The U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with the Vermont Department of Environmental Conservation, investigated the use of acoustic backscatter to estimate concentrations of suspended sediment and total phosphorus at the Barton River near Coventry, Vermont. The hypothesis was that acoustic backscatter—the reflection of sound waves off objects back to the source from which they came—measured by an acoustic Doppler profiler (ADP) and recorded as ancillary data for the calculation of discharge, also could be used to generate a continuous concentration record of suspended sediment and phosphorus at the streamgage, thereby deriving added value from the instrument. Suspended-sediment and phosphorus concentrations are of particular interest in Vermont, where impairment of surface waters by suspended sediments and phosphorus is a major concern.
\nRegression models for estimating suspended-sediment concentrations (SSCs) and total phosphorus concentrations evaluated several independent variables: measured backscatter (MB), water-corrected backscatter (WCB), sediment-corrected backscatter (SCB), discharge, fluid-absorption coefficient, sediment-driven acoustic attenuation coefficient, and discharge hysteresis. The best regression equations for estimating SSC used backscatter as the predictor, reflecting the direct relation between acoustic backscatter and SSC. Backscatter was a better predictor of SSC than discharge in part because hysteresis between SSC and backscatter was less than for SSC and discharge. All three backscatter variables—MB, WCB, and SCB—performed equally as predictors of SSC and phosphorus concentrations at the Barton River site. The similar abilities to predict SSC among backscatter terms may partially be attributed to the low values and narrow range of the sediment-driven acoustic attenuation in the Barton River. The regression based on SCB was selected for estimating SSC because it removes potential bias caused by attenuation and temperature fluctuations. The best regression model for estimating phosphorus concentrations included terms for discharge and discharge hysteresis. The finding that discharge hysteresis was a significant predictor of phosphorus concentrations might be related to preferential sorption of phosphorus to fine-grained sediments, which have been found to be particularly sensitive to hysteresis. Regression models designed to estimate phosphorus concentrations had less predictive power than the models for SSCs.
\nData from the Barton River did not fully support one of the study’s hypotheses—that backscatter is mostly caused by sands, and attenuation is mostly caused by fines. Sands, fines, and total SSCs in the Barton River all related better to backscatter than to sediment-driven acoustic attenuation. The weak relation between SSC and sediment-driven acoustic attenuation may be related to the low values and narrow range of SSCs and sediment attenuations observed at Barton River. A weak relation between SSC and sediment-driven acoustic attenuation also suggests that the diameters of the fine-sized suspended sediments in the Barton River may be predominantly greater than 20 micrometers (μm). Long-term changes in the particle-size distribution (PSD) were not observed in Barton River; however, some degree of within-storm changes in sediment source and possibly PSD were inferred from the hysteresis between SSC and SCB.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20141184","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Vermont Department of Environmental Conservation","usgsCitation":"Medalie, L., Chalmers, A.T., Kiah, R.G., and Copans, B., 2014, Use of acoustic backscatter to estimate continuous suspended sediment and phosphorus concentrations in the Barton River, northern Vermont, 2010-2013: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2014-1184, Report: vii, 29 p.; Readme; 4 Appendixes, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20141184.","productDescription":"Report: vii, 29 p.; Readme; 4 Appendixes","numberOfPages":"41","onlineOnly":"Y","temporalStart":"2010-01-01","temporalEnd":"2013-12-31","ipdsId":"IP-057620","costCenters":[{"id":466,"text":"New England Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":295322,"type":{"id":20,"text":"Read Me"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2014/1184/ofr2014-1184_readme.txt"},{"id":295323,"type":{"id":3,"text":"Appendix"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2014/1184/appendix/ofr2014-1184_app1.txt"},{"id":295320,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2014/1184/"},{"id":295324,"type":{"id":3,"text":"Appendix"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2014/1184/appendix/ofr2014-1184_app2.txt"},{"id":295321,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2014/1184/pdf/ofr2014-1184.pdf"},{"id":295325,"type":{"id":3,"text":"Appendix"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2014/1184/appendix/ofr2014-1184_app3.pdf"},{"id":295326,"type":{"id":3,"text":"Appendix"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2014/1184/appendix/ofr2014-1184_app4.pdf"},{"id":295327,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr20141184.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Vermont","otherGeospatial":"Barton River","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"543e2d08e4b0fd76af69cee2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Medalie, Laura 0000-0002-2440-2149 lmedalie@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2440-2149","contributorId":3657,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Medalie","given":"Laura","email":"lmedalie@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":466,"text":"New England Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":501242,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Chalmers, Ann T. 0000-0002-5199-8080 chalmers@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5199-8080","contributorId":1443,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chalmers","given":"Ann","email":"chalmers@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[{"id":466,"text":"New England Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":405,"text":"NH/VT office of New England Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":501240,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Kiah, Richard G. 0000-0001-6236-2507 rkiah@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6236-2507","contributorId":2637,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kiah","given":"Richard","email":"rkiah@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":405,"text":"NH/VT office of New England Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":466,"text":"New England Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":501241,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Copans, Benjamin","contributorId":99064,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Copans","given":"Benjamin","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":501243,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70120621,"text":"sir20145139 - 2014 - Anthropogenic organic compounds in source water of select community water systems in the United States, 2002-10","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-10-12T20:08:24","indexId":"sir20145139","displayToPublicDate":"2014-10-14T11:52:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2014-5139","title":"Anthropogenic organic compounds in source water of select community water systems in the United States, 2002-10","docAbstract":"Drinking water delivered by community water systems (CWSs) comes from one or both of two sources: surface water and groundwater. Source water is raw, untreated water used by CWSs and is usually treated before distribution to consumers. Beginning in 2002, the U.S. Geological Survey’s (USGS) National Water-Quality Assessment Program initiated Source Water-Quality Assessments (SWQAs) at select CWSs across the United States, primarily to characterize the occurrence of a large number of anthropogenic organic compounds that are predominantly unregulated by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.
\nSource-water samples from CWSs were collected during 2002–10 from 20 surface-water sites (river intakes) and during 2002–09 from 448 groundwater sites (supply wells). River intakes were sampled approximately 16 times during a 1-year sampling period, and supply wells were sampled once. Samples were monitored for 265 anthropogenic organic compounds. An additional 3 herbicides and 16 herbicide degradates were monitored in samples collected from 8 river intakes and 118 supply wells in areas where these compounds likely have been used. Thirty-seven compounds have an established U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Maximum Contaminant Level (MCL) for drinking water, 123 have USGS Health-Based Screening Levels (HBSLs), and 29 are included on the EPA Contaminant Candidate List 3. All compounds detected in source water were evaluated both with and without an assessment level and were grouped into 13 categories (hereafter termed as “use groups”) based on their primary use or source.
\nThe CWS sites were characterized in a national context using an extract of the EPA Safe Drinking Water Information System to develop spatially derived and system-specific ancillary data. Community water system information is contained in the EPA Public Supply Database, which includes 2,016 active river intakes and 112,099 active supply wells. Ancillary variables including population served, watershed size, land use, population density, and recharge were characterized for each of the watersheds for river intakes and contributing areas for supply wells.
\nA total of 313 samples were collected from 20 river intakes. Between the years of 2002 through 2010, samples were collected approximately 16 times over the course of a year. Seventy-one compounds from 12 of the 13 use groups commonly occurred (detected in greater than or equal to 1 percent of samples using an assessment level of 0.05 microgram per liter or when a compound was detected in greater than or equal to 10 percent of samples without an assessment level) indicating a wide variety of sources and pathways to these rivers and highlighting the importance of source-water protection strategies.
\nA total of 448 supply wells were sampled once during 2002–10 as part of 30 independent groundwater studies. About 15 CWS supply wells were sampled for each independent groundwater study. Twenty-eight compounds from 7 of the 13 use groups commonly occurred indicating a wide variety of sources and pathways exist for these compounds to reach these wells and highlighting the importance of wellhead protection strategies.
\nAbout one-half the 265 compounds monitored (122) were detected in both surface water and groundwater samples. A more diverse suite of compounds were detected in surface water in comparison to groundwater. However, herbicides and herbicide degradates were the most frequent group of compounds detected in both surface water and groundwater. Sixty-five of the most commonly occurring compounds were detected in one or more samples from both surface water and groundwater.
\nHuman-health benchmarks (MCLs for regulated compounds and HBSLs for unregulated compounds) were available for more than one-half the compounds (160 of the 265) monitored in this study. Fifty-eight percent (41 of 71) of the commonly occurring compounds in surface water have a human-health benchmark to which concentrations can be compared; 19 have MCLs and 22 have HBSLs. Eighty-three percent (24 of 28) of the most commonly occurring compounds in groundwater have a human-health benchmark for which concentrations can be compared; 14 have MCLs and 10 have HBSLs.
\nTo put results from this study into context with the national distribution of river intakes and supply wells used by CWSs, sites were grouped into the respective national population of land-use quartiles. The increase in compound occurrence with increasing urban and agricultural land use in the watershed or contributing area was more evident for rivers than for supply wells. The increase in detection frequency of herbicides and herbicide degradates with increasing agricultural land use was more evident for rivers than for supply wells. The occurrence of solvents did not change substantially with increasing urban land use for rivers or supply wells.
\nBasic co-occurrence analyses were completed with and without an assessment level. Considering all detections in surface water without an assessment level, approximately 86 percent of source-water samples contained 2 or more compounds, and 50 percent of samples contained at least 14 compounds. Considering all detections in groundwater without an assessment level, 50 percent of samples contained at least three compounds. For the most part, the compounds detected most frequently as individual compounds in the environment often composed the most frequent unique mixtures. Five of the 10 most frequently co-occurring unique mixtures in both surface water and groundwater were the same: atrazine and deethylatrazine; atrazine and chloroform; deethylatrazine and simazine; atrazine and simazine; and deethylatrazine, atrazine, and simazine. Because similar mixtures were identified in both surface water and groundwater without an assessment level, future studies could be directed toward better understanding the toxicological importance of these unique mixtures.
\nSummed concentrations of herbicide degradates were compared to concentrations of the parent herbicides in surface-water and groundwater samples collected from 8 river intakes and 118 CWS wells, from which samples were analyzed for an additional 3 herbicides and 16 degradates. The toxicity to humans for many of these degradate products is largely unknown and thus points to the importance of monitoring these compounds (both the parent and degradate) in the environment.
\nThis study highlights the importance of anthropogenic organic compounds in source water of select CWSs in the United States by characterizing their occurrence in surface-water and groundwater samples. Compound concentrations and occurrence are summarized and evaluated in a human-health context, when possible. Additionally, compounds found to co-occur as mixtures for both surface water and groundwater highlight the significance of low-level compound co-occurrence.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20145139","usgsCitation":"Valder, J., Delzer, G.C., Kingsbury, J.A., Hopple, J.A., Price, C.V., and Bender, D.A., 2014, Anthropogenic organic compounds in source water of select community water systems in the United States, 2002-10: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2014-5139, xii, 129 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20145139.","productDescription":"xii, 129 p.","numberOfPages":"146","onlineOnly":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-042029","costCenters":[{"id":562,"text":"South Dakota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":34685,"text":"Dakota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":295282,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sir20145139.jpg"},{"id":295281,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2014/5139/pdf/sir2014-5139.pdf"},{"id":295280,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2014/5139/"}],"scale":"2000000","projection":"Albers Equal Area Conic projection","datum":"North American Datum","country":"United States","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"543e2d05e4b0fd76af69ceda","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Valder, Joshua F. 0000-0003-3733-8868 jvalder@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3733-8868","contributorId":1431,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Valder","given":"Joshua F.","email":"jvalder@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":562,"text":"South Dakota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":498323,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Delzer, Gregory C. 0000-0002-7077-4963 gcdelzer@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7077-4963","contributorId":986,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Delzer","given":"Gregory","email":"gcdelzer@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":562,"text":"South Dakota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":498321,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Kingsbury, James A. 0000-0003-4985-275X jakingsb@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4985-275X","contributorId":883,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kingsbury","given":"James","email":"jakingsb@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":581,"text":"Tennessee Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":24708,"text":"Lower Mississippi-Gulf Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":451,"text":"National Water Quality Assessment Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":498318,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Hopple, Jessica A. 0000-0003-3180-2252 jahopple@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3180-2252","contributorId":992,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hopple","given":"Jessica","email":"jahopple@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":470,"text":"New Jersey Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":498322,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Price, Curtis V. 0000-0002-4315-3539 cprice@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4315-3539","contributorId":983,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Price","given":"Curtis","email":"cprice@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"V.","affiliations":[{"id":562,"text":"South Dakota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":498319,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Bender, David A. 0000-0002-1269-0948 dabender@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1269-0948","contributorId":985,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bender","given":"David","email":"dabender@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":562,"text":"South Dakota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":498320,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70116934,"text":"ofr20141149 - 2014 - Relations of water-quality constituent concentrations to surrogate measurements in the lower Platte River corridor, Nebraska, 2007 through 2011","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-10-14T11:49:17","indexId":"ofr20141149","displayToPublicDate":"2014-10-14T11:44:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2014-1149","title":"Relations of water-quality constituent concentrations to surrogate measurements in the lower Platte River corridor, Nebraska, 2007 through 2011","docAbstract":"The lower Platte River, Nebraska, provides drinking water, irrigation water, and in-stream flows for recreation, wildlife habitat, and vital habitats for several threatened and endangered species. The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), in cooperation with the Lower Platte River Corridor Alliance (LPRCA) developed site-specific regression models for water-quality constituents at four sites (Shell Creek near Columbus, Nebraska [USGS site 06795500]; Elkhorn River at Waterloo, Nebr. [USGS site 06800500]; Salt Creek near Ashland, Nebr. [USGS site 06805000]; and Platte River at Louisville, Nebr. [USGS site 06805500]) in the lower Platte River corridor. The models were developed by relating continuously monitored water-quality properties (surrogate measurements) to discrete water-quality samples. These models enable existing web-based software to provide near-real-time estimates of stream-specific constituent concentrations to support natural resources management decisions.
\nSince 2007, USGS, in cooperation with the LPRCA, has continuously monitored four water-quality properties seasonally within the lower Platte River corridor: specific conductance, water temperature, dissolved oxygen, and turbidity. During 2007 through 2011, the USGS and the Nebraska Department of Environmental Quality collected and analyzed discrete water-quality samples for nutrients, major ions, pesticides, suspended sediment, and bacteria. These datasets were used to develop the regression models. This report documents the collection of these various water-quality datasets and the development of the site-specific regression models.
\nRegression models were developed for all four monitored sites. Constituent models for Shell Creek included nitrate plus nitrite, total phosphorus, orthophosphate, atrazine, acetochlor, suspended sediment, and Escherichia coli (E. coli) bacteria. Regression models that were developed for the Elkhorn River included nitrate plus nitrite, total Kjeldahl nitrogen, total phosphorus, orthophosphate, chloride, atrazine, acetochlor, suspended sediment, and E. coli. Models developed for Salt Creek included nitrate plus nitrite, total Kjeldahl nitrogen, suspended sediment, and E. coli. Lastly, models developed for the Platte River site included total Kjeldahl nitrogen, total phosphorus, sodium, metolachlor, atrazine, acetochlor, suspended sediment, and E. coli.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20141149","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Lower Platte River Corridor Alliance and the Nebraska Environmental Trust","usgsCitation":"Schaepe, N.J., Soenksen, P.J., and Rus, D.L., 2014, Relations of water-quality constituent concentrations to surrogate measurements in the lower Platte River corridor, Nebraska, 2007 through 2011: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2014-1149, v, 16 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20141149.","productDescription":"v, 16 p.","numberOfPages":"26","onlineOnly":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-053021","costCenters":[{"id":464,"text":"Nebraska Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":295278,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr20141149.jpg"},{"id":295277,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2014/1149/pdf/ofr2014-1149.pdf"},{"id":295276,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2014/1149/"}],"datum":"North American Datum of 1983","country":"United States","state":"Nebraska","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"543e2d07e4b0fd76af69cee0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Schaepe, Nathaniel J. 0000-0003-1776-7411 nschaepe@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1776-7411","contributorId":2377,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schaepe","given":"Nathaniel","email":"nschaepe@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":464,"text":"Nebraska Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":495896,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Soenksen, Philip J. pjsoenks@usgs.gov","contributorId":3983,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Soenksen","given":"Philip","email":"pjsoenks@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":495897,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Rus, David L. 0000-0003-3538-7826 dlrus@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3538-7826","contributorId":881,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rus","given":"David","email":"dlrus@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":464,"text":"Nebraska Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":495895,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70103476,"text":"cir1395 - 2014 - Mercury in the nation's streams - Levels, trends, and implications","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-03-16T16:04:50","indexId":"cir1395","displayToPublicDate":"2014-10-14T11:09:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":307,"text":"Circular","code":"CIR","onlineIssn":"2330-5703","printIssn":"1067-084X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1395","title":"Mercury in the nation's streams - Levels, trends, and implications","docAbstract":"Mercury is a potent neurotoxin that accumulates in fish to levels of concern for human health and the health of fish-eating wildlife. Mercury contamination of fish is the primary reason for issuing fish consumption advisories, which exist in every State in the Nation. Much of the mercury originates from combustion of coal and can travel long distances in the atmosphere before being deposited. This can result in mercury-contaminated fish in areas with no obvious source of mercury pollution.
Three key factors determine the level of mercury contamination in fish - the amount of inorganic mercury available to an ecosystem, the conversion of inorganic mercury to methylmercury, and the bioaccumulation of methylmercury through the food web. Inorganic mercury originates from both natural sources (such as volcanoes, geologic deposits of mercury, geothermal springs, and volatilization from the ocean) and anthropogenic sources (such as coal combustion, mining, and use of mercury in products and industrial processes). Humans have doubled the amount of inorganic mercury in the global atmosphere since pre-industrial times, with substantially greater increases occurring at locations closer to major urban areas.
In aquatic ecosystems, some inorganic mercury is converted to methylmercury, the form that ultimately accumulates in fish. The rate of mercury methylation, thus the amount of methylmercury produced, varies greatly in time and space, and depends on numerous environmental factors, including temperature and the amounts of oxygen, organic matter, and sulfate that are present.
Methylmercury enters aquatic food webs when it is taken up from water by algae and other microorganisms. Methylmercury concentrations increase with successively higher trophic levels in the food web—a process known as bioaccumulation. In general, fish at the top of the food web consume other fish and tend to accumulate the highest methylmercury concentrations.
This report summarizes selected stream studies conducted by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) since the late 1990s, while also drawing on scientific literature and datasets from other sources. Previous national mercury assessments by other agencies have focused largely on lakes. Although numerous studies of mercury in streams have been conducted at local and regional scales, recent USGS studies provide the most comprehensive, multimedia assessment of streams across the United States, and yield insights about the importance of watershed characteristics relative to mercury inputs. Information from other environments (lakes, wetlands, soil, atmosphere, glacial ice) also is summarized to help understand how mercury varies in space and time.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/cir1395","usgsCitation":"Wentz, D.A., Brigham, M.E., Chasar, L., Lutz, M., and Krabbenhoft, D.P., 2014, Mercury in the nation's streams - Levels, trends, and implications: U.S. Geological Survey Circular 1395, v, 90 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/cir1395.","productDescription":"v, 90 p.","numberOfPages":"100","onlineOnly":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-018277","costCenters":[{"id":518,"text":"Oregon Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":295279,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/cir1395.jpg"},{"id":295319,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1395/"},{"id":295271,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1395/pdf/circ1395.pdf"}],"country":"United States","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"543e2d07e4b0fd76af69cede","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wentz, Dennis A. dawentz@usgs.gov","contributorId":1838,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wentz","given":"Dennis","email":"dawentz@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":493343,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Brigham, Mark E. 0000-0001-7412-6800 mbrigham@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7412-6800","contributorId":1840,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brigham","given":"Mark","email":"mbrigham@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":392,"text":"Minnesota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":493344,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Chasar, Lia C.","contributorId":52905,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chasar","given":"Lia C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":493346,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Lutz, Michelle A.","contributorId":11526,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lutz","given":"Michelle A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":493345,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Krabbenhoft, David P. 0000-0003-1964-5020 dpkrabbe@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1964-5020","contributorId":1658,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Krabbenhoft","given":"David","email":"dpkrabbe@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[{"id":37464,"text":"WMA - Laboratory & Analytical Services Division","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":37947,"text":"Upper Midwest Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":677,"text":"Wisconsin Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":493342,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70132466,"text":"70132466 - 2014 - High-resolution delineation of chlorinated volatile organic compounds in a dipping, fractured mudstone: depth- and strata-dependent spatial variability from rock-core sampling","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-09-14T16:01:01","indexId":"70132466","displayToPublicDate":"2014-10-12T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2233,"text":"Journal of Contaminant Hydrology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"High-resolution delineation of chlorinated volatile organic compounds in a dipping, fractured mudstone: depth- and strata-dependent spatial variability from rock-core sampling","docAbstract":"Synthesis of rock-core sampling and chlorinated volatile organic compound (CVOC) analysis at five coreholes, with hydraulic and water-quality monitoring and a detailed hydrogeologic framework, was used to characterize the fine-scale distribution of CVOCs in dipping, fractured mudstones of the Lockatong Formation of Triassic age, of the Newark Basin in West Trenton, New Jersey. From these results, a refined conceptual model for more than 55 years of migration of CVOCs and depth- and strata-dependent rock-matrix contamination was developed. Industrial use of trichloroethene (TCE) at the former Naval Air Warfare Center (NAWC) from 1953 to 1995 resulted in dense non-aqueous phase liquid (DNAPL) TCE and dissolved TCE and related breakdown products, including other CVOCs, in underlying mudstones. Shallow highly weathered and fractured strata overlie unweathered, gently dipping, fractured strata that become progressively less fractured with depth. The unweathered lithology includes black highly fractured (fissile) carbon-rich strata, gray mildly fractured thinly layered (laminated) strata, and light-gray weakly fractured massive strata. CVOC concentrations in water samples pumped from the shallow weathered and highly fractured strata remain elevated near residual DNAPL TCE, but dilution by uncontaminated recharge, and other natural and engineered attenuation processes, have substantially reduced concentrations along flow paths removed from sources and residual DNAPL. CVOCs also were detected in most rock-core samples in source areas in shallow wells. In many locations, lower aqueous concentrations, compared to rock core concentrations, suggest that CVOCs are presently back-diffusing from the rock matrix. Below the weathered and highly fractured strata, and to depths of at least 50 meters (m), groundwater flow and contaminant transport is primarily in bedding-plane-oriented fractures in thin fissile high-carbon strata, and in fractured, laminated strata of the gently dipping mudstones. Despite more than 18 years of pump and treat (P&T) remediation, and natural attenuation processes, CVOC concentrations in aqueous samples pumped from these deeper strata remain elevated in isolated intervals. DNAPL was detected in one borehole during coring at a depth of 27 m. In contrast to core samples from the weathered zone, concentrations in core samples from deeper unweathered and unfractured strata are typically below detection. However, high CVOC concentrations were found in isolated samples from fissile black carbon-rich strata and fractured gray laminated strata. Aqueous-phase concentrations were correspondingly high in samples pumped from these strata via short-interval wells or packer-isolated zones in long boreholes. A refined conceptual site model considers that prior to P&T remediation groundwater flow was primarily subhorizontal in the higher-permeability near surface strata, and the bulk of contaminant mass was shallow. CVOCs diffused into these fractured and weathered mudstones. DNAPL and high concentrations of CVOCs migrated slowly down in deeper unweathered strata, primarily along isolated dipping bedding-plane fractures. After P&T began in 1995, using wells open to both shallow and deep strata, downward transport of dissolved CVOCs accelerated. Diffusion of TCE and other CVOCs from deeper fractures penetrated only a few centimeters into the unweathered rock matrix, likely due to sorption of CVOCs on rock organic carbon. Remediation in the deep, unweathered strata may benefit from the relatively limited migration of CVOCs into the rock matrix. Synthesis of rock core sampling from closely spaced boreholes with geophysical logging and hydraulic testing improves understanding of the controls on CVOC delineation and informs remediation design and monitoring.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.jconhyd.2014.10.005","usgsCitation":"Goode, D., Imbrigiotta, T., and Lacombe, P., 2014, High-resolution delineation of chlorinated volatile organic compounds in a dipping, fractured mudstone: depth- and strata-dependent spatial variability from rock-core sampling: Journal of Contaminant Hydrology, v. 171, p. 1-11, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jconhyd.2014.10.005.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"1","endPage":"11","numberOfPages":"11","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-051397","costCenters":[{"id":532,"text":"Pennsylvania Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":296109,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania","otherGeospatial":"Newark Basin","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -76.81640625,\n 40.38839687388361\n ],\n [\n -76.81640625,\n 41.541477666790286\n ],\n [\n -73.85009765625,\n 41.541477666790286\n ],\n [\n -73.85009765625,\n 40.38839687388361\n ],\n [\n -76.81640625,\n 40.38839687388361\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"171","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"546727b8e4b04d4b7dbde857","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Goode, Daniel J. 0000-0002-8527-2456 djgoode@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8527-2456","contributorId":2433,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Goode","given":"Daniel J.","email":"djgoode@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":532,"text":"Pennsylvania Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":522913,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Imbrigiotta, Thomas E. 0000-0003-1716-4768 timbrig@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1716-4768","contributorId":2466,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Imbrigiotta","given":"Thomas E.","email":"timbrig@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":532,"text":"Pennsylvania Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":522914,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Lacombe, Pierre J. placombe@usgs.gov","contributorId":2486,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lacombe","given":"Pierre J.","email":"placombe@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":532,"text":"Pennsylvania Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":522915,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70133236,"text":"70133236 - 2014 - Northeast regional and state trends in anuran occupancy from calling survey data (2001-2011) from the North American Amphibian Monitoring Program","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-11-14T15:59:50","indexId":"70133236","displayToPublicDate":"2014-10-12T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1894,"text":"Herpetological Conservation and Biology","onlineIssn":"2151-0733","printIssn":"1931-7603","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Northeast regional and state trends in anuran occupancy from calling survey data (2001-2011) from the North American Amphibian Monitoring Program","docAbstract":"We present the first regional trends in anuran occupancy from North American Amphibian Monitoring Program (NAAMP) data from 11 northeastern states using an 11 years of data. NAAMP is a long-term monitoring program where observers collect data at assigned random roadside routes using a calling survey technique. We assessed occupancy trends for 17 species. Eight species had statistically significant regional trends, of these seven were negative (Anaxyrus fowleri, Acris crepitans, Pseudacris brachyphona, Pseudacris feriarum-kalmi complex, Lithobates palustris, Lithobates pipiens, and Lithobates sphenocephalus) and one was positive (Hyla versicolor-chrysoscelis complex). We also assessed state level trends for 101 species/state combinations, of these 29 showed a significant decline and nine showed a significant increase in occupancy.
","language":"English","publisher":"Partners in Amphibian and Reptile Conservation","usgsCitation":"Weir, L., Royle, J., Gazenski, K.D., and Villena Carpio, O., 2014, Northeast regional and state trends in anuran occupancy from calling survey data (2001-2011) from the North American Amphibian Monitoring Program: Herpetological Conservation and Biology, v. 9, no. 2, p. 223-245.","productDescription":"23 p.","startPage":"223","endPage":"245","numberOfPages":"23","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-049585","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":296128,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":295962,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.herpconbio.org/contents_vol9_issue2.html"}],"volume":"9","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"546727bee4b04d4b7dbde889","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Weir, Linda A. lweir@usgs.gov","contributorId":3201,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Weir","given":"Linda A.","email":"lweir@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":524934,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Royle, J. Andrew 0000-0003-3135-2167 aroyle@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3135-2167","contributorId":3504,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Royle","given":"J. Andrew","email":"aroyle@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":524935,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Gazenski, Kimberly D.","contributorId":55306,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gazenski","given":"Kimberly","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":524936,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Villena Carpio, Oswaldo ovillenacarpio@usgs.gov","contributorId":127375,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Villena Carpio","given":"Oswaldo","email":"ovillenacarpio@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":524937,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70117089,"text":"70117089 - 2014 - Modelling landscape-scale erosion potential related to vehicle disturbances along the U.S.-Mexico border","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-05-17T16:25:12","indexId":"70117089","displayToPublicDate":"2014-10-11T02:30:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2597,"text":"Land Degradation and Development","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Modelling landscape-scale erosion potential related to vehicle disturbances along the U.S.-Mexico border","docAbstract":"Decades of intensive off-road vehicle use for border security, immigration, smuggling, recreation, and military training along the USA–Mexico border have prompted concerns about long-term human impacts on sensitive desert ecosystems. To help managers identify areas susceptible to soil erosion from anthropogenic activities, we developed a series of erosion potential models based on factors from the Universal Soil Loss Equation (USLE). To better express the vulnerability of soils to human disturbances, we refined two factors whose categorical and spatial representations limit the application of the USLE for non-agricultural landscapes: the C-factor (vegetation cover) and the P-factor (support practice/management). A soil compaction index (P-factor) was calculated as the difference in saturated hydrologic conductivity (Ks) between disturbed and undisturbed soils, which was then scaled up to maps of vehicle disturbances digitized from aerial photography. The C-factor was improved using a satellite-based vegetation index, which was better correlated with estimated ground cover (r2 = 0·77) than data derived from land cover (r2 = 0·06). We identified 9,780 km of unauthorized off-road tracks in the 2,800-km2 study area. Maps of these disturbances, when integrated with soil compaction data using the USLE, provided landscape-scale information on areas vulnerable to erosion from both natural processes and human activities and are detailed enough for adaptive management and restoration planning. The models revealed erosion potential hotspots adjacent to the border and within areas managed as critical habitat for the threatened flat-tailed horned lizard and endangered Sonoran pronghorn.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1002/ldr.2317","usgsCitation":"Villarreal, M.L., Webb, R., Norman, L.M., Psillas, J.L., Rosenberg, A., Carmichael, S., Petrakis, R., and Sparks, P.E., 2014, Modelling landscape-scale erosion potential related to vehicle disturbances along the U.S.-Mexico border: Land Degradation and Development, v. 27, no. 4, p. 1106-1121, https://doi.org/10.1002/ldr.2317.","productDescription":"16 p.","startPage":"1106","endPage":"1121","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-053329","costCenters":[{"id":657,"text":"Western Geographic Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":294983,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Mexico, United States","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -114.82910156249999,\n 31.28793989264176\n ],\n [\n -114.82910156249999,\n 33.422272258866016\n ],\n [\n -111.07177734375,\n 33.422272258866016\n ],\n [\n -111.07177734375,\n 31.28793989264176\n ],\n [\n -114.82910156249999,\n 31.28793989264176\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"27","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2014-10-11","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5434f286e4b0a4f4b46a235e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Villarreal, Miguel L. 0000-0003-0720-1422 mvillarreal@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0720-1422","contributorId":1424,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Villarreal","given":"Miguel","email":"mvillarreal@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":657,"text":"Western Geographic Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":495929,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Webb, Robert H. rhwebb@usgs.gov","contributorId":1573,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Webb","given":"Robert H.","email":"rhwebb@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":12625,"text":"School of Natural Resources and the Environment, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":495930,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Norman, Laura M. 0000-0002-3696-8406 lnorman@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3696-8406","contributorId":967,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Norman","given":"Laura","email":"lnorman@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":657,"text":"Western Geographic Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":495928,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Psillas, Jennifer L.","contributorId":23092,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Psillas","given":"Jennifer","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":495932,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Rosenberg, Abigail S.","contributorId":77467,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rosenberg","given":"Abigail S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":495934,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Carmichael, Shinji","contributorId":63748,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Carmichael","given":"Shinji","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":495933,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Petrakis, Roy E.","contributorId":107632,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Petrakis","given":"Roy E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":495935,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Sparks, Philip E.","contributorId":12398,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sparks","given":"Philip","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":495931,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8}]}} ,{"id":70121925,"text":"ofr20141133 - 2014 - Geology and assessment of unconventional resources of Phitsanulok Basin, Thailand","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-05-19T14:34:32","indexId":"ofr20141133","displayToPublicDate":"2014-10-10T15:39:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2014-1133","title":"Geology and assessment of unconventional resources of Phitsanulok Basin, Thailand","docAbstract":"The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) quantitatively assessed the potential for unconventional oil and gas resources within the Phitsanulok Basin of Thailand. Unconventional resources for the USGS include shale gas, shale oil, tight gas, tight oil, and coalbed gas. In the Phitsanulok Basin, only potential shale-oil and shale-gas resources were quantitatively assessed.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20141133","usgsCitation":"U.S. Geological Survey Phitsanulok Basin Assessment Team, 2014, Geology and assessment of unconventional resources of Phitsanulok Basin, Thailand: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2014-1133, Report: 63.0 x 40.0 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20141133.","productDescription":"Report: 63.0 x 40.0 inches","onlineOnly":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-056341","costCenters":[{"id":164,"text":"Central Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":295239,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2014/1133/"},{"id":295242,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr20141133.jpg"},{"id":295241,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2014/1133/pdf/ofr2014-1133.pdf"}],"country":"Thailand","otherGeospatial":"Phitsanulok Basin","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5438e705e4b0c47db429057d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"U.S. Geological Survey Phitsanulok Basin Assessment Team","contributorId":192157,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"U.S. Geological Survey Phitsanulok Basin Assessment Team","id":695664,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70128634,"text":"ofr20141214 - 2014 - California State Waters Map Series — Offshore of Half Moon Bay, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-04-18T19:32:32.867742","indexId":"ofr20141214","displayToPublicDate":"2014-10-10T14:58:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2014-1214","title":"California State Waters Map Series — Offshore of Half Moon Bay, California","docAbstract":"In 2007, the California Ocean Protection Council initiated the California Seafloor Mapping Program (CSMP), designed to create a comprehensive seafloor map of high-resolution bathymetry, marine benthic habitats, and geology within the 3-nautical-mile limit of California’s State Waters. The CSMP approach is to create highly detailed seafloor maps through collection, integration, interpretation, and visualization of swath sonar data, acoustic backscatter, seafloor video, seafloor photography, high-resolution seismic-reflection profiles, and bottom-sediment sampling data. The map products display seafloor morphology and character, identify potential marine benthic habitats, and illustrate both the surficial seafloor geology and shallow (to about 100 m) subsurface geology.
\nThe Offshore of Half Moon Bay map area is located in northern California, on the Pacific coast of the San Francisco Peninsula about 40 kilometers south of the Golden Gate. The city of Half Moon Bay, which is situated on the east side of the Half Moon Bay embayment, is the nearest significant onshore cultural center in the map area, with a population of about 11,000. The Pillar Point Harbor at the north edge of Half Moon Bay offers a protected landing for boats and provides other marine infrastructure.
\nThe map area lies offshore of the Santa Cruz Mountains, part of the northwest-trending Coast Ranges that run roughly parallel to the San Andreas Fault Zone. The Santa Cruz Mountains lie between the San Andreas Fault Zone and the San Gregorio Fault system. The flat coastal area, which is the most recent of numerous marine terraces, was formed by wave erosion about 105 thousand years ago. The higher elevation of this same terrace west of the Half Moon Bay Airport is caused by uplift on the Seal Cove Fault, a splay of the San Gregorio Fault Zone. Although originally incised into the rising terrain horizontally, the ancient terrace surface has been gently folded into a northwest-plunging syncline by compression related to right-lateral strike-slip movement along the San Gregorio Fault Zone. The lowest elevation coincides with the deepest part of Half Moon Bay; the terrace surface rises both to the north and to the south. Uplift in this map area has resulted in relatively shallow water depths within California’s State Waters and, thus, little accommodation space for sediment accumulation. Sediment is observed in the shelter of Half Moon Bay and on the outer half of the California’s State Waters shelf. Sediment in the area is mobile, often forming dunes and sand waves.
\nA westward bend in the San Andreas Fault Zone, southeast of the map area, coupled with right-lateral movement along the Seal Cove Fault, which comes ashore in Pillar Point Harbor, has resulted in the folding and uplifting of sedimentary rocks of the Purisima Formation in the offshore. Differential erosion of these folded and faulted layers of the Purisima Formation has exposed the parallel curved-rock ridges that are visible on the seafloor from the headland at Pillar Point. During the winter, strong North Pacific storms generate large, long-period waves that shoal and break over this bedrock reef at the world-famous surfing location known as Mavericks.
\nThe Offshore of Half Moon Bay map area lies within the cold-temperate biogeographic zone that is called either the “Oregonian province” or the “northern California ecoregion.” This biogeographic province is maintained by the long-term stability of the southward-flowing California Current, an eastern limb of the North Pacific subtropical gyre that flows from Oregon to Baja California. At its midpoint off central California, the California Current transports subarctic surface (0–500 m deep) waters southward, about 150 to 1,300 km from shore. Seasonal northwesterly winds that are, in part, responsible for the California Current, generate coastal upwelling. The south end of the Oregonian province is at Point Conception (about 365 km south of the map area), although its associated phylogeographic group of marine fauna may extend beyond to the area offshore of Los Angeles in southern California. The ocean off central California has experienced a warming over the last 50 years that is driving an ecosystem shift away from the productive subarctic regime towards a depopulated subtropical environment.
\nSeafloor habitats in the Offshore of Half Moon Bay map area, which lies within the Shelf (continental shelf) megahabitat, range from significant rocky outcrops that support kelp-forest communities nearshore to rocky-reef communities in deep water. Biological productivity resulting from coastal upwelling supports populations of sea birds such as Sooty Shearwater, Western Gull, Common Murre, Cassin’s Auklet, and many other less populous bird species. In addition, an observable recovery of Humpback and Blue Whales has occurred in the area; both species are dependent on coastal upwelling to provide nutrients. The large extent of exposed inner shelf bedrock supports large forests of “bull kelp,” which is well adapted for high wave-energy environments. Common fish species found in the kelp beds and rocky reefs include lingcod and various species of rockfish and greenling.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20141214","usgsCitation":"Cochrane, G.R., Dartnell, P., Greene, H., Johnson, S.Y., Golden, N., Hartwell, S., Dieter, B.E., Manson, M., Sliter, R.W., Ross, S.L., Watt, J., Endris, C.A., Kvitek, R.G., Phillips, E.L., Erdey, M.D., Chin, J., and Bretz, C., 2014, California State Waters Map Series — Offshore of Half Moon Bay, California: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2014-1214, Pamphlet: iv, 37 p.; 10 Plates: 49.0 x 36.0 inches and smaller; Metadata; Data Catalog, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20141214.","productDescription":"Pamphlet: iv, 37 p.; 10 Plates: 49.0 x 36.0 inches and smaller; Metadata; Data Catalog","numberOfPages":"41","onlineOnly":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-038729","costCenters":[{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":295233,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr20141214.jpg"},{"id":295226,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2014/1214/pdf/ofr2014-1214_sheet4.pdf"},{"id":295225,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2014/1214/pdf/ofr2014-1214_sheet3.pdf"},{"id":295224,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2014/1214/pdf/ofr2014-1214_sheet2.pdf"},{"id":295223,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2014/1214/pdf/ofr2014-1214_sheet1.pdf"},{"id":295221,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2014/1214/"},{"id":295222,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2014/1214/pdf/ofr2014-1214_pamphlet.pdf"},{"id":398973,"rank":14,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_100883.htm"},{"id":295232,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2014/1214/pdf/ofr2014-1214_sheet10.pdf"},{"id":295231,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2014/1214/pdf/ofr2014-1214_sheet9.pdf"},{"id":295230,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2014/1214/pdf/ofr2014-1214_sheet8.pdf"},{"id":295229,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2014/1214/pdf/ofr2014-1214_sheet7.pdf"},{"id":295228,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2014/1214/pdf/ofr2014-1214_sheet6.pdf"},{"id":295227,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2014/1214/pdf/ofr2014-1214_sheet5.pdf"}],"scale":"24000","projection":"Universal Transverse Mercator projection","country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Half Moon Bay","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -122.5833,\n 37.3833\n ],\n [\n -122.3944,\n 37.3833\n ],\n [\n -122.3944,\n 37.5464\n ],\n [\n -122.5833,\n 37.5464\n ],\n [\n -122.5833,\n 37.3833\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5438e705e4b0c47db4290577","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cochrane, Guy R. 0000-0002-8094-4583 gcochrane@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8094-4583","contributorId":2870,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cochrane","given":"Guy","email":"gcochrane@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":186,"text":"Coastal and Marine Geology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":503065,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Dartnell, Peter 0000-0002-9554-729X pdartnell@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9554-729X","contributorId":2688,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dartnell","given":"Peter","email":"pdartnell@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":503064,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Greene, H. 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2014 - Late Holocene sedimentary environments of south San Francisco Bay, California, illustrated in gravity cores","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-07-09T13:32:28.455946","indexId":"ofr20141198","displayToPublicDate":"2014-10-10T13:55:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2014-1198","title":"Late Holocene sedimentary environments of south San Francisco Bay, California, illustrated in gravity cores","docAbstract":"Data are reported here from 51 gravity cores collected from the southern part of San Francisco Bay by the U.S. Geological Survey in 1990. The sedimentary record in the cores demonstrates a stable geographic distribution of facies and spans a few thousand years. Carbon-14 dating of the sediments suggests that sedimentation rates average about 1 mm/yr. The geometry of the bay floor and the character of the sediment deposited have remained about the same in the time spanned by the cores. However, the sedimentary record over periods of centuries or decades is likely to be much more variable. Sediments containing a few bivalve shells and bivalve or oyster coquinas are most often found west of the main channel and near the San Mateo Bridge. Elsewhere in the south bay, shells are rare except in the southernmost reaches where scattered gastropod shells are found.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20141198","usgsCitation":"Woodrow, D., Fregoso, T., Wong, F.L., and Jaffe, B.E., 2014, Late Holocene sedimentary environments of south San Francisco Bay, California, illustrated in gravity cores: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2014-1198, Report: iv, 91 p.; Spatial Data; Metadata, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20141198.","productDescription":"Report: iv, 91 p.; Spatial Data; Metadata","numberOfPages":"97","onlineOnly":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-054320","costCenters":[{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":295217,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2014/1198/pdf/ofr2014-1198.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":295218,"type":{"id":23,"text":"Spatial Data"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2014/1198/downloads/ofr2014-1198_shape.zip","linkFileType":{"id":6,"text":"zip"}},{"id":295216,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2014/1198/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":295219,"type":{"id":16,"text":"Metadata"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2014/1198/downloads/metadata","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":376153,"rank":5,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2014/1198/images/coverthb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"San Francisco Bay","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -123.26660156249999,\n 37.23032838760387\n ],\n [\n -121.4208984375,\n 37.23032838760387\n ],\n [\n -121.4208984375,\n 38.41055825094609\n ],\n [\n -123.26660156249999,\n 38.41055825094609\n ],\n [\n -123.26660156249999,\n 37.23032838760387\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5438e706e4b0c47db4290587","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Woodrow, Donald L.","contributorId":88668,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Woodrow","given":"Donald L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":500588,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Fregoso, Theresa A.","contributorId":81824,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fregoso","given":"Theresa A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":500587,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Wong, Florence L. 0000-0002-3918-5896 fwong@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3918-5896","contributorId":1990,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wong","given":"Florence","email":"fwong@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":500585,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Jaffe, Bruce E. 0000-0002-8816-5920 bjaffe@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8816-5920","contributorId":2049,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jaffe","given":"Bruce","email":"bjaffe@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":186,"text":"Coastal and Marine Geology Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":500586,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70139360,"text":"70139360 - 2014 - Population age and initial density in a patchy environment affect the occurrence of abrupt transitions in a birth-and-death model of Taylor's law","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-01-27T09:25:14","indexId":"70139360","displayToPublicDate":"2014-10-10T10:30:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1458,"text":"Ecological Modelling","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Population age and initial density in a patchy environment affect the occurrence of abrupt transitions in a birth-and-death model of Taylor's law","docAbstract":"Taylor's power law describes an empirical relationship between the mean and variance of population densities in field data, in which the variance varies as a power, b, of the mean. Most studies report values of b varying between 1 and 2. However, Cohen (2014a) showed recently that smooth changes in environmental conditions in a model can lead to an abrupt, infinite change in b. To understand what factors can influence the occurrence of an abrupt change in b, we used both mathematical analysis and Monte Carlo samples from a model in which populations of the same species settled on patches, and each population followed independently a stochastic linear birth-and-death process. We investigated how the power relationship responds to a smooth change of population growth rate, under different sampling strategies, initial population density, and population age. We showed analytically that, if the initial populations differ only in density, and samples are taken from all patches after the same time period following a major invasion event, Taylor's law holds with exponent b=1, regardless of the population growth rate. If samples are taken at different times from patches that have the same initial population densities, we calculate an abrupt shift of b, as predicted by Cohen (2014a). The loss of linearity between log variance and log mean is a leading indicator of the abrupt shift. If both initial population densities and population ages vary among patches, estimates of b lie between 1 and 2, as in most empirical studies. But the value of b declines to ~1 as the system approaches a critical point. Our results can inform empirical studies that might be designed to demonstrate an abrupt shift in Taylor's law.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier Science B.V.","publisherLocation":"Amsterdam","doi":"10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2014.06.022","usgsCitation":"Jiang, J., DeAngelis, D., Zhang, B., and Cohen, J., 2014, Population age and initial density in a patchy environment affect the occurrence of abrupt transitions in a birth-and-death model of Taylor's law: Ecological Modelling, v. 289, p. 59-65, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2014.06.022.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"59","endPage":"65","numberOfPages":"7","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-053931","costCenters":[{"id":566,"text":"Southeast Ecological Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":297568,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0304380014003044"},{"id":297569,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"289","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":8,"text":"Raleigh PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"54dd2c27e4b08de9379b366d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Jiang, Jiang","contributorId":46838,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jiang","given":"Jiang","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":539341,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"DeAngelis, Donald L. 0000-0002-1570-4057 don_deangelis@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1570-4057","contributorId":138934,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"DeAngelis","given":"Donald L.","email":"don_deangelis@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":566,"text":"Southeast Ecological Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":539332,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Zhang, B.","contributorId":62854,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zhang","given":"B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":539342,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Cohen, J.E.","contributorId":85545,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cohen","given":"J.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":539343,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70111148,"text":"sir20145105 - 2014 - Updated study reporting levels (SRLs) for trace-element data collected for the California Groundwater Ambient Monitoring and Assessment (GAMA) Priority Basin Project, October 2009-March 2013","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-10-10T09:36:15","indexId":"sir20145105","displayToPublicDate":"2014-10-10T09:06:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2014-5105","title":"Updated study reporting levels (SRLs) for trace-element data collected for the California Groundwater Ambient Monitoring and Assessment (GAMA) Priority Basin Project, October 2009-March 2013","docAbstract":"Groundwater samples have been collected in California as part of statewide investigations of groundwater quality conducted by the U.S. Geological Survey for the Groundwater Ambient Monitoring and Assessment (GAMA) Priority Basin Project (PBP). The GAMA-PBP is being conducted in cooperation with the California State Water Resources Control Board to assess and monitor the quality of groundwater resources used for drinking-water supply and to improve public knowledge of groundwater quality in California. Quality-control samples (source-solution blanks, equipment blanks, and field blanks) were collected in order to ensure the quality of the groundwater sample results.\n
\nOlsen and others (2010) previously determined study reporting levels (SRLs) for trace-element results based primarily on field blanks collected in California from May 2004 through January 2008. SRLs are raised reporting levels used to reduce the likelihood of reporting false detections attributable to contamination bias. The purpose of this report is to identify any changes in the frequency and concentrations of detections in field blanks since the last evaluation and update the SRLs for more recent data accordingly. Constituents analyzed were aluminum (Al), antimony (Sb), arsenic (As), barium (Ba), beryllium (Be), boron (B), cadmium (Cd), chromium (Cr), cobalt (Co), copper (Cu), iron (Fe), lead (Pb), lithium (Li), manganese (Mn), molybdenum (Mo), nickel (Ni), selenium (Se), silver (Ag), strontium (Sr), thallium (Tl), tungsten (W), uranium (U), vanadium (V), and zinc (Zn).
\nData from 179 field blanks and equipment blanks collected from March 2006 through March 2013 by the GAMA-PBP indicated that for trace elements that had a change in detection frequency and concentration since the previous review, the shift occurred near October 2009, in conjunction with a change in the capsule filters used by the study. Results for 89 field blanks and equipment blanks collected from October 2009 through March 2013 were evaluated for potential contamination bias by using the same approach developed by Olsen and others (2010). Some data collected by the National Water-Quality Assessment (NAWQA) Program for the Southern California Coastal Drainages study unit were included to supplement the GAMA-PBP data. The detection frequency and upper threshold of potential contamination bias (BD-90/90) were determined from field-blank and equipment-blank data for each trace element. The BD-90/90 is the 90th percentile concentration of potential extrinsic contamination calculated by using the binomial probability distribution for greater than 90 percent confidence. Additionally, data from laboratory blanks and blind blanks analyzed by the National Water Quality Laboratory (NWQL) during water years 2010 through 2013, and compiled by the USGS Branch of Quality Systems (BQS), were considered for each trace element. These results were compared to each constituent’s reporting level to determine whether an SRL was necessary to minimize the potential for detections in the groundwater samples, attributed principally to contamination bias. Results of the evaluation were used to set SRLs for trace-element data for about 1,135 samples of groundwater collected by the GAMA-PBP between October 2009 and March 2013.
\nTen trace elements analyzed (Sb, As, Be, B, Cd, Li, Se, Ag, Tl, and U) had blank results that did not necessitate establishing SRLs during this review or the review by Olsen and others (2010). Five trace elements analyzed (Al, Ba, Cr, Sr, and V) had blank results that necessitated establishing an SRL during the previous review but did not need an SRL starting October 2009. One trace element (Fe) had field and laboratory-blank results that necessitated keeping the previous SRL (6 micrograms per liter [μg/L]). Two trace elements (Ni and W) had quality-control results that warranted decreasing the previous SRL, and five trace elements (Cu, Pb, Mn, Mo, and Zn) had field, laboratory, or blind blank results that warranted establishing an SRL for the first time or increasing the previous SRL. SRLs for Cu (2.1 μg/L), Pb (0.82 μg/L), Mn (0.66 μg/L), Mo (0.023 μg/L), Ni (0.21 μg/L), W (0.023 μg/L), and Zn (6.2 μg/L) were changed to these levels starting October 2009, based on the BD-90/90 concentration for field blanks or the 99th percentile concentration for laboratory or blind blanks. The SRL for Fe was maintained at 6 μg/L, based on the minimum laboratory reporting level for iron. SRLs for these eight constituents were at least an order of magnitude below the regulatory benchmarks established for drinking water for health and aesthetic purposes; therefore, the practice of reporting concentrations below the SRLs as less than or equal to (≤) the measured value would not prevent the identification of values greater than the drinking-water benchmarks. Co was detected in 99 percent of field blanks, and with a BD-90/90 concentration of 0.38 μg/L, all groundwater results starting October 2009 were coded as “reviewed and rejected.” Co does not currently have a regulatory benchmark for drinking water. The primary sources of contamination for trace elements inferred from this review are the equipment or processes used in the field to collect the samples or in the laboratory. In particular, contamination in field blanks of Co and Mn was attributed to the high-capacity 0.45-micrometer pore-size capsule filters that were in regular use beginning in October 2009 by several USGS programs, including the GAMA-PBP and NAWQA Program, for filtering samples for analysis of trace elements.
\nThe SRLs determined in this report are intended to be used for GAMA groundwater-quality data for samples collected October 2009 through March 2013, or for as long as quality-control data indicate contamination similar to what was observed in this report; quality-control data should be continuously reviewed and SRLs re-assessed on at least a study-unit basis.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20145105","collaboration":"A product of the California Groundwater Ambient Monitoring and Assessment (GAMA) Program; Prepared in cooperation with the California State Water Resources Control Board","usgsCitation":"Davis, T., Olsen, L., Fram, M.S., and Belitz, K., 2014, Updated study reporting levels (SRLs) for trace-element data collected for the California Groundwater Ambient Monitoring and Assessment (GAMA) Priority Basin Project, October 2009-March 2013: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2014-5105, viii, 52 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20145105.","productDescription":"viii, 52 p.","numberOfPages":"64","ipdsId":"IP-045787","costCenters":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":295207,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sir20145105.jpg"},{"id":295204,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2014/5105/"},{"id":295206,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2014/5105/pdf/sir2014-5105.pdf"}],"projection":"Albers Equal Area Conic Projection","country":"United States","state":"California","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5438e707e4b0c47db429058d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Davis, Tracy A. 0000-0003-0253-6661","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0253-6661","contributorId":32459,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Davis","given":"Tracy A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":494256,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Olsen, Lisa D. ldolsen@usgs.gov","contributorId":2707,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Olsen","given":"Lisa D.","email":"ldolsen@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":509,"text":"Office of the Associate Director for Water","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":494255,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Fram, Miranda S. 0000-0002-6337-059X mfram@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6337-059X","contributorId":1156,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fram","given":"Miranda","email":"mfram@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":494254,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Belitz, Kenneth 0000-0003-4481-2345 kbelitz@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4481-2345","contributorId":442,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Belitz","given":"Kenneth","email":"kbelitz@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":451,"text":"National Water Quality Assessment Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":466,"text":"New England Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":27111,"text":"National Water Quality Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":503,"text":"Office of Water Quality","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":376,"text":"Massachusetts Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":494253,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70159633,"text":"70159633 - 2014 - Identifying the pollen of an extinct spruce species in the Late Quaternary sediments of the Tunica Hills region, south-eastern United States","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-11-16T15:28:31","indexId":"70159633","displayToPublicDate":"2014-10-10T02:30:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2437,"text":"Journal of Quaternary Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Identifying the pollen of an extinct spruce species in the Late Quaternary sediments of the Tunica Hills region, south-eastern United States","docAbstract":"Late Quaternary fluvial deposits in the Tunica Hills region of Louisiana and Mississippi are rich in spruce macrofossils of the extinct species Picea critchfieldii, the one recognized plant extinction of the Late Quaternary. However, the morphology of P. critchfieldii pollen is unknown, presenting a barrier to the interpretation of pollen spectra from the last glacial of North America. To address this issue, we undertook a morphometric study of Picea pollen from Tunica Hills. Morphometric data, together with qualitative observations of pollen morphology using Apotome fluorescence microscopy, indicate that Picea pollen from Tunica Hills is morphologically distinct from the pollen of P. glauca, P. mariana and P. rubens. Measurements of grain length, corpus width and corpus height indicate that Picea pollen from Tunica Hills is larger than the pollen of P. mariana and P. rubens, and is slightly larger than P. glauca pollen. We argue that the morphologically distinctive Tunica Hills Picea pollen was probably produced by the extinct spruce species P. critchfieldii. These morphological differences could be used to identify P. critchfieldii in existing and newly collected pollen records, which would refine its paleoecologic and biogeographic history and clarify the nature and timing of its extinction in the Late Quaternary.
","language":"English","publisher":"Published for the Quaternary Research Association [by] Longman","publisherLocation":"Harlow, Essex","doi":"10.1002/jqs.2745","usgsCitation":"Mander, L., Rodriguez, J., Mueller, P.G., Jackson, S.T., and Punyasena, S.W., 2014, Identifying the pollen of an extinct spruce species in the Late Quaternary sediments of the Tunica Hills region, south-eastern United States: Journal of Quaternary Science, v. 29, no. 7, p. 711-721, https://doi.org/10.1002/jqs.2745.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"711","endPage":"721","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-055542","costCenters":[{"id":569,"text":"Southwest Climate Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":311393,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Louisiana, Mississippi","otherGeospatial":"Tunica Hills region","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -91.4556884765625,\n 31.77020763186669\n ],\n [\n -90.999755859375,\n 31.67909579713163\n ],\n [\n -90.65917968749999,\n 31.571515531519776\n ],\n [\n -90.5108642578125,\n 31.42163196041962\n ],\n [\n -90.3076171875,\n 30.94463573937753\n ],\n [\n -90.3460693359375,\n 30.313616689930676\n ],\n [\n -90.7196044921875,\n 30.15462722077597\n ],\n [\n -91.24420166015624,\n 30.071470887901302\n ],\n [\n -91.8841552734375,\n 30.14512718337613\n ],\n [\n -92.3455810546875,\n 30.287531589298727\n ],\n [\n -92.4334716796875,\n 31.44741029142872\n ],\n [\n -92.2906494140625,\n 31.751525328078905\n ],\n [\n -91.9281005859375,\n 31.812229022640732\n ],\n [\n -91.4556884765625,\n 31.77020763186669\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"29","issue":"7","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":14,"text":"Menlo Park PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2014-10-10","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"564b0c4de4b0ebfbef0d315b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Mander, Luke","contributorId":149850,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Mander","given":"Luke","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":17840,"text":"University of Exeter","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":579805,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Rodriguez, Jacklyn","contributorId":149851,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Rodriguez","given":"Jacklyn","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":15289,"text":"University of Illinois, Ven Te Chow Hydrosystems Laboratory","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":579806,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Mueller, Pietra G.","contributorId":149852,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Mueller","given":"Pietra","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":17841,"text":"Illinois State Museum","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":579807,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Jackson, Stephen T. 0000-0002-1487-4652 stjackson@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1487-4652","contributorId":344,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jackson","given":"Stephen","email":"stjackson@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[{"id":569,"text":"Southwest Climate Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":560,"text":"South Central Climate Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":579804,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Punyasena, Surangi W.","contributorId":149853,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Punyasena","given":"Surangi","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":17842,"text":"University of Wyoming, Laramie","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":579808,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70123551,"text":"fs20143094 - 2014 - Microbial water quality during the northern migration of Sandhill Cranes (Grus canadensis) at the central Platte River, Nebraska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-10-09T16:06:40","indexId":"fs20143094","displayToPublicDate":"2014-10-09T16:02:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":313,"text":"Fact Sheet","code":"FS","onlineIssn":"2327-6932","printIssn":"2327-6916","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2014-3094","title":"Microbial water quality during the northern migration of Sandhill Cranes (Grus canadensis) at the central Platte River, Nebraska","docAbstract":"The central Platte River is an important resource in Nebraska. Its water flows among multiple channels and supports numerous beneficial uses such as drinking water, irrigation for agriculture, groundwater recharge, and recreational activities. The central Platte River valley is an important stopover for migratory waterfowl and cranes, such as the Whooping (Grus americana) and Sandhill Cranes (Grus canadensis), in their annual northward traversal of the Central Flyway. Waterfowl, cranes, and other migratory birds moving across international and intercontinental borders may provide long-range transportation for any microbial pathogen they harbor, particularly through the spread of feces. Samples were collected weekly in the study reach from three sites (upstream, middle, and downstream from the roosting locations) during the spring of 2009 and 2010. The samples were analyzed for avian influenza, Escherichia coli, Cryptosporidium, Giardia, Campylobacter, and Legionella. Analysis indicates that several types of fecal indicator bacteria and a range of viral, protozoan, and bacterial pathogens were present in Sandhill Crane excreta. These bacteria and pathogens were present at a significantly higher frequency and densities in water and sediments when the Sandhill Cranes were present, particularly during evening roosts within the Platte River environment.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/fs20143094","usgsCitation":"Moser, M.T., 2014, Microbial water quality during the northern migration of Sandhill Cranes (Grus canadensis) at the central Platte River, Nebraska: U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 2014-3094, 4 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/fs20143094.","productDescription":"4 p.","numberOfPages":"4","onlineOnly":"N","ipdsId":"IP-041415","costCenters":[{"id":464,"text":"Nebraska Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":295201,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/fs20143094.jpg"},{"id":295199,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2014/3094/"},{"id":295200,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2014/3094/pdf/fs2014-3094.pdf"}],"scale":"2000000","country":"United States","state":"Nebraska","otherGeospatial":"Platte River","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"54379588e4b08a816ca6360f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Moser, Matthew T. 0000-0002-4891-3381","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4891-3381","contributorId":94994,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Moser","given":"Matthew","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":500190,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70120860,"text":"ofr20141171 - 2014 - Relations between continuous real-time turbidity data and discrete suspended-sediment concentration samples in the Neosho and Cottonwood Rivers, east-central Kansas, 2009-2012","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-10-09T15:59:51","indexId":"ofr20141171","displayToPublicDate":"2014-10-09T15:55:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2014-1171","title":"Relations between continuous real-time turbidity data and discrete suspended-sediment concentration samples in the Neosho and Cottonwood Rivers, east-central Kansas, 2009-2012","docAbstract":"The Neosho River and its primary tributary, the Cottonwood River, are the primary sources of inflow to the John Redmond Reservoir in east-central Kansas. Sedimentation rate in the John Redmond Reservoir was estimated as 743 acre-feet per year for 1964–2006. This estimated sedimentation rate is more than 80 percent larger than the projected design sedimentation rate of 404 acre-feet per year, and resulted in a loss of 40 percent of the conservation pool since its construction in 1964. To reduce sediment input into the reservoir, the Kansas Water Office implemented stream bank stabilization techniques along an 8.3 mile reach of the Neosho River during 2010 through 2011. The U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with the Kansas Water Office and funded in part through the Kansas State Water Plan Fund, operated continuous real-time water-quality monitors upstream and downstream from stream bank stabilization efforts before, during, and after construction. Continuously measured water-quality properties include streamflow, specific conductance, water temperature, and turbidity. Discrete sediment samples were collected from June 2009 through September 2012 and analyzed for suspended-sediment concentration (SSC), percentage of sediments less than 63 micrometers (sand-fine break), and loss of material on ignition (analogous to amount of organic matter). Regression models were developed to establish relations between discretely measured SSC samples, and turbidity or streamflow to estimate continuously SSC. Continuous water-quality monitors represented between 96 and 99 percent of the cross-sectional variability for turbidity, and had slopes between 0.91 and 0.98. Because consistent bias was not observed, values from continuous water-quality monitors were considered representative of stream conditions. On average, turbidity-based SSC models explained 96 percent of the variance in SSC. Streamflow-based regressions explained 53 to 60 percent of the variance. Mean squared prediction error for turbidity-based regression relations ranged from -32 to 48 percent, whereas mean square prediction error for streamflow-based regressions ranged from -69 to 218 percent. These models are useful for evaluating the variability of SSC during rapidly changing conditions, computing loads and yields to assess SSC transport through the watershed, and for providing more accurate load estimates compared to streamflow-only based estimation methods used in the past. These models can be used to evaluate the efficacy of streambank stabilization efforts.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20141171","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Kansas Water Office","usgsCitation":"Foster, G., 2014, Relations between continuous real-time turbidity data and discrete suspended-sediment concentration samples in the Neosho and Cottonwood Rivers, east-central Kansas, 2009-2012: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2014-1171, iv, 20 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20141171.","productDescription":"iv, 20 p.","numberOfPages":"28","onlineOnly":"Y","temporalStart":"2009-01-01","temporalEnd":"2012-12-31","ipdsId":"IP-052388","costCenters":[{"id":353,"text":"Kansas Water Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":295198,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr20141171.jpg"},{"id":295196,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2014/1171/"},{"id":295197,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2014/1171/pdf/ofr2014-1171.pdf"}],"country":"United States","state":"Kansas","otherGeospatial":"Cottonwood River, Neosho River","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"54379589e4b08a816ca63611","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Foster, Guy M. gfoster@usgs.gov","contributorId":3437,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Foster","given":"Guy M.","email":"gfoster@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":353,"text":"Kansas Water Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":498500,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70115060,"text":"70115060 - 2014 - Centennial changes in North Pacific anoxia linked to tropical trade winds","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-10-10T09:20:34","indexId":"70115060","displayToPublicDate":"2014-10-09T15:32:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3338,"text":"Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Centennial changes in North Pacific anoxia linked to tropical trade winds","docAbstract":"Climate warming is expected to reduce oxygen (O2) supply to the ocean and expand its oxygen minimum zones (OMZs). We reconstructed variations in the extent of North Pacific anoxia since 1850 using a geochemical proxy for denitrification (δ15N) from multiple sediment cores. Increasing δ15N since ~1990 records an expansion of anoxia, consistent with observed O2 trends. However, this was preceded by a longer declining δ15N trend that implies that the anoxic zone was shrinking for most of the 20th century. Both periods can be explained by changes in winds over the tropical Pacific that drive upwelling, biological productivity, and O2 demand within the OMZ. If equatorial Pacific winds resume their predicted weakening trend, the ocean’s largest anoxic zone will contract despite a global O2 decline.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Science","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"American Association for the Advancement of Science","doi":"10.1126/science.1252332","usgsCitation":"Deutsch, C., Berelson, W., Thunell, R., Weber, T., Tems, C., McManus, J., Crusius, J., Ito, T., Baumgartner, T., Ferreira, V., Mey, J., and van Geen, A., 2014, Centennial changes in North Pacific anoxia linked to tropical trade winds: Science, v. 345, no. 6197, p. 665-668, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1252332.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"665","endPage":"668","numberOfPages":"4","ipdsId":"IP-055774","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":295193,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":295192,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1252332"}],"otherGeospatial":"North Pacific","volume":"345","issue":"6197","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"54379587e4b08a816ca63607","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Deutsch, Curtis","contributorId":101206,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Deutsch","given":"Curtis","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":495523,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Berelson, William","contributorId":29334,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Berelson","given":"William","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":495516,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Thunell, Robert","contributorId":14325,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thunell","given":"Robert","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":495515,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Weber, Thomas","contributorId":50095,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Weber","given":"Thomas","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":495520,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Tems, Caitlin","contributorId":63332,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tems","given":"Caitlin","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":495521,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"McManus, James","contributorId":12393,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McManus","given":"James","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":495514,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Crusius, John 0000-0003-2554-0831 jcrusius@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2554-0831","contributorId":2155,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Crusius","given":"John","email":"jcrusius@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":119,"text":"Alaska Science Center Geology Minerals","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":495513,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Ito, Taka","contributorId":86709,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ito","given":"Taka","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":495522,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Baumgartner, Timothy","contributorId":106823,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Baumgartner","given":"Timothy","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":495524,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Ferreira, Vicente","contributorId":30564,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ferreira","given":"Vicente","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":495517,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10},{"text":"Mey, Jacob","contributorId":33248,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mey","given":"Jacob","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":495518,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":11},{"text":"van Geen, Alexander","contributorId":36876,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"van Geen","given":"Alexander","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":495519,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":12}]}} ,{"id":70128550,"text":"70128550 - 2014 - Comparing bacterial community composition of healthy and dark spot-affected Siderastrea siderea in Florida and the Caribbean","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-10-09T14:50:42","indexId":"70128550","displayToPublicDate":"2014-10-09T14:42:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2980,"text":"PLoS ONE","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Comparing bacterial community composition of healthy and dark spot-affected Siderastrea siderea in Florida and the Caribbean","docAbstract":"Coral disease is one of the major causes of reef degradation. Dark Spot Syndrome (DSS) was described in the early 1990's as brown or purple amorphous areas of tissue on a coral and has since become one of the most prevalent diseases reported on Caribbean reefs. It has been identified in a number of coral species, but there is debate as to whether it is in fact the same disease in different corals. Further, it is questioned whether these macroscopic signs are in fact diagnostic of an infectious disease at all. The most commonly affected species in the Caribbean is the massive starlet coral Siderastrea siderea. We sampled this species in two locations, Dry Tortugas National Park and Virgin Islands National Park. Tissue biopsies were collected from both healthy colonies and those with dark spot lesions. Microbial-community DNA was extracted from coral samples (mucus, tissue, and skeleton), amplified using bacterial-specific primers, and applied to PhyloChip G3 microarrays to examine the bacterial diversity associated with this coral. Samples were also screened for the presence of a fungal ribotype that has recently been implicated as a causative agent of DSS in another coral species, but the amplifications were unsuccessful. S. siderea samples did not cluster consistently based on health state (i.e., normal versus dark spot). Various bacteria, including Cyanobacteria and Vibrios, were observed to have increased relative abundance in the discolored tissue, but the patterns were not consistent across all DSS samples. Overall, our findings do not support the hypothesis that DSS in S. siderea is linked to a bacterial pathogen or pathogens. This dataset provides the most comprehensive overview to date of the bacterial community associated with the scleractinian coral S. siderea.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"PLoS ONE","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Public Library of Science","publisherLocation":"San Francisco, CA","doi":"10.1371/journal.pone.0108767","usgsCitation":"Kellogg, C.A., Piceno, Y.M., Tom, L., DeSantis, T., Gray, M.A., and Andersen, G., 2014, Comparing bacterial community composition of healthy and dark spot-affected Siderastrea siderea in Florida and the Caribbean: PLoS ONE, v. 9, no. 10, 9 p., https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0108767.","productDescription":"9 p.","numberOfPages":"9","ipdsId":"IP-059252","costCenters":[{"id":574,"text":"St. Petersburg Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":472695,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0108767","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":295188,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":295185,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0108767"}],"country":"United States","state":"Florida","otherGeospatial":"Caribbean Sea, Dry Tortugas National Park, Virgin Islands National Park","volume":"9","issue":"10","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2014-10-07","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"54379587e4b08a816ca63609","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kellogg, Christina A. 0000-0002-6492-9455 ckellogg@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6492-9455","contributorId":391,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kellogg","given":"Christina","email":"ckellogg@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":574,"text":"St. Petersburg Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":506,"text":"Office of the AD Ecosystems","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":503031,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Piceno, Yvette M.","contributorId":8782,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Piceno","given":"Yvette","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":503033,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Tom, Lauren M.","contributorId":65025,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tom","given":"Lauren M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":503035,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"DeSantis, Todd Z.","contributorId":70712,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"DeSantis","given":"Todd Z.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":503036,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Gray, Michael A. 0000-0002-3856-5037 mgray@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3856-5037","contributorId":3532,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gray","given":"Michael","email":"mgray@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":574,"text":"St. Petersburg Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":503032,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Andersen, Gary L.","contributorId":20679,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Andersen","given":"Gary L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":503034,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70114012,"text":"70114012 - 2014 - Ball-and-socket tectonic rotation during the 2013 Mw7.7 Balochistan earthquake","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-10-09T14:36:54","indexId":"70114012","displayToPublicDate":"2014-10-09T14:31:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1427,"text":"Earth and Planetary Science Letters","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Ball-and-socket tectonic rotation during the 2013 Mw7.7 Balochistan earthquake","docAbstract":"The September 2013 Mw7.7 Balochistan earthquake ruptured a ∼200-km-long segment of the curved Hoshab fault in southern Pakistan with 10±0.2 m of peak sinistral and ∼1.7±0.8 m of dip slip. This rupture is unusual because the fault dips 60±15° towards the focus of a small circle centered in northwest Pakistan, and, despite a 30° increase in obliquity along strike, the ratios of strike and dip slip remain relatively uniform. Surface displacements and geodetic and teleseismic source inversions quantify a bilateral rupture that propagated rapidly at shallow depths from a transtensional jog near the northern end of the rupture. Static friction prior to rupture was unusually weak (μ<0.05), and friction may have approached zero during dynamic rupture. Here we show that the inward-dipping Hoshab fault defines the northern rim of a structural unit in southeast Makran that rotates – akin to a 2-D ball-and-socket joint – counter-clockwise in response to India's penetration into the Eurasian plate. This rotation accounts for complexity in the Chaman fault system and, in principle, reduces seismic potential near Karachi; nonetheless, these findings highlight deficiencies in strong ground motion equations and tectonic models that invoke Anderson–Byerlee faulting predictions.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Earth and Planetary Science Letters","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.epsl.2014.07.001","usgsCitation":"Barnhart, W.D., Hayes, G., Briggs, R., Gold, R.D., and Bilham, R., 2014, Ball-and-socket tectonic rotation during the 2013 Mw7.7 Balochistan earthquake: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 403, p. 210-216, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2014.07.001.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"210","endPage":"216","numberOfPages":"7","ipdsId":"IP-057412","costCenters":[{"id":300,"text":"Geologic Hazards Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":295184,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":295182,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2014.07.001"}],"country":"Pakistan","state":"Balochistan","volume":"403","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"54379586e4b08a816ca63605","chorus":{"doi":"10.1016/j.epsl.2014.07.001","url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2014.07.001","publisher":"Elsevier BV","authors":"Barnhart W.D., Hayes G.P., Briggs R.W., Gold R.D., Bilham R.","journalName":"Earth and Planetary Science Letters","publicationDate":"10/2014","auditedOn":"7/24/2015"},"contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Barnhart, William D. wbarnhart@usgs.gov","contributorId":5299,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Barnhart","given":"William","email":"wbarnhart@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":300,"text":"Geologic Hazards Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":495208,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hayes, Gavin P.","contributorId":41761,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hayes","given":"Gavin P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":495209,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Briggs, Richard W.","contributorId":48500,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Briggs","given":"Richard W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":495210,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Gold, Ryan D. 0000-0002-4464-6394 rgold@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4464-6394","contributorId":3883,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gold","given":"Ryan","email":"rgold@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":300,"text":"Geologic Hazards Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":495207,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Bilham, R.","contributorId":81429,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bilham","given":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":495211,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70133955,"text":"70133955 - 2014 - Angler‐caught piscivore diets reflect fish community changes in Lake Huron","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-02-04T18:50:06.976463","indexId":"70133955","displayToPublicDate":"2014-10-09T12:45:45","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3624,"text":"Transactions of the American Fisheries Society","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Angler‐caught piscivore diets reflect fish community changes in Lake Huron","docAbstract":"Examination of angler‐caught piscivore stomachs revealed that Lake Trout Salvelinus namaycush, Chinook Salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha, and Walleyes Sander vitreus altered their diets in response to unprecedented declines in Lake Huron's main‐basin prey fish community. Diets varied by predator species, season, and location but were nearly always dominated numerically by some combination of Alewife Alosa pseudoharengus, Rainbow Smelt Osmerus mordax, Emerald Shiner Notropis atherinoides, Round Goby Neogobius melanostomus, or terrestrial insects. Rainbow Trout Oncorhynchus mykiss (steelhead), Coho Salmon Oncorhynchus kisutch, and Atlantic Salmon Salmo salar had varied diets that reflected higher contributions of insects. Compared with an earlier (1983–1986) examination of angler‐caught predator fishes from Lake Huron, the contemporary results showed an increase in consumption of nontraditional prey (including conspecifics), use of smaller prey, and an increase in insects in the diet, suggesting that piscivores were faced with chronic prey limitation during this study. The management of all piscivores in Lake Huron will likely require consideration of the pervasive effects of changes in food webs, especially if prey fish remain at low levels.
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Wyoming","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-12-27T15:02:28","indexId":"70128498","displayToPublicDate":"2014-10-09T10:29:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3773,"text":"Wildlife Monographs","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Habitat prioritization across large landscapes, multiple seasons, and novel areas: an example using greater sage-grouse in Wyoming","docAbstract":"Animal habitat selection is an important and expansive area of research in ecology. In particular, the study of habitat selection is critical in habitat prioritization efforts for species of conservation concern. Landscape planning for species is happening at ever-increasing extents because of the appreciation for the role of landscape-scale patterns in species persistence coupled to improved datasets for species and habitats, and the expanding and intensifying footprint of human land uses on the landscape. We present a large-scale collaborative effort to develop habitat selection models across large landscapes and multiple seasons for prioritizing habitat for a species of conservation concern. Greater sage-grouse (Centrocercus urophasianus, hereafter sage-grouse) occur in western semi-arid landscapes in North America. Range-wide population declines of this species have been documented, and it is currently considered as “warranted but precluded” from listing under the United States Endangered Species Act. Wyoming is predicted to remain a stronghold for sage-grouse populations and contains approximately 37% of remaining birds. We compiled location data from 14 unique radiotelemetry studies (data collected 1994–2010) and habitat data from high-quality, biologically relevant, geographic information system (GIS) layers across Wyoming. We developed habitat selection models for greater sage-grouse across Wyoming for 3 distinct life stages: 1) nesting, 2) summer, and 3) winter. We developed patch and landscape models across 4 extents, producing statewide and regional (southwest, central, northeast) models for Wyoming. Habitat selection varied among regions and seasons, yet preferred habitat attributes generally matched the extensive literature on sage-grouse seasonal habitat requirements. Across seasons and regions, birds preferred areas with greater percentage sagebrush cover and avoided paved roads, agriculture, and forested areas. Birds consistently preferred areas with higher precipitation in the summer and avoided rugged terrain in the winter. Selection for sagebrush cover varied regionally with stronger selection in the Northeast region, likely because of limited availability, whereas avoidance of paved roads was fairly consistent across regions. We chose resource selection function (RSF) thresholds for each model set (seasonal × regional combination) that delineated important seasonal habitats for sage-grouse. Each model set showed good validation and discriminatory capabilities within study-site boundaries. We applied the nesting-season models to a novel area not included in model development. The percentage of independent nest locations that fell directly within identified important habitat was not overly impressive in the novel area (49%); however, including a 500-m buffer around important habitat captured 98% of independent nest locations within the novel area. We also used leks and associated peak male counts as a proxy for nesting habitat outside of the study sites used to develop the models. A 1.5-km buffer around the important nesting habitat boundaries included 77% of males counted at leks in Wyoming outside of the study sites. Data were not available to quantitatively test the performance of the summer and winter models outside our study sites. The collection of models presented here represents large-scale resource-management planning tools that are a significant advancement to previous tools in terms of spatial and temporal resolution.","language":"English","publisher":"The Wildlife Society","doi":"10.1002/wmon.1014","usgsCitation":"Fedy, B., Doherty, K., Aldridge, C.L., O’Donnell, M.S., Beck, J.L., Bedrosian, B., Gummer, D., Holloran, M.J., Johnson, G., Kaczor, N.W., Kirol, C., Mandich, C., Marshall, D., McKee, G., Olson, C., Pratt, A.C., Swanson, C.C., and Walker, B.L., 2014, Habitat prioritization across large landscapes, multiple seasons, and novel areas: an example using greater sage-grouse in Wyoming: Wildlife Monographs, v. 190, no. 1, p. 1-39, https://doi.org/10.1002/wmon.1014.","productDescription":"39 p.","startPage":"1","endPage":"39","ipdsId":"IP-049825","costCenters":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science 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odonnellm@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3488-003X","contributorId":3351,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"O’Donnell","given":"Michael","email":"odonnellm@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":502927,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Beck, Jeffrey L.","contributorId":14753,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Beck","given":"Jeffrey","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":502929,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Bedrosian, Bryan","contributorId":29754,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bedrosian","given":"Bryan","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":502931,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Gummer, David","contributorId":33648,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gummer","given":"David","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":502933,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Holloran, Matthew J.","contributorId":63745,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Holloran","given":"Matthew","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":502940,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Johnson, Gregory D.","contributorId":14326,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnson","given":"Gregory D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":502928,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Kaczor, Nicholas W.","contributorId":21096,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kaczor","given":"Nicholas","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":502930,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10},{"text":"Kirol, Christopher P.","contributorId":49723,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Kirol","given":"Christopher P.","affiliations":[{"id":12785,"text":"Big Horn Environmental Consultants","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":502938,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":11},{"text":"Mandich, Cheryl A.","contributorId":71496,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mandich","given":"Cheryl A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":502942,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":12},{"text":"Marshall, David","contributorId":29755,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Marshall","given":"David","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":502932,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":13},{"text":"McKee, Gwyn","contributorId":42156,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McKee","given":"Gwyn","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":502936,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":14},{"text":"Olson, Chad","contributorId":39710,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Olson","given":"Chad","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":502934,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":15},{"text":"Pratt, Aaron C.","contributorId":68670,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pratt","given":"Aaron","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":502941,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":16},{"text":"Swanson, Christopher C.","contributorId":53316,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Swanson","given":"Christopher","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":502939,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":17},{"text":"Walker, Brett L.","contributorId":87475,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Walker","given":"Brett","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":502943,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":18}]}} ,{"id":70127581,"text":"ofr20141211 - 2014 - Gully monitoring at two locations in the Grand Canyon National Park, Arizona, 1996-2010, with emphasis on documenting effects of the March 2008 high-flow experiment","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-10-09T08:55:24","indexId":"ofr20141211","displayToPublicDate":"2014-10-09T08:47:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2014-1211","title":"Gully monitoring at two locations in the Grand Canyon National Park, Arizona, 1996-2010, with emphasis on documenting effects of the March 2008 high-flow experiment","docAbstract":"Many archeological sites in the Grand Canyon are being impacted by gully incision. In March 2008, a high-flow experiment (2008 HFE) was conducted with the intention of redistributing fine sediment (sand, silt, and clay) from the bed of the Colorado River to higher elevations along the channel margin. Deposition of fine sediment in gully mouths has been hypothesized to slow gully erosion rates and lessen impacts to archeological sites. The effects of the 2008 HFE on gullies were evaluated by comparing the topographic changes of three gullies at two study sites before and after the 2008 HFE. Comparison results indicated that sediment was deposited in gully mouths during the 2008 HFE, and that the inundated areas nearest to the river can be extensively altered by mainstream flow during high-flow events. Additionally, the history of gully evolution at the two study sites was examined between 1996 and 2010 and indicated that gullies have been subjected to thalweg incision and gully widening processes over a decadal timescale. Although the small sample size precludes extrapolating the results to other gullies, the findings contribute to the understanding of gully erosion in archeologically significant areas and have implications for future monitoring of gully erosion and evaluating the effectiveness of check dams intended to mitigate that erosion at archaeological sites in the Grand Canyon National Park.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20141211","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with Northern Arizona University","usgsCitation":"Schott, N.D., Hazel, J.E., Fairley, H., Kaplinski, M., and Parnell, R.A., 2014, Gully monitoring at two locations in the Grand Canyon National Park, Arizona, 1996-2010, with emphasis on documenting effects of the March 2008 high-flow experiment: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2014-1211, iv, 32 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20141211.","productDescription":"iv, 32 p.","numberOfPages":"40","onlineOnly":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-025452","costCenters":[{"id":568,"text":"Southwest Biological Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":295104,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr20141211.jpg"},{"id":295101,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2014/1211/"},{"id":295103,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2014/1211/pdf/ofr2014-1211.pdf"}],"country":"United States","state":"Arizona","otherGeospatial":"Grand Canyon National Park","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"54379588e4b08a816ca6360b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Schott, Nathan D.","contributorId":85526,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schott","given":"Nathan","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":502457,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hazel, Joseph E. Jr.","contributorId":19500,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hazel","given":"Joseph","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":502453,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Fairley, Helen C.","contributorId":40537,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fairley","given":"Helen C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":502455,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Kaplinski, Matt","contributorId":22709,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kaplinski","given":"Matt","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":502454,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Parnell, Roderic A.","contributorId":42902,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Parnell","given":"Roderic","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":502456,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70128484,"text":"70128484 - 2014 - Spectral masking of goethite in abandoned mine drainage systems: implications for Mars","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-10-08T14:53:23","indexId":"70128484","displayToPublicDate":"2014-10-08T14:42:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1427,"text":"Earth and Planetary Science Letters","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Spectral masking of goethite in abandoned mine drainage systems: implications for Mars","docAbstract":"Remote sensing studies of the surface of Mars use visible- to near-infrared (VNIR) spectroscopy to identify hydrated and hydroxylated minerals, which can be used to constrain past environmental conditions on the surface of Mars. However, due to differences in optical properties, some hydrated phases can mask others in VNIR spectra, complicating environmental interpretations. Here, we examine the role of masking in VNIR spectra of natural precipitates of ferrihydrite, schwertmannite, and goethite from abandoned mine drainage (AMD) systems in southeastern Pennsylvania. Mixtures of ferrihydrite, schwertmannite, and goethite were identified in four AMD sites by using X-ray diffractometry (XRD), and their XRD patterns compared to their VNIR spectra. We find that both ferrihydrite and schwertmannite can mask goethite in VNIR spectra of natural AMD precipitates. These findings suggest that care should be taken in interpreting environments on Mars where ferrihydrite, schwertmannite, or goethite are found, as the former two may be masking the latter. Additionally, our findings suggest that outcrops on Mars with both goethite and ferrihydrite/schwertmannite VNIR signatures may have high relative abundances of goethite, or the goethite may exist in a coarsely crystalline phase.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Earth and Planetary Science Letters","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.epsl.2014.06.045","usgsCitation":"Cull, S., Cravotta, C.A., Klinges, J., and Weeks, C., 2014, Spectral masking of goethite in abandoned mine drainage systems: implications for Mars: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 403, p. 217-224, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2014.06.045.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"217","endPage":"224","ipdsId":"IP-057021","costCenters":[{"id":532,"text":"Pennsylvania Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":295100,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":295093,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2014.06.045"}],"country":"United States","state":"Pennsylvania","county":"Schuylkill County","volume":"403","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"54364405e4b0a4f4b46a31cb","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cull, Selby","contributorId":19100,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cull","given":"Selby","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":502924,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Cravotta, Charles A. III, 0000-0003-3116-4684 cravotta@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3116-4684","contributorId":2193,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cravotta","given":"Charles","suffix":"III,","email":"cravotta@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":532,"text":"Pennsylvania Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":502923,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Klinges, Julia Grace","contributorId":36877,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Klinges","given":"Julia Grace","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":502925,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Weeks, Chloe","contributorId":98660,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Weeks","given":"Chloe","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":502926,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70119728,"text":"70119728 - 2014 - Comparison of survival patterns of northern and southern genotypes of the North American tick Ixodes scapularis (Acari: Ixodidae) under northern and southern conditions","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-12-09T13:18:19","indexId":"70119728","displayToPublicDate":"2014-10-08T14:34:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3010,"text":"Parasites & Vectors","printIssn":"1756-3305","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Comparison of survival patterns of northern and southern genotypes of the North American tick Ixodes scapularis (Acari: Ixodidae) under northern and southern conditions","docAbstract":"Several investigators have reported genetic differences between northern and southern populations of Ixodes scapularis in North America, as well as differences in patterns of disease transmission. Ecological and behavioral correlates of these genetic differences, which might have implications for disease transmission, have not been reported. We compared survival of northern with that of southern genotypes under both northern and southern environmental conditions in laboratory trials.
Subadult I. scapularis from laboratory colonies that originated from adults collected from deer from several sites in the northeastern, north central, and southern U.S. were exposed to controlled conditions in environmental chambers. Northern and southern genotypes were exposed to light:dark and temperature conditions of northern and southern sites with controlled relative humidities, and mortality through time was recorded.
Ticks from different geographical locations differed in survival patterns, with larvae from Wisconsin surviving longer than larvae from Massachusetts, South Carolina or Georgia, when held under the same conditions. In another experiment, larvae from Florida survived longer than larvae from Michigan. Therefore, survival patterns of regional genotypes did not follow a simple north–south gradient. The most consistent result was that larvae from all locations generally survived longer under northern conditions than under southern conditions.
Our results suggest that conditions in southern North America are less hospitable than in the north to populations of I. scapularis. Southern conditions might have resulted in ecological or behavioral adaptations that contribute to the relative rarity of I. scapularis borne diseases, such as Lyme borreliosis, in the southern compared to the northern United States.
Boreal soils in permafrost regions contain vast quantities of frozen organic material that is released to terrestrial and aquatic environments via subsurface flowpaths as permafrost thaws. Longer flowpaths may allow chemical reduction of solutes, nutrients, and contaminants, with implications for greenhouse gas emissions and aqueous export. Predicting boreal catchment runoff is complicated by soil heterogeneities related to variability in active layer thickness, soil type, fire history, and preferential flow potential. By coupling measurements of permeability, infiltration potential, and water chemistry with a stream chemistry end member mixing model, we tested the hypothesis that organic soils and burned slopes are the primary sources of runoff, and that runoff from burned soils is greater due to increased hydraulic connectivity. Organic soils were more permeable than mineral soils, and 25% of infiltration moved laterally upon reaching the organic-mineral soil boundary on unburned hillslopes. A large portion of the remaining water infiltrated into deeper, less permeable soils. In contrast, burned hillslopes displayed poorly defined soil horizons, allowing rapid, mineral-rich runoff through preferential pathways at various depths. On the catchment scale, mineral/organic runoff ratios averaged 1.6 and were as high as 5.2 for an individual storm. Our results suggest that burned soils are the dominant source of water and solutes reaching the stream in summer, whereas unburned soils may provide longer term storage and residence times necessary for production of anaerobic compounds. These results are relevant to predicting how boreal catchment drainage networks and stream export will evolve given continued warming and altered fire regimes.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1002/2014WR015586","usgsCitation":"Koch, J.C., Kikuchi, C., Wickland, K.P., and Schuster, P., 2014, Runoff sources and flowpaths in a partially burned, upland boreal catchment underlain by permafrost: Water Resources Research, v. 50, no. 10, p. 8141-8158, https://doi.org/10.1002/2014WR015586.","productDescription":"18 p.","startPage":"8141","endPage":"8158","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-055593","costCenters":[{"id":120,"text":"Alaska Science Center Water","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":472699,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/2014wr015586","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":438740,"rank":0,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/P946B22H","text":"USGS data release","linkHelpText":"Water Level, Temperature, and Discharge in West Twin Creek, Alaska, 2010 to 2012"},{"id":295090,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":295089,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1002/2014WR015586"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"West Twin Creek","volume":"50","issue":"10","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2014-10-21","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"54364405e4b0a4f4b46a31c9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Koch, Joshua C. 0000-0001-7180-6982 jkoch@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7180-6982","contributorId":202532,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Koch","given":"Joshua","email":"jkoch@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":120,"text":"Alaska Science Center Water","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":116,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology MFEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":502000,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kikuchi, Colin P.","contributorId":8779,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kikuchi","given":"Colin P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":502001,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Wickland, Kimberly P. 0000-0002-6400-0590 kpwick@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6400-0590","contributorId":1835,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wickland","given":"Kimberly","email":"kpwick@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":36183,"text":"Hydro-Ecological Interactions Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":501999,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Schuster, Paul","contributorId":81825,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schuster","given":"Paul","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":502002,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70122983,"text":"sim3308 - 2014 - Water-level altitudes 2014 and water-level changes in the Chicot, Evangeline, and Jasper aquifers and compaction 1973-2013 in the Chicot and Evangeline aquifers, Houston-Galveston region, Texas","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-03-29T16:52:24","indexId":"sim3308","displayToPublicDate":"2014-10-08T09:44:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":333,"text":"Scientific Investigations Map","code":"SIM","onlineIssn":"2329-132X","printIssn":"2329-1311","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"3308","title":"Water-level altitudes 2014 and water-level changes in the Chicot, Evangeline, and Jasper aquifers and compaction 1973-2013 in the Chicot and Evangeline aquifers, Houston-Galveston region, Texas","docAbstract":"Most of the land-surface subsidence in the Houston-Galveston region, Texas, has occurred as a direct result of groundwater withdrawals for municipal supply, commercial and industrial use, and irrigation that depressured and dewatered the Chicot and Evangeline aquifers, thereby causing compaction of the aquifer sediments, mostly in the fine-grained clay and silt layers. This report, prepared by the U.S. Geological Survey in cooperation with the Harris-Galveston Subsidence District, City of Houston, Fort Bend Subsidence District, Lone Star Groundwater Conservation District, and Brazoria County Groundwater Conservation District, is one in an annual series of reports depicting water-level altitudes and water-level changes in the Chicot, Evangeline, and Jasper aquifers and measured compaction of subsurface sediments in the Chicot and Evangeline aquifers in the Houston-Galveston region. The report contains maps depicting approximate 2014 water-level altitudes (represented by measurements made during December 2013–March 2014) for the Chicot, Evangeline, and Jasper aquifers; maps depicting 1-year (2013–14) water-level changes for each aquifer; maps depicting contoured 5-year (2009–14) water-level changes for each aquifer; maps depicting contoured long-term (1990–2014 and 1977–2014) water-level changes for the Chicot and Evangeline aquifers; a map depicting contoured long-term (2000–14) water-level changes for the Jasper aquifer; a map depicting locations of borehole-extensometer sites; and graphs depicting measured cumulative compaction of subsurface sediments at the borehole extensometers during 1973–2013. Tables listing the data used to construct each water-level map for each aquifer and the compaction graphs are included.
\nIn 2014, water-level-altitude contours for the Chicot aquifer ranged from 200 ft below the vertical datum (National Geodetic Vertical Datum of 1929 or the North American Vertical Datum of 1988; hereinafter, datum) in a small, localized area in southwestern Harris County to 200 ft above datum in western Montgomery County. Water-level changes for 2013–14 in the Chicot aquifer ranged from a 19-foot (ft) decline to a 31-ft rise. Contoured 5-year and long-term water-level changes in the Chicot aquifer ranged from an 80-ft decline to a 70-ft rise (2009–14), from a 120-ft decline to a 100-ft rise (1990–2014), and from a 120-ft decline to a 200-ft rise (1977–2014). In 2014, water-level-altitude contours for the Evangeline aquifer ranged from 300 ft below datum in two small, localized areas in south-central Montgomery County to 200 ft above datum in southeastern Grimes and northwestern Montgomery Counties. Water-level changes for 2013–14 in the Evangeline aquifer ranged from a 57-ft decline to a 47-ft rise. Contoured 5-year and long-term water-level changes in the Evangeline aquifer ranged from a 60-ft decline to a 100-ft rise (2009–14), from a 220-ft decline to a 240-ft rise (1990–2014), and from a 340-ft decline to a 260-ft rise (1977–2014). In 2014, water-level-altitude contours for the Jasper aquifer ranged from 250 ft below datum in south-central Montgomery County to 250 ft above datum in northwestern Montgomery County and extending into east-central Grimes and southwestern Walker Counties. Water-level changes for 2013–14 in the Jasper aquifer ranged from a 51-ft decline to a 40-ft rise. Contoured 5-year and long-term water-level changes in the Jasper aquifer ranged from a 100-ft decline to 40-ft rise (2009–14) and from a 220-ft decline to no change (2000–14).
\nCompaction of subsurface sediments (mostly in the fine-grained clay and silt layers) composing the Chicot and Evangeline aquifers was recorded continuously by using analog technology at the 13 borehole extensometers at 11 sites that were either activated or installed between 1973 and 1980. For the period of record beginning in 1973 (or later depending on activation or installation date) and ending in December 2013, measured cumulative compaction at the 13 extensometers ranged from 0.100 ft at the Texas City-Moses Lake extensometer to 3.654 ft at the Addicks extensometer. The rate of compaction varies from site to site because of differences in rates of groundwater withdrawal in the areas adjacent to each extensometer site and differences among sites in the ratios of clay, silt, and sand and compressibility of the subsurface sediments. Therefore, it is not appropriate to extrapolate or infer a rate of compaction for an adjacent area on the basis of the rate of compaction measured at nearby extensometers.
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