Owens Lake, a now-dry lake in southeastern California immediately east of the southern Sierra Nevada, was the site of a coring project designed to obtain a long paleoclimatic record. During the ensuing study, lacustrine deposits were recovered by the 323 m long core designated “OL-92.” The presence of the Bishop ash (ca. 760 ka) and the Matuyama-Brunhes paleomagnetic reversal (ca. 780 ka) near the base of core OL-92 shows that this core represents about 800 k.y. of deposition in Owens Lake.
The sediments are dominantly lacustrine clay, silt, and fine sand, although some intervals contain as much as 40 wt % CaCO3. The lowest ~57 m of recovered sediments is mostly silt or clay, but several sand beds are present; the overlying ~60 m of sediment is similar, but its sand content is more dispersed. Together, these two units are composed of ~70 wt % silt and clay and ~30 wt % sand, suggesting deposition in lakes that fluctuated between moderately deep and shallow. Overlying them is ~201 m of sediments that were mostly deposited in deep water; they consist predominantly of silt and clay but include two thin, coarse-sand beds. An oolite bed forms the upper ~4 m of natural deposits, and an anthropogenic salt bed, >2 m thick, forms much of the present surface. In addition to the Bishop ash, several much thinner tephra layers are also present.
About 70% of the clastic-sediment units are massive, some clearly because of bioturbation; other units display a thin bedding defined by changes in color or grain size. Rhythmic bedding, observed in numerous segments <1 m thick, seems to represent cyclical events ~100 yr long. Thin color bands caused by the chemical alteration of sediments on each side of hairline fractures create irregular subvertical veins. Clastic dikes, as much as ~2 cm wide and ~75 cm long, characterize some zones. Bioturbation structures, sand pods, ice-rafted(?) granules, small faults, minor discontinuities, and possible turbidity-current structures are also present.
Lithologic variations, in combination with other evidence, indicate that from ca. 810–645 ka, Owens was most commonly a moderately deep fresh-water lake; from ca. 645–450 ka, it was more commonly a shallow—but still fresh-water—lake; from ca. 450–5 ka, it was almost continuously a deep, mostly fresh-water lake; and after ca. 5 ka, it was a shallow, moderately saline lake. Other variations in the sediments and their contents, however, indicate additional cycles of average lake-overflow volumes that are not reflected by sediment-size changes.
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"An 800,000-year paleoclimatic record from core OL-92, Owens Lake, Southeast California","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":15,"text":"Monograph"},"language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/0-8137-2317-5.9","usgsCitation":"Smith, G.I., 1997, Stratigraphy, lithologies, and sedimentary structures of Owens Lake core OL-92, chap. of An 800,000-year paleoclimatic record from core OL-92, Owens Lake, Southeast California, v. 317, p. 9-23, https://doi.org/10.1130/0-8137-2317-5.9.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"9","endPage":"23","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":400392,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Owens Lake","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -118.18817138671875,\n 36.2354121683998\n ],\n [\n -117.79266357421874,\n 36.2354121683998\n ],\n [\n -117.79266357421874,\n 36.62875385775956\n ],\n [\n -118.18817138671875,\n 36.62875385775956\n ],\n [\n -118.18817138671875,\n 36.2354121683998\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"317","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Smith, George I.","contributorId":92637,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"George","email":"","middleInitial":"I.","affiliations":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":842561,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bischoff, James L. jbischoff@usgs.gov","contributorId":1389,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bischoff","given":"James","email":"jbischoff@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":842562,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2}],"authors":[{"text":"Smith, George I.","contributorId":92637,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"George","email":"","middleInitial":"I.","affiliations":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":842560,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70199185,"text":"70199185 - 1997 - Geochemical modeling of water-rock interactions in mining environments","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-09-10T08:31:51","indexId":"70199185","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T08:29:45","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"Geochemical modeling of water-rock interactions in mining environments","docAbstract":"Geochemical modeling is a powerful tool for evaluating geochemical processes in mining environments. Properly constrained and judiciously applied, modeling can provide valuable insights into processes controlling the release, transport, and fate of contaminants in mine drainage. This chapter contains 1) an overview of geochemical modeling, 2) discussion of the types of models and computer programs used, 3) description of a procedure for screening water analyses for modeling input, and 4) examples of the application of modeling for interpreting geochemical processes in mining environments. Three general strategies in current use to interpret water-rock interactions are statistical analysis, “inverse” modeling, and “forward” modeling. Multivariate correlation analysis, factor analysis, cluster analysis, and other statistical techniques can group water-chemistry data into sets that may relate to hydrogeochemical processes (Drever, 1988; Puckett and Bricker, 1992). In the field of geochemical exploration, statistical analysis is used widely to treat large data sets of rock and sediment chemistry (e.g., Garrett, 1989). No physical or chemical principles are involved directly in these statistical treatments, hence they are not considered further in this chapter. Nevertheless, statistical analysis can be a useful tool in organizing complex geochemical data for interpretation.
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"The environmental geochemistry of mineral deposits: Part A: Processes, techniques, and health issues part B: Case studies and research topics","language":"English","publisher":"Society of Economic Geologists","doi":"10.5382/Rev.06.14","usgsCitation":"Alpers, C.N., and Nordstrom, D.K., 1997, Geochemical modeling of water-rock interactions in mining environments, chap. of The environmental geochemistry of mineral deposits: Part A: Processes, techniques, and health issues part B: Case studies and research topics, v. 6, no. 1, p. 289-324, https://doi.org/10.5382/Rev.06.14.","productDescription":"36 p.","startPage":"289","endPage":"324","costCenters":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":357158,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"6","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5b98e23ee4b0702d0e848db1","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Plumlee, Geoffrey S. 0000-0002-9607-5626 gplumlee@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9607-5626","contributorId":960,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Plumlee","given":"Geoffrey","email":"gplumlee@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":211,"text":"Crustal Geophysics and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":744605,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Logsdon, M.J.","contributorId":194552,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Logsdon","given":"M.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":744606,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Filipek, L.F.","contributorId":207755,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Filipek","given":"L.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":744607,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":3}],"authors":[{"text":"Alpers, Charles N. 0000-0001-6945-7365 cnalpers@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6945-7365","contributorId":411,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Alpers","given":"Charles","email":"cnalpers@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":744603,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Nordstrom, D. Kirk 0000-0003-3283-5136 dkn@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3283-5136","contributorId":749,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nordstrom","given":"D.","email":"dkn@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"Kirk","affiliations":[{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":744604,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70198694,"text":"70198694 - 1997 - Mass balance approach to selenium cycling through the San Joaquin Valley, sources to river to bay","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-08-15T08:18:46","indexId":"70198694","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T08:15:34","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"Mass balance approach to selenium cycling through the San Joaquin Valley, sources to river to bay","docAbstract":"Surface and ground waters of the Central Valley of California (e.g., rivers, dams, off-stream storage reservoirs, pumping facilities, irrigation and drinking water supply canals, agricultural drainage canals) are part of a hydrologic system that makes up a complex ecosystem extending from the riparian wetlands of the Sacramento and San Joaquin Rivers through the San Francisco Bay/Delta Estuary to the Pacific Ocean (Fig. 1). Water quality concerns center on elevated selenium (Se) and salt concentrations in irrigation drainage water discharged into the waterways of the relatively arid San Joaquin Valley (SJV), including the San Joaquin River (SJR). These waters are made unique by dissolved Se, weathered from marine sedimentary rocks of the Coast Ranges to the west, being ultimately concentrated to toxic levels in aquatic wildlife in the wetlands of the SJV/SJR trough (Figs. 1 and 2) (Presser and Ohlendorf, 1987; Presser, 1994). Scientific and environmental concerns focus on the bioreactive properties of Se and its partitioning among biota, water, and sediment, and on whether simple dilution models can be applied to an element that bioaccumulates. Because of state and federal commitments to provide water for irrigation, as well as drainage of irriga tion wastewater by the year 2000 drainage from over 180,000 ha of seleniferous, salinized farmland within the western SJV will create approximately 387 million cubic meters of potentially toxic drainage water annually (i.e., “problem water,” as defined by the San Joaquin Valley Drainage Program, 1990), thus lending urgency to an understanding of the biogeochemistry of Se in this environment.
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Environmental chemistry of selenium","language":"English","publisher":"Taylor & Francis","publisherLocation":"New York","usgsCitation":"Presser, T.S., and Piper, D.Z., 1997, Mass balance approach to selenium cycling through the San Joaquin Valley, sources to river to bay, chap. of Environmental chemistry of selenium, 30 p.","productDescription":"30 p.","costCenters":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":356476,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"San Joaquin Valley","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -122.71728515624999,\n 40.195659093364654\n ],\n [\n -122.51953124999999,\n 39.791654835253425\n ],\n [\n -122.3876953125,\n 39.487084981687495\n ],\n [\n -122.2119140625,\n 39.198205348894795\n ],\n [\n -122.08007812499999,\n 38.92522904714054\n ],\n [\n -121.92626953124999,\n 38.496593518947584\n ],\n [\n -121.904296875,\n 38.151837403006766\n ],\n [\n -121.55273437499999,\n 37.97884504049713\n ],\n [\n -121.37695312499999,\n 37.87485339352928\n ],\n [\n -121.04736328125,\n 37.42252593456307\n ],\n [\n -120.91552734375,\n 37.10776507118514\n ],\n [\n -120.65185546875,\n 36.77409249464195\n ],\n [\n -120.4541015625,\n 36.36822190085111\n ],\n [\n -120.234375,\n 36.13787471840729\n ],\n [\n -120.14648437499999,\n 35.782170703266075\n ],\n [\n -120.2783203125,\n 35.782170703266075\n ],\n [\n -120.60791015625,\n 35.69299463209881\n ],\n [\n -120.52001953124999,\n 35.55010533588552\n ],\n [\n -120.10253906249999,\n 35.35321610123823\n ],\n [\n -119.50927734374999,\n 34.939985151560435\n ],\n [\n -119.0478515625,\n 34.92197103616377\n ],\n [\n -118.69628906249999,\n 34.903952965590065\n ],\n [\n -118.67431640625,\n 35.11990857099681\n ],\n [\n -118.6083984375,\n 35.38904996691167\n ],\n [\n -118.63037109375,\n 35.782170703266075\n ],\n [\n -118.91601562499999,\n 36.27970720524017\n ],\n [\n -119.37744140625,\n 36.84446074079564\n ],\n [\n -119.68505859375,\n 37.31775185163688\n ],\n [\n -120.05859375,\n 37.63163475580643\n ],\n [\n -120.52001953124999,\n 37.96152331396614\n ],\n [\n -120.89355468749999,\n 38.41055825094609\n ],\n [\n -121.13525390625,\n 38.839707613545144\n ],\n [\n -121.35498046875,\n 38.92522904714054\n ],\n [\n -121.59667968749999,\n 39.487084981687495\n ],\n [\n -121.70654296874999,\n 39.85915479295669\n ],\n [\n -121.83837890625,\n 40.245991504199026\n ],\n [\n -122.25585937500001,\n 40.74725696280421\n ],\n [\n -122.36572265625,\n 40.74725696280421\n ],\n [\n -122.71728515624999,\n 40.44694705960048\n ],\n [\n -122.84912109375,\n 40.3130432088809\n ],\n [\n -122.71728515624999,\n 40.195659093364654\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5b98e23ee4b0702d0e848db3","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Engberg, R. A.","contributorId":104876,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Engberg","given":"R. A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":742608,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1}],"authors":[{"text":"Presser, Theresa S. 0000-0001-5643-0147 tpresser@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5643-0147","contributorId":2467,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Presser","given":"Theresa","email":"tpresser@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":742606,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Piper, David Z. dzpiper@usgs.gov","contributorId":2452,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Piper","given":"David","email":"dzpiper@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"Z.","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":742607,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":50035,"text":"ofr97817 - 1997 - Level II scour analysis for Bridge 19 (SHEFTH00440019) on Town Highway 44, crossing Trout Brook, Sheffield, Vermont","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-08-25T15:37:24","indexId":"ofr97817","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T07:30:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"97-817","title":"Level II scour analysis for Bridge 19 (SHEFTH00440019) on Town Highway 44, crossing Trout Brook, Sheffield, Vermont","docAbstract":"This report provides the results of a detailed Level II analysis of scour potential at structure SHEFTH00440019 on Town Highway 44 crossing Trout Brook, Sheffield, Vermont (figures 1–8). A Level II study is a basic engineering analysis of the site, including a quantitative analysis of stream stability and scour (U.S. Department of Transportation, 1993). Results of a Level I scour investigation also are included in Appendix E of this report. A Level I investigation provides a qualitative geomorphic characterization of the study site. Information on the bridge, gleaned from Vermont Agency of Transportation (VTAOT) files, was compiled prior to conducting Level I and Level II analyses and is found in Appendix D.
The site is in the White Mountain section of the New England physiographic province in northeastern Vermont. The 3.0-mi2 drainage area is in a predominantly rural and forested basin. In the vicinity of the study site, the surface cover is grass on the upstream and downstream right overbanks, while the immediate banks have dense woody vegetation. The surface cover of the upstream and downstream left overbanks is shrub and brushland.
In the study area, Trout Brook has an incised, sinuous channel with a slope of approximately 0.03 ft/ft, an average channel top width of 45 ft and an average bank height of 6 ft. The channel bed material ranges from sand to boulder with a median grain size (D50) of 116 mm (0.381 ft). The geomorphic assessment at the time of the Level I and Level II site visit on July 31, 1995, indicated that the reach was stable.
The Town Highway 44 crossing of Trout Brook is a 24-ft-long, one-lane bridge consisting of a 22-foot steel-stringer span (Vermont Agency of Transportation, written communication, March 28, 1994). The opening length of the structure parallel to the bridge face is 19.8 ft. The bridge is supported by vertical, concrete abutments with wingwalls. The channel is skewed approximately 10 degrees to the opening while the opening-skew-to-roadway is zero degrees.
Scour depths and recommended rock rip-rap sizes were computed using the general guidelines described in Hydraulic Engineering Circular 18 (Richardson and others, 1995) for the 100- and 500-year discharges. In addition, the incipient roadway-overtopping discharge was analyzed since it has the potential of being the worst-case scour scenario. Total scour at a highway crossing is comprised of three components: 1) long-term streambed degradation; 2) contraction scour (due to accelerated flow caused by a reduction in flow area at a bridge) and; 3) local scour (caused by accelerated flow around piers and abutments). Total scour is the sum of the three components. Equations are available to compute depths for contraction and local scour and a summary of the results of these computations follows.
Contraction scour for all modelled flows resulted in zero ft. Left abutment scour ranged from 4.4 to 5.6 ft. The worst-case left abutment scour occurred at the 500-year discharge. Right abutment scour ranged from 3.6 to 4.8 ft. The worst-case right abutment scour occurred at the incipient roadway-overtopping discharge. Additional information on scour depths and depths to armoring are included in the section titled “Scour Results”. Scoured-streambed elevations, based on the calculated scour depths, are presented in tables 1 and 2. A cross-section of the scour computed at the bridge is presented in figure 8. Scour depths were calculated assuming an infinite depth of erosive material and a homogeneous particlesize distribution.
It is generally accepted that the Froehlich equation (abutment scour) gives “excessively conservative estimates of scour depths” (Richardson and others, 1995, p. 47). Usually, computed scour depths are evaluated in combination with other information including (but not limited to) historical performance during flood events, the geomorphic stability assessment, existing scour protection measures, and the results of the hydraulic analyses. Therefore, scour depths adopted by VTAOT may differ from the computed values documented herein.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Pembroke, NH","doi":"10.3133/ofr97817","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with Vermont Agency of Transportation and Federal Highway Administration","usgsCitation":"Wild, E.C., and Medalie, L., 1997, Level II scour analysis for Bridge 19 (SHEFTH00440019) on Town Highway 44, crossing Trout Brook, Sheffield, Vermont: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 97-817, iv, 50 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr97817.","productDescription":"iv, 50 p.","numberOfPages":"54","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":175953,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr97817.PNG"},{"id":279649,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1997/0817/report.pdf"}],"country":"United States","state":"Vermont","city":"Sheffield","otherGeospatial":"Trout Brook","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -72.202901,44.585664 ], [ -72.202901,44.703495 ], [ -72.065884,44.703495 ], [ -72.065884,44.585664 ], [ -72.202901,44.585664 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b1ae4b07f02db6a81de","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wild, Emily C. 0000-0001-6157-7629 ecwild@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6157-7629","contributorId":1810,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wild","given":"Emily","email":"ecwild@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":5081,"text":"Libraries","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":240674,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Medalie, Laura 0000-0002-2440-2149 lmedalie@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2440-2149","contributorId":3657,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Medalie","given":"Laura","email":"lmedalie@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":466,"text":"New England Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":240675,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":50036,"text":"ofr97818 - 1997 - Level II scour analysis for Bridge 8 (ATHETH00090008) on Town Highway 9, crossing Bull Creek, Athens, Vermont","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-12-20T13:58:46","indexId":"ofr97818","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T07:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"97-818","title":"Level II scour analysis for Bridge 8 (ATHETH00090008) on Town Highway 9, crossing Bull Creek, Athens, Vermont","docAbstract":"This report provides the results of a detailed Level II analysis of scour potential at structure \nATHETH00090008 on Town Highway 9 crossing Bull Creek in Athens, Vermont (figures \n1–8). A Level II study is a basic engineering analysis of the site, including a quantitative \nanalysis of stream stability and scour (U.S. Department of Transportation, 1993). Results of \na Level I scour investigation also are included in Appendix E of this report. A Level I \ninvestigation provides a qualitative geomorphic characterization of the study site. \nInformation on the bridge, gleaned from Vermont Agency of Transportation (VTAOT) \nfiles, was compiled prior to conducting Level I and Level II analyses and is found in \nAppendix D.\nThe site is in the New England Upland section of the New England physiographic province \nin southeastern Vermont. The 9.04-mi2\n drainage area is in a predominantly rural and \nforested basin. In the vicinity of the study site, the left overbank surface cover is shrub and \nbrushland and the right overbank surface cover is pasture.\nIn the study area, Bull Creek has an sinuous channel with a slope of approximately 0.01 ft/\nft, an average channel top width of 41 ft and an average bank height of 4 ft. The \npredominant channel bed materials are cobbles and gravel with a median grain size (D50) of \n72.1 mm (0.236 ft). The geomorphic assessment at the time of the Level I and Level II site \nvisit on August 14, 1996, indicated that the reach was laterally unstable. There are several \npoint bars and cut banks along the reach in the vicinity of this site. \nThe Town Highway 9 crossing of Bull Creek is a 32-ft-long, one-lane bridge consisting of \none 28-foot steel-beam span (Vermont Agency of Transportation, written communication, \nApril 5, 1995). The bridge is supported by vertical, “laid-up” stone abutments with concrete \ncaps and no wingwalls. The channel is skewed approximately 15 degrees to the opening. \nThe VTAOT bridge records indicate the opening-skew-to-roadway is 9 degrees while that \ncomputed from surveyed points is 5 degrees.\nA scour hole 1.75 feet deeper than the mean thalweg depth was observed under the bridge \nduring the Level I assessment. The scour hole has lowered the streambed along the entire \nlength of the left abutment and the upstream end of the right abutment. The scour depth at \neach abutment wall is 0.75 feet deeper than the mean thalweg depth elsewhere in the reach. \nThe only scour protection measure at the site was type-2 stone fill (less than 36 inches \ndiameter) on the upstream banks and downstream left bank. Additional details describing \nconditions at the site are included in the Level II Summary and Appendices D and E.\nScour depths and recommended rock rip-rap sizes were computed using the general \nguidelines described in Hydraulic Engineering Circular 18 (Richardson and others, 1995). \nTotal scour at a highway crossing is comprised of three components: 1) long-term \nstreambed degradation; 2) contraction scour (due to accelerated flow caused by a reduction \nin flow area at a bridge) and; 3) local scour (caused by accelerated flow around piers and \nabutments). Total scour is the sum of the three components. Equations are available to \ncompute depths for contraction and local scour and a summary of the results of these \ncomputations follows.\nContraction scour for all modelled flows ranged from 0.0 to 1.4 feet. The worst-case \ncontraction scour occurred at the incipient-overtopping discharge of 1730 cubic feet per \nsecond, which was less than the 100-year discharge. Abutment scour ranged from 7.6 to \n11.4 feet. The worst-case abutment scour occurred at the 500-year discharge. Additional \ninformation on scour depths and depths to armoring are included in the section titled “Scour \nResults”. Scoured-streambed elevations, based on the calculated scour depths, are presented \nin tables 1 and 2. A cross-section of the scour computed at the bridge is presented in figure \n8. Scour depths were calculated assuming an infinite depth of erosive material and a \nhomogeneous particle-size distribution. \nIt is generally accepted that the Froehlich equation (abutment scour) gives “excessively \nconservative estimates of scour depths” (Richardson and others, 1995, p. 47). Usually, \ncomputed scour depths are evaluated in combination with other information including (but \nnot limited to) historical performance during flood events, the geomorphic stability \nassessment, existing scour protection measures, and the results of the hydraulic analyses. \nTherefore, scour depths adopted by VTAOT may differ from the computed values \ndocumented herein.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Pembroke, NH","doi":"10.3133/ofr97818","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with Vermont Agency of Transportation and Federal Highway Administration","usgsCitation":"Boehmler, E.M., and Burns, R.L., 1997, Level II scour analysis for Bridge 8 (ATHETH00090008) on Town Highway 9, crossing Bull Creek, Athens, Vermont: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 97-818, iv, 50 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr97818.","productDescription":"iv, 50 p.","numberOfPages":"54","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":175954,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr97818.PNG"},{"id":279648,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1997/0818/report.pdf"}],"country":"United States","state":"Vermont","city":"Athens","otherGeospatial":"Bull Creek","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -72.640371,43.071099 ], [ -72.640371,43.148786 ], [ -72.557928,43.148786 ], [ -72.557928,43.071099 ], [ -72.640371,43.071099 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b16e4b07f02db6a56bb","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Boehmler, Erick M.","contributorId":96303,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Boehmler","given":"Erick","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":240677,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Burns, Ronda L.","contributorId":71602,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Burns","given":"Ronda","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":240676,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":50032,"text":"ofr97814 - 1997 - Level II scour analysis for Bridge 16, (NEWBTH00500016) on Town Highway 50, crossing Halls Brook, Newbury, Vermont","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-12-20T11:34:04","indexId":"ofr97814","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T07:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"97-814","title":"Level II scour analysis for Bridge 16, (NEWBTH00500016) on Town Highway 50, crossing Halls Brook, Newbury, Vermont","docAbstract":"This report provides the results of a detailed Level II analysis of scour potential at structure \nNEWBTH00500016 on Town Highway 50 crossing Halls Brook, Newbury, Vermont \n(figures 1–8). A Level II study is a basic engineering analysis of the site, including a \nquantitative analysis of stream stability and scour (U.S. Department of Transportation, \n1993). Results of a Level I scour investigation also are included in Appendix E of this \nreport. A Level I investigation provides a qualitative geomorphic characterization of the \nstudy site. Information on the bridge, gleaned from Vermont Agency of Transportation \n(VTAOT) files, was compiled prior to conducting Level I and Level II analyses and is \nfound in Appendix D.\nThe site is in the New England Upland section of the New England physiographic province \nin east-central Vermont. The 23.4-mi2\n drainage area is in a predominantly rural and forested \nbasin. In the vicinity of the study site, the surface cover is shrub and brushland.\nIn the study area, Halls Brook has an incised, sinuous channel with a slope of approximately \n0.02 ft/ft, an average channel top width of 53 ft and an average bank height of 7 ft. The \nchannel bed material ranges from silt to gravel with a median grain size (D50) of 40.4 mm \n(0.133 ft). The geomorphic assessment at the time of the Level I and Level II site visit on \nAugust 29, 1995, indicated that the reach was laterally unstable. The channel bed and banks \nare composed of fine material and show signs of erosion. There is also evidence of beaver \nactivity in the area.\nThe Town Highway 50 crossing of Halls Brook is a 44-ft-long, two-lane bridge consisting \nof one 38-foot prestressed concrete slab span (Vermont Agency of Transportation, written \ncommunication, March 27, 1995). The opening length of the structure parallel to the bridge \nface is 35.2 ft. The bridge is supported by vertical, stone masonry abutments. The channel is \nskewed approximately 40 degrees to the opening while the computed opening-skew-toroadway is 5 degrees. \nA channel scour hole 1.0 ft deeper than the mean thalweg depth was observed just upstream \nof the bridge behind the remains of a beaver dam during the Level I assessment. An \nadditional channel scour hole 4.5 ft deeper than the mean thalweg depth was observed in the \ndownstream reach. The scour countermeasures at the site included type-1 stone fill (less \nthan 12 inches diameter) along the left abutment and type-2 stone fill (less than 36 inches \ndiameter) along the right abutment and left bank upstream and downstream. Along the \ndownstream right bank is type-3 stone fill (less than 48 inches diameter) and along the \nupstream right bank is type-4 stone fill (less than 60 inches diameter). Additional details \ndescribing conditions at the site are included in the Level II Summary and Appendices D \nand E.\nScour depths and recommended rock rip-rap sizes were computed using the general \nguidelines described in Hydraulic Engineering Circular 18 (Richardson and others, 1995) \nfor the 100- and 500-year discharges. In addition, the incipient roadway-overtopping \ndischarge was analyzed since it has the potential of being the worst-case scour scenario. \nTotal scour at a highway crossing is comprised of three components: 1) long-term \nstreambed degradation; 2) contraction scour (due to accelerated flow caused by a reduction \nin flow area at a bridge) and; 3) local scour (caused by accelerated flow around piers and \nabutments). Total scour is the sum of the three components. Equations are available to \ncompute depths for contraction and local scour and a summary of the results of these \ncomputations follows.\nContraction scour for all modelled flows ranged from 2.6 to 4.6 ft. The worst-case \ncontraction scour occurred at the incipient roadway-overtopping discharge. The left \nabutment scour ranged from 11.6 to 12.1 ft. The worst-case left abutment scour occurred at \nthe incipient road-overtopping discharge. The right abutment scour ranged from 13.6 to \n17.9 ft. The worst-case right abutment scour occurred at the 500-year discharge. Additional \ninformation on scour depths and depths to armoring are included in the section titled “Scour \nResults”. Scoured-streambed elevations, based on the calculated scour depths, are presented \nin Tables 1 and 2. A cross-section of the scour computed at the bridge is presented in Figure \n8. Scour depths were calculated assuming an infinite depth of erosive material and a \nhomogeneous particle-size distribution. \nIt is generally accepted that the Froehlich equation (abutment scour) gives “excessively \nconservative estimates of scour depths” (Richardson and others, 1995, p. 46). Usually, \ncomputed scour depths are evaluated in combination with other information including (but \nnot limited to) historical performance during flood events, the geomorphic stability \nassessment, existing scour protection measures, and the results of the hydraulic analyses. \nTherefore, scour depths adopted by VTAOT may differ from the computed values \ndocumented herein.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr97814","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with Vermont Agency of Transportation and Federal Highway Administration","usgsCitation":"Burns, R.L., and Degnan, J.R., 1997, Level II scour analysis for Bridge 16, (NEWBTH00500016) on Town Highway 50, crossing Halls Brook, Newbury, Vermont: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 97-814, iv, 50 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr97814.","productDescription":"iv, 50 p.","numberOfPages":"54","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":162211,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr97814.PNG"},{"id":279652,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1997/0814/report.pdf"}],"country":"United States","state":"Vermont","city":"Newbury","otherGeospatial":"Halls Brook","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -72.207802,44.029626 ], [ -72.207802,44.192053 ], [ -72.030133,44.192053 ], [ -72.030133,44.029626 ], [ -72.207802,44.029626 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b1ae4b07f02db6a8251","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Burns, Ronda L.","contributorId":71602,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Burns","given":"Ronda","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":240670,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Degnan, James R. 0000-0002-5665-9010 jrdegnan@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5665-9010","contributorId":498,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Degnan","given":"James","email":"jrdegnan@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":466,"text":"New England Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":405,"text":"NH/VT office of New England Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":240669,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":50031,"text":"ofr97813 - 1997 - Level II scour analysis for Bridge 8, (MANCTH00060008) on Town Highway 6, crossing Bourn Brook, Manchester, Vermont","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-12-20T11:23:46","indexId":"ofr97813","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T07:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"97-813","title":"Level II scour analysis for Bridge 8, (MANCTH00060008) on Town Highway 6, crossing Bourn Brook, Manchester, Vermont","docAbstract":"This report provides the results of a detailed Level II analysis of scour potential at structure \nMANCTH00060008 on Town Highway 6 crossing Bourn Brook, Manchester, Vermont \n(figures 1–8). A Level II study is a basic engineering analysis of the site, including a \nquantitative analysis of stream stability and scour (U.S. Department of Transportation, \n1993). Results of a Level I scour investigation also are included in Appendix E of this \nreport. A Level I investigation provides a qualitative geomorphic characterization of the \nstudy site. Information on the bridge, gleaned from Vermont Agency of Transportation \n(VTAOT) files, was compiled prior to conducting Level I and Level II analyses and is \nfound in Appendix D.\nThe site is in the Taconic section of the New England physiographic province in \nsouthwestern Vermont. The 15.5-mi2\n drainage area is in a predominantly rural and forested \nbasin. The bridge site is located within a suburban setting in the Town of Manchester with \nhouses and lawns on the overbanks.\nIn the study area, Bourn Brook has an incised, straight channel with a slope of \napproximately 0.01 ft/ft, an average channel top width of 61 ft and an average bank height \nof 7 ft. The channel bed material ranges from sand to cobbles with a median grain size (D50) \nof 87.2 mm (0.286 ft). The geomorphic assessment at the time of the Level I and Level II \nsite visit on August 6, 1996, indicated that the reach was stable.\nThe Town Highway 6 crossing of Bourn Brook is a 44-ft-long, two-lane bridge consisting \nof one 41-foot concrete T-beam span (Vermont Agency of Transportation, written \ncommunication, September 28, 1995). The opening length of the structure parallel to the \nbridge face is 40.0 ft. The bridge is supported by vertical, concrete abutments with \nwingwalls. The channel is skewed approximately zero degrees to the opening while the \nopening-skew-to-roadway is 15 degrees. \nA scour hole 3.5 ft deeper than the mean thalweg depth was observed along the upstream \nright wingwall and right abutment during the Level I assessment. The scour \ncountermeasures at the site were stone walls in front of the upstream left wingwall and \nbank, along the upstream right bank extending from the end of the upstream right wingwall, \nand in front of the downstream right wingwall and bank. Additional details describing \nconditions at the site are included in the Level II Summary and Appendices D and E.\nScour depths and recommended rock rip-rap sizes were computed using the general \nguidelines described in Hydraulic Engineering Circular 18 (Richardson and others, 1995) \nfor the 100- and 500-year discharges. In addition, the incipient roadway-overtopping \ndischarge was determined and analyzed as another potential worst-case scour scenario. \nTotal scour at a highway crossing is comprised of three components: 1) long-term \nstreambed degradation; 2) contraction scour (due to accelerated flow caused by a reduction \nin flow area at a bridge) and; 3) local scour (caused by accelerated flow around piers and \nabutments). Total scour is the sum of the three components. Equations are available to \ncompute depths for contraction and local scour and a summary of the results of these \ncomputations follows.\nContraction scour for all modelled flows was zero ft. The left abutment scour ranged from \n3.6 to 9.2 ft. The worst-case left abutment scour occurred at the 500-year discharge. The \nright abutment scour ranged from 9.8 to 12.6 ft. The worst case right abutment scour \noccurred at the 500-year discharge. Additional information on scour depths and depths to \narmoring are included in the section titled “Scour Results”. Scoured-streambed elevations, \nbased on the calculated scour depths, are presented in tables 1 and 2. A cross-section of the \nscour computed at the bridge is presented in figure 8. Scour depths were calculated \nassuming an infinite depth of erosive material and a homogeneous particle-size distribution. \nIt is generally accepted that the Froehlich equation (abutment scour) gives “excessively \nconservative estimates of scour depths” (Richardson and others, 1995, p. 47). Usually, \ncomputed scour depths are evaluated in combination with other information including (but \nnot limited to) historical performance during flood events, the geomorphic stability \nassessment, existing scour protection measures, and the results of the hydraulic analyses. \nTherefore, scour depths adopted by VTAOT may differ from the computed values \ndocumented herein.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Pembroke, NH","doi":"10.3133/ofr97813","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with Vermont Agency of Transportation and Federal Highway Administration","usgsCitation":"Burns, R.L., and Hammond, R.E., 1997, Level II scour analysis for Bridge 8, (MANCTH00060008) on Town Highway 6, crossing Bourn Brook, Manchester, Vermont: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 97-813, iv, 50 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr97813.","productDescription":"iv, 50 p.","numberOfPages":"54","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":162210,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr97813.PNG"},{"id":279653,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1997/0813/report.pdf"}],"country":"United States","state":"Vermont","city":"Manchester","otherGeospatial":"Bourn Brook","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -73.13495,43.117147 ], [ -73.13495,43.213817 ], [ -73.001787,43.213817 ], [ -73.001787,43.117147 ], [ -73.13495,43.117147 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b16e4b07f02db6a55fb","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Burns, Ronda L.","contributorId":71602,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Burns","given":"Ronda","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":240668,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hammond, Robert E.","contributorId":61862,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hammond","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":240667,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":50030,"text":"ofr97809 - 1997 - Level II scour analysis for Bridge 81 (MARSUS00020081) on U.S. Highway 2, crossing the Winooski River, Marshfield, Vermont","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-12-20T11:16:26","indexId":"ofr97809","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T07:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"97-809","title":"Level II scour analysis for Bridge 81 (MARSUS00020081) on U.S. Highway 2, crossing the Winooski River, Marshfield, Vermont","docAbstract":"This report provides the results of a detailed Level II analysis of scour potential at structure \nMARSUS00020081 on U.S. Highway 2 crossing the Winooski River, Marshfield, Vermont \n(figures 1–8). A Level II study is a basic engineering analysis of the site, including a \nquantitative analysis of stream stability and scour (U.S. Department of Transportation, \n1993). Results of a Level I scour investigation also are included in Appendix E of this \nreport. A Level I investigation provides a qualitative geomorphic characterization of the \nstudy site. Information on the bridge, gleaned from Vermont Agency of Transportation \n(VTAOT) files, was compiled prior to conducting Level I and Level II analyses and is \nfound in Appendix D.\nThe site is in the New England Upland section of the New England physiographic province \nin central Vermont. The 50.2-mi2\n drainage area is in a predominantly rural and forested \nbasin. In the vicinity of the study site, the surface cover is pasture upstream of the bridge \nwhile the immediate banks have dense woody vegetation. Downstream of the bridge is \nforested with buildings near the bridge on the right bank.\nIn the study area, the Winooski River has an incised, sinuous channel with a slope of \napproximately 0.03 ft/ft, an average channel top width of 83 ft and an average bank height \nof 10 ft. The channel bed material ranges from cobble to boulder with a median grain size \n(D50) of 64.0 mm (0.210 ft). The geomorphic assessment at the time of the Level I and \nLevel II site visit on July 23, 1996, indicated that the reach was stable.\nThe U.S. Highway 2 crossing of the Winooski River is a 49-ft-long, two-lane bridge \nconsisting of one 47-foot concrete T-beam span (Vermont Agency of Transportation, \nwritten communication, November 1, 1995). The opening length of the structure parallel to \nthe bridge face is 44.9 ft. The bridge is supported by vertical, concrete abutments with \nwingwalls. The channel is skewed approximately 10 degrees to the opening while the \nopening-skew-to-roadway is zero degrees.\nA scour hole 1 ft deeper than the mean thalweg depth was observed near the upstream left \nwingwall during the Level I assessment. The scour protection measures at the site included \ntype-1 stone fill (less than 12 inches diameter) at the upstream end of the upstream left and \nright wingwall, the downstream end of the downstream left wingwall, and along the \nupstream left and right banks. There was also type-3 stone fill (less than 48 inches \ndiameter) at the downstream left bank and type-2 stone fill (less than 36 inches diameter) \nalong the downstream right bank. Additional details describing conditions at the site are \nincluded in the Level II Summary and Appendices D and E.\nScour depths and recommended rock rip-rap sizes were computed using the general \nguidelines described in Hydraulic Engineering Circular 18 (Richardson and others, 1995) \nfor the 100- and 500-year discharges. In addition, the incipient roadway-overtopping \ndischarge is determined and analyzed as another potential worst-case scour scenario. Total \nscour at a highway crossing is comprised of three components: 1) long-term streambed \ndegradation; 2) contraction scour (due to accelerated flow caused by a reduction in flow \narea at a bridge) and; 3) local scour (caused by accelerated flow around piers and \nabutments). Total scour is the sum of the three components. Equations are available to \ncompute depths for contraction and local scour and a summary of the results of these \ncomputations follows.\nContraction scour for all modelled flows ranged from 2.1 to 4.2 ft. The worst-case \ncontraction scour occurred at the 500-year discharge. Left abutment scour ranged from 14.3 \nto 14.4 ft. The worst-case left abutment scour occurred at the incipient roadwayovertopping and 500-year discharge. Right abutment scour ranged from 15.3 to 18.5 ft. The \nworst-case right abutment scour occurred at the 100-year and the incipient roadwayovertopping discharge. Additional information on scour depths and depths to armoring are \nincluded in the section titled “Scour Results”. Scoured-streambed elevations, based on the \ncalculated scour depths, are presented in tables 1 and 2. A cross-section of the scour \ncomputed at the bridge is presented in figure 8. Scour depths were calculated assuming an \ninfinite depth of erosive material and a homogeneous particle-size distribution. \nIt is generally accepted that the Froehlich equation (abutment scour) give “excessively \nconservative estimates of scour depths” (Richardson and others, 1995, p. 47). Usually, \ncomputed scour depths are evaluated in combination with other information including (but \nnot limited to) historical performance during flood events, the geomorphic stability \nassessment, existing scour protection measures, and the results of the hydraulic analyses. \nTherefore, scour depths adopted by VTAOT may differ from the computed values \ndocumented herein.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Pembroke, NH","doi":"10.3133/ofr97809","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with Vermont Agency of Transportation and Federal Highway Administration","usgsCitation":"Ivanoff, M.A., 1997, Level II scour analysis for Bridge 81 (MARSUS00020081) on U.S. Highway 2, crossing the Winooski River, Marshfield, Vermont: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 97-809, iv, 50 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr97809.","productDescription":"iv, 50 p.","numberOfPages":"54","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":162125,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr97809.PNG"},{"id":279654,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1997/0809/report.pdf"}],"country":"United States","state":"Vermont","city":"Marshfield","otherGeospatial":"Winooski River","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -72.439995,44.246264 ], [ -72.439995,44.382911 ], [ -72.26985,44.382911 ], [ -72.26985,44.246264 ], [ -72.439995,44.246264 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b16e4b07f02db6a5618","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ivanoff, Michael A.","contributorId":27105,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ivanoff","given":"Michael","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":240666,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":50034,"text":"ofr97816 - 1997 - Level II scour analysis for Bridge 30, (HUNTTH00220030), on Town Highway 22, crossing Brush Brook, Huntington, Vermont","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-12-20T13:10:49","indexId":"ofr97816","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T07:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"97-816","title":"Level II scour analysis for Bridge 30, (HUNTTH00220030), on Town Highway 22, crossing Brush Brook, Huntington, Vermont","docAbstract":"This report provides the results of a detailed Level II analysis of scour potential at structure \nHUNTTH00220030 on Town Highway 22 crossing Brush Brook, Huntington, Vermont \n(figures 1–8). A Level II study is a basic engineering analysis of the site, including a \nquantitative analysis of stream stability and scour (U.S. Department of Transportation, \n1993). Results of a Level I scour investigation also are included in Appendix E of this \nreport. A Level I investigation provides a qualitative geomorphic characterization of the \nstudy site. Information on the bridge, gleaned from Vermont Agency of Transportation \n(VTAOT) files, was compiled prior to conducting Level I and Level II analyses and is \nfound in Appendix D.\nThe site is in the Green Mountain section of the New England physiographic province in \ncentral Vermont. The 4.98-mi2\n\n drainage area is in a predominantly rural and forested basin. \nIn the vicinity of the study site, the surface cover is forest.\nIn the study area, Brush Brook has an incised, straight channel with a slope of \napproximately 0.06 ft/ft, an average channel top width of 49 ft and an average bank height \nof 9 ft. The channel bed material ranges from sand to boulders with a median grain size \n(D50) of 206 mm (0.675 ft). The geomorphic assessment at the time of the Level I and Level \nII site visit on June 25, 1996, indicated that the reach was stable.\nThe Town Highway 22 crossing of Brush Brook is a 30-ft-long, one-lane bridge consisting \nof one 27-foot steel-beam span (Vermont Agency of Transportation, written \ncommunication, December 12, 1995). The opening length of the structure parallel to the \nbridge face is 25.6 ft. The bridge is supported by vertical, concrete abutments. The channel \nis skewed approximately zero degrees to the opening while the computed opening-skew-toroadway is 15 degrees. \nA scour hole 1 ft deeper than the mean thalweg was observed along the left abutment during \nthe Level I assessment. The left abutment footing is exposed and undermined. The only \nscour countermeasure noted at the site was type-2 stone fill (less than 36 inches diameter) \nalong the downstream left road approach embankment. Additional details describing \nconditions at the site are included in the Level II Summary and Appendices D and E.\nScour depths and recommended rock rip-rap sizes were computed using the general \nguidelines described in Hydraulic Engineering Circular 18 (Richardson and others, 1995). \nTotal scour at a highway crossing is comprised of three components: 1) long-term \nstreambed degradation; 2) contraction scour (due to accelerated flow caused by a reduction \nin flow area at a bridge) and; 3) local scour (caused by accelerated flow around piers and \nabutments). Total scour is the sum of the three components. Equations are available to \ncompute depths for contraction and local scour and a summary of the results of these \ncomputations follows.\nContraction scour for all modelled flows was zero. Abutment scour ranged from 7.8 to 10.1 \nft. The worst-case abutment scour occurred at the 500-year discharge. Additional \ninformation on scour depths and depths to armoring are included in the section titled “Scour \nResults”. Scoured-streambed elevations, based on the calculated scour depths, are presented \nin tables 1 and 2. A cross-section of the scour computed at the bridge is presented in figure \n8. Scour depths were calculated assuming an infinite depth of erosive material and a \nhomogeneous particle-size distribution. \nIt is generally accepted that the Froehlich equation (abutment scour) gives “excessively \nconservative estimates of scour depths” (Richardson and others, 1995, p. 47). Usually, \ncomputed scour depths are evaluated in combination with other information including (but \nnot limited to) historical performance during flood events, the geomorphic stability \nassessment, existing scour protection measures, and the results of the hydraulic analyses. \nTherefore, scour depths adopted by VTAOT may differ from the computed values \ndocumented herein.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Pembroke, NH","doi":"10.3133/ofr97816","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with Vermont Agency of Transportation and Federal Highway Administration","usgsCitation":"Burns, R.L., 1997, Level II scour analysis for Bridge 30, (HUNTTH00220030), on Town Highway 22, crossing Brush Brook, Huntington, Vermont: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 97-816, iv, 47 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr97816.","productDescription":"iv, 47 p.","numberOfPages":"51","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":175845,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":279650,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1997/0816/report.pdf"}],"country":"United States","state":"Vermont","city":"Huntington","otherGeospatial":"Brush Brook","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -73.032655,44.222232 ], [ -73.032655,44.365071 ], [ -72.879139,44.365071 ], [ -72.879139,44.222232 ], [ -73.032655,44.222232 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b19e4b07f02db6a7ebf","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Burns, Ronda L.","contributorId":71602,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Burns","given":"Ronda","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":240673,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":2000070,"text":"2000070 - 1997 - Validation of behave fire behavior predictions in oak savannas","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-02-21T11:13:51","indexId":"2000070","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T01:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":1,"text":"Federal Government Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":32,"text":"General Technical Report","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":1}},"seriesNumber":"NC-188","title":"Validation of behave fire behavior predictions in oak savannas","docAbstract":"Prescribed fire is a valuable tool in the restoration and management of oak savannas. BEHAVE, a fire behavior prediction system developed by the United States Forest Service, can be a useful tool when managing oak savannas with prescribed fire. BEHAVE predictions of fire rate-of-spread and flame length were validated using four standardized fuel models: Fuel Model 1 (short grass), Fuel Model 2 (timber and grass), Fuel Model 3 (tall grass), and Fuel Model 9 (hardwood litter). Also, a customized oak savanna fuel model (COSFM) was created and validated. Results indicate that standardized fuel model 2 and the COSFM reliably estimate mean rate-of-spread (MROS). The COSFM did not appreciably reduce MROS variation when compared to fuel model 2. Fuel models 1, 3, and 9 did not reliably predict MROS. Neither the standardized fuel models nor the COSFM adequately predicted flame lengths. We concluded that standardized fuel model 2 should be used with BEHAVE when predicting fire rates-of-spread in established oak savannas.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Forest Service, North Central Forest Experiment Station","publisherLocation":"St. Paul, MN","usgsCitation":"Grabner, K.W., Dwyer, J., and Cutter, B.E., 1997, Validation of behave fire behavior predictions in oak savannas: General Technical Report NC-188, 14 p.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"202","endPage":"215","costCenters":[{"id":480,"text":"Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":92005,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.treesearch.fs.fed.us/pubs/15661","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":199164,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a14e4b07f02db602d41","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Grabner, Keith W. kgrabner@usgs.gov","contributorId":1747,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Grabner","given":"Keith","email":"kgrabner@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":325044,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Dwyer, John","contributorId":45042,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dwyer","given":"John","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":325046,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Cutter, Bruce E.","contributorId":176128,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Cutter","given":"Bruce","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":325045,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":1000679,"text":"1000679 - 1997 - An empirical comparison of stock identification techniques applied to striped bass","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-02-04T16:15:41","indexId":"1000679","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3624,"text":"Transactions of the American Fisheries Society","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"An empirical comparison of stock identification techniques applied to striped bass","docAbstract":"Managers of migratory striped bass stocks that mix along the Atlantic coast of the USA require periodic estimates of the relative contributions of the individual stocks to coastal mixed- stock fisheries; however, to date, a standard approach has not been adopted. We compared the performances of alternative stock identification approaches, using samples taken from the same sets of fish. Reference (known) samples were collected from three Atlantic coast spawning systems: the Hudson River, Chesapeake Bay, and the Roanoke River. Striped bass of mixed-stock origin were collected from eastern Long Island, New York, and were used as test (unknown) samples. The approaches applied were discriminant analysis of morphometric data and of meristic data, logistic regression analysis of combined meristic and morphometric data, discriminant analysis of scale-shape features, discriminant analysis of immunoassay data, and mixed-stock analysis of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) data. Overall correct classification rates of reference samples ranged from 94% to 66% when just the Hudson and Chesapeake stocks were considered and were comparable when the Chesapeake and Roanoke stocks were grouped as the ''southern'' stock. When all three stocks were treated independently, correct classification rates ranged from 82% to 49%. Despite the moderate range in correct classification rates, bias due to misallocation was relatively low for all methods, suggesting that resulting stock composition estimates should be fairly accurate. However, relative contribution estimates for the mixed-stock sample varied widely (e.g., from 81% to 47% for the Hudson River stock, when only the Hudson River and Chesapeake Bay stocks were considered). Discrepancies may be related to the reliance by all of these approaches (except mtDNA) on phenotypic features. Our results support future use of either a morphometrics-based approach (among the phenotypic methods) or a genotypic approach based on mtDNA analysis. We further recommend a conservative strategy of reliance on a single approach in tracking changes in relative contributions of striped bass stocks to coastal fisheries.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Transactions of the American Fisheries Society","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Taylor & Francis","publisherLocation":"London, UK","doi":"10.1577/1548-8659(1997)126<0369:AECOSI>2.3.CO;2","collaboration":"Out-of-print","usgsCitation":"Waldman, J.R., Richards, R., Schill, W., Wirgin, I., and Fabrizio, M.C., 1997, An empirical comparison of stock identification techniques applied to striped bass: Transactions of the American Fisheries Society, v. 126, no. 3, p. 369-385, https://doi.org/10.1577/1548-8659(1997)126<0369:AECOSI>2.3.CO;2.","productDescription":"17 p.","startPage":"369","endPage":"385","numberOfPages":"17","costCenters":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":133284,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":266968,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1577/1548-8659(1997)126<0369:AECOSI>2.3.CO;2"}],"volume":"126","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ad7e4b07f02db6843c0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Waldman, John R.","contributorId":46905,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Waldman","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":309086,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Richards, R. Anne","contributorId":92613,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Richards","given":"R. Anne","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":309088,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Schill, W. Bane","contributorId":95024,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schill","given":"W. Bane","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":309089,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Wirgin, Isaac","contributorId":45268,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wirgin","given":"Isaac","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":309085,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Fabrizio, Mary C.","contributorId":77471,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fabrizio","given":"Mary","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":309087,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":2001442,"text":"2001442 - 1997 - Prevention of fin erosion rainbow trout, Onchorynchus mykiss, by dietary modification","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:14:58","indexId":"2001442","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":1,"text":"Federal Government Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":11,"text":"Bozeman Information Leaflet","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":1}},"seriesNumber":"86","title":"Prevention of fin erosion rainbow trout, Onchorynchus mykiss, by dietary modification","docAbstract":"No abstract available at this time","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service","collaboration":"98-030/NF","usgsCitation":"Barrows, F., and Lellis, W., 1997, Prevention of fin erosion rainbow trout, Onchorynchus mykiss, by dietary modification: Bozeman Information Leaflet 86, 12 p.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"0","endPage":"12","numberOfPages":"12","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":198964,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4aaae4b07f02db668f1e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Barrows, F.T.","contributorId":94998,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Barrows","given":"F.T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":325722,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lellis, W.A.","contributorId":67441,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lellis","given":"W.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":325721,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":1000667,"text":"1000667 - 1997 - Toxicity to Daphnia pulex and QSAR predictions for polycyclic hydrocarbons representative of Great Lakes contaminants","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-04-07T12:51:53","indexId":"1000667","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1103,"text":"Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Toxicity to Daphnia pulex and QSAR predictions for polycyclic hydrocarbons representative of Great Lakes contaminants","docAbstract":"The objectives of this study were (1) to determine the toxicity of several types of polycyclic hydrocarbons characteristic of Great Lakes samples to Daphnia pulex, a Great Lakes zooplankter, (2) to investigate the influence of different structural characteristics on toxicity, and (3) to determine the linear solvation energy relationship (LSER) parameters and model that describe these compounds. These results will be related to comparative toxicity of other Great Lakes environmental compounds and to their application in site specific risk assessment.
","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/s001289900557","usgsCitation":"Passino-Reader, D., Hickey, J., and Ogilvie, L., 1997, Toxicity to Daphnia pulex and QSAR predictions for polycyclic hydrocarbons representative of Great Lakes contaminants: Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, v. 59, no. 5, p. 834-840, https://doi.org/10.1007/s001289900557.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"834","endPage":"840","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":133448,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"59","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a4ee4b07f02db627f5c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Passino-Reader, D.R.","contributorId":72763,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Passino-Reader","given":"D.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":309053,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hickey, J.P.","contributorId":31720,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hickey","given":"J.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":309051,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Ogilvie, L.M.","contributorId":33682,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ogilvie","given":"L.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":309052,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":1015916,"text":"1015916 - 1997 - Distribution of black-tailed jackrabbit habitat determined by GIS in southwestern Idaho","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-11-16T13:15:34","indexId":"1015916","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2508,"text":"Journal of Wildlife Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Distribution of black-tailed jackrabbit habitat determined by GIS in southwestern Idaho","docAbstract":"We developed a multivariate description of black-tailed jackrabbit (Lepus californicus) habitat associations from Geographical Information Systems (GIS) signatures surrounding known jackrabbit locations in the Snake River Birds of Prey National Conservation Area (NCA), in southwestern Idaho. Habitat associations were determined for characteristics within a 1-km radius (approx home range size) of jackrabbits sighted on night spotlight surveys conducted from 1987 through 1995. Predictive habitat variables were number of shrub, agriculture, and hydrography cells, mean and standard deviation of shrub patch size, habitat richness, and a measure of spatial heterogeneity. In winter, jackrabbits used smaller and less variable sizes of shrub patches and areas of higher spatial heterogeneity when compared to summer observations (P < 0.05). During the low population phase, jackrabbits also used agricultural regions more during winter than summer. The association with agricultural regions was emphasized spatially in a GIS map contrasting winter and summer periods. Multivariate habitat means (P < 0.001), but not individual GIS variables (P > 0.05), differed significantly between high and low population phase. We used the Mahalanobis distance statistic to rank all 50-m cells in a 440,000-ha region relative to the multivariate mean habitat vector. On verification surveys to test predicted models, we sighted jackrabbits in areas ranked close to the mean habitat vector. Areas burned by large-scale fires between 1980 and 1992 or in an area repeatedly burned by military training activities had greater Mahalanobis distances from the mean habitat vector than unburned areas and were less likely to contain habitats used by jackrabbits.","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.2307/3802416","usgsCitation":"Knick, S.T., and Dyer, D., 1997, Distribution of black-tailed jackrabbit habitat determined by GIS in southwestern Idaho: Journal of Wildlife Management, v. 61, no. 1, p. 75-85, https://doi.org/10.2307/3802416.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"75","endPage":"85","costCenters":[{"id":290,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":486871,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.2307/3802416","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":133870,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"61","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a7fe4b07f02db6486ed","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Knick, Steven T. 0000-0003-4025-1704 steve_knick@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4025-1704","contributorId":159,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Knick","given":"Steven","email":"steve_knick@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[{"id":290,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":289,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosys Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":323300,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Dyer, D.L.","contributorId":87900,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dyer","given":"D.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":323301,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":1015876,"text":"1015876 - 1997 - Interactive effects of prey and weather on golden eagle reproduction","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-11-16T19:44:30","indexId":"1015876","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2158,"text":"Journal of Animal Ecology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Interactive effects of prey and weather on golden eagle reproduction","docAbstract":"1. The reproduction of the golden eagle Aquila chrysaetos was studied in southwestern Idaho for 23 years, and the relationship between eagle reproduction and jackrabbit Lepus californicus abundance, weather factors, and their interactions, was modelled using general linear models. Backward elimination procedures were used to arrive at parsimonious models.
2. The number of golden eagle pairs occupying nesting territories each year showed a significant decline through time that was unrelated to either annual rabbit abundance or winter severity. However, eagle hatching dates were significantly related to both winter severity and jackrabbit abundance. Eagles hatched earlier when jackrabbits were abundant, and they hatched later after severe winters.
3. Jackrabbit abundance influenced the proportion of pairs that laid eggs, the proportion of pairs that were successful, mean brood size at fledging, and the number of young fledged per pair. Weather interacted with prey to influence eagle reproductive rates.
4. Both jackrabbit abundance and winter severity were important in predicting the percentage of eagle pairs that laid eggs. Percentage laying was related positively to jackrabbit abundance and inversely related to winter severity.
5. The variables most useful in predicting percentage of laying pairs successful were rabbit abundance and the number of extremely hot days during brood-rearing. The number of hot days and rabbit abundance were also significant in a model predicting eagle brood size at fledging. Both success and brood size were positively related to jackrabbit abundance and inversely related to the frequency of hot days in spring.
6. Eagle reproduction was limited by rabbit abundance during approximately twothirds of the years studied. Weather influenced how severely eagle reproduction declined in those years.
7. This study demonstrates that prey and weather can interact to limit a large raptor population's productivity. Smaller raptors could be affected more strongly, especially in colder or wetter climates.
","language":"English","publisher":"British Ecological Society","doi":"10.2307/5981","usgsCitation":"Steenhof, K., Kochert, M.N., and McDonald, T.L., 1997, Interactive effects of prey and weather on golden eagle reproduction: Journal of Animal Ecology, v. 66, no. 3, p. 350-362, https://doi.org/10.2307/5981.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"350","endPage":"362","costCenters":[{"id":290,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":134447,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"66","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e492ae4b07f02db57cc37","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Steenhof, Karen karen_steenhof@usgs.gov","contributorId":30585,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Steenhof","given":"Karen","email":"karen_steenhof@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":289,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosys Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":323276,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kochert, Michael N. 0000-0002-4380-3298 mkochert@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4380-3298","contributorId":3037,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kochert","given":"Michael","email":"mkochert@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[{"id":290,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":289,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosys Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":323275,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"McDonald, T. L.","contributorId":101211,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"McDonald","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":323277,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":1015856,"text":"1015856 - 1997 - Methods for evaluating crown area profiles of forest stands","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:04:46","indexId":"1015856","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1170,"text":"Canadian Journal of Forest Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Methods for evaluating crown area profiles of forest stands","docAbstract":"Canopy architectures of five structurally complex forest stands and three structurally simple forest stands in southwest Oregon and the Willamette Valley, Oregon, were evaluated and quantified through crown area profiles. Mixed conifer and mixed conifer hardwood stands across a range of sites were sampled for crown widths and heights. Crown width and shape equations were derived and used to quantify the stand crown area at incremental heights above the forest floor. Crown area profiles describe the spatial arrangement of aboveground forest vegetation and the total pore spaces between crowns. Plot by plot profiles were combined to produce vertical and horizontal displays of the stand crown area distribution. In complex stands, the forest space was moderately occupied by crowns from the forest floor up to heights over 30 m,\r\nproducing uniform distributions of between-crown porosity. The structurally complex stands had between-crown porosity values of 70% to 90% for more than 23 vertical metres of canopy, and they had total between-crown porosities of 86% to 91%. The structurally simple stands had between-crown porosity values of 70% to 90% for less than 8 vertical metres of canopy, and they had total between-crown porosities of 69% to 85%. Variances in crown area indicate that variation in horizontal crown area (within heights) was larger in complex stands than in simple stands, but vertical crown areas (between heights) varied less in complex stands. The study provides a basis for discriminating between canopy architectures and for quantifying the porosity of forest canopies.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Canadian Journal of Forest Research","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","usgsCitation":"Dubrasich, M.E., Hann, D., and Tappeiner, J.C., 1997, Methods for evaluating crown area profiles of forest stands: Canadian Journal of Forest Research, v. 27, no. 3, p. 385-392.","productDescription":"p. 385-392","startPage":"385","endPage":"392","numberOfPages":"8","costCenters":[{"id":290,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":134133,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"27","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a53e4b07f02db62b87f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Dubrasich, Michael E.","contributorId":76702,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dubrasich","given":"Michael","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":323254,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hann, D.W.","contributorId":106451,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hann","given":"D.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":323256,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Tappeiner, J. C. II","contributorId":103235,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tappeiner","given":"J.","suffix":"II","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":323255,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":1015834,"text":"1015834 - 1997 - An energy-circuit population model for great egrets (Ardea alba) at Lake Okeechobee, Florida, U.S.A","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-11-15T14:33:27","indexId":"1015834","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1458,"text":"Ecological Modelling","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"An energy-circuit population model for great egrets (Ardea alba) at Lake Okeechobee, Florida, U.S.A","docAbstract":"I simulated the annual population cycles of Great Egrets (Ardea alba) at Lake Okeechobee, Florida, to provide a framework for evaluating the local population dynamics of nesting and foraging wading birds. The external forcing functions were solar energy, minimum air temperature, water depth, surface-water drying rate, and season. Solar input controlled the production of prey at moderate to high lake stages, but water area exerted primary control during a two-year drought. Modeling prey production as a linear function of water area resulted in underestimation of prey density during the drought, suggesting that prey organisms maintained high fecundity while concentrated in submerged vegetation at the lakeward fringe of the littoral zone. Simulation confirmed that large influxes of wading birds during the drought were the combined result of a regional refuge response and the availability of concentrated prey. Modeling immigration and emigration as primarily functions of the surface-water drying rate, rather than lake stage, resulted in a closer match of observed and simulated population trends for foraging birds, suggesting that the pattern of surface-water fluctuations was a more important factor than water depth. Simulation indicated an abrupt-threshold response rather than a linear association between foraging efficiency and low temperatures, which reduce activity levels of forage fishes. Great Egret breeder recruitment is primarily a function of prey availability, climate, and hydrologic trends, but simulation confirmed the concurrent involvement of a seasonal or physiological-readiness factor. An attractor function driven by high winter lake stages was necessary to reproduce observed patterns of breeder recruitment, suggesting that Great Egrets initiate nesting based on environmental cues that lead to peak food availability when nestlings are present. Poor correspondence of reproductive effort and nest productivity suggested that the drought compromised the birds' predictive abilities. The need to model breeder recruitment as a function of a maximum rate rather than the size of the local foraging population suggested that birds may nest on the lake even though on-lake foraging conditions are poor. Simulated and observed estimates of egg and hatching production did not match, suggesting that the causes of failure during incubation were complex or more localized than could be accounted for with lakewide hydrologic and climatic data. A forced increase in prey consumption of 12% was necessary to reproduce observed, high levels of nest productivity in 1990, which corresponded to the finding that panhandled fish constituted 10–12% of the biomass fed to Great Egret nestlings that year.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/S0304-3800(96)00061-0","usgsCitation":"Smith, J., 1997, An energy-circuit population model for great egrets (Ardea alba) at Lake Okeechobee, Florida, U.S.A: Ecological Modelling, v. 97, no. 1-2, p. 1-21, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0304-3800(96)00061-0.","productDescription":"22 p.","startPage":"1","endPage":"21","costCenters":[{"id":290,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":134491,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Florida","otherGeospatial":"Lake Okeechobee","volume":"97","issue":"1-2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ad9e4b07f02db684b7e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Smith, Jeff P.","contributorId":79852,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"Jeff P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":323213,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":1015827,"text":"1015827 - 1997 - Holocene vegetation and historic grazing impacts at Capitol Reef National Park reconstructed using packrat middens","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-11-16T19:40:49","indexId":"1015827","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1853,"text":"Great Basin Naturalist","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Holocene vegetation and historic grazing impacts at Capitol Reef National Park reconstructed using packrat middens","docAbstract":"Mid- to late-Holocene vegetation change from a remote high-desert site was reconstructed using plant macrofossils and pollen from 9 packrat middens ranging from 0 to 5400 yr in age. Presettlement middens consistently contained abundant macrofossils of plant species palatable to large herbivores that are now absent or reduced, such as winterfat (Ceratoides lanatd) and ricegrass (Stipa hymenoides). Macrofossils and pollen of pinyon pine (Pinus edulis), sagebrush (Artemisia spp.), and roundleaf buffaloberry (Shepherdia rotundifolia) were also recently reduced to their lowest levels for the 5400-yr record. Conversely, species typical of overgrazed range, such as snakeweed (Gutierrezia sarothrae), viscid rabbitbrush (Chrysothamnus visidiflorus), and Russian thistle (Salsola sp.), were not recorded prior to the historic introduction of grazing animals. Pollen of Utah juniper (Juniperus osteosperma) also increased during the last 200 yr. These records demonstrate that the most severe vegetation changes of the last 5400 yr occurred during the past 200 yr. The nature and timing of these changes suggest that they were primarily caused by 19th-century open-land sheep and cattle ranching. The reduction of pinyon and sagebrush concurrent with other grazing impacts suggests that effects of cattle grazing at modern stocking levels may be a poor analog for the effects of intense sheep grazing during drought.
","language":"English","publisher":"Monte L. Bean Life Science Museum, Brigham Young University","usgsCitation":"Cole, K., Henderson, N., and Shafer, D., 1997, Holocene vegetation and historic grazing impacts at Capitol Reef National Park reconstructed using packrat middens: Great Basin Naturalist, v. 57, no. 4, p. 315-326.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"315","endPage":"326","costCenters":[{"id":290,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":133489,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":349034,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/41713018"}],"volume":"57","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a54e4b07f02db62bf2f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cole, K.L.","contributorId":87507,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cole","given":"K.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":323202,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Henderson, N.","contributorId":50120,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Henderson","given":"N.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":323201,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Shafer, D.S.","contributorId":15573,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shafer","given":"D.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":323200,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":1015759,"text":"1015759 - 1997 - Factors controlling threshold friction velocity in semiarid and arid areas of the United States","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-11-16T13:24:35","indexId":"1015759","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2312,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Factors controlling threshold friction velocity in semiarid and arid areas of the United States","docAbstract":"A physical model was developed to explain threshold friction velocities u*t for particles of the size 60a??120 I?m lying on a rough surface in loose soils for semiarid and arid parts of the United States. The model corrected for the effect of momentum absorption by the nonerodible roughness. For loose or disturbed soils the most important parameter that controls u*t is the aerodynamic roughness height z 0. For physical crusts damaged by wind the size of erodible crust pieces is important along with the roughness. The presence of cyanobacteriallichen soil crusts roughens the surface, and the biological fibrous growth aggregates soil particles. Only undisturbed sandy soils and disturbed soils of all types would be expected to be erodible in normal wind storms. Therefore disturbance of soils by both cattle and humans is very important in predicting wind erosion as confirmed by our measurements.","language":"English","publisher":"AGU","doi":"10.1029/97JD01303","usgsCitation":"Marticorena, B., Bergametti, G., and Belnap, J., 1997, Factors controlling threshold friction velocity in semiarid and arid areas of the United States: Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 102, no. D19, p. 23,277-23,287, https://doi.org/10.1029/97JD01303.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"23,277","endPage":"23,287","costCenters":[{"id":290,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":480101,"rank":1,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"https://hal.science/hal-02326322","text":"External Repository"},{"id":133162,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"102","issue":"D19","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a03e4b07f02db5f8386","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Marticorena, Beatrice","contributorId":39744,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Marticorena","given":"Beatrice","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":323162,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bergametti, G.","contributorId":26270,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bergametti","given":"G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":323161,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Belnap, Jayne 0000-0001-7471-2279 jayne_belnap@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7471-2279","contributorId":1332,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Belnap","given":"Jayne","email":"jayne_belnap@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":568,"text":"Southwest Biological Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":323160,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":1015738,"text":"1015738 - 1997 - Using mark-recapture methods to estimate fish abundance in small mountain lakes","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:04:51","indexId":"1015738","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2900,"text":"Northwest Science","onlineIssn":"2161-9859","printIssn":"0029-344X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Using mark-recapture methods to estimate fish abundance in small mountain lakes","docAbstract":"The majority of lacustrine fish populations in the western USA are located far from the nearest\r\nroad. Although mark-recapture techniques are widely accepted for estimating population\r\nabundance, these techniques have been broadly ignored for fisheries surveys in remote mountain\r\nlakes because of restricted access and associated logistical constraints. In this study, mark recapture experiments were used to estimate fish population abundance in nine small (< 7 ha)\r\nlakes of the North Cascades National Park Service Complex. Fish in the mark sample were\r\ncollected by angling, fin-clipped, and immediately released; fish were recaptured with variable\r\nmesh monofilament gill nets. A single-census Petersen estimator was used to calculate\r\nabundance in each lake, and assumptions for unbiased estimates appeared to be satisfied in\r\nmost cases. Post-release mortality of angler-captured fish was low. The small size of these lakes in conjunction with the brief period of rime allotted for each individual experiment apparently reduced the probability of unequal vulnerability and mortality for marked and unmarked fish. Single-census mark-recapture experiments appeared to provide reasonable estimates of population abundance in these mountain lakes. Resulting estimates furnish a substantial increase in information when compared to more ubiquitous assessments of relative abundance, but the logistical requirements are modest. We believe that this technique may useful for survey purposes in other small, remote lakes.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Northwest Science","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","usgsCitation":"Gresswell, R., Liss, W., Lomnicky, G., Deimling, E., Hoffman, R.L., and Tyler, T., 1997, Using mark-recapture methods to estimate fish abundance in small mountain lakes: Northwest Science, v. 71, no. 1, p. 39-44.","productDescription":"p. 39-44","startPage":"39","endPage":"44","numberOfPages":"6","costCenters":[{"id":290,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":134173,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"71","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a15e4b07f02db6030c1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Gresswell, Robert E.","contributorId":13194,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gresswell","given":"Robert E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":323142,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Liss, W.J.","contributorId":75887,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Liss","given":"W.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":323147,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Lomnicky, G.A.","contributorId":37697,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lomnicky","given":"G.A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":323143,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Deimling, E.","contributorId":48522,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Deimling","given":"E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":323144,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Hoffman, Robert L.","contributorId":52931,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hoffman","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":323145,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Tyler, T.","contributorId":62978,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tyler","given":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":323146,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":1002530,"text":"1002530 - 1997 - Reforestation of bottomland hardwoods and the issue of woody species diversity","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:04:48","indexId":"1002530","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3271,"text":"Restoration Ecology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Reforestation of bottomland hardwoods and the issue of woody species diversity","docAbstract":"Bottomland hardwood forests in the southcentral United States have been cleared extensively for agriculture, and many of the remaining forests are fragmented and degraded. During the last decade, however, approximately 75,000 ha of land-mainly agricultural fields-have been replanted or contracted for replanting, with many more acres likely to be reforested in the near future. The approach used in most reforestation projects to date has been to plant one to three overstory tree species, usually Quercus spp. (oaks), and to rely on natural dispersal for the establishment of other woody species. I critique this practice by two means. First, a brief literature review demonstrates that moderately high woody species diversity occurs in natural bottomland hardwood forests in the region. This review, which relates diversity to site characteristics, serves as a basis for comparison with stands established by means of current reforestation practices. Second, I reevaluate data on the invasion of woody species from an earlier study of 10 reforestation projects in Mississippi,with the goal of assessing the likelihood that stands with high woody species diversity will develop. I show that natural invasion cannot always be counted on to produce a diverse stand, particularly on sites more than about 60 m from an existing forest edge. I then make several recommendations for altering current reforestation pactices in order to establish stands with greater woody species diversity, a more natural appearance,and a more positive environmental impact at scales larger than individual sites.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Restoration Ecology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1046/j.1526-100X.1997.09715.x","usgsCitation":"Allen, J.A., 1997, Reforestation of bottomland hardwoods and the issue of woody species diversity: Restoration Ecology, v. 5, no. 2, p. 125-134, https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1526-100X.1997.09715.x.","startPage":"125","endPage":"134","numberOfPages":"10","costCenters":[{"id":455,"text":"National Wetlands Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":133941,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":15629,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1526-100X.1997.09715.x","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"6850.000000000000000"}],"volume":"5","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2008-06-28","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a60e4b07f02db63514b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Allen, J. A.","contributorId":82644,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Allen","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":312123,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":1014901,"text":"1014901 - 1997 - The loss of hyperosmoregulatory ability in migrating juvenile American shad, Alosa sapidissima","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-11-06T10:35:53","indexId":"1014901","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1169,"text":"Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"displayTitle":"The loss of hyperosmoregulatory ability in migrating juvenile American shad, Alosa sapidissima","title":"The loss of hyperosmoregulatory ability in migrating juvenile American shad, Alosa sapidissima","docAbstract":"Investigations on juvenile American shad (Alosa sapidissima) revealed several physiological changes associated with downstream migration. Plasma chloride decreased 20% in wild juvenile shad during the autumn migration. Migrants had lower condition factor and hematocrit than non-migrant shad captured by beach seining. Gill Na + ,K + -ATPase activity of migrant shad was higher than non-migrant; a 2.5-fold increase was observed in 1993, while a 57% increase was observed in 1994. Similar changes were observed in laboratory studies of shad maintained in fresh water under simulated natural temperature and photoperiod. Plasma chloride dropped 68% and gill Na + ,K + -ATPase activity increased 3-fold over a 3-month period. Decreased plasma chloride was associated with increased mortality. Increases in gill Na + ,K + -ATPase activity decreases in plasma chloride and osmolality, and incidence of mortality were delayed and moderated, but not eliminated, in shad maintained at constant temperature (24°C). Shad did not survive in fresh water past December regardless of temperature regime. In seawater, all shad survived and showed no perturbation of plasma chloride at 24°C or simulated natural temperature (above 4°C). The decline in hyperosmoregulatory ability, as influenced by declining temperatures, may serve as a proximate cue for autumnal migration.
","language":"English","publisher":"NRC Research Press","doi":"10.1139/f97-144","usgsCitation":"Zydlewski, J.D., and McCormick, S., 1997, The loss of hyperosmoregulatory ability in migrating juvenile American shad, Alosa sapidissima: Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, v. 54, no. 10, p. 2377-2387, https://doi.org/10.1139/f97-144.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"2377","endPage":"2387","costCenters":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":197398,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"54","issue":"10","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a82e4b07f02db64ae5a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Zydlewski, Joseph D. 0000-0002-2255-2303 jzydlewski@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2255-2303","contributorId":2004,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zydlewski","given":"Joseph","email":"jzydlewski@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":199,"text":"Coop Res Unit Leetown","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":198,"text":"Coop Res Unit Atlanta","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":321484,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"McCormick, S. D. 0000-0003-0621-6200","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0621-6200","contributorId":20278,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McCormick","given":"S. D.","affiliations":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":321485,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":1014892,"text":"1014892 - 1997 - A GIS model to predict black bear habitat use","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-04-03T00:11:13.187739","indexId":"1014892","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2297,"text":"Journal of Forestry","onlineIssn":"1938-3746","printIssn":"0022-1201","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A GIS model to predict black bear habitat use","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"Oxford Academic","doi":"10.1093/jof/95.8.6","usgsCitation":"Van Manen, F., and Pelton, M., 1997, A GIS model to predict black bear habitat use: Journal of Forestry, v. 95, no. 8, p. 6-12, https://doi.org/10.1093/jof/95.8.6.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"6","endPage":"12","numberOfPages":"7","costCenters":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":480051,"rank":2,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1093/jof/95.8.6","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":197483,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"95","issue":"8","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b31e4b07f02db6b414f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Van Manen, F.T.","contributorId":45241,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Van Manen","given":"F.T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":321464,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Pelton, M.R.","contributorId":35672,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pelton","given":"M.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":321463,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":1014810,"text":"1014810 - 1997 - Prey patchiness and larval fish growth and survival: inferences from an individual-based model","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-09-29T16:10:15.638363","indexId":"1014810","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1458,"text":"Ecological Modelling","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Prey patchiness and larval fish growth and survival: inferences from an individual-based model","docAbstract":"We used an individual-based simulation model to evaluate how prey patchiness and fish swimming behavior affect larval fish survival and mortality source (predation or starvation). Simulations revealed that cohort survival increased linearly with greater average patch residence times and that patch residence times for individual fish with different fates (survived, starved, eaten) diverged substantially during the first few days of feeding. Further, by examining the interaction of patch spatial distribution (uniform random versus clumped) with three possible swimming behaviors, we found that swimming behavior, via its effect on prey encounter and feeding rates, affected both cohort survival rates and whether fish died from predation or starvation, but that the spatial distribution of patches (fine-scale (100s m)) only influenced whether fish died from predation or starvation. Within a particular patch spatial arrangement, however, patch intensity (division of food between patches and non-patches) had a major effect on survival. Except at high food levels, fish did not survive when there were no patches, suggesting that average, well-mixed prey densities will not support sufficiently rapid growth for survival. As patch intensity increased, survival increased to a maximum and then declined, with peak survival occurring at higher patch intensity as average food concentration declined. Finally, the degree of patchiness also determined the intensity of selection on growth rates. In patchier environments, there was stronger selection for fast growth rates leading to eight-fold differences in average cohort growth rates after only three days of growth. In general, survival was not directly related to fast cohort growth the best survival occurred with high average prey densities and weak patchiness. Prey patchiness, by influencing the average as well as the variance in individual growth rates, can have a substantial impact on survival rates of larval fish cohorts.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/S0304-3800(96)00015-4","usgsCitation":"Letcher, B., and Rice, J., 1997, Prey patchiness and larval fish growth and survival: inferences from an individual-based model: Ecological Modelling, v. 95, p. 29-43, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0304-3800(96)00015-4.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"29","endPage":"43","numberOfPages":"15","costCenters":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":131722,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"95","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4aaae4b07f02db668f40","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Letcher, Benjamin H. 0000-0003-0191-5678 bletcher@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0191-5678","contributorId":167313,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Letcher","given":"Benjamin H.","email":"bletcher@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":321246,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Rice, James A.","contributorId":176863,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Rice","given":"James A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":321247,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":1014675,"text":"1014675 - 1997 - Modeling gas transfer in a spray tower oxygen absorber","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-08-09T15:18:21.441007","indexId":"1014675","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":852,"text":"Aquacultural Engineering","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Modeling gas transfer in a spray tower oxygen absorber","docAbstract":"A computer model characterizing the performance of a spray tower oxygen absorption system was developed based on finite difference mass transfer calculations. Performance was assessed in terms of oxygen utilization, transfer efficiency, and economy. Pilot scale tests verified model assumptions and performance predictions. Simulation runs indicated spray tower head and oxygen feed requirements for desired changes in dissolved oxygen (DO) exceeded those required for packed column equipment. Spray tower performance was improved by increasing hydraulic loading from 35 to 85 kg m−2 s−1 and by increasing tower height from 1·25 to 2·50 m. The effluent DO concentration that minimized variable costs of oxygen transfer was lower in the spray tower than in the packed tower, indicating clean water use of the spray tower will be limited to moderate effluent DO requirement applications (DO <20 mg l−1).
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/S0144-8609(96)01011-4","usgsCitation":"Vinci, B.J., Watten, B.J., and Timmons, M., 1997, Modeling gas transfer in a spray tower oxygen absorber: Aquacultural Engineering, v. 16, p. 91-105, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0144-8609(96)01011-4.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"91","endPage":"105","numberOfPages":"15","costCenters":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":489807,"rank":2,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/s0144-8609(96)01011-4","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":129994,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"16","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a2de4b07f02db614228","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Vinci, Brian J.","contributorId":71890,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Vinci","given":"Brian","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":320886,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Watten, Barnaby J. 0000-0002-2227-8623 bwatten@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2227-8623","contributorId":2002,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Watten","given":"Barnaby","email":"bwatten@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":320885,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Timmons, Michael","contributorId":239537,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Timmons","given":"Michael","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":320887,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ]}