeast California","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":15,"text":"Monograph"},"language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/0-8137-2317-5.79","usgsCitation":"Sarna-Wojcicki, A.M., Meyer, C.E., and Wan, E., 1997, Age and correlation of tephra layers, position of the Matuyama-Brunhes chron boundary, and effects of Bishop Ash eruption on Owens Lake, as determined from drill hole OL-92, Southeast California, chap. <i>of</i> An 800,000-year paleoclimatic record from core OL-92, Owens Lake, Southeast California, v. 317, p. 79-90, https://doi.org/10.1130/0-8137-2317-5.79.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"79","endPage":"90","costCenters":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":400429,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Owens Lake","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -118.15246582031249,\n              36.27085020723902\n            ],\n            [\n              -117.81463623046875,\n              36.27085020723902\n            ],\n            [\n              -117.81463623046875,\n              36.641977814705946\n            ],\n            [\n              -118.15246582031249,\n              36.641977814705946\n            ],\n            [\n              -118.15246582031249,\n              36.27085020723902\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"317","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Sarna-Wojcicki, Andrei M. 0000-0002-0244-9149 asarna@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0244-9149","contributorId":1046,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sarna-Wojcicki","given":"Andrei","email":"asarna@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":842601,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Meyer, Charles E.","contributorId":84007,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Meyer","given":"Charles","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":842602,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Wan, Elmira 0000-0002-9255-112X ewan@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9255-112X","contributorId":3434,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wan","given":"Elmira","email":"ewan@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":842603,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70231434,"text":"70231434 - 1997 - Synthesis of the paleoclimatic record from Owens Lake core OL-92","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":70231434,"text":"70231434 - 1997 - Synthesis of the paleoclimatic record from Owens Lake core OL-92","indexId":"70231434","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"title":"Synthesis of the paleoclimatic record from Owens Lake core OL-92"},"predicate":"IS_PART_OF","object":{"id":70231435,"text":"70231435 - 1997 - An 800,000-year paleoclimatic record from core OL-92, Owens Lake, Southeast California","indexId":"70231435","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"title":"An 800,000-year paleoclimatic record from core OL-92, Owens Lake, Southeast California"},"id":1}],"isPartOf":{"id":70231435,"text":"70231435 - 1997 - An 800,000-year paleoclimatic record from core OL-92, Owens Lake, Southeast California","indexId":"70231435","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"title":"An 800,000-year paleoclimatic record from core OL-92, Owens Lake, Southeast California"},"lastModifiedDate":"2022-05-10T16:18:53.238498","indexId":"70231434","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T11:08:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"Synthesis of the paleoclimatic record from Owens Lake core OL-92","docAbstract":"<p>During much of the late Quaternary, Owens Lake overflowed into one or more of four successively lower-elevation basins. Most of the water came from the high, eastern slopes of the southern Sierra Nevada, and changes in the volumes of that water reflect a dominant climatic cycle of ~100 k.y. </p><p>Variations in the inflow to, and outflow from, Owens Lake since ca. 800 ka left biological, chemical, mineralogical, and geophysical evidence in the sediments of those changes. Biological evidence includes fossil ostracodes, diatoms, fish, and mollusks (and δ<sup>18</sup>O data from their shells) which indicate fresh or brackish lake water on the basis of their modern habitats. Fossil pollens indicate ~20 regional vegetation cycles during the same period. Chemical evidence of high inflow and, commonly, outflow volumes is provided by the low inorganic- and organic-C content of some sediments, reflecting short lake-water residence times; long residence times produced higher and more variable quantities of these components. Mineralogical variations in illite/smectite ratios indicate changes in weathering processes and glacial comminution. High magnetic susceptibility correlates with other criteria that indicate high runoff. </p><p>Between 810 ka and 645 ka, Owens Lake was fresh, several meters deep, and depositing silt with a few beds of sand; it supported a flora and fauna now found in fresh, sometimes very cool, waters. (Note that most geologic ages describing the OL-92 chronology have been rounded to the nearest 5 or 10 ka.) A shallow-but-freshwater lake may have been the result of accelerated sedimentation during an earlier (&gt;800 ka) glaciation in the Sierra Nevada, choking the basin with sediment nearly to its spillway level. Between 645 ka and 450 ka, the lake was probably even shallower, depositing beds of coarse to fine sand, but overflowing periodically allowing its water to remain fresh. Between 450 ka and 5 ka, Owens Lake was mostly deep, alternating between spilling and being closed part of the time. It deposited silt and clay on its floor, yet underwent detectable variations in salinity caused by climate changes; this part of the record is the most easily interpreted and constitutes the main basis for comparing this paleoclimatic record with other long records. From 5 ka to A.D. 1913, when the Owens River was diverted into an aqueduct, Owens Lake was shallow (~2 m to ~15 m), moderately saline (~5% to &lt;15% salts), and depositing oolites. After 1913, the lake desiccated. </p><p>Comparison of the Owens Lake water-depth record with that of Searles Lake, two-basins downstream during much of late Pleistocene time, shows that they underwent similar responses to climate, but sedimentation changes documenting those responses commenced thousands of years apart, apparently because changes in precipitation volumes occurred gradually. Owens Lake, at the base of high mountains, was the first to reflect increasing amounts of regional precipitation; Searles, in a more arid environment, was the first to reflect decreasing amounts of precipitation. </p><p>Devils Hole, 150 km east of Owens Lake, has a well dated isotopic-temperature record that resembles the Owens Lake-depth record. Marine records of Pleistocene glacial fluctuations, which measure high-latitude ice-sheet volumes and thus both precipitation and temperature at those latitudes, also resemble the Owens Lake history. There are, however, differences between the ages of the maxima and minima of climatic events as reconstructed from the Owens Lake core and similar-appearing inflections in the other two records; the differences range from 0 to 33 k.y. and average ~15 k.y. </p><p>The question arises whether the differences between those ages are results of errors in the time-scale used for the Owens Lake record, or were there significant differences in the times when atmospheric climate change began to affect its different elements. The three records compared here are measurements of different elements and combinations of elements in two latitude belts: the deep-sea marine records measure combinations of temperature and precipitation that determined global ice volumes (at mostly high latitudes), the Devils Hole record measures atmospheric temperatures (in its mid-latitude region), and the Owens Lake record measures effective precipitation (in the same mid-latitude region).</p>","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"An 800,000-year paleoclimatic record from core OL-92, Owens Lake, Southeast California","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":15,"text":"Monograph"},"language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/0-8137-2317-5.143","usgsCitation":"Smith, G., Bischoff, J.L., and Bradbury, J.P., 1997, Synthesis of the paleoclimatic record from Owens Lake core OL-92, chap. <i>of</i> An 800,000-year paleoclimatic record from core OL-92, Owens Lake, Southeast California, v. 317, p. 143-160, https://doi.org/10.1130/0-8137-2317-5.143.","productDescription":"18 p.","startPage":"143","endPage":"160","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":400426,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Owens Lake","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -118.15246582031249,\n              36.27085020723902\n            ],\n            [\n              -117.81463623046875,\n              36.27085020723902\n            ],\n            [\n              -117.81463623046875,\n              36.641977814705946\n            ],\n            [\n              -118.15246582031249,\n              36.641977814705946\n            ],\n            [\n              -118.15246582031249,\n              36.27085020723902\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"317","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Smith, George I.","contributorId":57096,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"George I.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":842596,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bischoff, James L. jbischoff@usgs.gov","contributorId":1389,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bischoff","given":"James","email":"jbischoff@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":842597,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Bradbury, J. Platt","contributorId":91106,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bradbury","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"Platt","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":842598,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70231432,"text":"70231432 - 1997 - An 800,000-year pollen record from Owens Lake, California: Preliminary analyses","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":70231432,"text":"70231432 - 1997 - An 800,000-year pollen record from Owens Lake, California: Preliminary analyses","indexId":"70231432","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"title":"An 800,000-year pollen record from Owens Lake, California: Preliminary analyses"},"predicate":"IS_PART_OF","object":{"id":70231435,"text":"70231435 - 1997 - An 800,000-year paleoclimatic record from core OL-92, Owens Lake, Southeast California","indexId":"70231435","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"title":"An 800,000-year paleoclimatic record from core OL-92, Owens Lake, Southeast California"},"id":1}],"isPartOf":{"id":70231435,"text":"70231435 - 1997 - An 800,000-year paleoclimatic record from core OL-92, Owens Lake, Southeast California","indexId":"70231435","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"title":"An 800,000-year paleoclimatic record from core OL-92, Owens Lake, Southeast California"},"lastModifiedDate":"2022-05-10T16:19:14.09398","indexId":"70231432","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T10:54:14","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"An 800,000-year pollen record from Owens Lake, California: Preliminary analyses","docAbstract":"<p>A long sequence of fossil palynomorph assemblages from a 323-m-long core taken at Owens Lake has enabled us to evaluate the gross vegetational trends for the Owens Valley region of California over the past ~800,000 years. Shifts in vegetation composition and abundance in the study area during the Pleistocene were indicated in core sediments by marked fluctuations in the pollen frequencies of pines, junipers, and, to a lesser extent, of big sagebrush, composites, and chenopods/amaranths. The modern vegetation distribution and modern pollen rain on the eastern flank of the Sierra Nevada indicate that maximal abundances of these taxa generally characterize higher elevation subalpine and montane coniferous forests, lower elevation coniferous woodland, steppe, and desert scrub environments. Pollen frequencies in the upper part of core OL-92 corroborate vegetational trends documented previously from late Wisconsin and Holocene <i>Neotoma</i> middens in the Great Basin. These trends and evidence from this study suggest that woodland taxa expanded their range down the slope of the eastern flank of the Sierra Nevada and were established in (and immediately adjacent to) Owens Valley during moderated climates of the late Wisconsin, apparently in response to decreases in temperature and increases in precipitation, but retreated upslope toward their present position starting as long ago as ca. 20 ka. </p><p>More importantly, pollen evidence from core OL-92 documents that the southern Sierra Nevada has experienced nine major cool-to-warm vegetation shifts (in addition to the late Wisconsin-early Holocene warming) during the time interval spanning the middle Pleistocene to early Holocene (Brunhes Normal Polarity Chron). We believe that at least six consecutive cool-to-warm shifts (the most recent ones) represent transitions from full-glacial to full-interglacial conditions on the basis of the magnitude of vegetation change in this portion of the pollen record. These marked changes in the frequency curves of dominant palynomorph taxa enabled us to identify boundaries that define 19 (?20) pollen zones in OL-92. The excursions of the pollen frequency curves within and across zone boundaries approximate the nature, duration, and timing of the middle and late Pleistocene climatic trends documented by geochemical (δ<sup>18</sup>O) evidence from OL-92 and from Devils Hole (DH-11) in the Amargosa Desert of Nevada.</p>","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"An 800,000-year paleoclimatic record from core OL-92, Owens Lake, Southeast California","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":15,"text":"Monograph"},"language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/0-8137-2317-5.127","usgsCitation":"Litwin, R.J., Adam, D., Frederiksen, N.O., and Woolfenden, W.B., 1997, An 800,000-year pollen record from Owens Lake, California: Preliminary analyses, chap. <i>of</i> An 800,000-year paleoclimatic record from core OL-92, Owens Lake, Southeast California, v. 317, p. 127-142, https://doi.org/10.1130/0-8137-2317-5.127.","productDescription":"16 p.","startPage":"127","endPage":"142","costCenters":[{"id":241,"text":"Eastern Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":400425,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Owens Lake","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -118.15246582031249,\n              36.27085020723902\n            ],\n            [\n              -117.81463623046875,\n              36.27085020723902\n            ],\n            [\n              -117.81463623046875,\n              36.641977814705946\n            ],\n            [\n              -118.15246582031249,\n              36.641977814705946\n            ],\n            [\n              -118.15246582031249,\n              36.27085020723902\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"317","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Litwin, Ronald J. 0000-0002-8661-1296 rlitwin@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8661-1296","contributorId":2478,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Litwin","given":"Ronald","email":"rlitwin@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":40020,"text":"Florence Bascom Geoscience Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":243,"text":"Eastern Geology and Paleoclimate Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":842588,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Adam, D.P.","contributorId":14815,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Adam","given":"D.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":842589,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Frederiksen, N. O.","contributorId":78356,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Frederiksen","given":"N.","email":"","middleInitial":"O.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":842590,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Woolfenden, W. B.","contributorId":291588,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Woolfenden","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":842591,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70246544,"text":"70246544 - 1997 - Some comparisons between recent ground-motion relations","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-07-07T15:50:31.009681","indexId":"70246544","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T10:47:49","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3372,"text":"Seismological Research Letters","onlineIssn":"1938-2057","printIssn":"0895-0695","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Some comparisons between recent ground-motion relations","docAbstract":"<p>We provide an overview of new ground-motion relations for eastern North America (ENA) developed over the last five years. The empirical-stochastic relations of Atkinson and Boore (1995) are compared to relations developed by the Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI, 1993; also Toro<span>&nbsp;</span><i>et al.</i>, 1994), Frankel<span>&nbsp;</span><i>et al.</i><span>&nbsp;</span>(1996), and the consensus ENA ground-motion values as reported by SSHAC (1996). The main difference between our relations and those of EPRI or Frankel is in the low-frequency amplitudes (<i>f</i><span>&nbsp;</span>&lt; 2 Hz, all magnitudes). We predict lower amplitudes (by more than a factor of two) at 1 Hz, largely due to our use of an empirical source model rather than a single-corner-frequency Brune source model; the use of the empirical source model is motivated by the desire to match the ENA ground-motion database as closely as possible.</p><p>We also compare our new ENA relations to empirical relations for California. The comparison is complicated by the need to adjust the ENA hard-rock motions to obtain equivalent motions for typical California soil conditions. Two alternative methods of making this correction lead to somewhat different conclusions. One possible conclusion is that our ENA relations predict similar low-frequency amplitudes to those predicted by Boore<span>&nbsp;</span><i>et al.</i><span>&nbsp;</span>(1993, 1994) and Abrahamson and Silva (1996) for California, but our predicted ENA amplitudes are much higher (factor &gt; 2) than California values at high frequencies. The alternative soil correction leads to the conclusion that our ENA relations are moderately lower (factor&lt;2) than the California relations at low frequencies, and moderately higher at high frequencies. Both of these conclusions imply that ground-motion relations or time series for earthquakes in one region cannot be simply modified for use in engineering analyses in another region.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Seismological Society of America","doi":"10.1785/gssrl.68.1.24","usgsCitation":"Atkinson, G.M., and Boore, D., 1997, Some comparisons between recent ground-motion relations: Seismological Research Letters, v. 68, no. 1, p. 24-40, https://doi.org/10.1785/gssrl.68.1.24.","productDescription":"17 p.","startPage":"24","endPage":"40","costCenters":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":418767,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"68","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Atkinson, Gail M.","contributorId":60515,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Atkinson","given":"Gail","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":13255,"text":"University of Western Ontario","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":877105,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Boore, David 0000-0002-8605-9673 boore@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8605-9673","contributorId":140502,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Boore","given":"David","email":"boore@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":877106,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70246541,"text":"70246541 - 1997 - Structural underpinnings and neotectonics of the southern Illinois Basin: An overview","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-07-07T15:35:21.756576","indexId":"70246541","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T10:28:12","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3372,"text":"Seismological Research Letters","onlineIssn":"1938-2057","printIssn":"0895-0695","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Structural underpinnings and neotectonics of the southern Illinois Basin: An overview","docAbstract":"<p><span>The southern end of the Illinois Basin is one of the most structurally complex regions in the Midcontinent United States. Two major structural elements characterize this part of the basin: (1) A broad southwestward-plunging cratonic depression extends across central Illinois and southwestern Indiana. Investigations of historical and prehistorical earthquakes in this part of the basin indicate that moderate to high earthquake potential exists; the seismogenic sources, however, remain enigmatic. (2) The southernmost part of the basin is underlain by the Reelfoot Rift and Rough Creek Graben, a rift system that formed during late Precambrian to Middle Cambrian time. Geodynamic processes operating within the rift since the late Precambrian have had a major influence on the tectonic, diagenetic, and depositional history of the region. In addition, tectonic compressive stress appears to be reactivating ancient faults within the Reelfoot Rift, resulting in coherent linear segments of earthquake epicenters called the New Madrid Seismic Zone. Geological and geophysical information suggests that the cause of earthquakes in the New Madrid Seismic Zone is unrelated to that in the region north of the rift system.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Seismological Society of America","doi":"10.1785/gssrl.68.4.499","usgsCitation":"Kolata, D.R., and Hildenbrand, T., 1997, Structural underpinnings and neotectonics of the southern Illinois Basin: An overview: Seismological Research Letters, v. 68, no. 4, p. 499-510, https://doi.org/10.1785/gssrl.68.4.499.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"499","endPage":"510","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":418764,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Illinois, Indiana, Kentucky, Missouri","otherGeospatial":"southern Illinois basin","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -90.27447283709975,\n              41.41183369485614\n            ],\n            [\n              -90.93857342431667,\n              41.37140588350414\n            ],\n            [\n              -90.93137352626161,\n              40.94011389916565\n            ],\n            [\n              -91.20728941367187,\n              40.462464675631395\n            ],\n            [\n              -91.36100165616378,\n              40.05529465549472\n            ],\n            [\n              -90.69094933424739,\n              38.9221351333409\n            ],\n            [\n              -90.14058516164883,\n              37.95872173669419\n            ],\n            [\n              -88.33165527912766,\n              36.818875882467296\n            ],\n            [\n              -88.07921245486332,\n              36.428480841463184\n            ],\n            [\n              -86.82967017221293,\n              36.547876703949996\n            ],\n            [\n              -85.09255063257578,\n              37.09748423869138\n            ],\n            [\n              -84.8735167164121,\n              38.1134437734527\n            ],\n            [\n              -86.29591821115405,\n              40.47817492676333\n            ],\n            [\n              -87.47134673306802,\n              40.93996137056837\n            ],\n            [\n              -89.29379182308247,\n              41.50855899429499\n            ],\n            [\n              -90.27447283709975,\n              41.41183369485614\n            ]\n          ]\n        ],\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"68","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kolata, Dennis R.","contributorId":79495,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Kolata","given":"Dennis","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":877101,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hildenbrand, T.G.","contributorId":83892,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hildenbrand","given":"T.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":877102,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70246540,"text":"70246540 - 1997 - Broad-scale climatic influences on rainfall thresholds for debris flows: Adapting thresholds for northern California to southern California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-07-07T15:26:22.172978","indexId":"70246540","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T10:22:17","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"Broad-scale climatic influences on rainfall thresholds for debris flows: Adapting thresholds for northern California to southern California","docAbstract":"<p>A Landslide Warning System (LWS) operated in the San Francisco Bay region until late 1995. The LWS issued public advisories when rainfall conditions reached or approached critical levels for triggering debris flows (\"mudslides\"). Interest in an LWS for southern California was revived by the destructive landslides triggered by the storms of January and February 1993 and by the debris-flow problems created by the extensive areas burned in large wildfires the following autumn. Although a number of elements for an LWS already exist in southern California, a critical element must still be developed: the “threshold,” a defined set of values of rainfall intensity and duration that predicts debris-flow initiation within a specified region.</p><p>Although reliable rainfall/debris-flow thresholds exist for the San Francisco Bay region, climatic dissimilarities between there and southern California produce differ-ences in the thickness, character, and behavior of the hillslope materials that necessi-tate adjustment of the thresholds. Of particular importance are the amount and distribution of precipitation, which, along the California coast, are controlled by ele-vation, distance from the coastline, and storm frequency. Storm frequency, in turn, is strongly correlated with geographic latitude. Although storms are less frequent in southern California, with a consequent decrease in mean annual precipitation, average rainfall amounts for individual storms generally equal those of storms farther north.</p><p>A procedure is developed for modifying existing rainfall/debris-flow thresholds to account for these changes in precipitation patterns. Then, a set of interim rainfall/ debris-flow thresholds is derived for the greater Los Angeles region. As a demonstra-tion, these interim thresholds are compared with data on rainfall and debris-flow occur-rence during January and February 1993.</p>","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Storm-induced geologic hazards","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":15,"text":"Monograph"},"language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/REG11-p71","usgsCitation":"Wilson, R.C., 1997, Broad-scale climatic influences on rainfall thresholds for debris flows: Adapting thresholds for northern California to southern California, chap. <i>of</i> Storm-induced geologic hazards, v. 11, p. 71-80, https://doi.org/10.1130/REG11-p71.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"71","endPage":"80","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":418763,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United 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 \"}}]}","volume":"11","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1997-01-01","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Larson, Robert A.","contributorId":316217,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Larson","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":877099,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Slosson, James E.","contributorId":316218,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Slosson","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":877100,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2}],"authors":[{"text":"Wilson, Raymond C. rwilson@usgs.gov","contributorId":5103,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wilson","given":"Raymond","email":"rwilson@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":877098,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70211066,"text":"70211066 - 1997 - Geochemical processes controlling uranium mobility in mine drainages","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-07-13T15:23:40.41777","indexId":"70211066","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T10:17:12","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"Geochemical processes controlling uranium mobility in mine drainages","docAbstract":"<p>Comprehensive models of ore genesis incorporate metal sources, transport and concentration mechanisms, and preservation mechanisms. Analogous concepts apply to the problem of metal migration from mines, mine wastes, and mine tailings, including: the concentrations, mineralogical occurrence, and availability of metals in mineral deposits, host rocks, mine wastes, and tailings (the source); the mechanisms for metal mobilization and transport during weathering; the mechanisms for metal fixation and the permanence of the fixation. Similarly, undisturbed mineral deposits or alteration zones that are exposed at the Earth's surface may be natural sources from which metals can be solubilized during weathering.</p><p>Uranium (U), a naturally-occurring radioactive element, may be present in mineral deposits in sufficient concentrations that in itself constitutes ore. It may also be present in ores of other metals at concentrations that exceed average crustal abundances. Any uranium that is not completely removed from these ores in the mining and milling process may be available for mobilization into ground or surface waters via the weathering and oxidation of solid tailings or mine waste piles. This chapter discusses the relative importance of various geochemical processes that control uranium mobility via weathering in both mined and unmined mineralized environments. The data presented in this paper focus on mined areas because the great extent of historic mining in the field areas examined for this study preclude extensive consideration of undisturbed areas.</p>","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"The environmental geochemistry of mineral deposits: Part A: Processes, techniques, and health issues Part B: Case studies and research topics","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":15,"text":"Monograph"},"doi":"10.5382/Rev.06.09","usgsCitation":"Wanty, R.B., Miller, W.R., Briggs, P.H., and McHugh, J.B., 1997, Geochemical processes controlling uranium mobility in mine drainages, chap. <i>of</i> The environmental geochemistry of mineral deposits: Part A: Processes, techniques, and health issues Part B: Case studies and research topics, v. 6, p. 201-213, https://doi.org/10.5382/Rev.06.09.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"201","endPage":"213","costCenters":[{"id":35995,"text":"Geology, Geophysics, and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":376326,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wanty, Richard B. 0000-0002-2063-6423 rwanty@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2063-6423","contributorId":443,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wanty","given":"Richard","email":"rwanty@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[{"id":211,"text":"Crustal Geophysics and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":792653,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Miller, W. R.","contributorId":92239,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Miller","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":792654,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Briggs, P. H.","contributorId":116798,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Briggs","given":"P.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":792655,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"McHugh, J. B.","contributorId":79462,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McHugh","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":792656,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70246537,"text":"70246537 - 1997 - Operation of a landslide warning system during the California storm sequence of January and February 1993","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-07-07T15:01:35.316786","indexId":"70246537","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T09:49:30","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"Operation of a landslide warning system during the California storm sequence of January and February 1993","docAbstract":"<p>From 1986 to late December 1995, the U.S. Geological Survey and the National Weather Service operated a landslide warning system for debris flows triggered by intense rainstorms in the San Francisco Bay region. The Landslide Warning System tracked storm systems as they approached the region, determined actual rainfall with a network of radio-telemetered rain gauges, compared the rainfall to thresholds for initi-ation of debris flows, and issued the appropriate public advisories.</p><p>A series of intense rainstorms during January 1993 created hazards from landslid-ing and flooding over much of California. In the San Francisco Bay region, January rainfall was over 200% of normal, triggering debris flows on natural hillslopes and road cuts across Marin, San Mateo, Alameda, Santa Clara, and Santa Cruz Counties. The warning system issued Flash Flood/Debris Flow Watches during the most intense storms on January 13 and 15,1993. Most debris flows in this area were small and widely scattered, so damage was largely limited to several blocked roadways in mountainous areas. Storm damage was much heavier in southern California, where rainfall amounts were over 350% of normal for January, triggering flash floods and many landslides. This damage prompted inquiries about developing a landslide warning system for southern California.</p><p>A number of elements for a landslide warning system already exist in southern Cal-ifornia, including quantitative rainfall forecasting and a network of radio-telemetered rain gauges. Regional rainfall thresholds for debris flow initiation, consistent with the climate, topography, and geology of the region, remain to be developed. Such thresholds could probably be developed with a modest investment of research effort and resources.</p>","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Storm-induced geologic hazards","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":15,"text":"Monograph"},"language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/REG11-p61","usgsCitation":"Wilson, R.C., 1997, Operation of a landslide warning system during the California storm sequence of January and February 1993, chap. <i>of</i> Storm-induced geologic hazards, v. 11, p. 61-70, https://doi.org/10.1130/REG11-p61.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"61","endPage":"70","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":418760,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -121.75016754820739,\n              36.80900566077895\n            ],\n            [\n              -120.81579060471793,\n              36.98286984566782\n            ],\n            [\n              -121.75941880507378,\n              38.52249279302444\n            ],\n            [\n              -123.03146662418052,\n              38.56952342484723\n            ],\n            [\n              -123.18411236247348,\n              38.497155868266844\n            ],\n            [\n              -122.95745656925084,\n              38.010418216736724\n            ],\n            [\n              -122.55040126713664,\n              37.65970955649503\n            ],\n            [\n              -122.3422479876462,\n              37.130527140678126\n            ],\n            [\n              -122.08783842382498,\n              36.949607369351654\n            ],\n            [\n              -121.75016754820739,\n              36.80900566077895\n            ]\n          ]\n        ],\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"11","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1997-01-01","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Larson, Robert A.","contributorId":316217,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Larson","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":877089,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Slosson, James E.","contributorId":316218,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Slosson","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":877090,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2}],"authors":[{"text":"Wilson, Raymond C. rwilson@usgs.gov","contributorId":5103,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wilson","given":"Raymond","email":"rwilson@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":877088,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70231423,"text":"70231423 - 1997 - Responses of sediment geochemistry to climate change in Owens Lake sediment: An 800-k.y. record of saline/fresh cycles in core OL-92","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":70231423,"text":"70231423 - 1997 - Responses of sediment geochemistry to climate change in Owens Lake sediment: An 800-k.y. record of saline/fresh cycles in core OL-92","indexId":"70231423","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"title":"Responses of sediment geochemistry to climate change in Owens Lake sediment: An 800-k.y. record of saline/fresh cycles in core OL-92"},"predicate":"IS_PART_OF","object":{"id":70231435,"text":"70231435 - 1997 - An 800,000-year paleoclimatic record from core OL-92, Owens Lake, Southeast California","indexId":"70231435","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"title":"An 800,000-year paleoclimatic record from core OL-92, Owens Lake, Southeast California"},"id":1}],"isPartOf":{"id":70231435,"text":"70231435 - 1997 - An 800,000-year paleoclimatic record from core OL-92, Owens Lake, Southeast California","indexId":"70231435","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"title":"An 800,000-year paleoclimatic record from core OL-92, Owens Lake, Southeast California"},"lastModifiedDate":"2022-05-10T16:21:04.215966","indexId":"70231423","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T09:44:17","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"Responses of sediment geochemistry to climate change in Owens Lake sediment: An 800-k.y. record of saline/fresh cycles in core OL-92","docAbstract":"<p>Geochemical parameters of sediments from drill hole OL-92 indicate that Owens Lake was saline, alkaline, and highly productive during interglacial periods, and was hydrologically open and relatively unproductive during glacial periods. Abundance of CaCO<sub>3</sub>, organic carbon, and cation-exchange capacity of the clay fraction show cyclic variation down the core. Six minima in these components during the past 500 k.y. are interpreted as caused by intensive overflow that occurred during Sierran glacial advances. Maxima in these components indicate closed-lake conditions, reflecting warmer and more arid interglacial climates. The pattern of CaCO<sub>3</sub> abundance suggests that closed lake conditions predominated over the past 500 k.y. The absence of gaylussite and gypsum in the sediments, however, indicates lake salinity never exceeded about 15 wt %, a limit which requires flushing of accumulated salts every 10 k.y. </p><p>Oscillations of CaCO<sub>3</sub> generally indicate a 100-k.y. dominant cycle, a characteristic of the marine δ<sup>18</sup>O record. Four of the last five marine isotope terminations are clearly shown in the Owens Lake record. The last interglacial at Owens Lake appears to have occurred between 120 ka and 50 ka. The roughly 10-k.y. offset between this interval and marine oxygen-isotope stage 5 reflects either error in the age-depth model, or alternatively, a time lag between changes in Northern Hemisphere ice volumes and the manifestation of local climate change in lake geochemistry and sedimentology.</p>","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"An 800,000-year paleoclimatic record from core OL-92, Owens Lake, Southeast California","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":15,"text":"Monograph"},"language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/0-8137-2317-5.37","usgsCitation":"Bischoff, J.L., Fitts, J.P., and Fitzpatrick, J.A., 1997, Responses of sediment geochemistry to climate change in Owens Lake sediment: An 800-k.y. record of saline/fresh cycles in core OL-92, chap. <i>of</i> An 800,000-year paleoclimatic record from core OL-92, Owens Lake, Southeast California, v. 317, p. 37-47, https://doi.org/10.1130/0-8137-2317-5.37.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"37","endPage":"47","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":400396,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Owens Lake","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -118.18817138671875,\n              36.2354121683998\n            ],\n            [\n              -117.79266357421874,\n              36.2354121683998\n            ],\n            [\n              -117.79266357421874,\n              36.62875385775956\n            ],\n            [\n              -118.18817138671875,\n              36.62875385775956\n            ],\n            [\n              -118.18817138671875,\n              36.2354121683998\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"317","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bischoff, James L. jbischoff@usgs.gov","contributorId":1389,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bischoff","given":"James","email":"jbischoff@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":842565,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Fitts, Jeffrey P.","contributorId":73348,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fitts","given":"Jeffrey","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":842566,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Fitzpatrick, John A. 0000-0001-6738-7180 jfitzpat@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6738-7180","contributorId":3719,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fitzpatrick","given":"John","email":"jfitzpat@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":842567,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70231422,"text":"70231422 - 1997 - Core OL-92 from Owens Lake: Project rationale, geologic setting, drilling procedures, and summary","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":70231422,"text":"70231422 - 1997 - Core OL-92 from Owens Lake: Project rationale, geologic setting, drilling procedures, and summary","indexId":"70231422","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"title":"Core OL-92 from Owens Lake: Project rationale, geologic setting, drilling procedures, and summary"},"predicate":"IS_PART_OF","object":{"id":70231435,"text":"70231435 - 1997 - An 800,000-year paleoclimatic record from core OL-92, Owens Lake, Southeast California","indexId":"70231435","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"title":"An 800,000-year paleoclimatic record from core OL-92, Owens Lake, Southeast California"},"id":1}],"isPartOf":{"id":70231435,"text":"70231435 - 1997 - An 800,000-year paleoclimatic record from core OL-92, Owens Lake, Southeast California","indexId":"70231435","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"title":"An 800,000-year paleoclimatic record from core OL-92, Owens Lake, Southeast California"},"lastModifiedDate":"2022-05-10T16:21:22.379279","indexId":"70231422","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T09:39:26","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"Core OL-92 from Owens Lake: Project rationale, geologic setting, drilling procedures, and summary","docAbstract":"<p>Several lines of evidence indicated that Owens Lake, a now-dry lake in southeast California, would probably yield a continuous and climatically informative sedimentary record. Also, the details of modern climate and runoff in the area are exceptionally well known, providing a firm basis for interpreting various types of evidence from a core in terms of past climates. Drilling was carried out in early 1992 to retrieve this record. </p><p>The resulting core, OL-92, was taken from the south-central part of the lake (lat 36°22.85′ N, long 117°57.95′ W). Lake surface elevation at the drill site is 1,085 m. The core’s length is 322.86 m, recovery was ~80%, and the age of its basal sediments is ~800 ka. </p><p>Study of the core has revealed lithologic, chemical, mineralogic, geophysical, and paleontologic evidence that reflects alternating periods of high- and low-volume runoff into Owens Lake. This volume presents these studies and summarizes their paleoclimatic significance.</p>","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"An 800,000-year paleoclimatic record from core OL-92, Owens Lake, Southeast California","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":15,"text":"Monograph"},"language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/0-8137-2317-5.1","usgsCitation":"Smith, G.I., and Bischoff, J.L., 1997, Core OL-92 from Owens Lake: Project rationale, geologic setting, drilling procedures, and summary, chap. <i>of</i> An 800,000-year paleoclimatic record from core OL-92, Owens Lake, Southeast California, v. 317, p. 1-8, https://doi.org/10.1130/0-8137-2317-5.1.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"1","endPage":"8","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":400394,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Owens Lake","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -118.18817138671875,\n              36.2354121683998\n            ],\n            [\n              -117.79266357421874,\n              36.2354121683998\n            ],\n            [\n              -117.79266357421874,\n              36.62875385775956\n            ],\n            [\n              -118.18817138671875,\n              36.62875385775956\n            ],\n            [\n              -118.18817138671875,\n              36.2354121683998\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"317","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Smith, George I.","contributorId":92637,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"George","email":"","middleInitial":"I.","affiliations":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":842563,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bischoff, James L. jbischoff@usgs.gov","contributorId":1389,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bischoff","given":"James","email":"jbischoff@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":842564,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
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