The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) is the Federal Government's primary source of data on the quantity and quality of the Nation's water resources, its principal civilian map making agency, and its primary provider of information on natural hazards and mineral, energy, and biological resources. The USGS makes unbiased scientific information available equally to all interested parties.
\nMost USGS work in Texas involves the appraisal of the State's water resources in cooperation with more than 80 local, State, and Federal agencies. The foundation of a wide range of hydrologic data-collection and interpretive programs is the stream-gaging program. The Texas network of streamflow-gaging stations, which provides water data for water-resources planning and design, hydrologic research, and operation of water-resources projects, is part of a nationwide aggregation of networks that is unique because of nationally consistent, prescribed standards by which the data are collected and processed.
\nThe USGS continues to expand collection of data for paper and digital maps. The best-known products of the USGS in Texas are its 1:24,000-scale topographic maps. These maps depict basic natural and cultural features of the landscape. Maps at this scale (1 inch on the map represents 2,000 feet on the ground) are useful for civil engineering, land-use planning, and natural-resource monitoring, and have long been favorites with the general public for a wide variety of outdoor uses.
\nThe USGS also continues to monitor geologic conditions in Texas associated with rare but potentially dangerous earthquakes. Recently, the Nation Biological Service (now the Biological Resources Division) joined the USGS to continue their appraisal of the nation's biological resources.
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\"}}]}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a2ae4b07f02db61228b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","contributorId":128075,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","id":528426,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":26110,"text":"wri944025 - 1996 - Water resources of the Lac Du Flambeau Indian Reservation, Wisconsin, 1981-86","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-10-26T12:41:55","indexId":"wri944025","displayToPublicDate":"1997-10-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"94-4025","title":"Water resources of the Lac Du Flambeau Indian Reservation, Wisconsin, 1981-86","docAbstract":"Unconsolidated glacial sand and gravel deposits provide virtually all water used by residents of the Lac du Flambeau Indian Reservation. Well yields of 10 to 20 gallons per minutecan be obtained from these deposits throughoutthe reservation. Yields of 1,200 gallons perminute are obtained from wells for a fish-rearingfacility near the village of Lac du Flambeau. Thesaturated thickness of glacial deposits rangesfrom 100 to just less than 200 feet throughout thereservation. Domestic water-supply wells aretypically 50 to 150 feet deep.
\nEstimates of the horizontal hydraulic conductivity of glacial deposits generally range from about 1 to 50 feet per day and average about 20 feet per day. However, a horizontal hydraulicconductivity of about 950 feet per day and atransmissivity of about 71,000 feet squared perday were calculated from aquifer-test data at thefish-rearing facility.
\nLakes cover about 20 percent of the reservation. Many of these lakes are smallseepage lakes or drainage lakes with surfaceareas less than 100 acres. Depth profiles oftemperature, dissolved oxygen, pH, and specificconductance show that all lakes more than25 feet deep are thermally stratified duringsummer months. The median alkalinity andhardness for 34 lake-water samples were 30 and31 milligrams per liter as calcium carbonate,respectively. The median dissolved-solids concentration was only 50 milligrams per liter. Total phosphorus concentrations in water samples are high enough to classify some lakes as eutrophic.
\nCalcium, magnesium, bicarbonate and, to a lesser extent, chloride and sulfate are the major dissolved ions in ground water and surface water.Concentrations of these ions in ground water aretwice those in lake water. Nitrate and chloride concentrations in ground-water samples from 25 wells in the reservation were less than the maximum concentrations allowed by Wisconsin drinking-water standards. Iron and, to a lesserextent, manganese seem to be the only constituentspresent at high enough concentrations tosignificantly affect drinking-water supplies onthe reservation. The maximum concentration of dissolved solids found in ground water on the reservation was 198 milligrams per liter, the median was 86 milligrams per liter. The relatively small amount of dissolved solids in ground water and surface water on the reservation is typical of water quality in northeastern Wisconsin.
\n","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri944025","usgsCitation":"Batten, W.G., and Lidwin, R., 1996, Water resources of the Lac Du Flambeau Indian Reservation, Wisconsin, 1981-86: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 94-4025, Report: v, 42 p.; 3 Plates: 18.00 x 23.00 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/wri944025.","productDescription":"Report: v, 42 p.; 3 Plates: 18.00 x 23.00 inches","numberOfPages":"47","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":677,"text":"Wisconsin Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":118690,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1994/4025/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":54908,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1994/4025/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":54909,"rank":401,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1994/4025/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":54910,"rank":402,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1994/4025/plate-3.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":54911,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1994/4025/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":110269,"rank":700,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_47935.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"47935"}],"country":"United States","state":"Wisconsin","county":"Iron County, Oneida County, Vilas County","otherGeospatial":"Lac Du Flambeau Indian Reservation","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -90.04875183105469,\n 45.87566836664006\n ],\n [\n -90.04875183105469,\n 46.03987588680908\n ],\n [\n -89.76860046386719,\n 46.03987588680908\n ],\n [\n -89.76860046386719,\n 45.87566836664006\n ],\n [\n -90.04875183105469,\n 45.87566836664006\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49f4e4b07f02db5f0559","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Batten, W. G.","contributorId":89504,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Batten","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":195825,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lidwin, R.A.","contributorId":33349,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lidwin","given":"R.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":195824,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":26728,"text":"wri954223 - 1996 - Water resources of the Wind River Indian Reservation, Wyoming","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:30","indexId":"wri954223","displayToPublicDate":"1997-10-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"95-4223","title":"Water resources of the Wind River Indian Reservation, Wyoming","docAbstract":"Existing data were used in conjunction with onsite measurements to evaluate the water resources on the Wind River Indian Reservation, Wyoming. The reservation is located mainly in the Wind River drainage basin. Ground water is used for public- supply, domestic, agricultural, and industrial purposes, and potentially for irrigation. Deposits of Quaternary age provide water for domestic and public-supply uses. Median well yields from different types of Quaternary deposits ranged from 6 to 20 gallons per minute. The Wind River Formation of Tertiary age is a major source of water for domestic and public-supply uses; well yields ranged from 0.1 to 350 gallons per minute. For the Tensleep Sandstone and Madison Limestone of Paleozoic age, wells might yield as much as 1,000 gallons per minute. The dissolved-solids concentration of water from the Little Wind River and Popo Agie River flood-plain alluvium near mountains was generally less than 400 mg/L (milligrams per liter), but with increasing distance from mountains, the range was about 600 to about 750 mg/L. Dissolved-solids concentrations of water in the Wind River Formation ranged from 211 to 5,110 mg/L. Streams provide most water used for irrigation. Discharge records from streamflow-gaging stations indicate flow characteristics of streams on the reservation are extremely variable. Average annual runoff was 122 to 1,150 acre-feet per square mile on perennial streams with gaging stations. Near the mountains, most perennial streams had dissolved-solids concentrations less than 200 mg/L, and with increasing distance from the mountains, concentrations were about 400 to 600 mg/L.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nEarth Science Information Center, Open-File Reports Section,[distributor],","doi":"10.3133/wri954223","usgsCitation":"Daddow, R.L., 1996, Water resources of the Wind River Indian Reservation, Wyoming: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 95-4223, vii, 121 :ill., maps (some col.) ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri954223.","productDescription":"vii, 121 :ill., maps (some col.) ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":123675,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1995/4223/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":55603,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1995/4223/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":55604,"rank":401,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1995/4223/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":55605,"rank":402,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1995/4223/plate-3.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":55606,"rank":403,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1995/4223/plate-4.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":55607,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1995/4223/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49e4e4b07f02db5e62c1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Daddow, R. L.","contributorId":35748,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Daddow","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":196898,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":28927,"text":"wri954282 - 1996 - Water and bed-material quality of selected streams and reservoirs in the Research Triangle area of North Carolina, 1988-94","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-01-27T12:15:15","indexId":"wri954282","displayToPublicDate":"1997-10-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"95-4282","title":"Water and bed-material quality of selected streams and reservoirs in the Research Triangle area of North Carolina, 1988-94","docAbstract":"The Triangle Area Water Supply Monitoring Project was formed by a consortium of local governments and governmental agencies in cooperation with the U.S. Geological Survey to supplement existing data on conventional pollutants, nutrients, and metals to enable eventual determination of long-term trends; to examine spatial differences among water supplies within the region, especially differences between smaller upland sources, large multipurpose reservoirs, and run-of-river supplies; to provide tributary loading inlake data for predictive modeling of Falls of the Neuse and B. Everett Jordan reservoirs; and to establish a database for synthetic organic compounds.\r\n\r\nWater-quality sampling began in October 1988 at 35 sites located on area run-of-river and reservoir water supplies and their tributaries. Sampling has continued through 1994. Samples were analyzed for major ions, nutrients, trace metals, pesticides, and semivolatile and volatile organic compounds. Monthly concentration data, high-flow concentration data, and data on daily mean streamflow at most stream sites were used to calculate loadings of nitrogen, phosphorus, suspended sediment, and trace metals to reservoirs.\r\n\r\nStream and lake sites were assigned to one of five site categories-- (1) rivers, (2) large multipurpose reservoirs, (3) small water-supply reservoirs, (4) streams below urban areas and wastewater-treatment plants, and (5) headwater streams--according to general site characteristics. Concentrations of nitrogen species, phosphorus species, and selected trace metals were compared by site category using nonparametric analysis of variance techniques and qualitatively (trace metals). Wastewater-treatment plant effluents and urban runoff had a significant impact on water quality compared to reservoirs and headwater streams. Streams draining these areas had more mineralized water than streams draining undeveloped areas. Moreover, median nitrogen and nitrite plus nitrate concentrations were significantly greater than all other site categories. Phosphorus was significantly greater than for reservoir sites or headwater streams. Few concentrations of trace metals were greater than the minimum reporting limit, and U.S. Environmental Protection Agency drinking-water standards were rarely exceeded. Detections, when they occurred, were most frequent for sites below urban areas and wastewater-treatment plant effluents.\r\n\r\nA small number of samples for analysis of acetanilide, triazine, carbamate, and chlorophenoxy acid pesticides indicate that some of these compounds are generally present in area waters in small concentrations. Organochlorine and organophosphorus pesticides are ubiquitous in the study area in very small concentrations. Trihalomethanes were detected at sites below urban areas and wastewater-treatment plants. Otherwise, volatile organic compounds and semivolatile compounds were generally not detected.\r\n\r\nSuspended-sediment, nitrogen, phosphorus, lead, and zinc loads into Falls Lake, Jordan Lake, University Lake, Cane Creek Reservoir, Little River Reservoir, and Lake Michie were calculated. In general, reservoirs act as traps for suspended sediment and constituents associated with suspended sediments.\r\n\r\nDuring 1989-94, annual suspended-sediment load to Falls Lake ranged from 29,500 to 88,200 tons. Because Lake Michie trapped from 83 to 93 percent of the suspended sediment delivered by Flat River, Flat River is a minor contributor of suspended sediment to Falls Lake. Yields of suspended sediment from Little River, Little Lick Creek, and Flat River Basins were between 184 and 223 tons per square mile and appear to have increased increased slightly from yields reported in a study for the period 1970-79. Annual suspended-sediment load to Jordan Lake ranged from 271,000 to 622,000 tons from 1989 through 1994 water years. The Haw River contributed more than 75 percent of the tota load to Jordan Lake. The suspended-sediment yields for Haw River and Northeast Cree","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nInformation Services [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/wri954282","usgsCitation":"Oblinger, C.J., and Treece, M., 1996, Water and bed-material quality of selected streams and reservoirs in the Research Triangle area of North Carolina, 1988-94: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 95-4282, v, 79 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri954282.","productDescription":"v, 79 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":57800,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1995/4282/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":159158,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1995/4282/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"North 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Jr.","contributorId":60255,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Treece","given":"M.W.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":200633,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":29747,"text":"wri964104 - 1996 - Water-quality assessment of the Albermarle-Pamlico drainage basin, North Carolina and Virginia— A summary of selected trace element, nutrient, and pesticide data for bed sediments, 1969-90","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-10-21T21:23:42.956553","indexId":"wri964104","displayToPublicDate":"1997-10-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"96-4104","title":"Water-quality assessment of the Albermarle-Pamlico drainage basin, North Carolina and Virginia— A summary of selected trace element, nutrient, and pesticide data for bed sediments, 1969-90","docAbstract":"Spatial distributions of metals and trace elements, nutrients, and pesticides and polychiorinated biphenyls (PCB's) in bed sediment were characterized using data collected from 1969 through 1990 and stored in the U.S. Geological Survey's National Water Data Storage and Retrieval (WATSTORE) system and the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's Storage and Retrieval (STORET) system databases. Bed-sediment data from WATSTORE and STORET were combined to form a single database of 1,049 records representing 301 sites. Data were examined for concentrations of 16 metals and trace elements, 4 nutrients, 10 pesticides, and PCB's. Maximum bed-sediment concentrations were evaluated relative to sediment-quality guidelines developed by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, the Ontario Ministry of Environment and Energy, and the Virginia Department of Environmental Quality.\r\n\r\nSites were not selected randomly; therefore, results should not be interpreted as representing average conditions. Many sites were located in or around lakes and reservoirs, urban areas, and areas where special investigations were conducted. Lakes and reservoirs function as effective sediment traps, and elevated concentrations of some constituents occurred at these sites. High concentrations of many metals and trace elements also occurred near urban areas where streams receive runoff or inputs from industrial, residential, and municipal activities. Elevated nutrient concentrations occurred near lakes, reservoirs, and the mouths of major rivers.\r\n\r\nThe highest concentrations of arsenic, beryllium, chromium, iron. mercury, nickel, and selenium occurred in the Roanoke River Basin and may be a result of geologic formations or accumulations of bed sediment in lakes and reservoirs. The highest concentrations of cadmium, lead, and thallium were detected in the Chowan River Basin; copper and zinc were reported highest in the Neuse River Basin. Total phosphorus and total ammonia plus organic nitrogen concentrations exceeded the sediment evaluation guidelines in each major river basin, possibly resulting from wastewater inputs and agricultural applications. Exceedances of pesticide guidelines were detected in the upper Neuse River Basin near Falls Lake and in the lower Tar River Basin.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri964104","usgsCitation":"Skrobialowski, S., 1996, Water-quality assessment of the Albermarle-Pamlico drainage basin, North Carolina and Virginia— A summary of selected trace element, nutrient, and pesticide data for bed sediments, 1969-90: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 96-4104, vi, 33 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri964104.","productDescription":"vi, 33 p.","costCenters":[{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":390790,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_48462.htm"},{"id":160078,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1996/4104/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":58545,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1996/4104/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"North Carolina, Virginia","otherGeospatial":"Albermarle-Pamlico drainage basin","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -80.4833,\n 34.8667\n ],\n [\n -76,\n 34.8667\n ],\n [\n -76,\n 37.4667\n ],\n [\n -80.4833,\n 37.4667\n ],\n [\n -80.4833,\n 34.8667\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49e5e4b07f02db5e6fc4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Skrobialowski, S. 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This report provides low-flow characteristics for 216 continuous-record gaging stations using frequency analysis techniques. Included are low-flow frequency characteristics for 143 unregulated, gaging stations; and sample percentiles for 32 stations that were subject to regulation or diversion, and sample percentiles for 41 stations, regulated and unregulated, that exhibited significant trends in the annual low-flow time series. Estimates of low-flow frequency characteristics are provided for 242 partial-record stations and miscellaneous sites based on correlations with daily mean discharges at continuous-record stations. Low-flow measurement data are available at approximately 1,300 continuous-record gaging stations, partial- record stations and miscellaneous sites. Historic low-flow measurement data are accessible through the U.S. Geological Survey Automatic Data Processing System.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri934165","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Florida Department of Environmental Regulation","usgsCitation":"Rumenik, R.P., and Grubbs, J.W., 1996, Low-flow characteristics of Florida streams: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 93-4165, Report: vi, 220 p.; 2 Plates: 32.50 x 35.79 inches and 32.50 x 32.76 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/wri934165.","productDescription":"Report: vi, 220 p.; 2 Plates: 32.50 x 35.79 inches and 32.50 x 32.76 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P.","contributorId":42626,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rumenik","given":"Roger","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":201567,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Grubbs, J. W.","contributorId":77139,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Grubbs","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":725446,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":24057,"text":"ofr96170 - 1996 - Micrometeorological data for energy-budget studies near Rogers Spring, Ash Meadows National Wildlife Refuge, Nye County, Nevada, 1994","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-09-17T14:23:56","indexId":"ofr96170","displayToPublicDate":"1997-10-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"96-170","title":"Micrometeorological data for energy-budget studies near Rogers Spring, Ash Meadows National Wildlife Refuge, Nye County, Nevada, 1994","docAbstract":"Micrometeorological data were collected at two sites near Rogers Spring in the Ash Meadows National Wildlife Refuge for use in energy-budget studies beginning in 1994. The data collected at each site included net radiation, air temperature at two heights, dew-point temperature at two heights, windspeed at two heights, soil heat flux, and soil temperature in the interval between the land surface and the buried heat-flux plates.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;Information Services [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/ofr96170","issn":"0094-9140","collaboration":"The USGS does not support this software or technical questions for the software associated with the publication.","usgsCitation":"Nichols, W.D., and Rapp, T., 1996, Micrometeorological data for energy-budget studies near Rogers Spring, Ash Meadows National Wildlife Refuge, Nye County, Nevada, 1994: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 96-170, iv, 49 p. :ill. ;28 cm. +1 computer disk (3 1/2 in.), https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr96170.","productDescription":"iv, 49 p. :ill. ;28 cm. +1 computer disk (3 1/2 in.)","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":156222,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1996/0170/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":53231,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1996/0170/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":277647,"type":{"id":4,"text":"Application Site"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1996/0170/application.zip"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a57e4b07f02db62e466","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Nichols, W. D.","contributorId":73220,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nichols","given":"W.","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":191232,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Rapp, T.R.","contributorId":51784,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rapp","given":"T.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":191231,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":21851,"text":"ofr96112 - 1996 - Ground-penetrating radar and electromagnetic surveys at the Monroe Crossroads battlefield site, Fort Bragg, North Carolina","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:07:42","indexId":"ofr96112","displayToPublicDate":"1997-10-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"96-112","title":"Ground-penetrating radar and electromagnetic surveys at the Monroe Crossroads battlefield site, Fort Bragg, North Carolina","docAbstract":"A ground-penetrating radar survey was conducted at the Monroe Crossroads Battlefield site at Fort Bragg, North Carolina, to determine possible locations of subsurface archaeological features. An electromagnetic survey also was conducted at the site to verify and augment the ground-penetrating radar data. The surveys were conducted over a 67,200-square-foot grid with a grid point spacing of 20 feet.\r\n\r\nDuring the ground-penetrating radar survey, 87 subsurface anomalies were detected based on visual inspection of the field records. These anomalies were flagged in the field as they appeared on the ground-penetrating radar records and were located by a land survey. The electromagnetic survey produced two significant readings at ground-penetrating radar anomaly locations.\r\n\r\nThe National Park Service excavated 44 of the 87 anomaly locations at the Civil War battlefield site. Four of these excavations produced significant archaeological features, including one at an abandoned well.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/ofr96112","issn":"0566-8174","usgsCitation":"Kessler, R., Strain, R., Marlowe, J.I., and Currin, K., 1996, Ground-penetrating radar and electromagnetic surveys at the Monroe Crossroads battlefield site, Fort Bragg, North Carolina: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 96-112, 1 p. :ill. ;99 x 85 cm. folded to 25 x 22 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr96112.","productDescription":"1 p. :ill. ;99 x 85 cm. folded to 25 x 22 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":153204,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":19401,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1996/0112/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ab0e4b07f02db66d44b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kessler, Richard","contributorId":104926,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kessler","given":"Richard","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":185971,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Strain, R.E.","contributorId":9517,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Strain","given":"R.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":185969,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Marlowe, J. I. II","contributorId":6939,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Marlowe","given":"J.","suffix":"II","email":"","middleInitial":"I.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":185968,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Currin, K.B.","contributorId":70642,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Currin","given":"K.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":185970,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":21644,"text":"ofr9670 - 1996 - Catalog of earthquake hypocenters for Augustine, Redoubt, Iliamna, and Mount Spurr volcanoes, Alaska: January 1, 1991 - December 31, 1993","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-06-06T13:02:02","indexId":"ofr9670","displayToPublicDate":"1997-10-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"96-70","title":"Catalog of earthquake hypocenters for Augustine, Redoubt, Iliamna, and Mount Spurr volcanoes, Alaska: January 1, 1991 - December 31, 1993","docAbstract":"
The Alaska Volcano Observatory (AVO), a cooperative program of the U.S. Geological Survey, the Geophysical Institute of the University of Alaska, Fairbanks, and the Alaska Division of Geological and Geophysical Surveys, has maintained a program of seismic monitoring at potentially active volcanoes in the Cook Inlet region since 1988. The principal objectives of this program include the seismic surveillance of the Cook Inlet volcanoes and the investigation of seismic processes associated with active volcanism. This catalog reflects the status and evolution of the seismic monitoring program, and presents the basic seismic data for the time interval January 1, 1991, to December 31, 1993. For an interpretation of these data the reader should refer to several recent articles on volcano related seismicity in the Cook Inlet region (e.g. Jolly and others, 1994; Power and others, 1995; and McNutt and others, 1995). A similar catalog covers the period from October 12, 1989 to December 31, 1991 (Power and others 1993).
\nThe AVO seismic monitoring program has undergone significant changes during the catalog period. The changes included 1) new seismic stations placed at Mount Spurr and Redoubt Volcano, resulting in increased earthquake detection capability and improved earthquake locations, 2) the addition of several regional stations to the seismic data acquisition system which improved location quality near the volcano and enhanced our ability to scale eruptions and measure magnitudes of the largest volcanic earthquakes, 3) installation of a new event detection algorithm XDETECT (Rogers, 1993), which offered increased data collection capabilities , 4) modifications to the earthquake location program HYPOELLIPSE (Lahr, 1989) which now allows distinct velocity models and station corrections at each volcanic center, and 5) the addition of seismic stations at Augustine and niamna volcanoes to the data acquisition/location system.
\nThe 1992 eruptions at Mount Spurr's Crater Peak vent provided the highlight of the catalog period. The crisis included three sub-plinian eruptions, which occurred on June 27, August 18, and September 16-17, 1992. The three eruptions punctuated a complex seismic sequence which included volcano-tectonic (VT) earthquakes, tremor, and both deep and shallow long period (LP) earthquakes. The seismic sequence began on August 18, 1991, with a small swarm of volcano-tectonic events beneath Crater Peak, and spread throughout the volcanic complex by November of the same year. Elevated levels of seismicity persisted at Mount Spurr beyond the catalog time period.
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The period included unsteady flow induced by the operation of a sluice gate dam located at the upstream end of the reach. The model flow field was input to the Branched Lagrangian Transport Model (BLTM) for the simulation of dye transport. The results of the FEQ and BLTM model simulations are compared with the measured data and sensitivity analyses of the model parameters for this application are presented.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. G.P.O. ;\r\nFor sale by the U.S. Geological Survey, Information Services,","doi":"10.3133/wsp2477","usgsCitation":"Ishii, A., and Turner, M.J., 1996, Verification of a one-dimensional, unsteady-flow model for the Fox River in Illinois: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 2477, v, 65 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp2477.","productDescription":"v, 65 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":19,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://il.water.usgs.gov/pubsearch/reports.cgi/view?series=WSP&number=2477","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":138137,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/2477/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":27328,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/2477/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a13e4b07f02db6021fa","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ishii, Audrey L. alishii@usgs.gov","contributorId":1818,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ishii","given":"Audrey L.","email":"alishii@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":344,"text":"Illinois Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":144442,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Turner, Mary J.","contributorId":91838,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Turner","given":"Mary","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":144443,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":31700,"text":"ofr96632 - 1996 - Physical characteristics of stream subbasins in the Hawk Creek-Yellow Medicine River basin, southwestern Minnesota and eastern South Dakota","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-04-02T10:11:15","indexId":"ofr96632","displayToPublicDate":"1997-09-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"96-632","title":"Physical characteristics of stream subbasins in the Hawk Creek-Yellow Medicine River basin, southwestern Minnesota and eastern South Dakota","docAbstract":"Data that describe the physical characteristics of stream subbasins upstream from selected sites on streams in the Hawk Creek-Yellow Medicine River Basin, located in southwestern Minnesota and eastern South Dakota are presented in this report. The physical characteristics are the drainage area of the subbasin, the percentage area of the subbasin covered only by lakes, the percentage area of the subbasin covered by both lakes and wetlands, the main-channel length, and the main-channel slope. Stream sites include outlets of subbasins of at least 5 square miles, outlets of sewage treatment plants, and locations of U.S. Geological Survey low-flow, high-flow, and continuous-record gaging stations.
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Sheet","code":"FS","onlineIssn":"2327-6932","printIssn":"2327-6916","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"216-96","title":"Comparison of aquatic macroinvertebrate samples collected using different field methods","docAbstract":"Government agencies, academic institutions, and volunteer monitoring groups in the State of Wisconsin collect aquatic macroinvertebrate data to assess water quality. Sampling methods differ among agencies, reflecting the differences in the sampling objectives of each agency. Lack of infor- mation about data comparability impedes data shar- ing among agencies, which can result in duplicated sampling efforts or the underutilization of avail- able information. To address these concerns, com- parisons were made of macroinvertebrate samples collected from wadeable streams in Wisconsin by personnel from the U.S. Geological Survey- National Water Quality Assessment Program (USGS-NAWQA), the Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources (WDNR), the U.S. Department of Agriculture-Forest Service (USDA-FS), and volunteers from the Water Action Volunteer-Water Quality Monitoring Program (WAV). This project was part of the Intergovernmental Task Force on Monitoring Water Quality (ITFM) Wisconsin Water Resources Coordination Project. The numbers, types, and environmental tolerances of the organ- isms collected were analyzed to determine if the four different field methods that were used by the different agencies and volunteer groups provide comparable results. Additionally, this study com- pared the results of samples taken from different locations and habitats within the same streams.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/fs21696","usgsCitation":"Lenz, B.N., and Miller, M.A., 1996, Comparison of aquatic macroinvertebrate samples collected using different field methods: U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 216-96, 4 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/fs21696.","productDescription":"4 p.","numberOfPages":"4","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":677,"text":"Wisconsin Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":34072,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/1996/0216/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":699,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://wi.water.usgs.gov/pubs/FS-216-96/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":117173,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/1996/0216/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Wisconsin","otherGeospatial":"Duck Creek, Mecan River, Milwaukee River, Neenah Creek, Silver Creek","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -89.7637939453125,\n 42.48425110546248\n ],\n [\n -89.7637939453125,\n 44.820812031724444\n ],\n [\n -87.3193359375,\n 44.820812031724444\n ],\n [\n -87.3193359375,\n 42.48425110546248\n ],\n [\n -89.7637939453125,\n 42.48425110546248\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b23e4b07f02db6ae3a3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lenz, Bernard N.","contributorId":85170,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lenz","given":"Bernard","email":"","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":153106,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Miller, Michael A.","contributorId":85920,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Miller","given":"Michael","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":6913,"text":"Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":153107,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":25788,"text":"wri964263 - 1996 - Summary of biological investigations relating to water quality in the Western Lake Michigan Drainages, Wisconsin and Michigan","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-10-22T12:30:11","indexId":"wri964263","displayToPublicDate":"1997-08-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"96-4263","title":"Summary of biological investigations relating to water quality in the Western Lake Michigan Drainages, Wisconsin and Michigan","docAbstract":"This report summarizes aquatic biological studies relevant to water-quality assessment that have been done in the Western Lake Michigan Drainages from 1891 to 1996. The objective of the summary was to compile sources of biological data for the U.S. Geological Survey's National Water-Quality Assessment Program. The studies are divided into four categories: (1) populations and community structure of aquatic biota, (2) health of aquatic biota, (3) chemical concentrations in tissues of aquatic biota, and (4) toxicity tests by use of aquatic biota. Studies are further categorized by subbasin, spatial scale (regional or local), types of biota, and, if applicable, effect or contaminant investigated. For the purposes of this report, the study area is divided into five subbasins. The subbasins, from north to south, are (1) the Ford/Escanaba Subbasin in Michigan's Upper Peninsula, and in Wisconsin, (2) the Menominee/ Oconto/Peshtigo Subbasin, (3) the Fox/Wolf Subbasin, (4) the Sheboygan/Manitowoc/Twin Subbasin, and (5) the Milwaukee Subbasin.
\nMost biological studies related to waterquality conditions in the Western Lake Michigan Drainages have focused on populations and community structure of aquatic biota. Chemical concentrations in tissues of aquatic biota have been the next most common area of research. Our review suggests a paucity of data related to the health of all types of aquatic biota, especially amphibians, invertebrates, and reptiles; toxicity studies also were relatively uncommon. Overall, organisms primarily studied have been fish and invertebrates, although birds are most frequently examined in studies of organism health. The Fox/ Wolf Subbasin has been the focus of many more studies than the other subbasins, most likely because of the greater extent and severity of known water-quality problems in the Lower Fox River/Green Bay area over the past several decades and because it is the largest subbasin. Studies in the other subbasins are needed to adequately assess the water quality of these areas.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri964263","usgsCitation":"Scudder, B.C., Rheaume, S.J., Parsons, S., and Lenz, B.N., 1996, Summary of biological investigations relating to water quality in the Western Lake Michigan Drainages, Wisconsin and Michigan: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 96-4263, vi, 89 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri964263.","productDescription":"vi, 89 p.","numberOfPages":"95","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":677,"text":"Wisconsin Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":158860,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1996/4263/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":54536,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1996/4263/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Michigan, Wisconsin","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -86.2646484375,\n 45.836454050187726\n ],\n [\n -88.077392578125,\n 46.78501604269254\n ],\n [\n -88.406982421875,\n 46.702202151643455\n ],\n [\n -88.70361328125,\n 45.9511496866914\n ],\n [\n -89.01123046875,\n 45.55252525134013\n ],\n [\n -89.219970703125,\n 45.1510532655634\n ],\n [\n -89.5166015625,\n 44.74673324024678\n ],\n [\n -89.69238281249999,\n 43.213183300738876\n ],\n [\n -88.70361328125,\n 42.76314586689494\n ],\n [\n -88.341064453125,\n 42.65012181368025\n ],\n [\n -87.879638671875,\n 42.569264372193864\n ],\n [\n -87.725830078125,\n 42.52069952914966\n ],\n [\n -87.6708984375,\n 43.14909399920127\n ],\n [\n -87.4072265625,\n 44.174324837518895\n ],\n [\n -87.418212890625,\n 44.6061127451739\n ],\n [\n -86.781005859375,\n 45.19752230305685\n ],\n [\n -86.59423828125,\n 45.55252525134013\n ],\n [\n -86.2646484375,\n 45.836454050187726\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b04e4b07f02db69938b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Scudder, B. C.","contributorId":71588,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Scudder","given":"B.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":195078,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Rheaume, S. J.","contributorId":70804,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rheaume","given":"S.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":195077,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Parsons, S.R.","contributorId":51337,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Parsons","given":"S.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":195076,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Lenz, B. N.","contributorId":106164,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lenz","given":"B.","email":"","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":195079,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":23778,"text":"ofr96735 - 1996 - Coalbed methane potential in the Appalachian states of Pennsylvania, West Virginia, Maryland, Ohio, Virginia, Kentucky, and Tennessee; an overview","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:18","indexId":"ofr96735","displayToPublicDate":"1997-08-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"96-735","title":"Coalbed methane potential in the Appalachian states of Pennsylvania, West Virginia, Maryland, Ohio, Virginia, Kentucky, and Tennessee; an overview","docAbstract":"This report focuses on the coalbed methane (CBM) potential of the central Appalachian basin (Virginia, eastern Kentucky, southern West Virginia, and Tennessee) and the northern Appalachian basin (Pennsylvania, northern West Virginia, Maryland, and Ohio). As of April 1996, there were about 800 wells producing CBM in the central and northern Appalachian basin. For the Appalchian basin as a whole (including the Cahaba coal field, Alabama, and excluding the Black Warrior Basin, Alabama), the total CBM production for 1992, 1993, 1994, and 1995, is here estimated at 7.77, 21.51, 29.99, and 32 billion cubic feet (Bcf), respectively. These production data compare with 91.38, 104.70, 110.70, and 112.11 Bcf, respectively, for the same years for the Black Warrior Basin, which is the second largest CBM producing basin in the United States. For 1992-1995, 92-95% of central and northern Appalachian CBM production came from southwestern Virginia, which has by far the largest CBM production the Appalachian states, exclusive of Alabama. For 1994, the average daily production of CBM wells in Virginia was 119.6 Mcf/day, which is about two to four times the average daily production rates for many of the CBM wells in the northern Appalachian basin.\r\n\r\nFor 1992-1995, there is a clear increase in the percentage of CBM being produced in the central and northern Appalachian basin as compared with the Black Warrior Basin. In 1992, this percentage was 8% of the combined central and northern Appalachian and Black Warrior Basin CBM production as compared with 22% in 1995. These trends imply that the Appalachian states, except for Alabama and Virginia, are in their infancy with respect to CBM production.\r\n\r\nTotal in place CBM resources in the central and northern Appalachian basin have been variously estimated at 66-76 trillion cubic feet (Tcf), of which an estimated 14.55 Tcf (3.07 Tcf for central Appalachian basin and 11.48 Tcf for northern Appalachian basin) is technically recoverable according to Ricei s (1995) report. This compares with 20 Tcf in place and 2.30 Tcf as technically recoverable CBM for the Black Warrior Basin. These estimates should be considered preliminary because of unknown CBM potential in Ohio, Maryland, Tennessee, and eastern Kentucky. The largest potential for CBM development in the central Appalachian basin is in the Pocahontas coal beds, which have total gas values as much as 700 cf/ton, and in the New River coal beds. In the northern Appalachian basin, the greatest CBM potential is in the Middle Pennsylvanian Allegheny coal beds, which have total gas values as much as 252 cf/ton. Rice (1995) estimated a mean estimated ultimate recovery per well of 521 MMcfg for the central Appalachian basin and means of 121 and 216 MMcfg for the anticlinal and synclinal areas, respectively, of the northern Applachian basin.\r\n\r\nThere is potential for CBM development in the Valley coal fields and Richmond basin of Virginia, the bituminous region of southeastern Kentucky, eastern Ohio, northern Tennessee, and the Georges Creek coal field of western Maryland and adjacent parts of Pennsylvania. Moreover, the Anthracite region of eastern Pennsylvania, which has the second highest known total gas content for a single coal bed (687 cf/ton) in the central and northern Appalachian basin, should be considered to have a fair to good potential for CBM development where structure, bed continuity, and permeability are favorable.\r\n\r\nCBM is mainly an undeveloped unconventional fossil-fuel resource in the central and northern Appalachian basin states, except in Virginia, and will probably contribute an increasing part of total Appalachian gas production into the next century as development in Pennsylvania, West Virginia, Ohio, and other Appalachian states continue. The central and northern Appalachian basins are frontier or emerging regions for CBM exploration and development, which will probably extend well into the next century. On the basis of CBM production ","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/ofr96735","issn":"0094-9140","usgsCitation":"Lyons, P., 1996, Coalbed methane potential in the Appalachian states of Pennsylvania, West Virginia, Maryland, Ohio, Virginia, Kentucky, and Tennessee; an overview: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 96-735, 66 p. :ill.; 28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr96735.","productDescription":"66 p. :ill.; 28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":157392,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1996/0735/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":9124,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1996/of96-735/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":53008,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1996/0735/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b24e4b07f02db6aec1b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lyons, Paul C.","contributorId":79894,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lyons","given":"Paul C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":190709,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":26428,"text":"wri964294 - 1996 - Well-construction, water-quality, and water-level data, and pond-infiltration estimates, for three ground-water subbasins, Riverside County, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-06-08T12:51:04","indexId":"wri964294","displayToPublicDate":"1997-08-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"96-4294","title":"Well-construction, water-quality, and water-level data, and pond-infiltration estimates, for three ground-water subbasins, Riverside County, California","docAbstract":"Reclaimed water in the Eastern Municipal Water District of Riverside County,California, is used within the service area for agricultural irrigation.Owing to the seasonal demand for reclaimed water, storage/infiltration ponds were constructed in the Winchester, Menifee, and south Perris subbasins.Reclaimed water infiltrates from these ponds and enters the groundwater system. Little is known of the effects of the reclaimed water on groundwater quality. In cooperation with the Eastern MunicipalWater District, the U.S. Geological Survey began a study in 1995 to determine the quantity and fate of reclaimed water percolating from these storage ponds. Data compiled during the first phase of this study are presented in this report. Field reconnaissance of the Winchester, Menifee, and south Perris subbasins indicated the existence of many wells. Wellconstruction data for 115 of these wells were tabulated. Available historical waterquality and waterlevel data for 178 wells in the subbasins also were tabulated. In addition, water levels in 86 wells were measured during the spring and autumn of 1995. On the basis of these data, waterlevel contour lines were drawn and the direction of groundwater flow was determined.Three lithologic sections through the subbasins were constructed from drillers' logs of 26 wells.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri964294","usgsCitation":"Burton, C.A., Kaehler, C.A., and Christensen, A.H., 1996, Well-construction, water-quality, and water-level data, and pond-infiltration estimates, for three ground-water subbasins, Riverside County, California: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 96-4294, vii, 114 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri964294.","productDescription":"vii, 114 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":119100,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1996/4294/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":55220,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1996/4294/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4880e4b07f02db515ff0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Burton, Carmen A. 0000-0002-6381-8833 caburton@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6381-8833","contributorId":444,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Burton","given":"Carmen","email":"caburton@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":196375,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kaehler, Charles A. ckaehler@usgs.gov","contributorId":210,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kaehler","given":"Charles","email":"ckaehler@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":196373,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Christensen, Allen H. 0000-0002-7061-5591 ahchrist@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7061-5591","contributorId":1510,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Christensen","given":"Allen","email":"ahchrist@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":196374,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":30026,"text":"wri964244 - 1996 - Evapotranspiration from successional vegetation in a deforested area of the Lake Wales Ridge, Florida","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-09-20T12:51:58","indexId":"wri964244","displayToPublicDate":"1997-08-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"96-4244","title":"Evapotranspiration from successional vegetation in a deforested area of the Lake Wales Ridge, Florida","docAbstract":"The suitability of three evapotranspiration models (Penman-Monteith, Penman, and a modified Priestley-Taylor) was evaluated at a site of successional vegetation in a deforested area of the Lake Wales Ridge, Florida. Eddy correlation measurements of evapotranspiration made during 22 approximately 1-day periods at a temporal resolution of 20 minutes from September 1993 to August 1994 were used to calibrate the evapotranspiration models. Three variants of the eddy correlation method that ascribe measurement error to three different sources were considered in the analysis. The Penman-Monteith and modified Priestley- Taylor models were successful in approximating measured 20-minute values of evapotranspiration (r2≥0.918). The most successful approaches were the modified Priestley-Taylor model (r2=0.972) and a nontraditional and simplified form of the Penman-Monteith model (r2=0.967). The Penman approach was unsuccessful as a predictor of evapotranspiration.
The evapotranspiration models were used to estimate evapotranspiration between measurements. When evapotranspiration values measured with a Bowen ratio variant of the eddy correlation method were used for model calibration, estimated daily evapotranspiration rates varied seasonally ranging from 0.2 millimeters per day (0.008 inch per day) in late December 1993 to 5 millimeter per day (0.2 inch per day) in mid-July 1994. Annual evapotranspiration (September 15, 1993, to September 15, 1994) was estimated to be about 680 millimeters (27 inches). Evapotranspiration models calibrated to the standard eddy correlation method and to an energy-balance residual variant provided estimates of annual evapotranspiration that were about 10 per cent lower and higher, respectively. These data indicate that of the 1,320 millimeters (52 inches) of precipitation during the 1-year period, about 570 to 700 millimeters (22 to 28 inches) recharged the surficial aquifer. Evapotranspiration at this study site probably defines the lower limit of evapotranspiration from vegetated surfaces in central Florida because of the shallow-rooted plants, rapidly-drained soils, and relatively deepwater table.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri964244","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the St. Johns River Water Management District and the South Florida Water Management District","usgsCitation":"Sumner, D.M., 1996, Evapotranspiration from successional vegetation in a deforested area of the Lake Wales Ridge, Florida: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 96-4244, viii, 38 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri964244.","productDescription":"viii, 38 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":122745,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/wri_96_4244.jpg"},{"id":2461,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/wri964244/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Florida","county":"Orange County","otherGeospatial":"Lake Wales Ridge","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -82.8,\n 28.64\n ],\n [\n -82.5,\n 28.64\n ],\n [\n -82.5,\n 28.23\n ],\n [\n -82.8,\n 28.23\n ],\n [\n -82.8,\n 28.64\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e499fe4b07f02db5bd073","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Sumner, D. M.","contributorId":100827,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sumner","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":202551,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":29182,"text":"wri964226 - 1996 - Simulated peak flows and water-surface profiles for Scott Creek near Sylva, North Carolina","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-01-27T13:49:55","indexId":"wri964226","displayToPublicDate":"1997-08-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"96-4226","title":"Simulated peak flows and water-surface profiles for Scott Creek near Sylva, North Carolina","docAbstract":"Peak flows were simulated for Scott Creek, just upstream from Sylva, in Jackson County, North Carolina, in order to provide Jackson County officials with information that can be used to improve preparation for and response to flash floods along the reach of Scott Creek that flows through Sylva. A U.S. Geological Survey rainfall-runoff model was calibrated using observed rainfall and streamflow data collected from March 1994 through September 1995. Standard errors for calibration were 34 percent for runoff volumes and 21 percent for peak flows. The calibrated model was used to simulate peak flows resulting from syn- thetic rainfall amounts of 1.0, 2.5, 5.0, and 7.5 inches in 24-hour periods. For each rainfall amount, peak flows were simulated under low-, moderate-, and high-antecedent soil-moisture conditions, represented by selected 3-month periods of daily rainfall and evaporation record from nearby climatic-data measuring stations. Simulated peak flows ranged from 89 to 10,100 cubic feet per second.\r\n\r\nProfiles of water-surface elevations for selected observed and simu- lated peak flows were computed for the reach of Scott Creek that flows through Sylva, North Carolina. The profiles were computed using the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers HEC-2 Water Surface Profiles computer program and channel cross-section data collected by the Tennessee Valley Authority. The stage-discharge relation for Scott Creek at the simulation site has changed since the collection of the cross-section data. These changes, however, are such that the water-surface profiles presented in this report likely overestimate the true water-surface elevations at the simulation site for a given peak flow","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nInformation Services [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/wri964226","usgsCitation":"Pope, B., 1996, Simulated peak flows and water-surface profiles for Scott Creek near Sylva, North Carolina: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 96-4226, iv, 15 p. :ill., map ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri964226.","productDescription":"iv, 15 p. :ill., map ;28 cm.","costCenters":[{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":159659,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1996/4226/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":58051,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1996/4226/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"North Carolina","county":"Jackson County","city":"Sylva","otherGeospatial":"Scott Creek","geographicExtents":"{\"type\":\"FeatureCollection\",\"features\":[{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"Polygon\",\"coordinates\":[[[-83.1787,35.5197],[-83.1687,35.5104],[-83.1534,35.4954],[-83.1438,35.4948],[-83.1391,35.4917],[-83.1383,35.4858],[-83.1365,35.4682],[-83.1341,35.4664],[-83.1098,35.4652],[-83.0995,35.4623],[-83.0937,35.4584],[-83.0894,35.4508],[-83.0803,35.4478],[-83.0794,35.4392],[-83.0752,35.433],[-83.0654,35.4287],[-83.0546,35.4267],[-83.0529,35.4258],[-83.0451,35.4142],[-83.0446,35.4015],[-83.042,35.3943],[-83.0234,35.3807],[-83.0183,35.38],[-83.0081,35.3779],[-82.9983,35.3741],[-82.993,35.3693],[-82.9883,35.3635],[-82.9756,35.3424],[-82.9676,35.3377],[-82.9635,35.3196],[-82.9507,35.3104],[-82.9381,35.3057],[-82.9364,35.3044],[-82.9307,35.3032],[-82.9201,35.2911],[-82.9211,35.2739],[-82.9266,35.241],[-82.9318,35.2295],[-82.9384,35.2248],[-82.9578,35.2157],[-82.9608,35.2061],[-82.9859,35.1873],[-82.9875,35.1827],[-82.9836,35.1692],[-82.9951,35.163],[-82.9955,35.1566],[-82.9792,35.1448],[-82.9784,35.138],[-83.0446,35.0763],[-83.0522,35.0548],[-83.0401,35.0492],[-83.0359,35.0416],[-83.02,35.0379],[-83.0073,35.028],[-83.069,35.0118],[-83.1052,35.002],[-83.1076,35.0079],[-83.1094,35.011],[-83.1129,35.0141],[-83.1224,35.013],[-83.1314,35.0268],[-83.1341,35.0381],[-83.1499,35.054],[-83.1699,35.0608],[-83.1718,35.0671],[-83.1565,35.0775],[-83.1459,35.08],[-83.1451,35.0878],[-83.1494,35.0954],[-83.1758,35.1083],[-83.1868,35.1307],[-83.1962,35.1409],[-83.2126,35.1564],[-83.2246,35.1606],[-83.2178,35.2253],[-83.2274,35.24],[-83.2365,35.2425],[-83.2431,35.2382],[-83.2485,35.2326],[-83.272,35.2292],[-83.2862,35.2329],[-83.2898,35.236],[-83.2984,35.2548],[-83.3083,35.26],[-83.3149,35.2698],[-83.3126,35.2821],[-83.323,35.315],[-83.3317,35.3198],[-83.338,35.3336],[-83.3325,35.3515],[-83.3351,35.3596],[-83.3359,35.3637],[-83.3368,35.3718],[-83.3373,35.3841],[-83.342,35.3876],[-83.3462,35.3925],[-83.3492,35.4101],[-83.3521,35.4109],[-83.3572,35.4126],[-83.3601,35.4143],[-83.3625,35.4179],[-83.3633,35.422],[-83.3641,35.4274],[-83.3609,35.4316],[-83.3577,35.4362],[-83.3566,35.438],[-83.3573,35.4412],[-83.3566,35.4489],[-83.3506,35.4673],[-83.3467,35.4701],[-83.3412,35.4721],[-83.3384,35.4735],[-83.3367,35.4736],[-83.332,35.4701],[-83.3286,35.4683],[-83.3245,35.4666],[-83.3188,35.465],[-83.3143,35.4647],[-83.3111,35.4688],[-83.3087,35.4794],[-83.3031,35.4813],[-83.2971,35.4842],[-83.2936,35.4834],[-83.2903,35.4853],[-83.2877,35.4895],[-83.2861,35.4927],[-83.283,35.4982],[-83.2746,35.5016],[-83.2719,35.5049],[-83.2648,35.5096],[-83.2621,35.5133],[-83.257,35.513],[-83.2537,35.5145],[-83.2481,35.5164],[-83.2426,35.5189],[-83.2393,35.5221],[-83.2315,35.5251],[-83.2248,35.5262],[-83.2181,35.5277],[-83.2124,35.5261],[-83.2088,35.5212],[-83.1975,35.5215],[-83.1854,35.5177],[-83.1787,35.5197]]]},\"properties\":{\"name\":\"Jackson\",\"state\":\"NC\"}}]}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49f9e4b07f02db5f323e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Pope, B.F.","contributorId":10062,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pope","given":"B.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":201097,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":26773,"text":"wri964172 - 1996 - Summary of biological and contaminant investigations related to stream water quality and environmental setting in the Upper Colorado River basin, 1938-95","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-04-20T16:53:29","indexId":"wri964172","displayToPublicDate":"1997-08-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"96-4172","title":"Summary of biological and contaminant investigations related to stream water quality and environmental setting in the Upper Colorado River basin, 1938-95","docAbstract":"As part of the U.S. Geological Survey's National Water-Quality Assessment (NAWQA) program, an inventory of the biological and contaminant investigations for the Upper Colorado River Basin study unit was conducted. To enhance the sampling design for the biological component of the program, previous studies about the ecology of aquatic organisms and contaminants were compiled from computerized literature searches of biological data bases and by contacting other Federal, State, and local agencies. Biological and contaminant investigations that have been conducted throughout the basin since 1938 were categorized according to four general categories of biological investigations and two categories of contaminant investigations: algal communities, macroinvertebrate communities, fish communities, habitat characterization, contaminants in organism tissue, and contaminants in bed sediment. The studies were identified by their locations in two physiographic provinces, the Southern Rocky Mountains and the Colorado Plateau, and by the predominant land use in the area of the investigation. Studies on algal communities and contaminants in organism tissue and in bed sediment are limited throughout the basin. Studies on macroinvertebrate and fish communities and habitat characterization are the most abundant in the study unit. Natural and human factors can affect biological communities and their composition. Natural factors that affect background water-quality conditions are physiography, climate, geology, and soils. Algae, macroinvertebrates, and fish that are present in the Southern Rocky Mountains and the Colorado Plateau physiographic provinces vary with altitude and physical environment. Green algae and diatoms are predominant in the higher altitude streams, and blue-green, golden-brown, and green algae are predominant in the lower altitude streams. Caddisflies, mayflies, and stoneflies are the dominant macroinvertebrates in the higher altitudes, whereas aquatic worms, leeches, and dragonflies are more common at lower altitudes. Cold-water species, such as trout, are present at the higher altitudes, and warmer water species, such as catfish, carp, and suckers, are predominant at the lower altitudes. Human factors that affect water-quality conditions are mining, urbanization, agriculture, and hydrologic modifications. Mining areas can be depleted of organisms or contain a low diversity of species. Acid-tolerant algae, such as certain species of green algae and diatoms, and metal-tolerant caddisflies can be present in mining areas. Urbanized areas are located in the Southern Rocky Mountains and in the Colorado Plateau and contain species characteristic of the physiographic provinces. Agricultural areas contain species, such as blue-green algae, aquatic worms, suckers, and carp, that can tolerate organic enrichment, sedimentation, and lower concentrations of dissolved oxygen.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri964172","usgsCitation":"Deacon, J.R., and Stephens, V.C., 1996, Summary of biological and contaminant investigations related to stream water quality and environmental setting in the Upper Colorado River basin, 1938-95: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 96-4172, vi, 37 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri964172.","productDescription":"vi, 37 p.","numberOfPages":"43","costCenters":[{"id":191,"text":"Colorado Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":158140,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1996/4172/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":55660,"rank":299,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1996/4172/report.pdf","text":"Report","size":"2.5 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"WRIR 96-4172"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e488ee4b07f02db51e673","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Deacon, Jeffrey R. 0000-0001-5793-6940 jrdeacon@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5793-6940","contributorId":2786,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Deacon","given":"Jeffrey","email":"jrdeacon@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":405,"text":"NH/VT office of New England Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":451,"text":"National Water Quality Assessment Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":27111,"text":"National Water Quality Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":196978,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Stephens, Verlin C.","contributorId":34479,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stephens","given":"Verlin","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":196979,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":28812,"text":"wri964181 - 1996 - Hydrogeologic conditions and simulation of ground-water flow in the Greater Orlando Metropolitan Area, East-Central Florida","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:46","indexId":"wri964181","displayToPublicDate":"1997-08-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"96-4181","title":"Hydrogeologic conditions and simulation of ground-water flow in the Greater Orlando Metropolitan Area, East-Central Florida","docAbstract":"A finite-difference ground-water flow model was used to simulate the effects of both modern-day (1988) and projected 2010 ground-water withdrawals on the Floridan aquifer system in the greater Orlando metropolitan area. This area covers about 2,500 square miles and includes all of Orange and Seminole Counties and parts of Lake, Volusia, Brevard, Osceola, and Polk Counties. The hydrogeology of the area is characterized by a thin surficial aquifer underlain by the thick, highly productive rocks of the Floridan aquifer system. Water in the Upper Floridan aquifer is brackish (chloride concentrations greater than 1,000 milligrams per liter) in discharge areas beneath and near the St. Johns and Wekiva Rivers and is freshest (chloride concentrations less than 100 milligrams per liter) inrecharge areas. A slight trend toward increasing concentrations of dissolved solids, chloride, and sulfate has been observed at Upper Floridan aquifer springs. Chloride concentrations in the Upper Floridan aquifer measured between 1966 and 1993 at the Cocoa well field have increased from 50 milligrams per liter to 120 milligrams per liter; concentrations measured in the Lower Floridan aquifer between 1966 and 1993 have increasedfrom 600 milligrams per liter to 3,000 milligrams per liter. The flow model was calibrated by comparing (a) simulated and estimated Upper Floridan aquifer predevelopment (unstressed) potentiometric surfaces, (b) simulated and measured heads at 142 Upper Floridan aquifer monitoring wells in 1988 (averageabsolute error of 1.8 feet), (c) simulated and measured discharge rates at 15 Upper Floridan aquifer springs in 1988 (306 cubic feet per second), and (d) simulated and measured drawdowns at 134 Upper Floridan aquifer monitoring wells between 1988 and May 1990 (58 and 95 percent of simulated drawdowns were within plus or minus 25and 50 percent of measured drawdowns, respectively). Relative to predevelopment conditions, model simulations indicate that about half of the 305 million gallons per day of water pumped from the Floridan aquifer system in 1988 was accounted for by increased recharge from the surficial aquifer system. About 23 cubic feet persecond was derived from increased lateral inflow. A storage coefficient of 1x10-3 provided the best comparisons of measured-to-simulated data during the transient simulation from January to May 1990. This storativity probably is greater than the true storativity of the Upper Floridan aquifer because storage contributions from the intermediateconfining unit were not accounted for during model design and development. Calibrated transmissivity ranged from 10,000 to greater than 400,000 feet squared per day in the Upper Floridan aquifer, and from 5,000 to 600,000 feet squared per day in the Lower Floridan aquifer. Calibrated intermediate confining unit leakance ranged from 1x10-5 to 4x10-3 per day and was highest in areas where the unit is thin or has been breached by numerous sinkholes. In general,calibrated transmissivity and leakance values were higher than associated aquifer-test values. Simulated recharge rates to the Upper Floridan aquifer from the surficial aquifer system ranged from less than 3 to 21 inches per year. Recharge rates of greater than 10 inches per year were simulated in areas of west Seminole, west Orange, east Lake, and southwest Volusia Counties. Recharge rates of less than 3 inches per year were simulated in east Orange and northeast Osceola Counties. The calibrated model was used to simulate the effects of increased Floridan aquifer withdrawals in the year 2010 (542 million gallons per day) on water levels and spring flow. Projected effects were simulated for both "wet" conditions (using 1988 fixed-head arrays) and for "dry" conditions (using May 1990 fixed-head arrays), thus bracketing a potential range of effects. Relative to simulated 1988 conditions, simulated 2010 spring flow decreased by 43 cubic f","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nBranch of Information Services [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/wri964181","usgsCitation":"Murray, L., and Halford, K.J., 1996, Hydrogeologic conditions and simulation of ground-water flow in the Greater Orlando Metropolitan Area, East-Central Florida: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 96-4181, vi, 100 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri964181.","productDescription":"vi, 100 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":118922,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1996/4181/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":57677,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1996/4181/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a50e4b07f02db628b19","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Murray, L. C.","contributorId":54636,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Murray","given":"L. C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":200436,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Halford, K. J. 0000-0002-7322-1846","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7322-1846","contributorId":61077,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Halford","given":"K.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":200437,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":27153,"text":"wri964199 - 1996 - Effects of receiving-water quality and wastewater treatment on injury, survival, and regrowth of fecal-indicator bacteria and implications for assessment of recreational water quality","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:25","indexId":"wri964199","displayToPublicDate":"1997-08-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"96-4199","title":"Effects of receiving-water quality and wastewater treatment on injury, survival, and regrowth of fecal-indicator bacteria and implications for assessment of recreational water quality","docAbstract":"Bacterial injury, survival, and regrowth were investigated by use of replicate flow-through incubation chambers placed in the Cuyahoga River or Lake Erie in the greater Cleveland metropolitan area during seven 4-day field studies. The chambers contained wastewater or combined-sewer-overflow (CSO) effluents treated three ways-unchlorinated, chlorinated, and dechlorinated. At timestep intervals, the chamber contents were analyzed for concentrations of injured and healthy fecal coliforms by use of standard selective and enhanced-recovery membrane-filtration methods.\r\n\r\nMean percent injuries and survivals were calculated from the fecal-coliform concentration data for each field study. The results of analysis of variance (ANOVA) indicated that treatment affected mean percent injury and survival, whereas site did not. In the warm-weather Lake Erie field study, but not in the warm-weather Cuyahoga River studies, the results of ANOVA indicated that dechlorination enhanced the repair of injuries and regrowth of chlorine-injured fecal coliforms on culture media over chlorination alone. The results of ANOVA on the percent injury from CSO effluent field studies indicated that dechlorination reduced the ability of organisms to recover and regrow on culture media over chlorination alone. However, because of atypical patterns of concentration increases and decreases in some CSO effluent samples, more work needs to be done before the effect of dechlorination and chlorination on reducing fecal-coliform concentrations in CSO effluents can be confirmed. The results of ANOVA on percent survivals found statistically significant differences among the three treatment methods for all but one study. Dechlorination was found to be less effective than chlorination alone in reducing the survival of fecal coliforms in wastewater effluent, but not in CSO effluent.\r\n\r\nIf the concentration of fecal coliforms determined by use of the enhanced-recovery method can be predicted accurately from the concentration found by use of the standard method, then increased monitoring and expense to detect chlorine-injured organisms would be unnecessary. The results of linear regression analysis, however, indicated that the relation between enhanced-recovery and standard-method concentrations was best represented when the data were grouped by treatment. The model generated from linear regression of the unchlorinated data set provided an accurate estimate of enhanced-recovery concentrations from standard-method concentrations, whereas the models generated from the chlorinated and dechlorinated data sets did not. In addition, evaluation of fecal-coliform concentrations found in field studies in terms of Ohio recreational water-quality standards showed that concentrations obtained by standard and enhanced-recovery methods were not comparable. Sample treatment and analysis methods were found to affect the percentage of samples meeting and exceeding Ohio's bathing-water, primary-contact, and secondary-contact standards. Therefore, determining the health risk of swimming in receiving waters was often difficult without information on enhanced-recovery method concentrations and was especially difficult in waters receiving high proportions of chlorinated or dechlorinated effluents.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nUSGS Branch of Information Services [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/wri964199","usgsCitation":"Francy, D., Hart, T., and Virosteck, C., 1996, Effects of receiving-water quality and wastewater treatment on injury, survival, and regrowth of fecal-indicator bacteria and implications for assessment of recreational water quality: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 96-4199, iii, 42 p. :ill. (1 col.), map ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri964199.","productDescription":"iii, 42 p. :ill. (1 col.), map ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":124790,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1996/4199/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":56032,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1996/4199/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a29e4b07f02db6119e3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Francy, D.S. 0000-0001-9229-3557","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9229-3557","contributorId":86809,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Francy","given":"D.S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":197649,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hart, T.L.","contributorId":15239,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hart","given":"T.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":197647,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Virosteck, C.M.","contributorId":18410,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Virosteck","given":"C.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":197648,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":28931,"text":"wri964253 - 1996 - Ground-water and stream-water interaction in the Owl Creek basin, Wyoming","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:47","indexId":"wri964253","displayToPublicDate":"1997-08-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"96-4253","title":"Ground-water and stream-water interaction in the Owl Creek basin, Wyoming","docAbstract":"Understanding of the interaction of ground-water and surface-water resources is vital to water management when water availability is limited.Inflow of ground water is the primary source ofwater during stream base flow. The water chemistry of streams may substantially be affected by that inflow of ground water. This report is part of a study to examine ground-water and surface-water interaction in the Owl Creek Basin, Wyoming, completed by the U.S. Geological Survey incooperation with the Northern Arapaho Tribe and the Shoshone Tribe. During a low flow period between November\\x1113 - 17, 1991, streamflowmeasurements and water-quality samples were collected at 16 selected sites along major streams and tributaries in the Owl Creek Basin,Wyoming. The data were used to identify stream reaches receiving ground-water inflow and to examine causes of changes in stream chemistry.Streamflow measurements, radon-222 activity load, and dissolved solids load were used to identified stream reaches receiving ground-water inflow.Streamflow measurements identified three stream reaches receiving ground-water inflow. Analysis of radon-222 activity load identified five stream reaches receiving ground-water inflow. Dissolvedsolids load identified six stream reaches receiving ground-water inflow. When these three methods were combined, stream reaches in two areas, theEmbar Area and the Thermopolis Anticline Area, were identified as receiving ground-water inflow.The Embar Area and the Thermopolis Anticline Area were then evaluated to determine the source of increased chemical load in stream water. Three potential sources were analyzed: tributary inflow, surficial geology, and anticlines. Two sources,tributary inflow and surficial geology, were related to changes in isotopic ratios and chemical load in the Embar Area. In two reaches in the Embar Area, isotopic ratios of 18O/16O, D/H, and 34S/32S indicated that tributary inflow affected stream-water chemistry. Increased chemical load of dissolved solids and dissolved sulfate in North Fork andSouth Fork Owl Creek appear to be related to the percentage of unconsolidated Quaternary deposits and of Cretaceous-Jurassic deposits in the drainage area. In the Thermopolis Anticline Area, changes in water chemistry in Owl Creek were not related to tributary inflow, surficial geology, or anticlines.The three tributaries that flow into Owl Creek in the Thermopolis Anticline Area did not substantially affect the isotopic ratios or contribute to the chemical load. Changes in the chemical load were not associated with changes in the surficial geologybetween the stream-water sampling sites. Water levels and chemical ratios indicate no ground-water inflow from the Thermopolis Anticline geothermal system to Owl Creek.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nBranch of Information Services [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/wri964253","usgsCitation":"Ogle, K., 1996, Ground-water and stream-water interaction in the Owl Creek basin, Wyoming: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 96-4253, iv, 23 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri964253.","productDescription":"iv, 23 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":124354,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1996/4253/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":57803,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1996/4253/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b12e4b07f02db6a24f8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ogle, K.M.","contributorId":38178,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ogle","given":"K.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":200640,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":30608,"text":"wri964058 - 1996 - Interpretation of chemical and isotopic data from boreholes in the unsaturated zone at Yucca Mountain, Nevada","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:09:13","indexId":"wri964058","displayToPublicDate":"1997-07-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"96-4058","title":"Interpretation of chemical and isotopic data from boreholes in the unsaturated zone at Yucca Mountain, Nevada","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey :\r\nBranch of Information Services [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/wri964058","usgsCitation":"Yang, I., Rattray, G., and Yu, P., 1996, Interpretation of chemical and isotopic data from boreholes in the unsaturated zone at Yucca Mountain, Nevada: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 96-4058, v, 58 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm. 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