The 0.76 Ma Bishop Tuff, from Long Valley caldera in eastern California, consists of a widespread fall deposit and voluminous partly welded ignimbrite. The fall deposit (F), exposed over an easterly sector below and adjacent to the ignimbrite, is divided into nine units (F1‐F9), with no significant time breaks, except possibly between F8 and F9. Maximum clast sizes are compared with other deposits where accumulation rates are known or inferred to estimate an accumulation time for F1‐F8 as ca. 90 hrs. The ignimbrite (Ig) is divided into chronologically and/or geographically distinct packages of material. Earlier packages (Ig1) were emplaced mostly eastward, are wholly intraplinian (coeval with fall units F2‐F8), Lack phenocrystic pyroxenes, and contain few or no Glass Mountain‐derived rhyolite lithic fragments. Earlier packages (Ig2) were erupted mostly to the north and east, are at least partly intraplinian (interbedded with fall unit F9 to the east), contain pyroxenes, and have lithic fractions rich in Glass Mountain‐derived rhyolite or other lithologies exposed on the northern caldera rim. Recognition of the intraplinian nature of Ig1 east of the caldera and use of the fall deposit chronometry yields accumulation estimates of ca. 25 hrs for an earlier, less‐welded subpackage and ca. 36 hrs for a later, mostly welded subpackage. Average accumulation rates range up to ≥1 mm/s of dense‐welded massive ignimbrite, equivalent to ≥2.5 mm/s of non‐welded material. Comparisons of internal stratification in Ig1 and northern Ig2 lobes suggest the thickest northern ignimbrite accumulated in ≥35 hrs. Identifiable vent positions migrated from an initial site previously proposed in the south‐central part of the caldera (F1‐8, Ig1) in complex fashion; one vent set (for eastern Ig2) migrated east and north toward Glass Mountain, while another set (for northern Ig2) opened from west to east across the northern caldera margin. Vent locations for Ig1 and Ig2 southwest of the caldera have not been identified. The new stratigraphic framework shows that much of the Bishop ignimbrite is intraplinian in nature, and that fall deposits and ignimbrite units previously inferred to be sequential are largely or wholly coeval. Fundamental reassessment is therefore required of all existing models for the eruption dynamics and the nature and causes of pre‐eruptive zonations in trace elements, volatiles, and isotopes in the parental magma chamber.
","language":"English","publisher":"University of Chicago Press","doi":"10.1086/515937","issn":"00221376","usgsCitation":"Wilson, C.J., and Hildreth, W., 1997, The Bishop Tuff: New insights from eruptive stratigraphy: Journal of Geology, v. 105, no. 4, p. 407-439, https://doi.org/10.1086/515937.","productDescription":"33 p.","startPage":"407","endPage":"439","numberOfPages":"33","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":228289,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Bishop Tuff, Long Valley Caldera","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -118.9812469482422,\n 37.541855135522226\n ],\n [\n -118.63586425781249,\n 37.541855135522226\n ],\n [\n -118.63586425781249,\n 37.76474401178003\n ],\n [\n -118.9812469482422,\n 37.76474401178003\n ],\n [\n -118.9812469482422,\n 37.541855135522226\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"105","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505ba9eee4b08c986b3225f6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wilson, C. J. N.","contributorId":22096,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wilson","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"J. N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383694,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hildreth, W. 0000-0002-7925-4251","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7925-4251","contributorId":100487,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hildreth","given":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383695,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70019715,"text":"70019715 - 1997 - Determination of site amplification in the Los Angeles urban area from inversion of strong-motion records","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-10-22T13:50:12.412554","indexId":"70019715","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1135,"text":"Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America","onlineIssn":"1943-3573","printIssn":"0037-1106","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Determination of site amplification in the Los Angeles urban area from inversion of strong-motion records","docAbstract":"The amplification of strong ground motion at sites in the greater Los Angeles, California, region is determined using the generalized-inverse method of Andrews (1986). Site-amplification estimates are determined at 281 strong-motion sites that provided horizontal-component accelerograms from the 1971 San Fernando, 1987 Whittier Narrows, 1991 Sierra Madre, or 1994 Northridge mainshocks. The estimates are determined relative to the spectral level recorded at a single reference site. In a second inversion, a source-site interaction term is added to Andrews's (1986) model to quantify the effect selected mainshock records have on site-amplification estimates. The source-site interaction term is applied to the San Fernando Valley sites' records of the Northridge earthquake and to three Los Angeles basin sites' records of the Whittier Narrows mainshock.
","language":"English","publisher":"Seismological Society of America","doi":"10.1785/BSSA0870040866","issn":"00371106","usgsCitation":"Harmsen, S.C., 1997, Determination of site amplification in the Los Angeles urban area from inversion of strong-motion records: Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, v. 87, no. 4, p. 866-887, https://doi.org/10.1785/BSSA0870040866.","productDescription":"22 p.","startPage":"866","endPage":"887","numberOfPages":"22","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":228249,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","city":"Los Angeles","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -119.63191368282305,\n 34.58030693870565\n ],\n [\n -119.63191368282305,\n 33.359435728097196\n ],\n [\n -116.64363243282325,\n 33.359435728097196\n ],\n [\n -116.64363243282325,\n 34.58030693870565\n ],\n [\n -119.63191368282305,\n 34.58030693870565\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"87","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1997-08-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059ffc7e4b0c8380cd4f3be","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Harmsen, S. C.","contributorId":59039,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Harmsen","given":"S.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383690,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70019714,"text":"70019714 - 1997 - Estimating the diminution of shear-wave amplitude with distance: Application to the Los Angeles, California, urban area","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-10-22T13:54:03.013875","indexId":"70019714","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1135,"text":"Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America","onlineIssn":"1943-3573","printIssn":"0037-1106","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Estimating the diminution of shear-wave amplitude with distance: Application to the Los Angeles, California, urban area","docAbstract":"The rate of decay with distance of shear-wave amplitude, computed from 20-sec S-wave spectra, is determined from TERRAscope records of small earthquakes in the greater Los Angeles area. Piecewise log-linear interpolation functions and traditional diminution functions are used to fit spectral decay to a maximum distance of 150 km. Simultaneously, isotropic source and receiver terms are determined. Separate branches of the spectral decay function are found for two categories of source depth: greater than 10 km and less than 10 km. In the hypocentral distance range of 20 to 150 km and in the frequency range of 0.5 to 8.0 Hz, an important result of the investigation is that the horizontal-component decay rate associated with deeper-crustal sources is generally greater than that associated with shallower sources and is greater than that which is estimated using more traditional models of spectral decay with distance. The same behavior generally holds for vertical-component spectra. The variation in apparent attenuation rate with source depth should affect seismic-hazard estimates associated with the rupture of blind thrust faults in the Los Angeles basin and vicinity. The results of the inversions suggest that interpolation function representations of spectral decay are sensitive to perturbations of S-wave amplitude due to crustal reflectors, such as post-critical S-wave arrivals from mid-crustal to deep-crustal velocity interfaces.
Salinity increases in water from the freshwater Navajo aquifer in the Aneth area have been documented in recent years. Previous studies during the 1980s in the Aneth area suggested that brines associated with oil production and their subsequent re-injection were the probable source of salinity in the Navajo aquifer. Differences in the delta strontium-87 (δ87Sr) composition of ground-water samples from southeastern Utah were used to determine if oil-field brine or water from the upper Paleozoic aquifer is a plausible source of salinity to the Navajo aquifer. The δ87Sr values of the oil-field brine samples (mean = −0.95%, range = −1.06 to −0.79%, n = 5) are substantially more negative than the values in water samples from wells completed in the Navajo aquifer (mean = 0.73, range = −0.85 to 2.02%, n = 48), indicating that oil-field brine is not a source of salinity. The δ87Sr values in water samples from wells completed in the upper Paleozoic aquifer (mean = 0.801% range = 0.34 to 1.10%, n = 4) are similar to the mean isotopic composition of the more saline water from the Navajo aquifer. The δ87Sr values in water from the Navajo aquifer confirm that two distinct flow areas are present. Mixing models using the δ87Sr values and Sr concentrations of non-saline water from the Navajo aquifer and saline water from the upper Paleozoic aquifer indicate that water from the upper Paleozoic aquifer is a plausible source of saline water to the Navajo aquifer. Most Navajo aquifer wells that contain water with a δ87Sr signature similar to water from the upper Paleozoic aquifer are located within or adjacent to an area where the hydraulic gradient is favorable for upward movement of water from the upper Paleozoic aquifer into the Navajo aquifer.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/S0009-2541(97)00063-6","issn":"00092541","usgsCitation":"Naftz, D.L., Peterman, Z.E., and Spangler, L., 1997, Using δ87Sr values to identify sources of salinity to a freshwater aquifer, Greater Aneth Oil Field, Utah, USA: Chemical Geology, v. 141, no. 3-4, p. 195-209, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0009-2541(97)00063-6.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"195","endPage":"209","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":228055,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":266040,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0009-2541(97)00063-6"}],"volume":"141","issue":"3-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bc00be4b08c986b329ec8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Naftz, D. L.","contributorId":40624,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Naftz","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383644,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Peterman, Z. E.","contributorId":63781,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Peterman","given":"Z.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383646,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Spangler, L.E.","contributorId":54230,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Spangler","given":"L.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383645,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70019701,"text":"70019701 - 1997 - Evidence for radionuclide transport by sea ice","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:20","indexId":"70019701","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Evidence for radionuclide transport by sea ice","docAbstract":"Ice and ice-borne sediments were collected across the Arctic Basin during the Arctic Ocean Section, 1994 (AOS-94), a recent US/Canada trans- Arctic expedition. Sediments were analysed for 137Cs, clay mineralogy and carbon. Concentrations of 137Cs ranged from 5 to 73 Bq kg-1 in the ice- borne sediments. Concentrations of ice samples without sediment were all less than 1 Bq m-3. The sediment sample with the highest 137Cs concentration (73 Bq kg-1)was collected in the Beaufort Sea. This concentration was significantly higher than in bottom sediments collected in the same area, indicating an ice transport mechanism from an area with correspondingly higher concentrations. Recent results from the application of ice transport models and sediment analyses indicate that it is very likely that sediments are transported by ice, from the Siberian shelf areas to the Beaufort Sea.","largerWorkTitle":"Science of the Total Environment","language":"English","doi":"10.1016/S0048-9697(97)00121-6","issn":"00489697","usgsCitation":"Meese, D., Reimnitz, E., Tucker, W.B., Gow, A.J., Bischof, J., and Darby, D., 1997, Evidence for radionuclide transport by sea ice, in Science of the Total Environment, v. 202, no. 1-3, p. 267-278, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0048-9697(97)00121-6.","startPage":"267","endPage":"278","numberOfPages":"12","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":206045,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0048-9697(97)00121-6"},{"id":228054,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"202","issue":"1-3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0d50e4b0c8380cd52f42","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Meese, D.A.","contributorId":84095,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Meese","given":"D.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383643,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Reimnitz, E.","contributorId":61557,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reimnitz","given":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383640,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Tucker, W. B. III","contributorId":73358,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tucker","given":"W.","suffix":"III","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383641,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Gow, A. J.","contributorId":45070,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Gow","given":"A.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383639,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Bischof, J.","contributorId":80839,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bischof","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383642,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Darby, D.","contributorId":24941,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Darby","given":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383638,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70019696,"text":"70019696 - 1997 - Foreland crustal structure of the New York recess, northeastern United States","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-12-22T00:03:29.495428","indexId":"70019696","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1786,"text":"Geological Society of America Bulletin","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Foreland crustal structure of the New York recess, northeastern United States","docAbstract":"A new structural model for the northeast part of the Central Appalachian foreland and fold-and-thrust belt is based on detailed field mapping, geophysical data, and balanced cross-section analysis. The model demonstrates that the region contains a multiply deformed, parautochthonous fold-and-thrust system of Paleozoic age. Our interpretations differ from previous ones in which the entire region north of the Newark basin was considered to be allochthonous. The new interpretation requires a substantial decrease in Paleozoic tectonic shortening northeastward from adjacent parts of the Central Appalachian foreland and illustrates the common occurrence of backthrusting within the region.
","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/0016-7606(1997)109<0955:FCSOTN>2.3.CO;2","issn":"00167606","usgsCitation":"Herman, G., Monteverde, D., Schlische, R., and Pitcher, D., 1997, Foreland crustal structure of the New York recess, northeastern United States: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 109, no. 8, p. 955-977, https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1997)109<0955:FCSOTN>2.3.CO;2.","productDescription":"23 p.","startPage":"955","endPage":"977","numberOfPages":"23","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":227970,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -76.78012650707936,\n 39.22733295179512\n ],\n [\n -73.08872025707943,\n 39.22733295179512\n ],\n [\n -73.08872025707943,\n 42.67776588568526\n ],\n [\n -76.78012650707936,\n 42.67776588568526\n ],\n [\n -76.78012650707936,\n 39.22733295179512\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"109","issue":"8","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a1320e4b0c8380cd54526","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Herman, G.C.","contributorId":102215,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Herman","given":"G.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383619,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Monteverde, D.H.","contributorId":67171,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Monteverde","given":"D.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383616,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Schlische, R.W.","contributorId":69732,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schlische","given":"R.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383617,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Pitcher, D.M.","contributorId":95217,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pitcher","given":"D.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383618,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70019687,"text":"70019687 - 1997 - A watershed approach to ecosystem monitoring in Denali National Park and preserve, Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-05-29T23:16:31.807351","indexId":"70019687","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2529,"text":"Journal of the American Water Resources Association","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A watershed approach to ecosystem monitoring in Denali National Park and preserve, Alaska","docAbstract":"The National Park Service and the National Biological Service initiated research in Denali National Park and Preserve, a 2.4 million-hectare park in southcentral Alaska, to develop ecological monitoring protocols for national parks in the Arctic/Subarctic biogeographic area. We are focusing pilot studies on design questions, on scaling issues and regionalization, ecosystem structure and function, indicator selection and evaluation, and monitoring technologies. Rock Creek, a headwater stream near Denali headquarters, is the ecological scale for initial testing of a watershed ecosystem approach. Our conceptual model embraces principles of the hydrological cycle, hypotheses of global climate change, and biological interactions of organisms occupying intermediate, but poorly studied, positions in Alaskan food webs. The field approach includes hydrological and depositional considerations and a suite of integrated measures linking key aquatic and terrestrial biota, environmental variables, or defined ecological processes, in order to establish ecological conditions and detect, track, and understand mechanisms of environmental change. Our sampling activities include corresponding measures of physical, chemical, and biological attributes in four Rock Creek habitats believed characteristic of the greater system diversity of Denali. This paper gives examples of data sets, program integration and scaling, and research needs.","language":"English","publisher":"American Water Resources Association","doi":"10.1111/j.1752-1688.1997.tb04106.x","issn":"1093474X","usgsCitation":"Thorsteinson, L., and Taylor, D., 1997, A watershed approach to ecosystem monitoring in Denali National Park and preserve, Alaska: Journal of the American Water Resources Association, v. 33, no. 4, p. 795-810, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.1997.tb04106.x.","productDescription":"16 p.","startPage":"795","endPage":"810","numberOfPages":"16","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":227801,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"33","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2007-06-08","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e61ce4b0c8380cd4717d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Thorsteinson, L.K.","contributorId":100131,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thorsteinson","given":"L.K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383596,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Taylor, D.L.","contributorId":50676,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Taylor","given":"D.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383595,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70019686,"text":"70019686 - 1997 - Seismic source study of the Racha-Dzhava (Georgia) earthquake from aftershocks and broad-band teleseismic body-wave records: An example of active nappe tectonics","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-02-08T12:01:45.542941","indexId":"70019686","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1803,"text":"Geophysical Journal International","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Seismic source study of the Racha-Dzhava (Georgia) earthquake from aftershocks and broad-band teleseismic body-wave records: An example of active nappe tectonics","docAbstract":"The Racha-Dzhava earthquake (Ms=7.0) that occurred on 1991 April 29 at 09:12:48.1 GMT in the southern border of the Great Caucasus is the biggest event ever recorded in the region, stronger than the Spitak earthquake (Ms=6.9) of 1988. A field expedition to the epicentral area was organised and a temporary seismic network of 37 stations was deployed to record the aftershock activity. A very precise image of the aftershock distribution is obtained, showing an elongated cloud oriented N105°, with one branch trending N310° in the western part. The southernmost part extends over 80 km, with the depth ranging from 0 to 15 km, and dips north. The northern branch, which is about 30 km long, shows activity that ranges in depth from 5 to 15 km. The complex thrust dips northwards. A stress-tensor inversion from P-wave first-motion polarities shows a state of triaxial compression, with the major principal axis oriented roughly N-S, the minor principal axis being vertical. Body-waveform inversion of teleseismic seismograms was performed for the main shock, which can be divided into four subevents with a total rupture-time duration of 22 s. The most important part of the seismic moment was released by a gentle northerly dipping thrust. The model is consistent with the compressive tectonics of the region and is in agreement with the aftershock distribution and the stress tensor deduced from the aftershocks. The focal mechanisms of the three largest aftershocks were also inverted from body-wave records. The April 29th (Ms=6.1) and May 5th (Ms=5.4) aftershocks have thrust mechanisms on roughly E-W-oriented planes, similar to the main shock. Surprisingly, the June 15th (Ms=6.2) aftershock shows a thrust fault striking N-S. This mechanism is explained by the structural control of the rupture along the east-dipping geometry of the Dzirula Massif close to the Borzhomi-Kazbeg strike-slip fault. In fact, the orientation and shape of the stress tensor produce a thrust on a N-S oriented plane. Nappe tectonics has been identified as an important feature in the Caucasus, and the source mechanism is consistent with this observation. A hidden fault is present below the nappe, and no large surface breaks were observed due to the main shock. The epicentral region is characterized by sediments that are trapped between two crystalline basements: the Dzirula Massif, which crops out south of Chiatoura, and the Caucasus Main Range north of Oni. Most, if not all, of the rupture is controlled by the thrusting of overlapping, deformed and folded sediments over the Dzirula Massif. This event is another example of blind active faults, with the distinctive feature that the fault plane dips at a gentle angle. The Racha Range is one of the surface expressions of this blind thrust, and its growth is the consequence and evidence of similar earthquakes in the past.
","language":"English","publisher":"Oxford Academic","doi":"10.1111/j.1365-246X.1997.tb00985.x","issn":"0956540X","usgsCitation":"Fuenzalida, H., Rivera, L., Haessler, H., Legrand, D., Philip, H., Dorbath, L., McCormack, D., Arefiev, S., Langer, C., and Cisternas, A., 1997, Seismic source study of the Racha-Dzhava (Georgia) earthquake from aftershocks and broad-band teleseismic body-wave records: An example of active nappe tectonics: Geophysical Journal International, v. 130, no. 1, p. 29-46, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-246X.1997.tb00985.x.","productDescription":"18 p.","startPage":"29","endPage":"46","numberOfPages":"18","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":480040,"rank":2,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"https://hal.science/hal-04578497","text":"External Repository"},{"id":227800,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"130","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b8b63e4b08c986b3177c7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Fuenzalida, H.","contributorId":94806,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fuenzalida","given":"H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383591,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Rivera, L.","contributorId":39535,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rivera","given":"L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383586,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Haessler, H.","contributorId":82871,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Haessler","given":"H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383589,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Legrand, D.","contributorId":37093,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Legrand","given":"D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383585,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Philip, H.","contributorId":43122,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Philip","given":"H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383587,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Dorbath, L.","contributorId":103424,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dorbath","given":"L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383594,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"McCormack, D.","contributorId":97648,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McCormack","given":"D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383592,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Arefiev, S.","contributorId":92003,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Arefiev","given":"S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383590,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Langer, C.","contributorId":98480,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Langer","given":"C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383593,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Cisternas, A.","contributorId":43509,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cisternas","given":"A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383588,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10}]}} ,{"id":70019685,"text":"70019685 - 1997 - Coseismic deformation during the 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake and range-front thrusting along the southwestern margin of the Santa Clara Valley, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-11-24T21:13:50.60137","indexId":"70019685","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1796,"text":"Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Coseismic deformation during the 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake and range-front thrusting along the southwestern margin of the Santa Clara Valley, California","docAbstract":"Damage patterns caused by the 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake along the southwestern margin of the Santa Clara Valley, California, form three zones that coincide with mapped and inferred traces of range-front thrust faults northeast of the San Andreas fault. Damage in these zones was largely contractional, consistent with past displacement associated with these faults. The damage zones coincide with gravity and aeromagnetic anomalies; modeling of the anomalies defines a southwest-dipping thrust fault that places the Franciscan Complex over Cenozoic sedimentary rocks to minimum depths of 2 km. Diffuse Loma Prieta earthquake aftershocks encompass the downward projection of this modeled thrust to depths of 9 km. Our results indicate that in this region the potential for concentrated damage arising from either primary deformation along the thrust faults themselves or by sympathetic motion triggered by earthquakes on the San Andreas fault may be higher than previously recognized.","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/0091-7613(1997)025<1091:CDDTLP>2.3.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Langenheim, V., Schmidt, K., and Jachens, R., 1997, Coseismic deformation during the 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake and range-front thrusting along the southwestern margin of the Santa Clara Valley, California: Geology, v. 25, no. 12, p. 1091-1094, https://doi.org/10.1130/0091-7613(1997)025<1091:CDDTLP>2.3.CO;2.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"1091","endPage":"1094","costCenters":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":227761,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Santa Clara Valley","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -122.464599609375,\n 36.27527883184338\n ],\n [\n -120.91552734375,\n 36.27527883184338\n ],\n [\n -120.91552734375,\n 38.42347008084991\n ],\n [\n -122.464599609375,\n 38.42347008084991\n ],\n [\n -122.464599609375,\n 36.27527883184338\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"25","issue":"12","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059fc5be4b0c8380cd4e240","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Langenheim, V.E. 0000-0003-2170-5213","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2170-5213","contributorId":54956,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Langenheim","given":"V.E.","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":383582,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Schmidt, K. M. 0000-0003-2365-8035","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2365-8035","contributorId":59830,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schmidt","given":"K. M.","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":383584,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Jachens, R.C.","contributorId":55433,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jachens","given":"R.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383583,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70019684,"text":"70019684 - 1997 - Shallow seismic reflection profiles and geological structure in the Benton Hills, southeast Missouri","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-12-16T13:23:43.566616","indexId":"70019684","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1517,"text":"Engineering Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Shallow seismic reflection profiles and geological structure in the Benton Hills, southeast Missouri","docAbstract":"During late May and early June of 1993, we conducted two shallow, high-resolution seismic reflection surveys (Mini-Sosie method) across the southern escarpment of the Benton Hills segment of Crowleys Ridge. The reflection profiles imaged numerous post-late Cretaceous faults and folds. We believe these faults may represent a significant earthquake source zone. The stratigraphy of the Benton Hills consists of a thin, less than about 130 m, sequence of mostly unconsolidated Cretaceous, Tertiary and Quaternary sediments which unconformably overlie a much thicker section of Paleozoic carbonate rocks. The survey did not resolve reflectors within the upper 75-100 ms of two-way travel time (about 60-100 m), which would include all of the Tertiary and Quaternary and most of the Cretaceous. However, the Paleozoic-Cretaceous unconformity (Pz) produced an excellent reflection, and, locally a shallower reflector within the Cretaceous (K) was resolved. No coherent reflections below about 200 ms of two-way travel time were identified. Numerous faults and folds, which clearly offset the Paleozoic-Cretaceous unconformity reflector, were imaged on both seismic reflection profiles. Many structures imaged by the reflection data are coincident with the surface mapped locations of faults within the Cretaceous and Tertiary succession. Two locations show important structures that are clearly complex fault zones. The English Hill fault zone, striking N30??-35??E, is present along Line 1 and is important because earlier workers indicated it has Pleistocene Loess faulted against Eocene sands. The Commerce fault zone striking N50??E, overlies a major regional basement geophysical lineament, and is present on both seismic lines at the southern margin of the escarpment. The fault zones imaged by these surveys are 30 km from the area of intense microseismicity in the New Madrid seismic zone (NMSZ). If these are northeast and north-northeast oriented fault zones like those at Thebes Gap they are favorably oriented in the modern stress field to be reactivated as right-lateral strike slip faults. Currently, earthquake hazards assessments are most dependent upon historical seismicity, and there are little geological data available to evaluate the earthquake potential of fault zones outside of the NMSZ. We anticipate that future studies will provide evidence that seismicity has migrated between fault zones well beyond the middle Mississippi Valley. The potential earthquake hazards represented by faults outside the NMSZ may be significant.","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/S0013-7952(97)00004-5","issn":"00137952","usgsCitation":"Palmer, J.R., Hoffman, D., Stephenson, W.J., Odum, J.K., and Williams, R.A., 1997, Shallow seismic reflection profiles and geological structure in the Benton Hills, southeast Missouri: Engineering Geology, v. 46, no. 3-4, p. 217-233, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0013-7952(97)00004-5.","productDescription":"17 p.","startPage":"217","endPage":"233","numberOfPages":"17","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":227760,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Missouri","otherGeospatial":"Benton Hills","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -91.69869689609834,\n 38.063615458112764\n ],\n [\n -91.69869689609834,\n 35.601883720748646\n ],\n [\n -88.8422515835983,\n 35.601883720748646\n ],\n [\n -88.8422515835983,\n 38.063615458112764\n ],\n [\n -91.69869689609834,\n 38.063615458112764\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"46","issue":"3-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b8e36e4b08c986b3187cb","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Palmer, J. R.","contributorId":83559,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Palmer","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383579,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hoffman, D.","contributorId":72895,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hoffman","given":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383577,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Stephenson, W. J.","contributorId":87982,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stephenson","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383580,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Odum, J. K.","contributorId":105705,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Odum","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383581,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Williams, R. A.","contributorId":82323,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Williams","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383578,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70019683,"text":"70019683 - 1997 - Upper Mississippi embayment shallow seismic velocities measured in situ","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-12-16T13:25:37.974476","indexId":"70019683","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1517,"text":"Engineering Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Upper Mississippi embayment shallow seismic velocities measured in situ","docAbstract":"Vertical seismic compressional- and shear-wave (P- and S-wave) profiles were collected from three shallow boreholes in sediment of the upper Mississippi embayment. The site of the 60-m hole at Shelby Forest, Tennessee, is on bluffs forming the eastern edge of the Mississippi alluvial plain. The bluffs are composed of Pleistocene loess, Pliocene-Pleistocene alluvial clay and sand deposits, and Tertiary deltaic-marine sediment. The 36-m hole at Marked Tree, Arkansas, and the 27-m hole at Risco, Missouri, are in Holocene Mississippi river floodplain sand, silt, and gravel deposits. At each site, impulsive P- and S-waves were generated by man-made sources at the surface while a three-component geophone was locked downhole at 0.91-m intervals. Consistent with their very similar geology, the two floodplain locations have nearly identical S-wave velocity (VS) profiles. The lowest VS values are about 130 m s-1, and the highest values are about 300 m s-1 at these sites. The shear-wave velocity profile at Shelby Forest is very similar within the Pleistocene loess (12m thick); in deeper, older material, VS exceeds 400 m s-1. At Marked Tree, and at Risco, the compressional-wave velocity (VP) values above the water table are as low as about 230 m s-1, and rise to about 1.9 km s-1 below the water table. At Shelby Forest, VP values in the unsaturated loess are as low as 302 m s-1. VP values below the water table are about 1.8 km s-1. For the two floodplain sites, the VP/VS ratio increases rapidly across the water table depth. For the Shelby Forest site, the largest increase in the VP/VS ratio occurs at ???20-m depth, the boundary between the Pliocene-Pleistocene clay and sand deposits and the Eocene shallow-marine clay and silt deposits. Until recently, seismic velocity data for the embayment basin came from earthquake studies, crustal-scale seismic refraction and reflection profiles, sonic logs, and from analysis of dispersed earthquake surface waves. Since 1991, seismic data for shallow sediment obtained from reflection, refraction, crosshole and downhole techniques have been obtained for sites at the northern end of the embayment basin. The present borehole data, however, are measured from sites representative of large areas in the Mississippi embayment. Therefore, they fill a gap in information needed for modeling the response of the embayment to destructive seismic shaking.","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/S0013-7952(97)00009-4","issn":"00137952","usgsCitation":"Liu, H.P., Hu, Y., Dorman, J., Chang, T., and Chiu, J., 1997, Upper Mississippi embayment shallow seismic velocities measured in situ: Engineering Geology, v. 46, no. 3-4, p. 313-330, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0013-7952(97)00009-4.","productDescription":"18 p.","startPage":"313","endPage":"330","numberOfPages":"18","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":227719,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -92.22604064609834,\n 33.06203275778296\n ],\n [\n -87.56783752109824,\n 33.06203275778296\n ],\n [\n -87.56783752109824,\n 37.82101966464191\n ],\n [\n -92.22604064609834,\n 37.82101966464191\n ],\n [\n -92.22604064609834,\n 33.06203275778296\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"46","issue":"3-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bbd41e4b08c986b328f36","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Liu, Huaibao P.","contributorId":14581,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Liu","given":"Huaibao","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383573,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hu, Y.","contributorId":68474,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hu","given":"Y.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383575,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Dorman, J.","contributorId":44305,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dorman","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383574,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Chang, T.-S.","contributorId":78098,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chang","given":"T.-S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383576,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Chiu, J.-M.","contributorId":6207,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chiu","given":"J.-M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383572,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70019680,"text":"70019680 - 1997 - Geology and preliminary dating of the hominid-bearing sedimentary fill of the Sima de los Huesos Chamber, Cueva Mayor of the Sierra de Atapuerca, Burgos, Spain","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-05-08T14:31:11.425564","indexId":"70019680","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2337,"text":"Journal of Human Evolution","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Geology and preliminary dating of the hominid-bearing sedimentary fill of the Sima de los Huesos Chamber, Cueva Mayor of the Sierra de Atapuerca, Burgos, Spain","docAbstract":"Sediments of the Sima de los Huesos vary greatly over distances of a few meters. This is typical of interior cave facies, and caused by cycles of cut and fill. Mud breccias containing human bones, grading upwards to mud containing bear bones, fill an irregular surface cut into basal marls and sands. The lack of bedding and the chaotic abundance of fragile speleothem clasts in the fossiliferous muds suggests that the deposit was originally a subterranean pond facies, and that after emplacement of the human remains, underwent vigorous post-depositional rotation and collapse and brecciation, caused by underlying bedrock dissolution and undermining. The fossiliferous deposits are capped by flowstone and guano-bearing muds which lack large-mammal fossils. U-series and radiocarbon dating indicates the capping flowstones formed from about 68 ka to about 25 ka. U-series analyses of speleothem clasts among the human fossils indicate that all are at, or close to, isotopic equilibrium (>350 ka). The distribution of U-series dates for 25 bear bones (154±66 ka) and for 16 human bones (148±34 ka) is similar and rather broad. Because the human bones seem to be stratigraphically older than those of the bears, the results would indicate that most of the bones have been accumulating uranium irregularly with time. Electron spin resonance (ESR) analyses of six selected bear bones indicates dates of 189±28 ka, for which each is concordant with their corresponding U-series date (181±41 ka). Combined ESR and U-series dates for these samples yielded 200±4 ka. Such agreement is highly suggestive that uranium uptake in these bones was close to the early-uptake (EU) model, and the dates are essentially correct. Another three selected samples yielded combined ESR–U-series dates of 320±4 ka with a modeled intermediate-mode of uranium uptake. The dating results, therefore, seem to provide a firm minimum age of about 200 ka for the human entry; and suggestive evidence of entry before 320 ka.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1006/jhev.1997.0130","issn":"00472484","usgsCitation":"Bischoff, J.L., Fitzpatrick, J., Leon, L., Arsuaga, J., Falgueres, C., Bahain, J., and Bullen, T., 1997, Geology and preliminary dating of the hominid-bearing sedimentary fill of the Sima de los Huesos Chamber, Cueva Mayor of the Sierra de Atapuerca, Burgos, Spain: Journal of Human Evolution, v. 33, no. 2-3, p. 129-154, https://doi.org/10.1006/jhev.1997.0130.","productDescription":"26 p.","startPage":"129","endPage":"154","numberOfPages":"26","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":227680,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"33","issue":"2-3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a2429e4b0c8380cd57e55","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bischoff, J. L.","contributorId":28969,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bischoff","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383559,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Fitzpatrick, J.A.","contributorId":52205,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fitzpatrick","given":"J.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383562,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Leon, L.","contributorId":37091,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Leon","given":"L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383561,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Arsuaga, J.L.","contributorId":73354,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Arsuaga","given":"J.L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383563,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Falgueres, Christophe","contributorId":12993,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Falgueres","given":"Christophe","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383558,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Bahain, J.-J.","contributorId":32311,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bahain","given":"J.-J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383560,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Bullen, T.","contributorId":102651,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bullen","given":"T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383564,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}} ,{"id":70019678,"text":"70019678 - 1997 - Characterisation of physical environmental factors on an intertidal sandflat, Manukau Harbour, New Zealand","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:18","indexId":"70019678","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Characterisation of physical environmental factors on an intertidal sandflat, Manukau Harbour, New Zealand","docAbstract":"Physical environmental factors, including sediment characteristics, inundation time, tidal currents and wind waves, likely to influence the structure of the benthic community at meso-scales (1-100 m) were characterised for a sandflat off Wiroa Island (Manukau Harbour, New Zealand). In a 500 x 250 m study site, sediment characteristics and bed topography were mostly homogenous apart from patches of low-relief ridges and runnels. Field measurements and hydrodynamic modelling portray a complex picture of sediment or particulate transport on the intertidal flat, involving interactions between the larger scale tidal processes and the smaller scale wave dynamics (1-4 s; 1-15 m). Peak tidal currents in isolation are incapable of eroding bottom sediments, but in combination with near-bed orbital currents generated by only very small wind waves, sediment transport can be initiated. Work done on the bed integrated over an entire tidal cycle by prevailing wind waves is greatest on the elevated and flatter slopes of the study site, where waves shoal over a wider surf zone and water depths remain shallow e enough for wave-orbital currents to disturb the bed. The study also provided physical descriptors quantifying static and hydrodynamic (tidal and wave) factors which were used in companion studies on ecological spatial modelling of bivalve distributions and micro-scale sediment reworking and transport.","largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology","language":"English","doi":"10.1016/S0022-0981(97)00088-9","issn":"00220981","usgsCitation":"Bell, R., Hume, T., Dolphin, T., Green, M., and Walters, R.A., 1997, Characterisation of physical environmental factors on an intertidal sandflat, Manukau Harbour, New Zealand, in Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, v. 216, no. 1-2, p. 11-31, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-0981(97)00088-9.","startPage":"11","endPage":"31","numberOfPages":"21","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":206097,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0022-0981(97)00088-9"},{"id":228286,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"216","issue":"1-2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f48ae4b0c8380cd4bd9a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bell, R.G.","contributorId":43512,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bell","given":"R.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383551,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hume, T.M.","contributorId":10567,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hume","given":"T.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383548,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Dolphin, T.J.","contributorId":100134,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dolphin","given":"T.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383552,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Green, M.O.","contributorId":12219,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Green","given":"M.O.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383549,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Walters, R. A.","contributorId":34174,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Walters","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383550,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70019674,"text":"70019674 - 1997 - Moss and soil contributions to the annual net carbon flux of a maturing boreal forest","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-05-02T15:30:17.017669","indexId":"70019674","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2316,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research D: Atmospheres","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Moss and soil contributions to the annual net carbon flux of a maturing boreal forest","docAbstract":"We used input and decomposition data from 14C studies of soils to determine rates of vertical accumulation of moss combined with carbon storage inventories on a sequence of burns to model how carbon accumulates in soils and moss after a stand-killing fire. We used soil drainage—moss associations and soil drainage maps of the old black spruce (OBS) site at the BOREAS northern study area (NSA) to areally weight the contributions of each moderately well drained, feathermoss areas; poorly drained sphagnum—feathermoss areas; and very poorly drained brown moss areas to the carbon storage and flux at the OBS NSA site. On this very old (117 years) complex of black spruce, sphagnum bog veneer, and fen systems we conclude that these systems are likely sequestering 0.01–0.03 kg C m−2 yr−1 at OBS-NSA today. Soil drainage in boreal forests near Thompson, Manitoba, controls carbon storage and flux by controlling moss input and decomposition rates and by controlling through fire the amount and quality of carbon left after burning. On poorly drained soils rich in sphagnum moss, net accumulation and long-term storage of carbon is higher than on better drained soils colonized by feathermosses. The carbon flux of these contrasting ecosystems is best characterized by soil drainage class and stand age, where stands recently burned are net sources of CO2, and maturing stands become increasingly stronger sinks of atmospheric CO2. This approach to measuring carbon storage and flux presents a method of scaling to larger areas using soil drainage, moss cover, and stand age information.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/97JD02237","issn":"01480227","usgsCitation":"Harden, J., O’Neill, K.P., Trumbore, S., Veldhuis, H., and Stocks, B., 1997, Moss and soil contributions to the annual net carbon flux of a maturing boreal forest: Journal of Geophysical Research D: Atmospheres, v. 102, no. 24, p. 28805-28816, https://doi.org/10.1029/97JD02237.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"28805","endPage":"28816","numberOfPages":"12","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":480021,"rank":2,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/97jd02237","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":228202,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"102","issue":"24","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a5e88e4b0c8380cd70ade","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Harden, J.W. 0000-0002-6570-8259","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6570-8259","contributorId":38585,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Harden","given":"J.W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383517,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"O’Neill, K. P.","contributorId":104935,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"O’Neill","given":"K.","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383521,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Trumbore, S.E.","contributorId":57879,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Trumbore","given":"S.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383518,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Veldhuis, H.","contributorId":64410,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Veldhuis","given":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383519,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Stocks, B.J.","contributorId":78894,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stocks","given":"B.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383520,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70019673,"text":"70019673 - 1997 - Geology, thermal maturation, and source rock geochemistry in a volcanic covered basin: San Juan sag, south-central Colorado","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-01-20T17:53:26.695298","indexId":"70019673","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":701,"text":"American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Geology, thermal maturation, and source rock geochemistry in a volcanic covered basin: San Juan sag, south-central Colorado","docAbstract":"The San Juan sag, concealed by the vast San Juan volcanic field of south-central Colorado, has only recently benefited from oil and gas wildcat drilling and evaluations. Sound geochemical analyses and maturation modeling are essential elements for successful exploration and development. Oil has been produced in minor quantities from an Oligocene sill in the Mancos Shale within the sag, and major oil and gas production occurs from stratigraphically equivalent rocks in the San Juan basin to the southwest and in the Denver basin to the northeast.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Association of Petroleum Geologists","doi":"10.1306/522B4A05-1727-11D7-8645000102C1865D","usgsCitation":"Gries, R.R., Clayton, J., and Leonard, C., 1997, Geology, thermal maturation, and source rock geochemistry in a volcanic covered basin: San Juan sag, south-central Colorado: American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin, v. 81, no. 7, p. 1133-1160, https://doi.org/10.1306/522B4A05-1727-11D7-8645000102C1865D.","productDescription":"28 p.","startPage":"1133","endPage":"1160","numberOfPages":"28","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":228201,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Colorado","otherGeospatial":"San Juan sag","volume":"81","issue":"7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a2755e4b0c8380cd597a9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Gries, R. R.","contributorId":46241,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gries","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383514,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Clayton, J.L.","contributorId":76767,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Clayton","given":"J.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383516,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Leonard, C.","contributorId":61590,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Leonard","given":"C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383515,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70019672,"text":"70019672 - 1997 - Effects of carbon dioxide variations in the unsaturated zone on water chemistry in a glacial-outwash aquifer","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-02-14T06:21:28","indexId":"70019672","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":835,"text":"Applied Geochemistry","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Effects of carbon dioxide variations in the unsaturated zone on water chemistry in a glacial-outwash aquifer","docAbstract":"The research site at Otis Air Base, Cape Cod, Massachusetts, has been developed for hydrogeological and geochemical studies of sewage-effluent contaminated groundwater since 1982. Research of hydrologic properties, transport, and chemical and biological processes is ongoing, but the origin of background water chemistry has not been determined. The principal geochemical process giving rise to the observed background water chemistry is CO2-controlled hydrolysis of Na feldspar. Geochemical modeling demonstrated that CO2 sources could vary over the project area. Analyses of unsaturated zone gases showed variations in CO2 which were dependent on land use and vegetative cover in the area of groundwater recharge. Measurements of CO2 in unsaturated-zone gases showed that concentrations of total inorganic C in recharge water should range from about 0.035 to 1.0 mmoles/L in the vicinity of Otis Air Base. Flux of CO2 from the unsaturated zone varied for a principal land uses, ranging from 86 gC/m2/yr for low vegetated areas to 1630 gC/m2/yr for a golf course. Carbon dioxide flux from woodlands was 220 gC/m2/yr, lower than reported fluxes of 500 to 600 gC/m2/yr for woodlands in a similar climate. Carbon dioxide flux from grassy areas was 540 gC/m2/yr, higher than reported fluxes of 230 to 490 gC/m2/yr for grasslands in a similar climate.","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/S0883-2927(97)00001-2","issn":"08832927","usgsCitation":"Lee, R.W., 1997, Effects of carbon dioxide variations in the unsaturated zone on water chemistry in a glacial-outwash aquifer: Applied Geochemistry, v. 12, no. 4, p. 347-366, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0883-2927(97)00001-2.","productDescription":"20 p.","startPage":"347","endPage":"366","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":206069,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0883-2927(97)00001-2"},{"id":228170,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"12","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a06a4e4b0c8380cd51352","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lee, R. W.","contributorId":86757,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lee","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383513,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70019671,"text":"70019671 - 1997 - The wind-forced response on a buoyant coastal current: Observations of the western Gulf of Maine plume","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-10-04T16:58:48","indexId":"70019671","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2381,"text":"Journal of Marine Systems","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The wind-forced response on a buoyant coastal current: Observations of the western Gulf of Maine plume","docAbstract":"The Freshwater plume in the western Gulf of Maine is being studied as part of an interdisciplinary investigation of the physical transport of a toxic alga. A field program was conducted in the springs of 1993 and 1994 to map the spatial and temporal patterns of salinity, currents and algal toxicity. The observations suggest that the plume's cross-shore structure varies markedly as a function of fluctuations in alongshore wind forcing. Consistent with Ekman drift dynamics, upwelling favorable winds spread the plume offshore, at times widening it to over 50 km in offshore extent, while downwelling favorable winds narrow the plume width to as little as 10 km. Using a simple slab model, we find qualitative agreement between the observed variations of plume width and those predicted by Ekman theory for short time scales of integration. Near surface current meters show significant correlations between cross-shore currents and alongshore wind stress, consistent with Ekman theory. Estimates of the terms in the alongshore momentum equation calculated from moored current meter arrays also indicate a dominant Ekman balance within the plume. A significant correlation between alongshore currents and winds suggests that interfacial drag may be important, although inclusion of a Raleigh drag term does not significantly improve the alongshore momentum balance.","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/S0924-7963(96)00089-9","issn":"09247963","usgsCitation":"Fong, D., Geyer, W., and Signell, R.P., 1997, The wind-forced response on a buoyant coastal current: Observations of the western Gulf of Maine plume: Journal of Marine Systems, v. 12, no. 1-4, p. 69-81, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0924-7963(96)00089-9.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"69","endPage":"81","costCenters":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":228169,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","otherGeospatial":"Gulf of Maine","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -69.85107421874999,\n 41.64007838467894\n ],\n [\n -68.3349609375,\n 42.342305278572816\n ],\n [\n -66.77490234375,\n 43.1811470593997\n ],\n [\n -66.11572265625,\n 43.628123412124616\n ],\n [\n -66.11572265625,\n 44.134913443750726\n ],\n [\n -66.33544921875,\n 44.37098696297173\n ],\n [\n -66.90673828125,\n 44.4808302785626\n ],\n [\n -67.30224609375,\n 44.62175409623324\n ],\n [\n -68.44482421875,\n 44.213709909702054\n ],\n [\n -69.32373046875,\n 44.08758502824516\n ],\n [\n -70.3125,\n 43.78695837311561\n ],\n [\n -70.6640625,\n 43.229195113965005\n ],\n [\n -71.015625,\n 42.342305278572816\n ],\n [\n -70.5322265625,\n 41.83682786072714\n ],\n [\n -69.85107421874999,\n 41.64007838467894\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"12","issue":"1-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bb1e1e4b08c986b325483","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Fong, D.A.","contributorId":27624,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fong","given":"D.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383510,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Geyer, W.R.","contributorId":62355,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Geyer","given":"W.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383511,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Signell, R. P.","contributorId":89147,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Signell","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383512,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70019831,"text":"70019831 - 1997 - Seasonal Sea-Level Variations in San Francisco Bay in Response to Atmospheric Forcing, 1980","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-07-27T13:05:57","indexId":"70019831","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1587,"text":"Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Seasonal Sea-Level Variations in San Francisco Bay in Response to Atmospheric Forcing, 1980","docAbstract":"The seasonal response of sea level in San Francisco Bay (SFB) to atmospheric forcing during 1980 is investigated. The relations between sea-level data from the Northern Reach, Central Bay and South Bay, and forcing by local wind stresses, sea level pressure (SLP), runoff and the large scale sea level pressure field are examined in detail. The analyses show that the sea-level elevations and slopes respond to the along-shore wind stress T(V) at most times of the year, and to the cross-shore wind stress T(N) during two transition periods in spring and autumn. River runoff raises the sea-level elevation during winter. It is shown that winter precipitation in the SFB area is mainly attributed to the atmospheric circulation associated with the Alcutian Low, which transports the warm, moist air into the Bay area. A multiple linear regression model is employed to estimate the independent contributions of barometric pressure and wind stress to adjusted sea level. These calculations have a simple dynamical interpretation which confirms the importance of along-shore wind to both sea level and north-south slope within the Bay.
","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1006/ecss.1996.0162","issn":"02727714","usgsCitation":"Wang, J., Cheng, R.T., and Smith, P., 1997, Seasonal Sea-Level Variations in San Francisco Bay in Response to Atmospheric Forcing, 1980: Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science, v. 45, no. 1, p. 39-52, https://doi.org/10.1006/ecss.1996.0162.","startPage":"39","endPage":"52","numberOfPages":"14","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":552,"text":"San Francisco Bay-Delta","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":5079,"text":"Pacific Regional Director's Office","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":479016,"rank":10000,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1006/ecss.1996.0162","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":228255,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":206087,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1006/ecss.1996.0162"}],"volume":"45","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b885ee4b08c986b316935","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wang, Jingyuan","contributorId":10771,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Wang","given":"Jingyuan","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":384097,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Cheng, R. T.","contributorId":23138,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Cheng","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":384098,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Smith, P.C.","contributorId":27625,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"P.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":384099,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70019668,"text":"70019668 - 1997 - Scale-up of ecological experiments: Density variation in the mobile bivalve Macomona liliana","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:19","indexId":"70019668","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Scale-up of ecological experiments: Density variation in the mobile bivalve Macomona liliana","docAbstract":"At present the problem of scaling up from controlled experiments (necessarily at a small spatial scale) to questions of regional or global importance is perhaps the most pressing issue in ecology. Most of the proposed techniques recommend iterative cycling between theory and experiment. We present a graphical technique that facilitates this cycling by allowing the scope of experiments, surveys, and natural history observations to be compared to the scope of models and theory. We apply the scope analysis to the problem of understanding the population dynamics of a bivalve exposed to environmental stress at the scale of a harbour. Previous lab and field experiments were found not to be 1:1 scale models of harbour-wide processes. Scope analysis allowed small scale experiments to be linked to larger scale surveys and to a spatially explicit model of population dynamics.","largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology","language":"English","doi":"10.1016/S0022-0981(97)00093-2","issn":"00220981","usgsCitation":"Schneider, D.C., Walters, R., Thrush, S., and Dayton, P., 1997, Scale-up of ecological experiments: Density variation in the mobile bivalve Macomona liliana, in Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, v. 216, no. 1-2, p. 129-152, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-0981(97)00093-2.","startPage":"129","endPage":"152","numberOfPages":"24","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":206059,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0022-0981(97)00093-2"},{"id":228129,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"216","issue":"1-2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b8710e4b08c986b3162b0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Schneider, Davod C.","contributorId":7800,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Schneider","given":"Davod","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383504,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Walters, R.","contributorId":84088,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Walters","given":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383506,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Thrush, S.","contributorId":97267,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thrush","given":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383507,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Dayton, P.","contributorId":65625,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dayton","given":"P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383505,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70019658,"text":"70019658 - 1997 - Geochemical mole-balance modeling with uncertain data","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-02-08T16:15:35","indexId":"70019658","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3722,"text":"Water Resources Research","onlineIssn":"1944-7973","printIssn":"0043-1397","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Geochemical mole-balance modeling with uncertain data","docAbstract":"Geochemical mole-balance models are sets of chemical reactions that quantitatively account for changes in the chemical and isotopic composition of water along a flow path. A revised mole-balance formulation that includes an uncertainty term for each chemical and isotopic datum is derived. The revised formulation is comprised of mole-balance equations for each element or element redox state, alkalinity, electrons, solvent water, and each isotope; a charge-balance equation and an equation that relates the uncertainty terms for pH, alkalinity, and total dissolved inorganic carbon for each aqueous solution; inequality constraints on the size of the uncertainty terms; and inequality constraints on the sign of the mole transfer of reactants. The equations and inequality constraints are solved by a modification of the simplex algorithm combined with an exhaustive search for unique combinations of aqueous solutions and reactants for which the equations and inequality constraints can be solved and the uncertainty terms minimized. Additional algorithms find only the simplest mole-balance models and determine the ranges of mixing fractions for each solution and mole transfers for each reactant that are consistent with specified limits on the uncertainty terms. The revised formulation produces simpler and more robust mole-balance models and allows the significance of mixing fractions and mole transfers to be evaluated. In an example from the central Oklahoma aquifer, inclusion of up to 5% uncertainty in the chemical data can reduce the number of reactants in mole-balance models from seven or more to as few as three, these being cation exchange, dolomite dissolution, and silica precipitation. In another example from the Madison aquifer, inclusion of the charge-balance constraint requires significant increases in the mole transfers of calcite, dolomite, and organic matter, which reduce the estimated maximum carbon 14 age of the sample by about 10,000 years, from 22,700 years to 12,600 years.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/97WR01125","usgsCitation":"Parkhurst, D.L., 1997, Geochemical mole-balance modeling with uncertain data: Water Resources Research, v. 33, no. 8, p. 1957-1970, https://doi.org/10.1029/97WR01125.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"1957","endPage":"1970","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":487270,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/97wr01125","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":228012,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"33","issue":"8","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a1689e4b0c8380cd551ac","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Parkhurst, David L. 0000-0003-3348-1544 dlpark@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3348-1544","contributorId":1088,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Parkhurst","given":"David","email":"dlpark@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":383473,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70019641,"text":"70019641 - 1997 - Evaluation of conditions along the grounding line of temperate marine glaciers: An example from Muir Inlet, Glacier Bay, Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:27","indexId":"70019641","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2667,"text":"Marine Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Evaluation of conditions along the grounding line of temperate marine glaciers: An example from Muir Inlet, Glacier Bay, Alaska","docAbstract":"In the marine environment, stability of the glacier terminus and the location of subglacial streams are the dominant controls on the distribution of grounding-line deposits within morainal banks. A morainal bank complex in Muir Inlet, Glacier Bay, SE Alaska, is used to develop a model of terminus stability and location of subglacial streams along the grounding line of temperate marine glaciers. This model can be used to interpret former grounding-line conditions in other glacimarine settings from the facies architecture within morainal bank deposits. The Muir Inlet morainal bank complex was deposited between 1860 A.D. and 1899 A.D., and historical observations provide a record of terminus positions, glacial retreat rates and sedimentary sources. These data are used to reconstruct the depositional environment and to develop a correlation between sedimentary facies and conditions along the grounding line. Four seismic facies identified on the high-resolution seismic-reflection profiles are used to interpret sedimentary facies within the morainal bank complex. Terminus stability is interpreted from the distribution of sedimentary facies within three distinct submarine geomorphic features, a grounding-line fan; stratified ridges, and a field of push ridges. The grounding-line fan was deposited along a stable terminus and is represented on seismic-reflection profiles by two distinct seismic facies, a proximal and a distal fan facies. The proximal fan facies was deposited at the efflux of subglacial streams and indicates the location of former glacifluvial discharges into the sea. Stratified ridges formed as a result of the influence of a quasi-stable terminus on the distribution of sedimentary facies along the grounding line. A field of push ridges formed along the grounding line of an unstable terminus that completely reworked the grounding-line deposits through glacitectonic deformation. Between 1860 A.D. and 1899 A.D. (39 years), 8.96 x 108 m3 of sediment were deposited within the Muir Inlet morainal bank complex at an average annual sediment accumulation rate of 2.3 x 107 m3/a. This rate represents the annual sediment production capacity of the glacier when the Muir Inlet drainage basin is filled with glacial ice.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Marine Geology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/S0025-3227(97)00026-1","issn":"00253227","usgsCitation":"Seramur, K., Powell, R., and Carlson, P., 1997, Evaluation of conditions along the grounding line of temperate marine glaciers: An example from Muir Inlet, Glacier Bay, Alaska: Marine Geology, v. 140, no. 3-4, p. 307-327, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0025-3227(97)00026-1.","startPage":"307","endPage":"327","numberOfPages":"21","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":205972,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0025-3227(97)00026-1"},{"id":227716,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"140","issue":"3-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0c68e4b0c8380cd52b26","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Seramur, K.C.","contributorId":87558,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Seramur","given":"K.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383403,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Powell, R.D.","contributorId":74015,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Powell","given":"R.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383402,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Carlson, P.R.","contributorId":97055,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Carlson","given":"P.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383404,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70019640,"text":"70019640 - 1997 - Applications of the U.S. Geological Survey's global land cover product","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-03-08T10:10:58","indexId":"70019640","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":626,"text":"Acta Astronautica","printIssn":"0094-5765","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Applications of the U.S. Geological Survey's global land cover product","docAbstract":"The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), in partnership with several international agencies and universities, has produced a global land cover characteristics database. The land cover data were created using multitemporal analysis of advanced very high resolution radiometer satellite images in conjunction with other existing geographic data. A translation table permits the conversion of the land cover classes into several conventional land cover schemes that are used by ecosystem modelers, climate modelers, land management agencies, and other user groups. The alternative classification schemes include Global Ecosystems, the Biosphere Atmosphere Transfer Scheme, the Simple Biosphere, the USGS Anderson Level 2, and the International Geosphere Biosphere Programme. The distribution system for these data is through the World Wide Web (the web site address is: http://edcwww.cr.usgs.gov/landdaac/glcc/glcc.html) or by magnetic media upon special request The availability of the data over the World Wide Web, in conjunction with the flexible database structure, allows easy data access to a wide range of users. The web site contains a user registration form that allows analysis of the diverse applications of large-area land cover data. Currently, applications are divided among mapping (20 percent), conservation (30 percent), and modeling (35 percent).
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/S0094-5765(98)00051-4","usgsCitation":"Reed, B., 1997, Applications of the U.S. Geological Survey's global land cover product: Acta Astronautica, v. 41, no. 4-10, p. 671-680, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0094-5765(98)00051-4.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"671","endPage":"680","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":227679,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"41","issue":"4-10","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059eccbe4b0c8380cd494c0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Reed, B.","contributorId":62352,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reed","given":"B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383401,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70019638,"text":"70019638 - 1997 - Watershed responses to climate change at Glacier National Park","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-05-29T23:18:12.16166","indexId":"70019638","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2529,"text":"Journal of the American Water Resources Association","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Watershed responses to climate change at Glacier National Park","docAbstract":"We have developed an approach which examines ecosystem function and the potential effects of climatic shifts. The Lake McDonald watershed of Glacier National Park was the focus for two linked research activities: acquisition of baseline data on hydrologic, chemical and aquatic organism attributes that characterize this pristine northern rocky mountain watershed, and further developing the Regional Hydro-Ecosystem Simulation System (RHESSys), a collection of integrated models which collectively provide spatially explicit, mechanistically-derived outputs of ecosystem processes, including hydrologic outflow, soil moisture, and snowpack water equivalence. In this unique setting field validation of RHESSys, outputs demonstrated that reasonable estimates of SWE and streamflow are being produced. RHESSys was used to predict annual stream discharge and temperature. The predictions, in conjunction with the field data, indicated that aquatic resources of the park may be significantly affected. Utilizing RHESSys to predict potential climate scenarios and response of other key ecosystem components can provide scientific insights as well as proactive guidelines for national park management.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Water Resources Association","doi":"10.1111/j.1752-1688.1997.tb04103.x","issn":"1093474X","usgsCitation":"Fagre, D., Comanor, P., White, J., Hauer, F.R., and Running, S.W., 1997, Watershed responses to climate change at Glacier National Park: Journal of the American Water Resources Association, v. 33, no. 4, p. 755-765, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.1997.tb04103.x.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"755","endPage":"765","numberOfPages":"11","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":227677,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"33","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2007-06-08","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bcf79e4b08c986b32e902","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Fagre, D.B.","contributorId":52135,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fagre","given":"D.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383397,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Comanor, P.L.","contributorId":47103,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Comanor","given":"P.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383395,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"White, J.D.","contributorId":42923,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"White","given":"J.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383394,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Hauer, F. Richard","contributorId":76892,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hauer","given":"F.","email":"","middleInitial":"Richard","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383398,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Running, S. W.","contributorId":51257,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Running","given":"S.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383396,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ]}