The Earth's climate warmed steadily during the 20th century, and mean annual air temperatures are estimated to have increased by 0.6°C (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, 2007). Although many cycles of warming and cooling have occurred in the past, the most recent warming period is unique in its rate and magnitude of change (Siegenthaler and others, 2005) and in its association with anthropogenic emissions of greenhouse gases (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change , 2007). The climate in the western United States warmed in concert with the global trend but at an accelerated rate (+0.8°C during the 20th century; Saunders and others, 2008). The region could also prove especially sensitive to future changes because the relatively small human population is growing rapidly, as are demands on limited water supplies.
Regional hydrological patterns are dominated by seasonal snow accumulation at upper elevations. Most of the region is relatively dry, and both terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems are strongly constrained b y water availability (Barnett and others, 2008; Brown and others, 2008). Stream environments are dynamic and climatically extreme, and salmonid fishes are the dominant elements of the native biodiversity (McPhail and Lindsey, 1986; Waples and others, 2008). Salmonids have broad economic and ecologic importance, but a century of intensive water resource development, nonnative fish stocking, and land use has significantly reduced many populations and several taxa are now protected under the Endangered Species Act (Thurow and others, 1997; Trotter, 2008). Because salmonids require relatively pristine, cold water environments and are often isolated in headwater habitats, members of this group may be especially vulnerable to the effects of a warming climate (Keleher and Rahel, 1996; Rieman and others, 2007; Williams and others, 2009).
Warming during the 20th century drove a series of environmental trends that have profound implications for many aspects of salmonid habitat, including disturbance regimes such as wildfire, and unfavorable changes to thermal and hydrologic properties of aquatic systems. Warmer air temperatures have been associated with decreased winter snow accumulations, have accelerated snowmelt, and have advanced the timing of peak runoff by several days to weeks across most of western North America (Stewart and others, 2005; Barnett and others, 2008). Less snow and earlier runoff decrease aquifer recharge, make less water available for groundwater inputs to streams, and are contributing to widespread decreases in summer low flows (Stewart and others, 2005; Rood and others, 2008; Luce and Holden 2009). Interannual variability in stream flow is increasing, as is the persistence of multi-year extreme conditions (McCabe and others, 2004; Pagano and Garen 2005). In many areas of western North America, flood risks have increased in association with warmer temperatures during the 20th century (Hamlet and Lettenmaier, 2005). Streams where midwinter temperatures are near freezing have proven especially sensitive to increased flooding because of associated transitional hydrological patterns (mixtures of rainfall and snowmelt) and propensity for occasional rain-on-snow events to rapidly melt winter snowpack and generate large floods (Hamlet and Lettenmaier, 2005).
Stream temperatures in many areas are increasing (Peterson and Kitchell, 2001; Morrison and others, 2002; Bartholow, 2005; Kaushal and others, 2010), due to both air temperature increases and reduced summer flows that make streams more sensitive to warmer air temperatures (Isaak and others, 2010). In recent decades, wildfires have become more common across much of the western United States during periods of more frequent droughts (Westerling and others, 2006; Hoerling and Eischeid, 2007), and local stream temperature can increase in postfire environments (Gresswell, 1999; Dunham and others, 2007). Fire-related temperature increase within streams is commonly a transient phenomenon, lasting only until riparian vegetation has recovered (Gresswell, 1999); however, ongoing climate change could preclude recovery to higher stature, prefire vegetation types in some areas (McKenzie and others, 2004; van Mantgem and Stephenson, 2007), resulting in a loss of critical riparian shading. Additionally, when wildfires occur in steep mountain topographies, the vegetation that stabilize s soils on hillslopes is often killed and landslides become more prevalent (Gresswell, 1999). Landslides int o stream channels form debris flows composed of sediment slurries and dead trees that can scour channels to bedrock and further exacerbate stream heating, delay recovery of riparian areas, or extirpate fish populations (Gresswell, 1999; May and Gresswell, 2003; Dunham and others, 2007).
Changes in stream environments will shift habitat distributions, sometimes unpredictably, in both time and space for many salmonid fishes. Water temperature fundamentally influences aquatic ecosystem health because distribution, reproduction, fitness, and survival of ectothermic organisms are inextricably linked to the thermal regime of the environment. Historically, research has focused on defining lethal thermal limits of salmonids (Eaton and others, 1995; Selong and others, 2001; Todd and others, 2008); however, water temperature is known to be important in biological processes at a variety of spatial scales and levels of biological organization (Rahel and Olden, 2008; McCullough and others, 2009). For instance, trout are affected directly by water temperature through feeding, metabolism, and growth rates, and indirectly by factors such as prey availability and species interactions (Wehrly and others, 2007; Rahel and Olden, 2008). Where cold water temperatures currently limit habitat suitability and distributions of some species (for example, at the highest and most northerly distributional extents; Nakano and others, 1996; Coleman and Fausch, 2007), a warming climate may gradually increase the quality and extent of suitable habitat. Over time, previously constrained populations are expected to expand into these new habitats and increase in number. Some evidence suggests this may already be happening in Alaska, where streams in recently deglaciated areas are being colonized by emigrants from nearby salmon and char populations (Milner and others, 2000).
Unfortunately, many of the sensitive salmonid species that are often the focus of western managers are unlikely to benefit from future water temperature increases. Warmer stream temperatures will facilitate invasion by nonnative species that are broadly established in downstream areas into upstream areas where they will compete with native species (Rieman and others, 2006; Rahel and Olden, 2008; Fausch and others, 2009). In other cases, warmer stream temperatures will render thermally suitable habitats unsuitable in downstream areas and effect net losses of habitat because upstream distributions are often constrained by streams that are too small or steep (Hari and others, 2006; Isaak and others, 2010). Both scenarios are realistic for fish species like bull trout (Salvelinus confluentus) (Rieman and others, 2006; Rieman and others, 2007), the various subspecies of cutthroat trout (Oncorhynchus clarkii) (Williams and others, 2009), Gila trout (Oncorhynchus gilae gilae) (Kennedy and others, 2008), and Apache trout (Oncorhynchus gilae apache) (Rinne and Minckley, 1985; Carmichael and others, 1993). As native species are increasingly confined to smaller and more isolated habitats by a gradually warming climate, the effects of wildfires (whether related to lethal changes in water quality during a fire, channel debris flows, or chronic postfire warming ) could have greater proportional effects on remaining habitats (for example, Brown and others, 2001; Rieman and others, 2007). If these changes were accompanied by additional hydrologic alterations associated with changes to the magnitude, frequency, duration, timing, and rate of change of discharge patterns (Jager and others, 1999; Henderson and others, 2000), populations may begin to lose some of their historic resilience and become ever more susceptible to local extirpations.
As dramatic and extensive as climatic and environmental trends are for salmonid habitats, global climate models (GCMs) project that many of these trends will continue and even accelerate until at least the middle of the 21st century (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, 2007). Current projections suggest mean annual air temperatures will increase by an additional 1–3°C, and early indications are that climate trajectory is at the higher end of this range (Pittock, 2006; Raupach and others, 2007). Although predicted changes vary considerably, even the most conservative estimates suggest a warming rate that will be twice that observed during the 20th century. Projections for the midcentury are most certainly due to the effects of greenhouse gases already emitted or predicted in the short term, uncertainties of the effects of longer-term greenhouse gas emissions, short-term climate cycles, and process errors associated with climate models (Cox and Stephenson, 2007). Projections of changes in total precipitation are less certain than those for air temperatures, but most GCMs project relatively small changes in the Northwest, with the exception of slightly drier summer periods (Mote and others, 2008; Karl and others, 2009). In the Southwest, however, significant decreases (such as 15–30 percent ) are projected during most periods of the year, and this area is one of the few for which Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (2007) precipitation projections have a high level of certainty (Hoerling and Eischeid, 2007; Karl and others, 2009). Clearly, managers of native salmonids in the wester n United States should consider adjusting management strategies to accommodate a warmer and possibly drier future (Williams and others, 2009). Tools are needed to forecast where important changes may occur and how conservation efforts should be prioritized. In this Open-File Report, we document our initial efforts in this regard for 10 species and subspecies of inland trout and Montana Arctic grayling (Thymallus arcticus) across the western United States.
We measured intra- and postoperative mortality rates of captive and free-ranging Harlequin Ducks (Histrionicus histrionicus) undergoing surgical liver biopsy sampling for determination of the induction of cytochrome P4501A, a biomarker of oil exposure. Liver biopsies were taken from and radio transmitters were implanted into 157 free-ranging Harlequin Ducks over three winters (55 in 2000, 55 in 2001, and 47 in 2002). No birds died during surgery, but seven (4.5%) died during recovery from anesthesia (three in 2001 and four in 2002). None of the deaths could be attributed directly to the liver biopsy. Four of the 150 (2.7%) birds that were released died in the 2 wk period after surgery. All post-release deaths occurred in 2001; no birds died after release in 2000 or 2002. No mortalities of 36 captive birds occurred during surgery or recovery or in the 2 wk period following surgery. Hemorrhage was a minor problem with one captive bird. Surgical liver biopsies appear to be a safe procedure, but anesthetic complications may occur with overwintering ducks.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wildlife Disease Association","doi":"10.7589/0090-3558-46.4.1325","usgsCitation":"Mulcahy, D.M., and Esler, D., 2010, Survival of captive and free-ranging Harlequin Ducks (Histrionicus histrionicus) following surgical liver biopsy: Journal of Wildlife Diseases, v. 46, no. 4, p. 1325-1329, https://doi.org/10.7589/0090-3558-46.4.1325.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"1325","endPage":"1329","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-021631","costCenters":[{"id":116,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology MFEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":296958,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"46","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"54dd2c65e4b08de9379b3790","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Mulcahy, Daniel M. dmulcahy@usgs.gov","contributorId":3102,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mulcahy","given":"Daniel","email":"dmulcahy@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":116,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology MFEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":537190,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Esler, Daniel 0000-0001-5501-4555 desler@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5501-4555","contributorId":5465,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Esler","given":"Daniel","email":"desler@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":116,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology MFEB","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":12437,"text":"Simon Fraser University, Centre for Wildlife Ecology","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":true,"id":537479,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70236491,"text":"70236491 - 2010 - Persistent organic pollutants in the blood of free-ranging sea otters (Enhydra lutris ssp.) in Alaska and California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-09-08T16:53:09.211391","indexId":"70236491","displayToPublicDate":"2010-10-01T11:30:16","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2507,"text":"Journal of Wildlife Diseases","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"displayTitle":"Persistent organic pollutants in the blood of free-ranging sea otters (Enhydra lutris ssp.) in Alaska and California","title":"Persistent organic pollutants in the blood of free-ranging sea otters (Enhydra lutris ssp.) in Alaska and California","docAbstract":"As part of tagging and ecologic research efforts in 1997 and 1998, apparently healthy sea otters of four age-sex classes in six locations in Alaska and three in California were sampled for persistent organic pollutants (POPs) and other chemicals of ecologic or environmental concern (COECs). Published techniques for the detection of POPs (specifically Σpolychlorinated biphenyls [PCBs], ΣDDTs, Σhexachlorocyclohexanes [HCHs], Σpolycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons [PAHs], Σchlordanes [CHLs], hexachlorobenzene [HCB], dieldrin, and mirex) in the tissue of dead otters were modified for use with serum from live sea otters. Toxic equivalencies (TEQs) were calculated for POPs with proven bioactivity. Strong location effects were seen for most POPs and COECs; sea otters in California generally showed higher mean concentrations than those in Alaska. Differences in contaminant concentrations were detected among age and sex classes, with high levels frequently observed in subadults. Very high levels of ΣDDT were detected in male sea otters in Elkhorn Slough, California, where strong freshwater outflow from agricultural areas occurs seasonally. All contaminants except mirex differed among Alaskan locations; only ΣDDT, HCB, and chlorpyrifos differed within California. High levels of ΣPCB (particularly larger, more persistent congeners) were detected at two locations in Alaska where associations between elevated PCBs and military activity have been established, while higher PCB levels were found at all three locations in California where no point source of PCBs has been identified. Although POP and COEC concentrations in blood may be less likely to reflect total body burden, concentrations in blood of healthy animals may be more biologically relevant and less influenced by state of nutrition or perimortem factors than other tissues routinely sampled.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wildlife Disease Association","doi":"10.7589/0090-3558-46.4.1214","usgsCitation":"Jessup, D., Johnson, C., Estes, J.A., Carlson-Bremer, D., Jarman, W.M., Reese, S., Dodd, E., Tinker, M.T., and Ziccardi, M.H., 2010, Persistent organic pollutants in the blood of free-ranging sea otters (Enhydra lutris ssp.) in Alaska and California: Journal of Wildlife Diseases, v. 46, no. 4, p. 1214-1233, https://doi.org/10.7589/0090-3558-46.4.1214.","productDescription":"20 p.","startPage":"1214","endPage":"1233","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":475658,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.7589/0090-3558-46.4.1214","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":406380,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska, California","city":"Monterey, Santa Cruz","otherGeospatial":"Amchitka Island, Bay of Islands, Clam Lagoon, Elkhorn Slough, Kanaga Island, Kiska Island, Kuluk Bay, Port Althrop","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -121.9976806640625,\n 36.56039393337068\n ],\n [\n -121.86790466308594,\n 36.56039393337068\n ],\n [\n -121.86790466308594,\n 36.64307970866717\n ],\n [\n -121.9976806640625,\n 36.64307970866717\n ],\n [\n -121.9976806640625,\n 36.56039393337068\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -122.08351135253908,\n 36.94275782407093\n ],\n [\n -121.93313598632812,\n 36.94275782407093\n ],\n [\n -121.93313598632812,\n 36.99706886366255\n ],\n [\n -122.08351135253908,\n 36.99706886366255\n ],\n [\n -122.08351135253908,\n 36.94275782407093\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -121.81159973144531,\n 36.804886560237236\n ],\n [\n -121.72988891601562,\n 36.804886560237236\n ],\n [\n -121.72988891601562,\n 36.84391123956416\n ],\n [\n -121.81159973144531,\n 36.84391123956416\n ],\n [\n -121.81159973144531,\n 36.804886560237236\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -180.76629638671875,\n 51.31859712057431\n ],\n [\n -180.4833984375,\n 51.36663630649157\n ],\n [\n -180.60699462890625,\n 51.43517639096306\n ],\n [\n -180.7305908203125,\n 51.43003944716933\n ],\n [\n -180.77728271484375,\n 51.47796179607121\n ],\n [\n -181.0107421875,\n 51.60607748386585\n ],\n [\n -181.14532470703125,\n 51.64188525876832\n ],\n [\n -181.38153076171872,\n 51.675961632740744\n ],\n [\n -181.40625,\n 51.64188525876832\n ],\n [\n -181.33758544921875,\n 51.582189932691456\n ],\n [\n -181.22497558593747,\n 51.55316672962128\n ],\n [\n -181.1700439453125,\n 51.55999738544502\n ],\n [\n -181.02447509765625,\n 51.50532341149335\n ],\n [\n -180.96130371093747,\n 51.44887208400473\n ],\n [\n -180.76629638671875,\n 51.31859712057431\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -182.66143798828125,\n 51.80861475198521\n ],\n [\n -182.63397216796875,\n 51.89852871012711\n ],\n [\n -182.39776611328125,\n 51.90361280788357\n ],\n [\n -182.2686767578125,\n 51.945957916403266\n ],\n [\n -182.39776611328125,\n 51.991645772197344\n ],\n [\n -182.29888916015625,\n 52.091320158551355\n ],\n [\n -182.39776611328125,\n 52.148658716048985\n ],\n [\n -182.47467041015625,\n 52.12168505384983\n ],\n [\n -182.515869140625,\n 52.054179425297164\n ],\n [\n -182.54058837890625,\n 52.00179230422271\n ],\n [\n -182.66143798828125,\n 51.991645772197344\n ],\n [\n -182.83721923828125,\n 51.896833883012484\n ],\n [\n -182.66143798828125,\n 51.80861475198521\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -177.67364501953125,\n 51.64699834847127\n ],\n [\n -177.61322021484375,\n 51.64870258356996\n ],\n [\n -177.60772705078122,\n 51.68958500811337\n ],\n [\n -177.48413085937497,\n 51.68788231035757\n ],\n [\n -177.38800048828125,\n 51.71681946274873\n ],\n [\n -177.27264404296875,\n 51.66744494147575\n ],\n [\n -177.11334228515625,\n 51.71852107186864\n ],\n [\n -177.09686279296875,\n 51.77123920059797\n ],\n [\n -177.10784912109375,\n 51.82729091455115\n ],\n [\n -177.04742431640622,\n 51.851049381288874\n ],\n [\n -177.01995849609375,\n 51.91208502557545\n ],\n [\n -177.17376708984375,\n 51.96119237712624\n ],\n [\n -177.2149658203125,\n 51.945957916403266\n ],\n [\n -177.23419189453122,\n 51.813709018585094\n ],\n [\n -177.3907470703125,\n 51.78653294239638\n ],\n [\n -177.5445556640625,\n 51.73723454645786\n ],\n [\n -177.6434326171875,\n 51.7508394806285\n ],\n [\n -177.73406982421875,\n 51.723625515056554\n ],\n [\n -177.67364501953125,\n 51.64699834847127\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -176.70410156249997,\n 51.783559565243664\n ],\n [\n -176.7044448852539,\n 51.790567926497296\n ],\n [\n -176.71646118164062,\n 51.793116151535024\n ],\n [\n -176.715087890625,\n 51.7994860842426\n ],\n [\n -176.74907684326172,\n 51.805430542949566\n ],\n [\n -176.76349639892578,\n 51.811798736088306\n ],\n [\n -176.77791595458984,\n 51.82856400738683\n ],\n [\n -176.7858123779297,\n 51.844474631882235\n ],\n [\n -176.8695831298828,\n 51.82325921651172\n ],\n [\n -176.846923828125,\n 51.80075996280663\n ],\n [\n -176.8462371826172,\n 51.79481488824018\n ],\n [\n -176.81774139404297,\n 51.78780718689691\n ],\n [\n -176.81224822998047,\n 51.775912838347296\n ],\n [\n -176.74976348876953,\n 51.78270999291771\n ],\n [\n -176.73534393310547,\n 51.77697496124581\n ],\n [\n -176.70410156249997,\n 51.783559565243664\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -176.5861701965332,\n 51.91642641774259\n ],\n [\n -176.57690048217773,\n 51.91727346971246\n ],\n [\n -176.5696907043457,\n 51.914096942425616\n ],\n [\n -176.56299591064453,\n 51.92362585011951\n ],\n [\n -176.55870437622067,\n 51.92711927620635\n ],\n [\n -176.55990600585938,\n 51.93061243039984\n ],\n [\n -176.55853271484375,\n 51.93272936122448\n ],\n [\n -176.56522750854492,\n 51.94087861255871\n ],\n [\n -176.56660079956052,\n 51.95114244582788\n ],\n [\n -176.57329559326172,\n 51.95452793745212\n ],\n [\n -176.5823936462402,\n 51.95421055847065\n ],\n [\n -176.5887451171875,\n 51.94479396007323\n ],\n [\n -176.59509658813477,\n 51.94130190984729\n ],\n [\n -176.59492492675778,\n 51.936857089099874\n ],\n [\n -176.59063339233398,\n 51.934316993807\n ],\n [\n -176.59303665161133,\n 51.931565061629236\n ],\n [\n -176.5880584716797,\n 51.92860125361562\n ],\n [\n -176.5890884399414,\n 51.925954831054824\n ],\n [\n -176.5861701965332,\n 51.91642641774259\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -176.55269622802734,\n 51.709693279096264\n ],\n [\n -176.4656639099121,\n 51.731068461784616\n ],\n [\n -176.47356033325195,\n 51.74084875669778\n ],\n [\n -176.47132873535156,\n 51.74361236947516\n ],\n [\n -176.47510528564453,\n 51.74924536432891\n ],\n [\n -176.4905548095703,\n 51.75317741609915\n ],\n [\n -176.49415969848633,\n 51.761252989311785\n ],\n [\n -176.5092658996582,\n 51.764971517612246\n ],\n [\n -176.5140724182129,\n 51.76507775677761\n ],\n [\n -176.52952194213867,\n 51.74552554083478\n ],\n [\n -176.53244018554685,\n 51.739892082120186\n ],\n [\n -176.5442848205566,\n 51.72957997047594\n ],\n [\n -176.5435981750488,\n 51.724263529937765\n ],\n [\n -176.55200958251953,\n 51.72032896140152\n ],\n [\n -176.55887603759766,\n 51.72054164953562\n ],\n [\n -176.56213760375977,\n 51.71894646414401\n ],\n [\n -176.55269622802734,\n 51.709693279096264\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -136.28883361816406,\n 58.09384798772301\n ],\n [\n -136.2737274169922,\n 58.095662503566075\n ],\n [\n -136.2641143798828,\n 58.10509649813648\n ],\n [\n -136.2751007080078,\n 58.12033075667208\n ],\n [\n -136.28952026367188,\n 58.13555850526993\n ],\n [\n -136.25930786132812,\n 58.147880963446255\n ],\n [\n -136.31149291992188,\n 58.15983691852708\n ],\n [\n -136.32041931152344,\n 58.167443162470605\n ],\n [\n -136.37191772460938,\n 58.14570672187911\n ],\n [\n -136.3286590576172,\n 58.1196054634206\n ],\n [\n -136.29776000976562,\n 58.10908705230677\n ],\n [\n -136.28883361816406,\n 58.09384798772301\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"46","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Jessup, David A.","contributorId":43206,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Jessup","given":"David A.","affiliations":[{"id":6952,"text":"California Department of Fish and Wildlife","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":851227,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Johnson, Christine K.","contributorId":23771,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Johnson","given":"Christine K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":851228,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Estes, James A. jim_estes@usgs.gov","contributorId":53325,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Estes","given":"James","email":"jim_estes@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":6949,"text":"University of California, Santa Cruz","active":true,"usgs":false},{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":851229,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Carlson-Bremer, Daphne","contributorId":27304,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Carlson-Bremer","given":"Daphne","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":851230,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Jarman, Walter M.","contributorId":21895,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Jarman","given":"Walter","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":6950,"text":"U CA Santa Cruz Long Marine Laboratory","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":851231,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Reese, Stacey","contributorId":33564,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reese","given":"Stacey","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":851232,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Dodd, Erin","contributorId":91058,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Dodd","given":"Erin","affiliations":[{"id":6952,"text":"California Department of Fish and Wildlife","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":851233,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Tinker, M. Tim 0000-0002-3314-839X ttinker@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3314-839X","contributorId":2796,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tinker","given":"M.","email":"ttinker@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"Tim","affiliations":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":851234,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Ziccardi, Michael H.","contributorId":16677,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ziccardi","given":"Michael","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":851235,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9}]}} ,{"id":70101966,"text":"70101966 - 2010 - Wayward youth: Trans-Beringian movement and differential southward migration by juvenile sharp-tailed sandpipers","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-01-08T18:29:30.165691","indexId":"70101966","displayToPublicDate":"2010-10-01T10:17:01","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":894,"text":"Arctic","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Wayward youth: Trans-Beringian movement and differential southward migration by juvenile sharp-tailed sandpipers","docAbstract":"The sharp-tailed sandpiper (Calidris acuminata) is a long-distance migrant that travels each year from breeding grounds in the Russian Arctic to nonbreeding areas in Australasia. Most adults migrate rapidly from breeding grounds along a largely inland route through Asia. Here we report on the highly unusual migratory strategy of this species in which some juveniles, but virtually no adults, take a pronounced detour to western Alaska before proceeding on southward migration. We analyzed data from our own studies in this region and published and unpublished observations and specimen records of sharptailed sandpipers from the entire Pacific Basin. Each autumn, sharp-tailed sandpipers began arriving on coastal graminoid meadows and intertidal habitats throughout western Alaska during the last half of August and the last sandpipers departed from southwestern Alaska during October and November. Body mass of birds banded or collected across multiple years and sites in western Alaska (n = 330) increased by an average of 0.57 ± 0.06 g per day between mid-August and late October. Records suggest a small, regular movement of juveniles (and a very few adults) along the Asiatic coast, but we estimate from surveys that a few tens of thousands of juveniles stage in western Alaska each autumn. The distribution of sight and specimen records from the Pacific Basin during autumn suggests strongly age-segregated migration routes, with the principal migration of juveniles crossing central and western Oceania in a possible nonstop trans-Pacific flight from Alaska. This is only the second well-documented case of differential migration among birds that involves different routes for adults and juveniles, and it raises intriguing questions about how and why this system has evolved.
","language":"English","publisher":"Arctic Institute of North America","doi":"10.14430/arctic1492","usgsCitation":"Handel, C.M., and Gill, R., 2010, Wayward youth: Trans-Beringian movement and differential southward migration by juvenile sharp-tailed sandpipers: Arctic, v. 63, no. 3, p. 273-288, https://doi.org/10.14430/arctic1492.","productDescription":"16 p.","startPage":"273","endPage":"288","ipdsId":"IP-016704","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":475659,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.14430/arctic1492","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":382035,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"63","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2010-09-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"535595dfe4b0120853e8c305","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Handel, Colleen M. 0000-0002-0267-7408 cmhandel@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0267-7408","contributorId":3067,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Handel","given":"Colleen","email":"cmhandel@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":117,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology WTEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":492817,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Gill, Robert E. Jr. 0000-0002-6385-4500 rgill@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6385-4500","contributorId":171747,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gill","given":"Robert E.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"rgill@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":117,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology WTEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":492818,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":98768,"text":"sim3122 - 2010 - Marine benthic habitat mapping of Muir Inlet, Glacier Bay National Park and Preserve, Alaska, with an evaluation of the Coastal and Marine Ecological Classification Standard III","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-10T00:11:57","indexId":"sim3122","displayToPublicDate":"2010-09-30T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":333,"text":"Scientific Investigations Map","code":"SIM","onlineIssn":"2329-132X","printIssn":"2329-1311","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"3122","title":"Marine benthic habitat mapping of Muir Inlet, Glacier Bay National Park and Preserve, Alaska, with an evaluation of the Coastal and Marine Ecological Classification Standard III","docAbstract":"Seafloor geology and potential benthic habitats were mapped in Muir Inlet, Glacier Bay National Park and Preserve, Alaska, using multibeam sonar, ground-truth information, and geological interpretations. Muir Inlet is a recently deglaciated fjord that is under the influence of glacial and paraglacial marine processes. High glacially derived sediment and meltwater fluxes, slope instabilities, and variable bathymetry result in a highly dynamic estuarine environment and benthic ecosystem. We characterize the fjord seafloor and potential benthic habitats using the Coastal and Marine Ecological Classification Standard (CMECS) recently developed by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) and NatureServe. Substrates within Muir Inlet are dominated by mud, derived from the high glacial debris flux. Water-column characteristics are derived from a combination of conductivity temperature depth (CTD) measurements and circulation-model results. We also present modern glaciomarine sediment accumulation data from quantitative differential bathymetry. These data show Muir Inlet is divided into two contrasting environments: a dynamic upper fjord and a relatively static lower fjord. The accompanying maps represent the first publicly available high-resolution bathymetric surveys of Muir Inlet. The results of these analyses serve as a test of the CMECS and as a baseline for continued mapping and correlations among seafloor substrate, benthic habitats, and glaciomarine processes. \r\n","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/sim3122","collaboration":"Prepared for the National Park Service","usgsCitation":"Trusel, L.D., Cochrane, G.R., Etherington, L.L., Powell, R.D., and Mayer, L.A., 2010, Marine benthic habitat mapping of Muir Inlet, Glacier Bay National Park and Preserve, Alaska, with an evaluation of the Coastal and Marine Ecological Classification Standard III: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Map 3122, iii, 26 p.; 4 Map Sheets; Sheet 1: 42.18 inches x 31.72 inches, Sheet 2: 40.24 inches x 35.00 inches, Sheet 3: 40.63 inches x 36.00 inches, Sheet 4: 38.76 inches x 36.00 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/sim3122.","productDescription":"iii, 26 p.; 4 Map Sheets; Sheet 1: 42.18 inches x 31.72 inches, Sheet 2: 40.24 inches x 35.00 inches, Sheet 3: 40.63 inches x 36.00 inches, Sheet 4: 38.76 inches x 36.00 inches","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":125989,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sim_3122.jpg"},{"id":14178,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sim/3122/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"scale":"63360","projection":"Universal Transverse Mercator Zone","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -136.66666666666666,59 ], [ -136.66666666666666,57.833333333333336 ], [ -135.66666666666666,57.833333333333336 ], [ -135.66666666666666,59 ], [ -136.66666666666666,59 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a1ae4b07f02db606447","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Trusel, Luke D.","contributorId":66552,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Trusel","given":"Luke","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":306415,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Cochrane, Guy R. 0000-0002-8094-4583 gcochrane@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8094-4583","contributorId":2870,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cochrane","given":"Guy","email":"gcochrane@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":186,"text":"Coastal and Marine Geology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":306414,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Etherington, Lisa L.","contributorId":103375,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Etherington","given":"Lisa","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":306418,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Powell, Ross D.","contributorId":89768,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Powell","given":"Ross","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":306417,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Mayer, Larry A.","contributorId":69583,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mayer","given":"Larry","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":306416,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":98763,"text":"ofr20091254 - 2010 - Preliminary bedrock geologic map of the Seward Peninsula, Alaska, and accompanying conodont data","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-04-14T21:52:37.369414","indexId":"ofr20091254","displayToPublicDate":"2010-09-30T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2009-1254","title":"Preliminary bedrock geologic map of the Seward Peninsula, Alaska, and accompanying conodont data","docAbstract":"This 1:500,000-scale geologic map depicts the bedrock geology of Seward Peninsula, western Alaska, on the North American side of the Bering Strait. The map encompasses all of the Teller, Nome, Solomon, and Bendeleben 1:250,000-scale quadrangles, and parts of the Shishmaref, Kotzebue, Candle, and Norton Bay 1:250,000-scale quadrangles (sheet 1; sheet 2). \r\n\r\nThe geologic map is presented on Sheet 1. The pamphlet includes an introductory text, unit descriptions, tables of geochronologic data, and an appendix containing conodont (microfossil) data and a text about those data. Sheet 2 shows metamorphic and tectonic units, conodont color alteration indices, key metamorphic minerals, and locations of geochronology samples listed in the pamphlet.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr20091254","usgsCitation":"Till, A.B., Dumoulin, J.A., Werdon, M., and Bleick, H.A., 2010, Preliminary bedrock geologic map of the Seward Peninsula, Alaska, and accompanying conodont data: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2009-1254, Report: iv, 43 p.; Appendices; 2 Plates: 48.28 inches x 24.61 inches and 35.83 inches x 24.61 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20091254.","productDescription":"Report: iv, 43 p.; Appendices; 2 Plates: 48.28 inches x 24.61 inches and 35.83 inches x 24.61 inches","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":386,"text":"Mineral Resources - Alaska","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":125980,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr_2009_1254.jpg"},{"id":398791,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_94317.htm"},{"id":14173,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2009/1254/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"scale":"500000","projection":"Universal Transverse Mercator Zone","country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Seward Peninsula","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -168.9614,\n 64.3214\n ],\n [\n -161,\n 64.3214\n ],\n [\n -161,\n 66.5981\n ],\n [\n -168.9614,\n 66.5981\n ],\n [\n -168.9614,\n 64.3214\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ac9e4b07f02db67c95a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Till, Alison B. atill@usgs.gov","contributorId":2482,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Till","given":"Alison","email":"atill@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[{"id":119,"text":"Alaska Science Center Geology Minerals","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":306402,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Dumoulin, Julie A. 0000-0003-1754-1287 dumoulin@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1754-1287","contributorId":203209,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dumoulin","given":"Julie","email":"dumoulin@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":119,"text":"Alaska Science Center Geology Minerals","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":306401,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Werdon, Melanie B.","contributorId":53345,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Werdon","given":"Melanie B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":306404,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Bleick, Heather A. hbleick@usgs.gov","contributorId":2484,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bleick","given":"Heather","email":"hbleick@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":615,"text":"Volcano Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":306403,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":98743,"text":"ofr20101225 - 2010 - USGS exploration geochemistry studies at the Pebble porphyry Cu-Au-Mo deposit, Alaska— Pdf of presentation","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-10-21T20:37:57.096606","indexId":"ofr20101225","displayToPublicDate":"2010-09-29T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2010-1225","title":"USGS exploration geochemistry studies at the Pebble porphyry Cu-Au-Mo deposit, Alaska— Pdf of presentation","docAbstract":"From 2007 through 2010, scientists in the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) have been conducting exploration-oriented geochemical and geophysical studies in the region surrounding the giant Pebble porphyry Cu-Au-Mo deposit in southwestern Alaska. The Cretaceous Pebble deposit is concealed under tundra, glacial till, and Tertiary cover rocks, and is undisturbed except for numerous exploration drill holes. These USGS studies are part of a nation-wide research project on evaluating and detecting concealed mineral resources. This report focuses on exploration geochemistry and comprises illustrations and associated notes that were presented as a case study in a workshop on this topic. The workshop, organized by L.G. Closs and R. Glanzman, is called 'Geochemistry in Mineral Exploration and Development,' presented by the Society of Economic Geologists at a technical conference entitled 'The Challenge of Finding New Mineral Resources: Global Metallogeny, Integrative Exploration and New Discoveries,' held at Keystone, Colorado, October 2-5, 2010.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr20101225","usgsCitation":"Eppinger, R.G., Kelley, K., Fey, D.L., Giles, S.A., Minsley, B.J., and Smith, S.M., 2010, USGS exploration geochemistry studies at the Pebble porphyry Cu-Au-Mo deposit, Alaska— Pdf of presentation: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2010-1225, ii, 65 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20101225.","productDescription":"ii, 65 p.","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","temporalStart":"2007-01-01","temporalEnd":"2010-12-31","costCenters":[{"id":171,"text":"Central Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":115980,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr_2010_1225.jpg"},{"id":14153,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2010/1225/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":390783,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_94299.htm"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -155.2417,\n 59.8833\n ],\n [\n -155.35,\n 59.8833\n ],\n [\n -155.35,\n 59.9167\n ],\n [\n -155.2417,\n 59.9167\n ],\n [\n -155.2417,\n 59.8833\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a27e4b07f02db610035","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Eppinger, Robert G. eppinger@usgs.gov","contributorId":849,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Eppinger","given":"Robert","email":"eppinger@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":171,"text":"Central Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":306329,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kelley, Karen D. 0000-0002-3232-5809","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3232-5809","contributorId":57817,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kelley","given":"Karen D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":306332,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Fey, David L. dfey@usgs.gov","contributorId":713,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fey","given":"David","email":"dfey@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":35995,"text":"Geology, Geophysics, and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":306328,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Giles, Stuart A. 0000-0002-8696-5078 sgiles@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8696-5078","contributorId":1233,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Giles","given":"Stuart","email":"sgiles@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":171,"text":"Central Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":387,"text":"Mineral Resources Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":306330,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Minsley, Burke J. 0000-0003-1689-1306 bminsley@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1689-1306","contributorId":697,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Minsley","given":"Burke","email":"bminsley@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":211,"text":"Crustal Geophysics and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":306327,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Smith, Steven M. 0000-0003-3591-5377 smsmith@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3591-5377","contributorId":1460,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"Steven","email":"smsmith@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":171,"text":"Central Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":387,"text":"Mineral Resources Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":306331,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":98727,"text":"ds532 - 2010 - Stream-sediment samples reanalyzed for major, rare earth, and trace elements from seven 1:250,000-scale quadrangles, south-central Alaska, 2007-09","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-08-19T21:33:32","indexId":"ds532","displayToPublicDate":"2010-09-23T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":310,"text":"Data Series","code":"DS","onlineIssn":"2327-638X","printIssn":"2327-0271","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"532","title":"Stream-sediment samples reanalyzed for major, rare earth, and trace elements from seven 1:250,000-scale quadrangles, south-central Alaska, 2007-09","docAbstract":"During the 1960s through the 1980s, the U.S. Geological Survey conducted reconnaissance geochemical surveys of drainage basins throughout most of the Iliamna, Lake Clark, Lime Hills, and Talkeetna 1:250,000-scale quadrangles and parts of the McGrath, Seldovia, and Tyonek 1:250,000-scale quadrangles in Alaska. These geochemical surveys provide data necessary to assess the potential for undiscovered mineral resources and provide data that may be used to determine regional-scale element baselines. This report provides new data for 1,075 of the previously collected stream-sediment samples. The new analyses include a broader spectrum of elements and provide data that are more precise than the original analyses. All samples were analyzed for arsenic by hydride generation atomic absorption spectrometry, for gold, palladium, and platinum by inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry after lead button fire assay separation, and for a suite of 55 major, rare earth, and trace elements by inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectrometry and inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry after sodium peroxide sinter at 450 degrees Celsius. \r\n","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ds532","usgsCitation":"Gamble, B.M., Bailey, E.A., Shew, N.B., Labay, K., Schmidt, J.M., O’Leary, R.M., and Detra, D.E., 2010, Stream-sediment samples reanalyzed for major, rare earth, and trace elements from seven 1:250,000-scale quadrangles, south-central Alaska, 2007-09: U.S. Geological Survey Data Series 532, iv, 4 p.; Appendix A; Metatdata; Location map of stream-sediment samples, https://doi.org/10.3133/ds532.","productDescription":"iv, 4 p.; Appendix A; Metatdata; Location map of stream-sediment samples","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":199740,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":14135,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/ds/532/ ","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b15e4b07f02db6a4feb","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Gamble, Bruce M. bgamble@usgs.gov","contributorId":560,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gamble","given":"Bruce","email":"bgamble@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":306241,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bailey, Elizabeth A.","contributorId":104005,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bailey","given":"Elizabeth","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":306246,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Shew, Nora B. 0000-0003-0025-7220 nshew@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0025-7220","contributorId":3382,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shew","given":"Nora","email":"nshew@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[{"id":119,"text":"Alaska Science Center Geology Minerals","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":306243,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Labay, Keith A. 0000-0002-6763-3190 klabay@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6763-3190","contributorId":2097,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Labay","given":"Keith A.","email":"klabay@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":119,"text":"Alaska Science Center Geology Minerals","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":306247,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Schmidt, Jeanine M. jschmidt@usgs.gov","contributorId":3138,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schmidt","given":"Jeanine","email":"jschmidt@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":119,"text":"Alaska Science Center Geology Minerals","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":306242,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"O’Leary, Richard M.","contributorId":19936,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"O’Leary","given":"Richard","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":306245,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Detra, David E.","contributorId":17342,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Detra","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":306244,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}} ,{"id":98720,"text":"tm13A1 - 2010 - MATLAB tools for improved characterization and quantification of volcanic incandescence in Webcam imagery: Applications at Kilauea Volcano, Hawai'i","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-01-09T21:48:27.001505","indexId":"tm13A1","displayToPublicDate":"2010-09-22T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":335,"text":"Techniques and Methods","code":"TM","onlineIssn":"2328-7055","printIssn":"2328-7047","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"13-A1","displayTitle":"MATLAB Tools for Improved Characterization and Quantification of Volcanic Incandescence in Webcam Imagery: Applications at Kīlauea Volcano, Hawai‘i","title":"MATLAB tools for improved characterization and quantification of volcanic incandescence in Webcam imagery: Applications at Kilauea Volcano, Hawai'i","docAbstract":"Webcams are now standard tools for volcano monitoring and are used at observatories in Alaska, the Cascades, Kamchatka, Hawai‘i, Italy, and Japan, among other locations. Webcam images allow invaluable documentation of activity and provide a powerful comparative tool for interpreting other monitoring datastreams, such as seismicity and deformation. Automated image processing can improve the time efficiency and rigor of Webcam image interpretation, and potentially extract more information on eruptive activity. For instance, Lovick and others (2008) provided a suite of processing tools that performed such tasks as noise reduction, eliminating uninteresting images from an image collection, and detecting incandescence, with an application to dome activity at Mount St. Helens during 2007.
In this paper, we present two very simple automated approaches for improved characterization and quantification of volcanic incandescence in Webcam images at Kīlauea Volcano, Hawai‘i. The techniques are implemented in MATLAB (version 2009b, ® The Mathworks, Inc.) to take advantage of the ease of matrix operations. Incandescence is a useful indictor of the location and extent of active lava flows and also a potentially powerful proxy for activity levels at open vents. We apply our techniques to a period covering both summit and east rift zone activity at Kīlauea during 2008–2009 and compare the results to complementary datasets (seismicity, tilt) to demonstrate their integrative potential. A great strength of this study is the demonstrated success of these tools in an operational setting at the Hawaiian Volcano Observatory (HVO) over the course of more than a year. Although applied only to Webcam images here, the techniques could be applied to any type of sequential images, such as time-lapse photography.
We expect that these tools are applicable to many other volcano monitoring scenarios, and the two MATLAB scripts, as they are implemented at HVO, are included in the appendixes. These scripts would require minor to moderate modifications for use elsewhere, primarily to customize directory navigation. If the user has some familiarity with MATLAB, or programming in general, these modifications should be easy. Although we originally anticipated needing the Image Processing Toolbox, the scripts in the appendixes do not require it. Thus, only the base installation of MATLAB is needed. Because fairly basic MATLAB functions are used, we expect that the script can be run successfully by versions earlier than 2009b.
","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"Section A, Methods Used in Volcano Monitoring of Book 13, Volcano Monitoring","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/tm13A1","usgsCitation":"Patrick, M.R., Kauahikaua, J.P., and Antolik, L., 2010, MATLAB tools for improved characterization and quantification of volcanic incandescence in Webcam imagery: Applications at Kilauea Volcano, Hawai'i: U.S. Geological Survey Techniques and Methods 13-A1, iii, 16 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/tm13A1.","productDescription":"iii, 16 p.","onlineOnly":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":424240,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_94259.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":14128,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/tm/tm13a1/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":115963,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/tm_13_a1.gif"}],"country":"United States","state":"Hawaii","otherGeospatial":"Kilauea Volcano","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -155.30118026740482,\n 19.454395132046088\n ],\n [\n -155.30118026740482,\n 19.352844813557866\n ],\n [\n -154.99507230545026,\n 19.352844813557866\n ],\n [\n -154.99507230545026,\n 19.454395132046088\n ],\n [\n -155.30118026740482,\n 19.454395132046088\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a7fe4b07f02db648ba9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Patrick, Matthew R. 0000-0002-8042-6639 mpatrick@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8042-6639","contributorId":2070,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Patrick","given":"Matthew","email":"mpatrick@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":306223,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kauahikaua, James P. 0000-0003-3777-503X jimk@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3777-503X","contributorId":2146,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kauahikaua","given":"James","email":"jimk@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":306224,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Antolik, Loren lantolik@usgs.gov","contributorId":4144,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Antolik","given":"Loren","email":"lantolik@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":306225,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":98719,"text":"ofr20101210 - 2010 - Geologic cross section, gas desorption, and other data from four wells drilled for Alaska rural energy project, Wainwright, Alaska, coalbed methane project, 2007-2009","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-10T00:11:56","indexId":"ofr20101210","displayToPublicDate":"2010-09-21T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2010-1210","title":"Geologic cross section, gas desorption, and other data from four wells drilled for Alaska rural energy project, Wainwright, Alaska, coalbed methane project, 2007-2009","docAbstract":"Energy costs in rural Alaskan communities are substantial. Diesel fuel, which must be delivered by barge or plane, is used for local power generation in most off-grid communities. In addition to high costs incurred for the purchase and transport of the fuel, the transport, transfer, and storage of fuel products pose significant difficulties in logistically challenging and environmentally sensitive areas. The Alaska Rural Energy Project (AREP) is a collaborative effort between the United States Geological Survey (USGS) and the Bureau of Land Management Alaska State Office along with State, local, and private partners. The project is designed to identify and evaluate shallow (<3,000 ft) subsurface resources such as coalbed methane (CBM) and geothermal in the vicinity of rural Alaskan communities where these resources have the potential to serve as local-use power alternatives. \r\n\r\nThe AREP, in cooperation with the North Slope Borough, the Arctic Slope Regional Corporation, and the Olgoonik Corporation, drilled and tested a 1,613 ft continuous core hole in Wainwright, Alaska, during the summer of 2007 to determine whether CBM represents a viable source of energy for the community. Although numerous gas-bearing coal beds were encountered, most are contained within the zone of permafrost that underlies the area to a depth of approximately 1,000 ft. Because the effective permeability of permafrost is near zero, the chances of producing gas from these beds are highly unlikely. A 7.5-ft-thick gas-bearing coal bed, informally named the Wainwright coal bed, was encountered in the sub-permafrost at a depth of 1,242 ft. Additional drilling and testing conducted during the summers of 2008 and 2009 indicated that the coal bed extended throughout the area outlined by the drill holes, which presently is limited to the access provided by the existing road system. These tests also confirmed the gas content of the coal reservoir within this area. If producible, the Wainwright coal bed contains sufficient gas to serve as a long-term source of energy for the community. \r\n","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr20101210","usgsCitation":"Clark, A.C., Roberts, S.B., and Warwick, P.D., 2010, Geologic cross section, gas desorption, and other data from four wells drilled for Alaska rural energy project, Wainwright, Alaska, coalbed methane project, 2007-2009: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2010-1210, 1 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20101210.","productDescription":"1 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":164,"text":"Central Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":115961,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr_2010_1210.jpg"},{"id":14127,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2010/1210/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -168,68 ], [ -168,72 ], [ -138,72 ], [ -138,68 ], [ -168,68 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b17e4b07f02db6a6342","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Clark, Arthur C. aclark@usgs.gov","contributorId":2320,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Clark","given":"Arthur","email":"aclark@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":306221,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Roberts, Stephen B.","contributorId":104906,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Roberts","given":"Stephen","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":306222,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Warwick, Peter D. 0000-0002-3152-7783 pwarwick@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3152-7783","contributorId":762,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Warwick","given":"Peter","email":"pwarwick@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":241,"text":"Eastern Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":306220,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":98714,"text":"ds531 - 2010 - Catalog of earthquake hypocenters at Alaskan volcanoes: January 1 through December 31, 2009","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-03-22T18:28:52.145151","indexId":"ds531","displayToPublicDate":"2010-09-17T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":310,"text":"Data Series","code":"DS","onlineIssn":"2327-638X","printIssn":"2327-0271","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"531","title":"Catalog of earthquake hypocenters at Alaskan volcanoes: January 1 through December 31, 2009","docAbstract":"Between January 1 and December 31, 2009, the Alaska Volcano Observatory (AVO) located 8,829 earthquakes, of which 7,438 occurred within 20 kilometers of the 33 volcanoes with seismograph subnetworks. Monitoring highlights in 2009 include the eruption of Redoubt Volcano, as well as unrest at Okmok Caldera, Shishaldin Volcano, and Mount Veniaminof. Additionally severe seismograph subnetwork outages resulted in four volcanoes (Aniakchak, Fourpeaked, Korovin, and Veniaminof) being removed from the formal list of monitored volcanoes in late 2009. This catalog includes descriptions of: (1) locations of seismic instrumentation deployed during 2009; (2) earthquake detection, recording, analysis, and data archival systems; (3) seismic velocity models used for earthquake locations; (4) a summary of earthquakes located in 2009; and (5) an accompanying UNIX tar-file with a summary of earthquake origin times, hypocenters, magnitudes, phase arrival times, location quality statistics, daily station usage statistics, all files used to determine the earthquake locations in 2009, and a dataless SEED volume for the AVO seismograph network.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ds531","usgsCitation":"Dixon, J.P., Stihler, S.D., Power, J.A., and Searcy, C.K., 2010, Catalog of earthquake hypocenters at Alaskan volcanoes: January 1 through December 31, 2009: U.S. Geological Survey Data Series 531, Report: iv, 84 p.; Seismic Catalog Zip File, https://doi.org/10.3133/ds531.","productDescription":"Report: iv, 84 p.; Seismic Catalog Zip File","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","temporalStart":"2009-01-01","temporalEnd":"2009-12-31","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":414558,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_94256.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":126377,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ds_531.jpg"},{"id":14122,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/ds/531/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -143.5,\n 62.0333\n ],\n [\n -178.4,\n 62.0333\n ],\n [\n -178.4,\n 51.9\n ],\n [\n -143.5,\n 51.9\n ],\n [\n -143.5,\n 62.0333\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49f0e4b07f02db5ee087","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Dixon, James P. 0000-0002-8478-9971 jpdixon@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8478-9971","contributorId":3163,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dixon","given":"James","email":"jpdixon@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":306207,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Stihler, Scott D.","contributorId":31373,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stihler","given":"Scott","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":306208,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Power, John A. 0000-0002-7233-4398 jpower@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7233-4398","contributorId":2768,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Power","given":"John","email":"jpower@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":306206,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Searcy, Cheryl K.","contributorId":107013,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Searcy","given":"Cheryl","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":306209,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":98675,"text":"cir1345 - 2010 - U.S. Geological Survey activities related to American Indians and Alaska Natives: Fiscal years 2007 and 2008","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-03-29T12:00:15","indexId":"cir1345","displayToPublicDate":"2010-09-10T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":307,"text":"Circular","code":"CIR","onlineIssn":"2330-5703","printIssn":"1067-084X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1345","title":"U.S. Geological Survey activities related to American Indians and Alaska Natives: Fiscal years 2007 and 2008","docAbstract":"In the late 1800s, John Wesley Powell, the second director of the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), followed his interest in the tribes of the Great Basin and Colorado Plateau and studied their cultures, languages, and surroundings. From that early time, the USGS has recognized the importance of Native knowledge and living in harmony with nature as complements to the USGS mission to better understand the Earth. Combining traditional ecological knowledge with empirical studies allows the USGS and Native American governments, organizations, and people to increase their mutual understanding and respect for this land. The USGS is the earth and natural science bureau within the U.S. Department of the Interior (DOI) and is not responsible for regulations or land management. \r\n\r\nClimate change is a major current issue affecting Native lives and traditions throughout the United States. Climate projections for the coming century indicate an increasing probability for more frequent and more severe droughts in the Southwest, including the Navajo Nation. Erosion has claimed Native homes in Alaska. Fish have become inedible due to diseases that turn their flesh mushy. Native people who rely on or who are culturally sustained by hunting, fishing, and using local plants are living with climate change now. The traditional knowledge of Native peoples enriches and confirms the work of USGS scientists. The results are truly synergistic-greater than the sum of their parts. Traditional ecological knowledge is respected and increasingly used in USGS studies-when the holders of that knowledge choose to share it. The USGS respects the rights of Native people to maintain their patrimony of traditional ecological knowledge. The USGS studies can help Tribes, Native organizations, and natural resource professionals manage Native lands and resources with the best available unbiased data and information that can be added to their traditional knowledge. \r\n\r\nWise Native leaders have noted that traditional ecological knowledge includes the connections between Earth and her denizens. From this perspective, it is the connections among these ?relatives? that needs to be nurtured. This perspective on nature is finding new adherents among Natives and non-Natives as understanding of climate change and other environmental conditions deepens. Although this report uses the term ?resources,? the USGS, through its interdisciplinary research, acknowledges the interconnectedness of the Earth and the things that live upon it. \r\n","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/cir1345","usgsCitation":"Marcus, S.M., 2010, U.S. Geological Survey activities related to American Indians and Alaska Natives: Fiscal years 2007 and 2008: U.S. Geological Survey Circular 1345, xiv, 111 p. , https://doi.org/10.3133/cir1345.","productDescription":"xiv, 111 p. ","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","temporalStart":"2006-10-01","temporalEnd":"2007-10-01","costCenters":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":115943,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/cir_1345.jpg"},{"id":14081,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1345/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a2ae4b07f02db612867","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Marcus, Susan M.","contributorId":97076,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Marcus","given":"Susan","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":306099,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":98674,"text":"pp1763 - 2010 - Geology, geochemistry, and genesis of the Greens Creek massive sulfide deposit, Admiralty Island, southeastern Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-10T00:11:57","indexId":"pp1763","displayToPublicDate":"2010-09-10T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1763","title":"Geology, geochemistry, and genesis of the Greens Creek massive sulfide deposit, Admiralty Island, southeastern Alaska","docAbstract":"In 1996, a memorandum of understanding was signed by representatives of the U.S. Geological Survey and Kennecott Greens Creek Mining Company to initiate a cooperative applied research project focused on the Greens Creek massive sulfide deposit in southeastern Alaska. The goals of the project were consistent with the mandate of the U.S. Geological Survey Mineral Resources Program to maintain a leading role in national mineral deposits research and with the need of Kennecott Greens Creek Mining Company to further development of the Greens Creek deposit and similar deposits in Alaska and elsewhere. The memorandum enumerated four main research priorities: (1) characterization of protoliths for the wall rocks, and elucidation of their alteration histories, (2) determination of the ore mineralogy and paragenesis, including metal residences and metal zonation within the deposit, (3) determination of the ages of events important to ore formation using both geochronology and paleontology, and (4) development of computer models that would allow the deposit and its host rocks to be examined in detail in three dimensions.\r\n\r\nThe work was carried out by numerous scientists of diverse expertise over a period of several years. The written results, which are contained in this Professional Paper, are presented by 21 authors: 13 from the U.S. Geological Survey, 4 from Kennecott Greens Creek Mining Company, 2 from academia, and 2 from consultants.\r\n\r\nThe Greens Creek deposit (global resource of 24.2 million tons at an average grade of 13.9 percent zinc, 5.1 percent lead, 0.15 troy ounce per ton gold, and 19.2 troy ounces per ton silver at zero cutoff) formed in latest Triassic time during a brief period of rifting of the Alexander terrane. The deposit exhibits a range of syngenetic, diagenetic, and epigenetic features that are typical of volcanogenic (VMS), sedimentary exhalative (SEDEX), and Mississippi Valley-type (MVT) genetic models. In the earliest stages of rifting, formation of precious-metal-rich silica-barite-carbonate white ores began at low temperature in a shallow, subaqueous setting, probably a thin carbonate shelf on the flanks of the Alexander landmass. Epigenetic carbonate replacement textures in the footwall dolostones are overlain by stratiform silica-carbonate-barite-rich ores and indicate that early mineralization formed at and just beneath the paleo sea floor by mixing of a reduced, precious-metal-rich, base-metal-poor hydrothermal fluid with oxygenated seawater. As rifting intensified, the shelf was downfaulted and isolated as a graben. Isolation of the basin and onset of starved-basin shale sedimentation was concurrent with emplacement of mafic-ultramafic intrusives at shallow levels in the rift, resulting in an increasingly higher temperature and progressively more anoxic ore-forming environment. The formation of the main stage of massive sulfide ores began as the supply of bacterially reduced sulfur increased in the accumulating shales. As the main-stage mineralization intensified, shale sedimentation inundated the hydrothermal system, eventually forming a cap. Biogenic sulfate reduction supplied reduced sulfur to the base of the shales where mixing occurred with hot, base-metal-rich hydrothermal fluids. Ore deposition continued by destruction and epigenetic replacement of the early white ores in proximal areas and by inflation and diagenetic replacement of unlithified shale at the interface between the white ores and the base of the shale cap. Ore deposition waned as the shales became lithified and as the supply of bacterially reduced sulfur to the site of ore deposition ceased. The final stages of rifting resulted in the emplacement of mafic-ultramafic intrusive rocks into the Greens Creek system and extrusion of voluminous basaltic flows at the top of the Triassic section. Greenschist facies metamorphism during the Jurassic-Cretaceous accretion of the Alexander terrane to the continental margin resulted in recrystalli","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/pp1763","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with Kennecott Greens Creek Mining Company","usgsCitation":"Taylor, C.D., and Johnson, C.A., 2010, Geology, geochemistry, and genesis of the Greens Creek massive sulfide deposit, Admiralty Island, southeastern Alaska: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1763, vi, 429 p.; 7 Plates; Plate 4-1: 28 inches x 36.53 inches; Plate 7-1: 54 inches x 68 inches; Plate 7-2A: 44 inches x 30 inches; Plate 7-2B: 65 inches x 32 inches; Plate 7-3: 54 inches x 68 inches; Plate 7-4: 23 inches x 36 inches; Plate 7-5: 54.01 inches x 68 inches; Down-load Chapter Files; Down-load Plate Files; Down-load Table Files; CDROM Zip file, https://doi.org/10.3133/pp1763.","productDescription":"vi, 429 p.; 7 Plates; Plate 4-1: 28 inches x 36.53 inches; Plate 7-1: 54 inches x 68 inches; Plate 7-2A: 44 inches x 30 inches; Plate 7-2B: 65 inches x 32 inches; Plate 7-3: 54 inches x 68 inches; Plate 7-4: 23 inches x 36 inches; Plate 7-5: 54.01 inches x 68 inches; Down-load Chapter Files; Down-load Plate Files; Down-load Table Files; CDROM Zip file","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":171,"text":"Central Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":115942,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/pp_1763.jpg"},{"id":14078,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1763/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"scale":"24000","projection":"Universal Transverse Mercator","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -134.75,58.05 ], [ -134.75,58.166666666666664 ], [ -135.58333333333334,58.166666666666664 ], [ -135.58333333333334,58.05 ], [ -134.75,58.05 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ac9e4b07f02db67c69b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Taylor, Cliff D. 0000-0001-6376-6298 ctaylor@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6376-6298","contributorId":1283,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Taylor","given":"Cliff","email":"ctaylor@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":171,"text":"Central Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":306098,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Johnson, Craig A. 0000-0002-1334-2996 cjohnso@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1334-2996","contributorId":909,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnson","given":"Craig","email":"cjohnso@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":35995,"text":"Geology, Geophysics, and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":211,"text":"Crustal Geophysics and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":171,"text":"Central Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":306097,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70101008,"text":"70101008 - 2010 - Wolves will not provide small-scale ecological restoration","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-04-04T11:09:18","indexId":"70101008","displayToPublicDate":"2010-09-01T09:47:12","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":997,"text":"BioScience","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Wolves will not provide small-scale ecological restoration","docAbstract":"Licht and colleagues (BioScience 60: 147–153) proposed a paradigm shift in wolf management to include the introductions of small, highly manipulated groups of wolves (Canis lupus) to confined natural areas to facilitate ecosystem recovery. Certainly, reductions or losses of apex predators from many regions worldwide have had profound effects on ecosystem characteristics (Soulé et al. 2003). Numerous efforts to restore or enhance predator populations through policy change or reintroductions have occurred, often with the intent to restore ecosystem function (Breitenmoser et al. 2001). However, in addition to the gargantuan technological and political challenges inherent in Licht and colleagues' proposal, we contend that intensively managed wolves will not restore natural ecosystem processes given the disparity in scale between these proposed actions and the ecosystem processes that wolves foster. Further, we note that predator-prey relationships are more complex than Licht suggested.
","language":"English","publisher":"Oxford Journals","doi":"10.1525/bio.2010.60.7.18","usgsCitation":"Belant, J.L., and Adams, L., 2010, Wolves will not provide small-scale ecological restoration: BioScience, v. 60, no. 7, p. 485-485, https://doi.org/10.1525/bio.2010.60.7.18.","productDescription":"1 p.","startPage":"485","endPage":"485","ipdsId":"IP-020505","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":475675,"rank":0,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"http://www.bioone.org/doi/10.1525/bio.2010.60.7.18","text":"External Repository"},{"id":285934,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"60","issue":"7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"535595e0e4b0120853e8c30e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Belant, Jerrold L.","contributorId":108394,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Belant","given":"Jerrold","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":35599,"text":"Carnivore Ecology Laboratory, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":492522,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Adams, Layne G. 0000-0001-6212-2896 ladams@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6212-2896","contributorId":2776,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Adams","given":"Layne G.","email":"ladams@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":117,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology WTEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":492521,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70156079,"text":"70156079 - 2010 - King eider use an income strategy for egg production: a case study for incorporating individual dietary variation into nutrient allocation research","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-08-19T12:02:43","indexId":"70156079","displayToPublicDate":"2010-09-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2932,"text":"Oecologia","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"King eider use an income strategy for egg production: a case study for incorporating individual dietary variation into nutrient allocation research","docAbstract":"The use of stored nutrients for reproduction represents an important component of life-history variation. Recent studies from several species have used stable isotopes to estimate the reliance on stored body reserves in reproduction. Such approaches rely on population-level dietary endpoints to characterize stored reserves (“capital”) and current diet (“income”). Individual variation in diet choice has so far not been incorporated in such approaches, but is crucial for assessing variation in nutrient allocation strategies. We investigated nutrient allocation to egg production in a large-bodied sea duck in northern Alaska, the king eider (Somateria spectabilis). We first used Bayesian isotopic mixing models to quantify at the population level the amount of endogenous carbon and nitrogen invested into egg proteins based on carbon and nitrogen isotope ratios. We then defined the isotopic signature of the current diet of every nesting female based on isotope ratios of eggshell membranes, because diets varied isotopically among individual king eiders on breeding grounds. We used these individual-based dietary isotope signals to characterize nutrient allocation for each female in the study population. At the population level, the Bayesian and the individual-based approaches yielded identical results, and showed that king eiders used an income strategy for the synthesis of egg proteins. The majority of the carbon and nitrogen in albumen (C: 86 ± 18%, N: 99 ± 1%) and the nitrogen in lipid-free yolk (90 ± 15%) were derived from food consumed on breeding grounds. Carbon in lipid-free yolk derived evenly from endogenous sources and current diet (exogenous C: 54 ± 24%), but source contribution was highly variable among individual females. These results suggest that even large-bodied birds traditionally viewed as capital breeders use exogenous nutrients for reproduction. We recommend that investigations of nutrient allocation should incorporate individual variation into mixing models to reveal intraspecific variation in reproductive strategies.
","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/s00442-010-1619-z","usgsCitation":"Oppel, S., Powell, A., and O’Brien, D.M., 2010, King eider use an income strategy for egg production: a case study for incorporating individual dietary variation into nutrient allocation research: Oecologia, v. 164, no. 1, p. 1-12, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00442-010-1619-z.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"1","endPage":"12","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-009260","costCenters":[{"id":199,"text":"Coop Res Unit Leetown","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":306939,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","geographicExtents":"{\"type\":\"FeatureCollection\",\"features\":[{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"MultiPolygon\",\"coordinates\":[[[[-162.255031,54.978353],[-162.30058,54.832594],[-162.41737,54.877491],[-162.255031,54.978353]]],[[[-160.0179,55.15613],[-159.889174,55.287138],[-159.905365,55.164689],[-159.816419,55.178051],[-160.183466,54.91568],[-160.191392,55.108574],[-160.0179,55.15613]]],[[[-159.455311,55.061452],[-159.328791,54.980598],[-159.426615,54.942266],[-159.455311,55.061452]]],[[[-161.718614,55.154166],[-161.608634,55.116906],[-161.862504,55.127598],[-161.718614,55.154166]]],[[[-160.506927,55.32773],[-160.486174,55.193617],[-160.806009,55.12567],[-160.797147,55.381521],[-160.344369,55.362962],[-160.330722,55.261045],[-160.506927,55.32773]]],[[[-160.21178,55.455862],[-160.141834,55.387154],[-160.27997,55.395905],[-160.21178,55.455862]]],[[[-165.790523,54.171758],[-165.714198,54.120815],[-166.098255,54.103538],[-166.002465,54.213629],[-165.790523,54.171758]]],[[[-165.523466,54.299895],[-165.405377,54.212837],[-165.629725,54.132558],[-165.681458,54.236914],[-165.523466,54.299895]]],[[[-162.801865,54.48944],[-162.588883,54.450064],[-162.611891,54.368077],[-162.86005,54.425452],[-162.801865,54.48944]]],[[[-170.286318,57.128169],[-170.311707,57.219122],[-170.161647,57.229656],[-170.286318,57.128169]]],[[[178.785825,51.633434],[179.462765,51.376176],[178.634021,51.623981],[178.785825,51.633434]]],[[[-176.762478,51.867878],[-176.789558,51.957211],[-176.603598,51.997056],[-176.543309,51.838624],[-176.268243,51.785498],[-176.930952,51.59247],[-176.918065,51.788003],[-176.762478,51.867878]]],[[[-177.800647,51.778294],[-177.909185,51.596671],[-178.172666,51.839985],[-177.615311,51.85508],[-177.800647,51.778294]]],[[[-177.360408,51.727533],[-177.631523,51.696844],[-177.099266,51.936119],[-177.13096,51.762772],[-177.360408,51.727533]]],[[[177.601645,52.016377],[177.235523,51.87326],[177.661607,52.112746],[177.601645,52.016377]]],[[[179.758993,51.946595],[179.649484,51.87367],[179.482464,51.982834],[179.758993,51.946595]]],[[[-174.301818,52.278949],[-174.408277,52.289872],[-174.185347,52.417788],[-173.989415,52.325275],[-174.177679,52.233638],[-174.090169,52.139119],[-175.27485,52.018619],[-174.301818,52.278949]]],[[[-173.602446,52.153773],[-173.019588,52.097881],[-173.511915,52.031278],[-174.04675,52.122403],[-173.602446,52.153773]]],[[[173.587554,52.476785],[173.769503,52.512072],[173.725696,52.356579],[173.3955,52.402647],[173.587554,52.476785]]],[[[172.763366,52.823656],[172.469022,52.911337],[173.107249,52.993228],[173.421682,52.845477],[172.763366,52.823656]]],[[[-168.211705,53.256184],[-169.041338,52.839348],[-168.617143,53.260985],[-168.366519,53.252024],[-168.315847,53.481729],[-167.816998,53.517947],[-167.872879,53.36736],[-168.211705,53.256184]]],[[[-166.728918,54.003111],[-166.57509,53.879236],[-166.373689,54.01003],[-166.210964,53.933557],[-166.547438,53.749404],[-166.119922,53.855048],[-166.111317,53.776856],[-166.656234,53.487119],[-167.798984,53.284757],[-167.102305,53.515077],[-167.16164,53.605909],[-167.041245,53.707929],[-166.779991,53.719126],[-167.141966,53.826932],[-166.728918,54.003111]]],[[[-169.553937,56.608682],[-169.473138,56.601741],[-169.75575,56.591922],[-169.553937,56.608682]]],[[[-165.721389,60.16962],[-165.539367,59.965175],[-166.157071,59.748886],[-167.111785,59.989349],[-167.421489,60.205431],[-166.847438,60.213592],[-166.124379,60.414253],[-165.697326,60.297238],[-165.721389,60.16962]]],[[[-173.052751,60.515252],[-172.951862,60.605671],[-172.269754,60.333887],[-172.595895,60.318233],[-173.052751,60.515252]]],[[[-160.918586,58.746935],[-160.700627,58.817368],[-160.880515,58.581325],[-161.07563,58.549916],[-160.918586,58.746935]]],[[[-151.930565,60.51632],[-151.839194,60.485862],[-152.079995,60.341191],[-151.930565,60.51632]]],[[[-131.246018,54.989555],[-131.253671,54.866779],[-131.469097,54.913153],[-131.246018,54.989555]]],[[[-131.759896,55.381845],[-131.748334,55.128588],[-131.870568,55.364553],[-131.759896,55.381845]]],[[[-158.800682,55.891025],[-158.7036,55.841532],[-158.889198,55.810123],[-158.800682,55.891025]]],[[[-131.56956,55.284114],[-131.350575,55.067042],[-131.579882,55.017576],[-131.56956,55.284114]]],[[[-133.344847,55.569327],[-133.289854,55.50187],[-133.609073,55.241486],[-133.690174,55.304409],[-133.733029,55.558757],[-133.644202,55.470815],[-133.344847,55.569327]]],[[[-133.104304,55.426907],[-133.416549,55.739647],[-133.701152,55.78516],[-133.347915,55.803943],[-133.384089,55.87677],[-133.799931,55.925349],[-133.548802,56.14284],[-133.593728,56.352192],[-133.094977,56.250583],[-132.146062,55.470346],[-132.514798,55.576767],[-132.608786,55.486348],[-132.408317,55.512522],[-132.166857,55.363039],[-132.214912,55.2457],[-131.979818,55.211787],[-132.180334,55.015557],[-131.984592,55.027978],[-131.999591,54.731975],[-132.142277,54.691674],[-132.55839,54.932612],[-132.598675,55.150482],[-132.748854,54.996007],[-133.119294,55.251405],[-132.909706,54.923594],[-132.650001,54.904387],[-132.676226,54.680865],[-132.866355,54.700386],[-133.21042,55.040269],[-133.223791,55.229317],[-133.473593,55.255547],[-133.021557,55.366336],[-133.104304,55.426907]]],[[[-147.483828,60.618636],[-147.487635,60.728092],[-147.3087,60.665274],[-147.483828,60.618636]]],[[[-147.217704,60.293504],[-146.962633,60.311911],[-147.533041,59.852401],[-147.912883,59.79224],[-147.217704,60.293504]]],[[[-147.562801,60.579821],[-147.720124,60.202002],[-147.908985,60.224359],[-147.782548,60.4833],[-147.562801,60.579821]]],[[[-132.977163,56.439673],[-132.634335,56.422174],[-132.662081,56.274795],[-133.010587,56.309492],[-132.977163,56.439673]]],[[[-135.631777,58.380673],[-135.538502,58.337842],[-135.727908,58.365444],[-135.631777,58.380673]]],[[[-134.713987,58.220748],[-134.215981,58.162128],[-133.832895,57.635733],[-134.202353,57.90633],[-133.870327,57.381298],[-134.565687,57.023737],[-134.646773,57.226327],[-134.578511,57.400291],[-134.486023,57.372492],[-134.969189,58.367542],[-134.713987,58.220748]]],[[[-155.656727,55.860872],[-155.564404,55.809476],[-155.718593,55.772356],[-155.656727,55.860872]]],[[[-152.24289,58.241192],[-152.265111,58.135732],[-152.562829,58.177979],[-152.706831,58.050577],[-153.075746,58.099571],[-152.876788,58.002307],[-152.982406,57.984697],[-153.419783,58.059638],[-153.156402,58.090087],[-153.209672,58.15035],[-152.610955,58.475775],[-152.56771,58.621304],[-152.354709,58.63828],[-152.493991,58.354684],[-152.328063,58.434372],[-151.964103,58.269049],[-152.081083,58.154275],[-152.24289,58.241192]]],[[[-153.940505,56.558317],[-154.343096,56.510171],[-154.223759,56.612955],[-153.940505,56.558317]]],[[[-152.417424,57.815464],[-152.324284,57.824444],[-152.468172,57.600996],[-152.179531,57.624809],[-152.323683,57.467861],[-152.9663,57.51217],[-152.601148,57.382165],[-153.079288,57.32196],[-152.97091,57.282624],[-153.163333,57.216713],[-152.874839,57.16095],[-153.301142,56.991192],[-153.328206,57.141993],[-153.675981,57.06983],[-153.543429,56.995245],[-153.97178,56.744861],[-154.129017,56.742168],[-153.804787,57.113158],[-154.298965,56.846479],[-154.574343,57.239919],[-154.777368,57.280008],[-154.629678,57.510197],[-154.22566,57.661366],[-153.994572,57.656905],[-153.802932,57.350896],[-153.877756,57.629529],[-153.667261,57.639008],[-153.93522,57.813047],[-153.721176,57.890615],[-153.557647,57.734741],[-153.324872,57.831048],[-153.528697,57.921717],[-153.469421,57.977282],[-153.127278,57.856748],[-153.299009,57.985626],[-152.723425,57.99172],[-152.904312,57.750825],[-152.415177,57.973081],[-152.324103,57.916604],[-152.417424,57.815464]]],[[[-134.283312,55.925175],[-134.173104,55.918519],[-134.327238,55.83644],[-134.283312,55.925175]]],[[[-134.121514,56.069847],[-134.224073,56.065223],[-134.292353,56.352644],[-134.067466,56.390987],[-134.089604,56.472582],[-134.401407,56.725419],[-134.339168,56.90183],[-134.19095,56.861675],[-134.273113,56.933823],[-133.76778,56.780469],[-133.713331,56.598298],[-133.895746,56.511217],[-133.971228,56.083293],[-134.054411,56.224854],[-134.121514,56.069847]]],[[[-132.546463,56.606563],[-132.984751,56.51264],[-133.325392,56.791864],[-133.089388,56.535474],[-133.603669,56.435413],[-133.689996,56.839421],[-134.049218,57.029203],[-133.104611,57.005701],[-132.546463,56.606563]]],[[[-134.666587,56.169947],[-135.054049,56.527658],[-135.005249,56.602252],[-135.398678,56.779201],[-135.372021,57.228003],[-135.674687,57.336747],[-135.526036,57.509697],[-134.849477,57.40967],[-134.615955,56.637289],[-134.666587,56.169947]]],[[[-135.587961,57.89732],[-135.29156,57.737468],[-134.929726,57.759203],[-134.824891,57.500067],[-135.025148,57.454315],[-135.571606,57.674397],[-135.669416,57.389296],[-135.892131,57.408048],[-136.563223,58.035052],[-136.354836,58.192279],[-136.404805,58.267232],[-136.239246,58.171913],[-135.823562,58.282975],[-135.522646,58.185909],[-135.581753,57.997568],[-135.420107,58.144202],[-134.912854,57.979287],[-135.140674,57.926114],[-134.991819,57.835436],[-135.19896,57.775092],[-135.587961,57.89732]]],[[[-135.703464,57.32204],[-135.575722,57.104231],[-135.854131,56.995043],[-135.755997,57.121225],[-135.849974,57.265895],[-135.703464,57.32204]]],[[[-162.587754,63.275727],[-162.252411,63.541753],[-161.310181,63.471312],[-160.809089,63.731332],[-160.976038,64.235761],[-161.492926,64.407851],[-161.388621,64.532783],[-161.024185,64.499719],[-160.783398,64.71716],[-161.149655,64.911985],[-161.42986,64.759027],[-162.188146,64.672395],[-162.790167,64.325182],[-162.940776,64.542417],[-163.217757,64.632062],[-163.311983,64.58828],[-163.033231,64.519314],[-163.175336,64.399334],[-163.597834,64.563356],[-165.001961,64.433917],[-166.189546,64.575798],[-166.451788,64.691761],[-166.410198,64.827968],[-166.530518,64.937114],[-166.911922,65.125965],[-166.521506,65.149242],[-166.439404,65.319058],[-167.398458,65.400259],[-168.127044,65.626584],[-165.80503,66.33331],[-164.400727,66.58111],[-163.754171,66.551284],[-163.904813,66.230303],[-164.046937,66.209404],[-163.623921,66.058281],[-161.838018,66.022582],[-161.548429,66.239912],[-161.067871,66.235164],[-161.360743,66.375943],[-161.912946,66.344436],[-161.87488,66.511446],[-162.501415,66.742503],[-162.601052,66.898455],[-162.271769,66.904144],[-162.013623,66.779406],[-162.033156,66.631585],[-161.624334,66.450143],[-161.326349,66.478371],[-161.86618,66.704978],[-161.719587,66.916898],[-161.485121,66.945647],[-161.62216,67.008146],[-163.69887,67.114443],[-163.878781,67.416125],[-164.209816,67.639079],[-166.784578,68.340431],[-166.305962,68.46154],[-166.222496,68.860441],[-163.973678,68.985044],[-163.137614,69.352178],[-163.016456,69.538142],[-163.118176,69.589156],[-162.916958,69.692512],[-163.010545,69.728109],[-161.922949,70.291599],[-160.839536,70.344534],[-159.209082,70.870067],[-159.132483,70.828359],[-159.290577,70.811262],[-159.13779,70.758609],[-157.768452,70.875842],[-156.56865,71.352561],[-155.513987,71.096794],[-155.95205,70.964831],[-155.969194,70.827982],[-155.543031,70.847175],[-155.03174,71.146473],[-154.61605,71.026182],[-154.577386,70.835335],[-154.181863,70.768325],[-153.23848,70.922467],[-152.259966,70.84282],[-152.187197,70.801546],[-152.471531,70.68884],[-152.433781,70.616926],[-151.695162,70.549675],[-151.91921,70.472686],[-151.844375,70.434959],[-149.461755,70.518271],[-147.681722,70.199954],[-145.842689,70.164102],[-144.902304,69.96451],[-143.574986,70.154598],[-142.746807,70.042531],[-141.377718,69.634631],[-141.002672,69.645609],[-141.00184,60.306105],[-139.989142,60.18524],[-139.738924,60.31842],[-139.086669,60.357654],[-139.200346,60.090701],[-137.604277,59.243057],[-137.526424,58.906834],[-136.581521,59.164909],[-136.474326,59.464194],[-136.234229,59.524731],[-136.256889,59.623646],[-135.477436,59.799626],[-135.254125,59.701339],[-135.027456,59.563692],[-134.961972,59.280376],[-134.702383,59.247836],[-134.250526,58.858046],[-133.379908,58.427909],[-133.461475,58.385526],[-132.29792,57.269469],[-132.371312,57.095229],[-132.051044,57.051155],[-132.080262,56.850926],[-131.9301,56.835211],[-131.849898,56.661227],[-130.102761,56.116696],[-130.023189,55.930665],[-130.150595,55.767031],[-129.982348,55.302079],[-130.409764,54.881192],[-130.854966,54.766341],[-131.093806,55.191335],[-130.925069,55.300713],[-130.901872,55.69738],[-131.093956,55.895675],[-131.243491,55.973689],[-130.94683,55.650716],[-130.959772,55.315892],[-131.000594,55.398012],[-131.160492,55.197481],[-131.263089,55.208318],[-131.191595,55.360527],[-131.402931,55.238065],[-131.828446,55.445214],[-131.664629,55.581525],[-131.713742,55.853263],[-131.828176,55.877284],[-131.936689,55.535151],[-132.183207,55.588128],[-132.283594,55.761774],[-132.067412,55.875078],[-131.943402,56.192557],[-132.320487,55.887648],[-132.708697,56.112124],[-132.543076,56.332276],[-132.382793,56.299203],[-132.394268,56.485579],[-132.204367,56.372086],[-132.371589,56.672473],[-132.528446,56.702056],[-132.432385,56.782385],[-132.770404,56.837486],[-132.91197,56.966651],[-132.813684,57.030218],[-133.466932,57.159356],[-133.489738,57.305192],[-133.287052,57.30292],[-133.475998,57.380394],[-133.478086,57.56173],[-133.66439,57.611707],[-133.65855,57.707924],[-133.234598,57.608749],[-134.049603,58.062027],[-134.087674,58.181952],[-134.631203,58.247446],[-135.368331,59.263275],[-135.295084,59.08761],[-135.38931,58.990528],[-135.142322,58.61637],[-135.056227,58.189884],[-135.433061,58.399899],[-135.90731,58.380839],[-136.120307,58.968418],[-136.150772,58.757266],[-136.247343,58.752935],[-136.877826,58.962392],[-136.928643,58.900131],[-136.463258,58.781607],[-136.422309,58.647412],[-136.246368,58.663185],[-136.041818,58.380161],[-136.70125,58.219416],[-137.608804,58.601234],[-138.131,59.002613],[-139.855565,59.53666],[-139.51818,59.687814],[-139.625896,59.904084],[-139.486032,60.012407],[-140.272266,59.700609],[-141.423134,59.877329],[-141.299609,59.937397],[-141.384318,60.071598],[-141.73624,59.961905],[-142.698419,60.093333],[-144.035037,60.020202],[-144.59088,59.795581],[-144.052539,60.041759],[-144.892815,60.292821],[-144.964135,60.444466],[-145.113885,60.300978],[-145.9469,60.455395],[-145.712891,60.583249],[-146.689523,60.271279],[-146.637783,60.467178],[-145.795141,60.601121],[-145.841742,60.685893],[-146.253471,60.622315],[-146.101458,60.719277],[-146.191553,60.73199],[-146.668151,60.692761],[-146.183555,60.846969],[-146.262969,60.867787],[-146.801009,60.80516],[-146.653827,61.047752],[-146.262451,61.090246],[-146.613659,61.118799],[-147.378483,60.877845],[-147.525453,60.896057],[-147.514173,61.096127],[-147.66899,60.841563],[-148.134384,60.791268],[-147.715826,61.249669],[-148.426951,60.827113],[-148.384491,60.687754],[-148.148059,60.758536],[-148.091712,60.676249],[-148.30652,60.550702],[-148.115163,60.596029],[-147.942106,60.444029],[-148.025994,60.279029],[-148.171278,60.335266],[-148.362497,60.221849],[-147.913221,60.132576],[-148.016432,59.999344],[-147.848469,60.078962],[-147.917935,59.985997],[-148.225235,59.950195],[-148.148011,59.994952],[-148.274241,60.013318],[-148.293213,60.151289],[-148.401601,59.9976],[-149.133115,60.044918],[-149.287588,59.906506],[-149.341584,60.076762],[-149.584254,59.866905],[-149.526358,59.703258],[-149.666147,59.850527],[-149.746364,59.860881],[-149.74622,59.637585],[-150.028296,59.788652],[-149.928962,59.723245],[-150.392481,59.387265],[-150.316945,59.585285],[-150.478742,59.458498],[-150.547729,59.590331],[-150.942212,59.233136],[-151.915684,59.227522],[-151.991618,59.313617],[-151.826047,59.439049],[-151.272459,59.555823],[-150.927312,59.793431],[-151.503822,59.633662],[-151.829137,59.720151],[-151.71801,60.009473],[-151.30609,60.387257],[-151.40927,60.720558],[-150.353702,61.031822],[-150.217179,60.930001],[-149.111617,60.878949],[-150.039304,61.144291],[-149.429513,61.447165],[-149.542776,61.489995],[-149.919682,61.26347],[-150.646221,61.296689],[-151.783271,60.868713],[-151.702833,60.727778],[-151.860179,60.753282],[-152.309221,60.506384],[-152.234199,60.393888],[-152.715881,60.241274],[-152.596784,60.101071],[-152.745083,59.904232],[-153.225937,59.858343],[-153.021945,59.834133],[-153.214156,59.634271],[-153.366613,59.633729],[-153.439977,59.784652],[-153.577828,59.555991],[-154.087803,59.367967],[-154.260121,59.14302],[-153.254798,58.861756],[-153.445002,58.70931],[-153.851432,58.611872],[-154.291163,58.13568],[-154.990431,58.013424],[-155.37861,57.710766],[-155.617188,57.769715],[-155.731412,57.555546],[-156.044031,57.564455],[-156.036722,57.470941],[-156.481632,57.338705],[-156.551239,57.2908],[-156.336427,57.336081],[-156.355401,57.159679],[-156.5472,56.986488],[-157.201724,56.767511],[-157.45759,56.848204],[-157.536486,56.615317],[-158.042012,56.596744],[-157.859766,56.483668],[-158.402954,56.455193],[-158.498837,56.38011],[-158.112718,56.240286],[-158.475258,56.093405],[-158.417889,56.036796],[-158.575042,56.121129],[-158.737009,55.953313],[-159.472801,55.83905],[-159.696713,55.573306],[-159.627482,55.803248],[-159.81107,55.85657],[-160.410823,55.66538],[-160.481633,55.489068],[-160.909625,55.52414],[-161.231535,55.357452],[-161.445196,55.368103],[-161.376102,55.569794],[-161.587047,55.62006],[-161.878076,55.223599],[-162.041236,55.236806],[-162.053281,55.074212],[-162.489735,55.064849],[-162.4168,55.104096],[-162.584872,55.298386],[-162.692309,55.197313],[-162.569289,54.97124],[-162.881639,54.934785],[-163.165036,55.099214],[-163.226313,55.042694],[-163.067008,54.979302],[-163.373207,54.800841],[-163.057228,54.688101],[-163.344791,54.751211],[-163.572383,54.623211],[-164.179617,54.599188],[-164.41682,54.431713],[-164.844931,54.417583],[-164.949781,54.575697],[-164.48678,54.922441],[-163.568159,55.049145],[-163.318885,54.88012],[-163.268767,55.145465],[-162.86152,55.198339],[-161.816225,55.888993],[-160.898682,55.999014],[-160.814205,55.953834],[-160.940845,55.822529],[-160.806014,55.738241],[-160.668102,55.723556],[-160.769155,55.858268],[-160.293924,55.765556],[-160.273176,55.856881],[-160.534541,55.989498],[-160.357156,56.279582],[-158.957471,56.851184],[-158.660298,56.789015],[-158.659945,57.034585],[-158.376249,57.265542],[-157.786046,57.542189],[-157.573472,57.522732],[-157.703782,57.721768],[-157.596601,58.08867],[-157.39735,58.173383],[-157.524477,58.414506],[-156.980888,58.891031],[-158.190283,58.61371],[-158.512547,58.78311],[-158.487015,58.999872],[-158.179588,59.012245],[-158.522231,59.021763],[-158.789632,58.814257],[-158.827852,58.626432],[-158.704052,58.482759],[-158.880927,58.39067],[-159.657362,58.938712],[-159.908386,58.779903],[-160.322922,58.953953],[-160.31778,59.070477],[-161.751999,58.551842],[-162.171722,58.648441],[-161.769501,58.774937],[-161.828171,59.062702],[-162.048584,59.254177],[-161.738312,59.46701],[-162.453176,60.27854],[-162.1724,60.624038],[-162.571198,60.25189],[-162.453176,60.197639],[-162.503647,59.99923],[-163.349027,59.81989],[-164.079837,59.828034],[-164.1916,60.024496],[-165.129403,60.433707],[-164.961439,60.508391],[-165.362975,60.506866],[-164.97125,60.711434],[-164.945958,60.92106],[-165.132488,60.850145],[-165.194945,60.9739],[-164.87045,61.079564],[-165.2897,61.181714],[-165.403007,61.06706],[-165.578127,61.100361],[-165.662892,61.29457],[-165.921194,61.40308],[-165.767226,61.45695],[-165.807627,61.529171],[-166.165232,61.550618],[-166.158976,61.700437],[-165.82214,61.67061],[-166.092081,61.800733],[-165.640216,61.848041],[-165.706155,62.108365],[-164.837703,62.685267],[-164.783858,62.946154],[-164.493118,63.17767],[-164.066991,63.262276],[-163.316203,63.037763],[-162.587754,63.275727]]],[[[-169.267598,63.343995],[-168.692939,63.302282],[-168.818344,63.163224],[-169.396308,63.136617],[-169.638309,62.937527],[-170.512102,63.341881],[-171.067663,63.424579],[-171.433319,63.307578],[-171.849984,63.485039],[-171.699647,63.781728],[-170.950817,63.570127],[-170.281988,63.68502],[-169.974858,63.470618],[-169.267598,63.343995]]],[[[-162.614621,63.621832],[-162.341892,63.594062],[-162.676581,63.555648],[-162.614621,63.621832]]]]},\"properties\":{\"name\":\"Alaska\",\"nation\":\"USA \"}}]}","volume":"164","issue":"1","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":9,"text":"Reston PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2010-04-04","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"55d5a8b2e4b0518e3546a4d0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Oppel, Steffen","contributorId":44432,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Oppel","given":"Steffen","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":568605,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Powell, Abby N. abby_powell@usgs.gov","contributorId":2534,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Powell","given":"Abby N.","email":"abby_powell@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":13117,"text":"Institute of Arctic Biology, University of Alaska Fairbanks","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":568603,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"O’Brien, Diane M.","contributorId":66173,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"O’Brien","given":"Diane","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":568604,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":98614,"text":"ofr20101147 - 2010 - Stream-sediment samples reanalyzed for major, rare earth, and trace elements from ten 1:250,000-scale quadrangles, south-central Alaska, 2007-08","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-08-19T21:25:47","indexId":"ofr20101147","displayToPublicDate":"2010-08-21T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2010-1147","title":"Stream-sediment samples reanalyzed for major, rare earth, and trace elements from ten 1:250,000-scale quadrangles, south-central Alaska, 2007-08","docAbstract":"During the 1960s through the 1980s, the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) conducted reconnaissance geochemical surveys of the drainage basins throughout most of the Anchorage, Bering Glacier, Big Delta, Gulkana, Healy, McCarthy, Mount Hayes, Nabesna, Talkeetna Mountains, and Valdez 1:250,000-scale quadrangles in Alaska as part of the Alaska Mineral Resource Assessment Program (AMRAP). These geochemical surveys provide data necessary to assess the potential for undiscovered mineral resources on public and other lands, and provide data that may be used to determine regional-scale element baselines. This report provides new data for 366 of the previously collected stream-sediment samples. These samples were selected for reanalysis because recently developed analytical methods can detect additional elements of interest and have lower detection limits than the methods used when these samples were originally analyzed. These samples were all analyzed for arsenic by hydride generation atomic absorption spectrometry (HGAAS), for gold, palladium, and platinum by inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry after lead button fire assay separation (FA/ICP-MS), and for a suite of 55 major, rare earth, and trace elements by inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectrometry and inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-AES-MS) after sodium peroxide sinter at 450 degrees Celsius. \r\n","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr20101147","usgsCitation":"Bailey, E.A., Shew, N.B., Labay, K., Schmidt, J.M., O’Leary, R.M., and Detra, D.E., 2010, Stream-sediment samples reanalyzed for major, rare earth, and trace elements from ten 1:250,000-scale quadrangles, south-central Alaska, 2007-08: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2010-1147, iv, 6 p.; XLS Table; Metadata; Location map of stream sediment samples, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20101147.","productDescription":"iv, 6 p.; XLS Table; Metadata; Location map of stream sediment samples","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":200331,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":14013,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2010/1147/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"projection":"Albers equal-area conic","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -150.5,60.5 ], [ -150.5,64.5 ], [ -141,64.5 ], [ -141,60.5 ], [ -150.5,60.5 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b15e4b07f02db6a502e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bailey, Elizabeth A.","contributorId":104005,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bailey","given":"Elizabeth","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":305912,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Shew, Nora B. 0000-0003-0025-7220 nshew@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0025-7220","contributorId":3382,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shew","given":"Nora","email":"nshew@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[{"id":119,"text":"Alaska Science Center Geology Minerals","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":305909,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Labay, Keith A. 0000-0002-6763-3190 klabay@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6763-3190","contributorId":2097,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Labay","given":"Keith A.","email":"klabay@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":119,"text":"Alaska Science Center Geology Minerals","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":305913,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Schmidt, Jeanine M. jschmidt@usgs.gov","contributorId":3138,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schmidt","given":"Jeanine","email":"jschmidt@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":119,"text":"Alaska Science Center Geology Minerals","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":305908,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"O’Leary, Richard M.","contributorId":19936,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"O’Leary","given":"Richard","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":305911,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Detra, David E.","contributorId":17342,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Detra","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":305910,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":98610,"text":"ofr20101181 - 2010 - Kittlitz’s and Marbled Murrelets in Kenai Fjords National Park, south-central Alaska: At-sea distribution, abundance, and foraging habitat, 2006–08","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-04-23T10:27:27","indexId":"ofr20101181","displayToPublicDate":"2010-08-21T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2010-1181","title":"Kittlitz’s and Marbled Murrelets in Kenai Fjords National Park, south-central Alaska: At-sea distribution, abundance, and foraging habitat, 2006–08","docAbstract":"Kittlitz’s murrelets (Brachyramphus brevirostris) and marbled murrelets (B. marmoratus) are small diving seabirds and are of management concern because of population declines in coastal Alaska. In 2006–08, we conducted a study in Kenai Fjords National Park, south-central Alaska, to estimate the recent population size of Brachyramphus murrelets, to evaluate productivity based on juvenile to adult ratios during the fledgling season, and to describe and compare their use of marine habitat. We also attempted a telemetry study to examine Kittlitz’s murrelet nesting habitat requirements and at-sea movements. We estimated that the Kittlitz’s murrelet population was 671 ± 144 birds, and the marbled murrelet population was 5,855 ± 1,163 birds. Kittlitz’s murrelets were limited to the heads of three fjords with tidewater glaciers, whereas marbled murrelets were more widely distributed. Population estimates for both species were lower in 2007 than in 2006 and 2008, possibly because of anomalous oceanographic conditions that may have delayed breeding phenology. During late season surveys, we observed few hatch-year marbled murrelets and only a single hatch-year Kittlitz’s murrelet over the course of the study. Using radio telemetry, we found a likely Kittlitz’s murrelet breeding site on a mountainside bordering one of the fjords. We never observed radio-tagged Kittlitz’s murrelets greater than 10 kilometer from their capture sites, suggesting that their foraging range during breeding is narrow. We observed differences in oceanography between fjords, reflecting differences in sill characteristics and orientation relative to oceanic influence. Acoustic biomass, a proxy for zooplankton and small schooling fish, generally decreased with distance from glaciers in Northwestern Lagoon, but was more variable in Aialik Bay where dense forage fish schools moved into glacial areas late in the summer. Pacific herring (Clupea pallasii), capelin (Mallotus villosus) and Pacific sand lance (Ammodytes hexapterus) were important forage species for murrelets in Kenai Fjords. Euphausiids also may have been an important forage resource for Kittlitz’s murrelets in turbid glacial outflows in shallow waters during daytime. Marbled murrelets generally were more tolerant to a wider range of foraging habitat conditions although they tended to avoid the ice-covered silty waters close to glaciers. In contrast, Kittlitz’s murrelets preferred areas where the influence of tidewater glaciers was the greatest and where their distribution was determined largely by prey availability. This work highlights an important link between interannual variability in murrelet counts at sea and mesoscale oceanographic conditions that influence marine productivity and prey distribution.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20101181","usgsCitation":"Arimitsu, M.L., Piatt, J.F., Romano, M.D., Madison, E., and Conaway, J.S., 2010, Kittlitz’s and Marbled Murrelets in Kenai Fjords National Park, south-central Alaska: At-sea distribution, abundance, and foraging habitat, 2006–08: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2010-1181, viii, 68 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20101181.","productDescription":"viii, 68 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":116069,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr_2010_1181.jpg"},{"id":14009,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2010/1181/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":353644,"rank":3,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2010/1181/pdf/ofr20101181.pdf","text":"Report","size":"7.5 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -151.33333333333334,59 ], [ -151.33333333333334,60 ], [ -149.33333333333334,60 ], [ -149.33333333333334,59 ], [ -151.33333333333334,59 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b28e4b07f02db6b14ce","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Arimitsu, Mayumi L. 0000-0001-6982-2238 marimitsu@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6982-2238","contributorId":140501,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Arimitsu","given":"Mayumi","email":"marimitsu@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":116,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology MFEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":305890,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Piatt, John F. 0000-0002-4417-5748 jpiatt@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4417-5748","contributorId":3025,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Piatt","given":"John","email":"jpiatt@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[{"id":117,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology WTEB","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":116,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology MFEB","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":305894,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Romano, Marc D.","contributorId":73528,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Romano","given":"Marc","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":305893,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Madison, E.N.","contributorId":44641,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Madison","given":"E.N.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":305891,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Conaway, Jeffrey S. 0000-0002-3036-592X jconaway@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3036-592X","contributorId":2026,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Conaway","given":"Jeffrey","email":"jconaway@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":120,"text":"Alaska Science Center Water","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":305892,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":98608,"text":"pp1776A - 2010 - Reconnaissance study of the Taylor Mountains pluton, southwestern Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-10T00:11:56","indexId":"pp1776A","displayToPublicDate":"2010-08-19T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1776","chapter":"A","title":"Reconnaissance study of the Taylor Mountains pluton, southwestern Alaska","docAbstract":"The Taylor Mountains pluton is a Late Cretaceous to early Tertiary (median age 65 + or ? 2 Ma) epizonal, composite biotite granite stock located about 235 km (145 mi) northeast of Dillingham in southwestern Alaska. This 30 km2 (12 mi2) pluton has sharp and discordant contacts with hornfels that developed in Upper Cretaceous clastic sedimentary rocks of the Kuskokwim Group. The three intrusive phases in the Taylor Mountains pluton, in order of emplacement, are (1) porphyritic granite containing large K-feldspar phenocrysts in a coarse-grained groundmass, (2) porphyritic granite containing large K-feldspar and smaller, but still coarse, plagioclase, quartz, and biotite phenocrysts in a fine-grained groundmass, and (3) fine-grained, leucocratic, equigranular granite. The porphyritic granites have different emplacement histories, but similar compositions; averages are 69.43 percent SiO2, 1.62 percent CaO, 5.23 percent FeO+MgO, 3.11 percent Na2O, and 4.50 percent K2O. The fine-grained, equigranular granite is distinctly felsic compared to porphyritic granite; it averages 75.3 percent SiO2, 0.49 percent CaO, 1.52 percent FeO+MgO, 3.31 percent Na2O, and 4.87 percent K2O. Many trace elements including Ni, Cr, Sc, V, Ba, Sr, Zr, Y, Nb, La, Ce, Th, and Nd are strongly depleted in fine-grained equigranular granite. Trace elements are not highly enriched in any of the granites. Known hydrothermal alteration is limited to one tourmaline-quartz replacement zone in porphyritic granite. Mineral deposits in the Taylor Mountains area are primarily placer gold (plus wolframite, cassiterite, and cinnabar); sources for these likely include scattered veins in hornfels peripheral to the Taylor Mountain pluton. The granite magmas that formed the Taylor Mountains pluton are thought to represent melted continental crust that possibly formed in response to high heat flow in the waning stage of Late Cretaceous subduction beneath interior Alaska. ","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/pp1776A","collaboration":"Studies by the U.S. Geological Survey in Alaska, 2008?2009","usgsCitation":"Hudson, T.L., Miller, M.L., Klimasauskas, E.P., and Layer, P.W., 2010, Reconnaissance study of the Taylor Mountains pluton, southwestern Alaska: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1776, iv, 12 p.; Appendices, https://doi.org/10.3133/pp1776A.","productDescription":"iv, 12 p.; Appendices","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":116067,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/pp_1776_a.jpg"},{"id":14007,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1776/a/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -159,60 ], [ -159,61 ], [ -156,61 ], [ -156,60 ], [ -159,60 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a60e4b07f02db63542c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hudson, Travis L.","contributorId":28288,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hudson","given":"Travis","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":305882,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Miller, Marti L. 0000-0003-0285-4942 mlmiller@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0285-4942","contributorId":561,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Miller","given":"Marti","email":"mlmiller@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":119,"text":"Alaska Science Center Geology Minerals","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":305881,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Klimasauskas, Edward P.","contributorId":80366,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Klimasauskas","given":"Edward","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":305884,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Layer, Paul W.","contributorId":59483,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Layer","given":"Paul","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":305883,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":98607,"text":"pp1776 - 2010 - Studies by the U.S. Geological Survey in Alaska, 2008-2009","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":99209,"text":"pp1776B - 2011 - The Cannery Formation: Devonian to Early Permian arc-marginal deposits within the Alexander Terrane, southeastern Alaska","indexId":"pp1776B","publicationYear":"2011","noYear":false,"chapter":"B","title":"The Cannery Formation: Devonian to Early Permian arc-marginal deposits within the Alexander Terrane, southeastern Alaska"},"predicate":"IS_PART_OF","object":{"id":98607,"text":"pp1776 - 2010 - Studies by the U.S. Geological Survey in Alaska, 2008-2009","indexId":"pp1776","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"title":"Studies by the U.S. Geological Survey in Alaska, 2008-2009"},"id":1},{"subject":{"id":70004842,"text":"pp1776C - 2011 - Depositional setting and geochemistry of phosphorites and metalliferous black shales in the Carboniferous-Permian Lisburne Group, Northern Alaska","indexId":"pp1776C","publicationYear":"2011","noYear":false,"chapter":"C","title":"Depositional setting and geochemistry of phosphorites and metalliferous black shales in the Carboniferous-Permian Lisburne Group, Northern Alaska"},"predicate":"IS_PART_OF","object":{"id":98607,"text":"pp1776 - 2010 - Studies by the U.S. Geological Survey in Alaska, 2008-2009","indexId":"pp1776","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"title":"Studies by the U.S. Geological Survey in Alaska, 2008-2009"},"id":2},{"subject":{"id":70094503,"text":"pp1776E - 2014 - Geochronology of plutonic rocks and their tectonic terranes in Glacier Bay National Park and Preserve, southeast Alaska","indexId":"pp1776E","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"chapter":"E","title":"Geochronology of plutonic rocks and their tectonic terranes in Glacier Bay National Park and Preserve, southeast Alaska"},"predicate":"IS_PART_OF","object":{"id":98607,"text":"pp1776 - 2010 - Studies by the U.S. Geological Survey in Alaska, 2008-2009","indexId":"pp1776","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"title":"Studies by the U.S. Geological Survey in Alaska, 2008-2009"},"id":3}],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-05-07T21:09:54","indexId":"pp1776","displayToPublicDate":"2010-08-19T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1776","title":"Studies by the U.S. Geological Survey in Alaska, 2008-2009","docAbstract":"The collection of papers that follow continues the series of U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) investigative reports in Alaska under the broad umbrella of the geologic sciences. This series represents new and sometimes-preliminary findings that are of interest to Earth scientists in academia, government, and industry; to land and resource managers; and to the general public. The reports presented in Studies by the U.S. Geological Survey in Alaska cover a broad spectrum of topics from various parts of the State, serving to emphasize the diversity of USGS efforts to meet the Nation's needs for Earth-science information in Alaska. This professional paper is one of a series of 'online only' versions of Studies by the U.S. Geological Survey in Alaska, reflecting the current trend toward disseminating research results on the World Wide Web with rapid posting of completed reports. \r\n","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/pp1776","usgsCitation":"Dumoulin, J.A., and Galloway, J., 2010, Studies by the U.S. Geological Survey in Alaska, 2008-2009: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1776, Downloads Directory, https://doi.org/10.3133/pp1776.","productDescription":"Downloads Directory","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","temporalStart":"2008-01-01","temporalEnd":"2009-12-31","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":116062,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/PP_1776.jpg"},{"id":14006,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1776/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -179.9,54.5 ], [ -179.9,71.5 ], [ -130,71.5 ], [ -130,54.5 ], [ -179.9,54.5 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b1be4b07f02db6a8ad2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Dumoulin, Julie A. 0000-0003-1754-1287 dumoulin@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1754-1287","contributorId":203209,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dumoulin","given":"Julie","email":"dumoulin@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":119,"text":"Alaska Science Center Geology Minerals","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":305880,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Galloway, John","contributorId":47038,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Galloway","given":"John","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":305879,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":98595,"text":"ofr20101176 - 2010 - Arctic sea ice decline: Projected changes in timing and extent of sea ice in the Bering and Chukchi Seas","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-09-22T19:13:14.422696","indexId":"ofr20101176","displayToPublicDate":"2010-08-13T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2010-1176","title":"Arctic sea ice decline: Projected changes in timing and extent of sea ice in the Bering and Chukchi Seas","docAbstract":"The Arctic region is warming faster than most regions of the world due in part to increasing greenhouse gases and positive feedbacks associated with the loss of snow and ice cover. One consequence has been a rapid decline in Arctic sea ice over the past 3 decades?a decline that is projected to continue by state-of-the-art models. Many stakeholders are therefore interested in how global warming may change the timing and extent of sea ice Arctic-wide, and for specific regions. To inform the public and decision makers of anticipated environmental changes, scientists are striving to better understand how sea ice influences ecosystem structure, local weather, and global climate. Here, projected changes in the Bering and Chukchi Seas are examined because sea ice influences the presence of, or accessibility to, a variety of local resources of commercial and cultural value. In this study, 21st century sea ice conditions in the Bering and Chukchi Seas are based on projections by 18 general circulation models (GCMs) prepared for the fourth reporting period by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) in 2007. Sea ice projections are analyzed for each of two IPCC greenhouse gas forcing scenarios: the A1B `business as usual? scenario and the A2 scenario that is somewhat more aggressive in its CO2 emissions during the second half of the century. A large spread of uncertainty among projections by all 18 models was constrained by creating model subsets that excluded GCMs that poorly simulated the 1979-2008 satellite record of ice extent and seasonality. \r\n\r\nAt the end of the 21st century (2090-2099), median sea ice projections among all combinations of model ensemble and forcing scenario were qualitatively similar. June is projected to experience the least amount of sea ice loss among all months. For the Chukchi Sea, projections show extensive ice melt during July and ice-free conditions during August, September, and October by the end of the century, with high agreement among models. High agreement also accompanies projections that the Chukchi Sea will be completely ice covered during February, March, and April at the end of the century. Large uncertainties, however, are associated with the timing and amount of partial ice cover during the intervening periods of melt and freeze. For the Bering Sea, median March ice extent is projected to be about 25 percent less than the 1979-1988 average by mid-century and 60 percent less by the end of the century. The ice-free season in the Bering Sea is projected to increase from its contemporary average of 5.5 months to a median of about 8.5 months by the end of the century. A 3-month longer ice- free season in the Bering Sea is attained by a 1-month advance in melt and a 2-month delay in freeze, meaning the ice edge typically will pass through the Bering Strait in May and January at the end of the century rather than June and November as presently observed.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr20101176","usgsCitation":"Douglas, D., 2010, Arctic sea ice decline: Projected changes in timing and extent of sea ice in the Bering and Chukchi Seas: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2010-1176, iv, 32 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20101176.","productDescription":"iv, 32 p.","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":116048,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr_2010_1176.jpg"},{"id":13993,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2010/1176/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":407235,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_93884.htm"}],"country":"Russia, United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Bering Sea, Chukchi Sea","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -179.9,\n 55\n ],\n [\n -120,\n 55\n ],\n [\n -120,\n 80\n ],\n [\n -179.9,\n 80\n ],\n [\n -179.9,\n 55\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n 160,\n 55\n ],\n [\n 179.9,\n 55\n ],\n [\n 179.9,\n 80\n ],\n [\n 160,\n 80\n ],\n [\n 160,\n 55\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4abee4b07f02db674bb6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Douglas, David C. 0000-0003-0186-1104 ddouglas@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0186-1104","contributorId":150115,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Douglas","given":"David C.","email":"ddouglas@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":117,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology WTEB","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":116,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology MFEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":305829,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":98577,"text":"ofr20101164 - 2010 - Characteristics of fall chum salmon spawning habitat on a mainstem river in Interior Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-02T17:16:08","indexId":"ofr20101164","displayToPublicDate":"2010-08-10T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2010-1164","title":"Characteristics of fall chum salmon spawning habitat on a mainstem river in Interior Alaska","docAbstract":"Chum salmon (Oncorhynchus keta) are the most abundant species of salmon spawning in the Yukon River drainage system, and they support important personal use, subsistence, and commercial fisheries. Chum salmon returning to the Tanana River in Interior Alaska are a significant contribution to the overall abundance of Yukon River chum salmon and an improved understanding of habitat use is needed to improve conservation of this important resource. We characterized spawning habitat of chum salmon using the mainstem Tanana River as part of a larger study to document spawning distributions and habitat use in this river. Areas of spawning activity were located using radiotelemetry and aerial helicopter surveys. At 11 spawning sites in the mainstem Tanana River, we recorded inter-gravel and surface-water temperatures and vertical hydraulic gradient (an indication of the direction of water flux) in substrate adjacent to salmon redds. At all locations, vertical hydraulic gradient adjacent to redds was positive, indicating that water was upwelling through the gravel. Inter-gravel temperatures adjacent to redds generally were warmer than surface water at most locations and were more stable than surface-water temperature. Inter-gravel water temperature adjacent to redds ranged from 2.6 to 5.8 degrees Celsius, whereas surface-water temperature ranged from greater than 0 to 5.5 degrees Celsius. Some sites were affected more by extremes in air temperature than others. At these sites, inter-gravel water temperature profiles were variable (with ranges similar to those observed in surface water), suggesting that even though upwelling habitats provide a stable thermal incubation environment, eggs and embryos still may be affected by extremes in air temperature. Fine sand and silt covered redds at multiple sites and were evidence of increased river flow during the winter months, which may be a potential source of increased mortality during egg-to-fry development. This study provides documentation of spawning by fall chum salmon and is the first study to continuously measure inter-gravel water temperature at sites in the mainstem Tanana River. \r\n","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr20101164","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Alaska Department of Fish and Game ","usgsCitation":"Burril, S., Zimmerman, C.E., and Finn, J.E., 2010, Characteristics of fall chum salmon spawning habitat on a mainstem river in Interior Alaska: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2010-1164, iv, 20 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20101164.","productDescription":"iv, 20 p.","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":199477,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":13975,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2010/1164/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49e3e4b07f02db5e50f1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Burril, Sean E.","contributorId":56183,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Burril","given":"Sean E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":305790,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Zimmerman, Christian E. 0000-0002-3646-0688 czimmerman@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3646-0688","contributorId":410,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zimmerman","given":"Christian","email":"czimmerman@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":120,"text":"Alaska Science Center Water","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":116,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology MFEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":305788,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Finn, James E.","contributorId":11157,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Finn","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":305789,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ]}