Answers for many critical water-related issues require solid-phase water-quality data that are representative, accurate, and consistent. Collection of suspended sediment samples for subsequent analyses of solid-phase constituents that represent water-column sediment concentrations requires use of appropriate isokinetic samplers and sampling techniques (Davis, 2005a). Recent review of field and laboratory data indicates that the Federal Interagency Sedimentation Project (FISP) collapsible bag-type sediment samplers may not function isokinetically under certain low velocity and/or low temperature conditions. Updated guidance and operational limits for FISP bag-type samplers were issued in FISP Memorandum 2013.01 (2013). This paper describes new information and guidance for operation of FISP bag-type samplers and ongoing efforts to further characterize the factors that influence bag-type sampler efficiency.
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Proceedings of the 5th Federal Interagency Hydrologic Modeling Conference and the 10th Federal Interagency Sedimentation Conference","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"conferenceTitle":"3rd Joint Federal Interagency Conference on Sedimentation and Hydrologic Modeling","conferenceDate":"April 19-23, 2015","conferenceLocation":"Reno, NV","language":"English","publisher":"SEDHYD 2015 Conference Proceedings","usgsCitation":"Landers, M.N., Sabol, T.A., Manning, M.A., Anderson, J.R., and Sannes, C., 2015, New information and guidance for collapsible bag-type sediment samplers, in Proceedings of the 5th Federal Interagency Hydrologic Modeling Conference and the 10th Federal Interagency Sedimentation Conference, Reno, NV, April 19-23, 2015, p. 458-467.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"458","endPage":"467","ipdsId":"IP-062083","costCenters":[{"id":37786,"text":"WMA - Observing Systems Division","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":361642,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":361641,"rank":1,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://acwi.gov/sos/pubs/3rdJFIC/Proceedings.pdf"}],"publishingServiceCenter":{"id":9,"text":"Reston PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Landers, Mark N. 0000-0002-3014-0480 landers@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3014-0480","contributorId":1103,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Landers","given":"Mark","email":"landers@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[{"id":502,"text":"Office of Surface Water","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":758305,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Sabol, Thomas A. 0000-0002-4299-2285 tsabol@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4299-2285","contributorId":3403,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sabol","given":"Thomas","email":"tsabol@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":568,"text":"Southwest Biological Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":758306,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Manning, Michael A. mmanning@usgs.gov","contributorId":1994,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Manning","given":"Michael","email":"mmanning@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":24708,"text":"Lower Mississippi-Gulf Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":758308,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Anderson, Jessica R. 0000-0002-3286-7552 jranderson@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3286-7552","contributorId":193158,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Anderson","given":"Jessica","email":"jranderson@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":128,"text":"Arizona Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":758309,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Sannes, Corey","contributorId":213701,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sannes","given":"Corey","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":128,"text":"Arizona Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":758310,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70137511,"text":"70137511 - 2015 - Numerical computation of hurricane effects on historic coastal hydrology in Southern Florida","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-07-15T13:40:34","indexId":"70137511","displayToPublicDate":"2015-01-01T12:45:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1460,"text":"Ecological Processes","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Numerical computation of hurricane effects on historic coastal hydrology in Southern Florida","docAbstract":"Introduction
\nNumerical models are critical for assessing the effects of sea level rise (SLR), hurricanes, and storm surge on vegetation change in the Everglades National Park. The model must be capable of representing short-timescale hydrodynamics, salinity transport, and groundwater interaction. However, there is also a strong need to adapt these numerical models to hindcast past conditions in order to examine long-term effects on the distribution of vegetation that cannot be determined using only the modern record.
\nMethods
\nBased on parameters developed for a numerical model developed for the recent 1996 to 2004 period, a hindcast model was developed to represent sea level and water management for the period of 1926 to 1932, constrained by the limited hydrology and meteorology data available from the historic past. Realistic hurricane-wind and storm surge representations, required for the hindcast model, are based on information synthesized from modern storm data. A series of simulation scenarios with various hurricane representations inserted into both hindcast and recent numerical models were used to assess the utility of the storm representation in the model and compare the two simulations.
\nResults
\nThe comparison of the hindcast and recent models showed differences in the hydrology patterns that are consistent with known differences in water delivery systems and sea level rise. A 30x lower-resolution spatially variable wind grid for the hindcast produced similar results to the original high-resolution full wind grid representation of the recent simulation. Storm effects on hydrologic patterns demonstrated with the simulations show hydrologic processes that could have a long-term effect on vegetation change.
\nConclusions
\nThe hindcast simulation estimated hydrologic processes for the 1926 to 1932 period. It shows promise as a simulator in long-term ecological studies to test hypotheses based on theoretical or empirical-based studies at larger landscape scales.
","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","publisherLocation":"Heidelberg","doi":"10.1186/s13717-014-0028-3","usgsCitation":"Swain, E.D., Krohn, M.D., and Langtimm, C.A., 2015, Numerical computation of hurricane effects on historic coastal hydrology in Southern Florida: Ecological Processes, v. 4, no. 4, p. 1-20, https://doi.org/10.1186/s13717-014-0028-3.","productDescription":"20 p.","startPage":"1","endPage":"20","numberOfPages":"20","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-052939","costCenters":[{"id":269,"text":"FLWSC-Ft. Lauderdale","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":472354,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s13717-014-0028-3","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":299454,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Florida","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -82.716064453125,\n 27.381523191705053\n ],\n [\n -82.232666015625,\n 26.43122806450644\n ],\n [\n -81.112060546875,\n 25.045792240303445\n ],\n [\n -80.26611328125,\n 25.16517336866393\n ],\n [\n -80.057373046875,\n 25.720735134412106\n ],\n [\n -79.969482421875,\n 26.79465448763808\n ],\n [\n -80.540771484375,\n 28.323724553546015\n ],\n [\n -82.716064453125,\n 27.381523191705053\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"4","issue":"4","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":8,"text":"Raleigh PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2015-02-12","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5524ffb0e4b027f0aee3d47f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Swain, Eric D. 0000-0001-7168-708X edswain@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7168-708X","contributorId":1538,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Swain","given":"Eric","email":"edswain@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":27821,"text":"Caribbean-Florida Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":537827,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Krohn, M. Dennis dkrohn@usgs.gov","contributorId":3378,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Krohn","given":"M.","email":"dkrohn@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"Dennis","affiliations":[{"id":574,"text":"St. Petersburg Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":537828,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Langtimm, Catherine A. 0000-0001-8499-5743 clangtimm@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8499-5743","contributorId":3045,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Langtimm","given":"Catherine","email":"clangtimm@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":17705,"text":"Wetland and Aquatic Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":566,"text":"Southeast Ecological Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":537829,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70157352,"text":"70157352 - 2015 - Evaluation of airborne lidar elevation surfaces for propagation of coastal inundation: the importance of hydrologic connectivity","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-01-18T10:08:03","indexId":"70157352","displayToPublicDate":"2015-01-01T12:30:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3250,"text":"Remote Sensing","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Evaluation of airborne lidar elevation surfaces for propagation of coastal inundation: the importance of hydrologic connectivity","docAbstract":"Detailed information about coastal inundation is vital to understanding dynamic and populated areas that are impacted by storm surge and flooding. To understand these natural hazard risks, lidar elevation surfaces are frequently used to model inundation in coastal areas. A single-value surface method is sometimes used to inundate areas in lidar elevation surfaces that are below a specified elevation value. However, such an approach does not take into consideration hydrologic connectivity between elevation grids cells resulting in inland areas that should be hydrologically connected to the ocean, but are not. Because inland areas that should drain to the ocean are hydrologically disconnected by raised features in a lidar elevation surface, simply raising the water level to propagate coastal inundation will lead to inundation uncertainties. We took advantage of this problem to identify hydrologically disconnected inland areas to point out that they should be considered for coastal inundation, and that a lidar-based hydrologic surface should be developed with hydrologic connectivity prior to inundation analysis. The process of achieving hydrologic connectivity with hydrologic-enforcement is not new, however, the application of hydrologically-enforced lidar elevation surfaces for improved coastal inundation mapping as approached in this research is innovative. In this article, we propagated a high-resolution lidar elevation surface in coastal Staten Island, New York to demonstrate that inland areas lacking hydrologic connectivity to the ocean could potentially be included in inundation delineations. For inland areas that were hydrologically disconnected, we evaluated if drainage to the ocean was evident, and calculated an area exceeding 11 ha (~0.11 km2) that could be considered in inundation delineations. We also assessed land cover for each inland area to determine the type of physical surfaces that would be potentially impacted if the inland areas were considered as part of a coastal inundation. A visual analysis indicated that developed, medium intensity and palustrine forested wetland land cover types would be impacted for those locations. This article demonstrates that hydrologic connectivity is an important factor to consider when inundating a lidar elevation surface. This information is needed for inundation monitoring and management in sensitive coastal regions.
","language":"English","publisher":"Molecular Diversity Preservation International","publisherLocation":"Basel, Switzerland","doi":"10.3390/rs70911695","usgsCitation":"Poppenga, S.K., and Worstell, B.B., 2015, Evaluation of airborne lidar elevation surfaces for propagation of coastal inundation: the importance of hydrologic connectivity: Remote Sensing, v. 7, no. 9, p. 11695-11711, https://doi.org/10.3390/rs70911695.","productDescription":"17 p.","startPage":"11695","endPage":"11711","numberOfPages":"17","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-066299","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":472358,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs70911695","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":308441,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"7","issue":"9","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":4,"text":"Rolla PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2015-09-14","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5603cd3be4b03bc34f544afd","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Poppenga, Sandra K. 0000-0002-2846-6836 spoppenga@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2846-6836","contributorId":3327,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Poppenga","given":"Sandra","email":"spoppenga@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":186,"text":"Coastal and Marine Geology Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":223,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center (Geography)","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":572815,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Worstell, Bruce B. 0000-0001-8927-3336 worstell@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8927-3336","contributorId":1815,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Worstell","given":"Bruce","email":"worstell@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[{"id":223,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center (Geography)","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":572816,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70157418,"text":"70157418 - 2015 - Multiscale hydrogeomorphic influences on bull trout (Salvelinus confluentus) spawning habitat","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-09-23T10:13:27","indexId":"70157418","displayToPublicDate":"2015-01-01T11:15:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1169,"text":"Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Multiscale hydrogeomorphic influences on bull trout (Salvelinus confluentus) spawning habitat","docAbstract":"We investigated multiscale hydrogeomorphic influences on the distribution and abundance of bull trout (Salvelinus confluentus) spawning in snowmelt-dominated streams of the upper Flathead River basin, northwestern Montana. Within our study reaches, bull trout tended to spawn in the finest available gravel substrates. Analysis of the mobility of these substrates, based on one-dimensional hydraulic modeling and calculation of dimensionless shear stresses, indicated that bed materials in spawning reaches would be mobilized at moderate (i.e., 2-year recurrence interval) high-flow conditions, although the asynchronous timing of the fall–winter egg incubation period and typical late spring – early summer snowmelt high flows in our study area may limit susceptibility to redd scour under current hydrologic regimes. Redd occurrence also tended to be associated with concave-up bedforms (pool tailouts) with downwelling intragravel flows. Streambed temperatures tracked stream water diurnal temperature cycles to a depth of at least 25 cm, averaging 6.1–8.1 °C in different study reaches during the spawning period. Ground water provided thermal moderation of stream water for several high-density spawning reaches. Bull trout redds were more frequent in unconfined alluvial valley reaches (8.5 versus 5.0 redds·km−1 in confined valley reaches), which were strongly influenced by hyporheic and groundwater – stream water exchange. A considerable proportion of redds were patchily distributed in confined valley reaches, however, emphasizing the influence of local physical conditions in supporting bull trout spawning habitat. Moreover, narrowing or “bounding” of these alluvial valley segments did not appear to be important. Our results suggest that geomorphic, thermal, and hydrological factors influence bull trout spawning occurrence at multiple spatial scales.
","language":"English","publisher":"National Research Council Canada","publisherLocation":"Ottawa","doi":"10.1139/cjfas-2013-0534","usgsCitation":"Bean, J.R., Wilcox, A., Woessner, W.W., and Muhlfeld, C.C., 2015, Multiscale hydrogeomorphic influences on bull trout (Salvelinus confluentus) spawning habitat: Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, v. 72, no. 4, p. 514-526, https://doi.org/10.1139/cjfas-2013-0534.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"514","endPage":"526","numberOfPages":"13","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-052296","costCenters":[{"id":481,"text":"Northern Rocky Mountain Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":308423,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"72","issue":"4","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":2,"text":"Denver PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5603cd53e4b03bc34f544b2d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bean, Jared R","contributorId":147876,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Bean","given":"Jared","email":"","middleInitial":"R","affiliations":[{"id":16951,"text":"Department of Geosciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT 59812, USA","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":573094,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wilcox, Andrew C.","contributorId":25064,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wilcox","given":"Andrew C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":573095,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Woessner, William W.","contributorId":147877,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Woessner","given":"William","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":16951,"text":"Department of Geosciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT 59812, USA","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":573096,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Muhlfeld, Clint C. 0000-0002-4599-4059 cmuhlfeld@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4599-4059","contributorId":924,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Muhlfeld","given":"Clint","email":"cmuhlfeld@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":481,"text":"Northern Rocky Mountain Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":200,"text":"Coop Res Unit Seattle","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":573093,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70159517,"text":"ofr20131280T - 2015 - Geographic Information Systems (GIS) for la République Islamique de Mauritanie (PRISM-II) phase V (phase V, deliverable 92)","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":70159517,"text":"ofr20131280T - 2015 - Geographic Information Systems (GIS) for la République Islamique de Mauritanie (PRISM-II) phase V (phase V, deliverable 92)","indexId":"ofr20131280T","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"chapter":"T","title":"Geographic Information Systems (GIS) for la République Islamique de Mauritanie (PRISM-II) phase V (phase V, deliverable 92)"},"predicate":"IS_PART_OF","object":{"id":70160523,"text":"ofr20131280 - 2015 - Second Projet de Renforcement Institutionnel du Secteur Minier de la République Islamique de Mauritanie (PRISM-II) Phase V","indexId":"ofr20131280","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"title":"Second Projet de Renforcement Institutionnel du Secteur Minier de la République Islamique de Mauritanie (PRISM-II) Phase V"},"id":1}],"isPartOf":{"id":70160523,"text":"ofr20131280 - 2015 - Second Projet de Renforcement Institutionnel du Secteur Minier de la République Islamique de Mauritanie (PRISM-II) Phase V","indexId":"ofr20131280","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"title":"Second Projet de Renforcement Institutionnel du Secteur Minier de la République Islamique de Mauritanie (PRISM-II) Phase V"},"lastModifiedDate":"2022-12-08T16:55:22.019544","indexId":"ofr20131280T","displayToPublicDate":"2015-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2013-1280","chapter":"T","title":"Geographic Information Systems (GIS) for la République Islamique de Mauritanie (PRISM-II) phase V (phase V, deliverable 92)","docAbstract":"In 1996, at the request of the Government of the Islamic Republic of Mauritania, a team of U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) scientists produced a strategic plan for the acquisition, improvement and modernization of multidisciplinary sets of data to support the growth of the Mauritanian minerals sector and to highlight the geological and mineral exploration potential of the country. In 1999, the Ministry of Petroleum, Energy, and Mines of the Islamic Republic of Mauritania implemented a program for the acquisition of the recommended basic geoscientific information, termed the first Projet de Renforcement Institutionnel du Secteur Minier (Project for Institutional Capacity Building in the Mining Sector, PRISM-I). As a result of the PRISM-I efforts, a great deal of new geological, geophysical, geochemical, remote sensing, and hydrological data became available for evaluation and synthesis. However, the Ministry of Petroleum, Energy, and Mines recognized that additional work was required to extract the full benefit of the data before it could be of greatest use to the international community and of benefit to the Mauritanian minerals and development sector.
\nTo achieve this benefit, the Ministry of Petroleum, Energy, and Mines implemented a second Projet de Renforcement Institutionnel du Secteur Minier (PRISM-II) in 2006 to consolidate, synthesize, and interpret all of the existing data, create a new 1:1,000,000 scale geologic map, and define the mineral resource potential of the country. A consortium in which the USGS was the lead scientific agency carried out the majority of the PRISM-II work. In 2008, the USGS Mauritania Minerals Project was interrupted due to political changes in Mauritania. PRISM-II work resumed in 2011, and was completed in 2013 with the delivery of over 40 separate written reports and plates, an access file containing the Mauritanian National Mineral Deposits Database, and an interactive GIS containing all of the multi-disciplinary data and interpretive areas of mineral resource potential in Mauritania.
\nThis report contains the USGS results of the PRISM-II Mauritania Minerals Project and is presented in cooperation with the Ministry of Petroleum, Energy, and Mines of the Islamic Republic of Mauritania. The Report is composed of separate chapters consisting of multidisciplinary interpretive reports with accompanying plates on the geology, structure, geochronology, geophysics, hydrogeology, geochemistry, remote sensing (Landsat TM and ASTER), and SRTM and ASTER digital elevation models of Mauritania. The syntheses of these multidisciplinary data formed the basis for additional chapters containing interpretive reports on 12 different commodities and deposit types known to occur in Mauritania, accompanied by countrywide mineral resource potential maps of each commodity/deposit type. The commodities and deposit types represented include: (1) Ni, Cu, PGE, and Cr deposits hosted in ultramafic rocks; (2) orogenic, Carlin-like, and epithermal gold deposits; (3) polymetallic Pb-Zn-Cu vein deposits; (4) sediment-hosted Pb-Zn-Ag deposits of the SEDEX and Mississippi Valley-type; (5) sediment-hosted copper deposits; ( 6) volcanogenic massive sulfide deposits; (7) iron oxide copper-gold deposits; (8) uranium deposits; (9) Algoma-, Superior-, and oolitic-type iron deposits; (10) shoreline Ti-Zr placer deposits; (11) incompatible element deposits hosted in pegmatites, alkaline rocks, and carbonatites, and; (12) industrial mineral deposits. Additional chapters include the Mauritanian National Mineral Deposits Database are accompanied by an explanatory text and the Mauritania Minerals Project GIS that contains all of the interpretive layers created by USGS scientists. Raw data not in the public domain may be obtained from the Ministry of Petroleum, Energy, and Mines in Nouakchott, Mauritania.
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2015 - Second Projet de Renforcement Institutionnel du Secteur Minier de la République Islamique de Mauritanie (PRISM-II) Phase V","indexId":"ofr20131280","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"title":"Second Projet de Renforcement Institutionnel du Secteur Minier de la République Islamique de Mauritanie (PRISM-II) Phase V"},"id":1}],"isPartOf":{"id":70160523,"text":"ofr20131280 - 2015 - Second Projet de Renforcement Institutionnel du Secteur Minier de la République Islamique de Mauritanie (PRISM-II) Phase V","indexId":"ofr20131280","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"title":"Second Projet de Renforcement Institutionnel du Secteur Minier de la République Islamique de Mauritanie (PRISM-II) Phase V"},"lastModifiedDate":"2022-12-08T16:32:28.153188","indexId":"ofr20131280B1","displayToPublicDate":"2015-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2013-1280","chapter":"B1","title":"Crystalline basement map of Mauritania derived from filtered aeromagnetic data (deliverable 54_1), Aeromagnetic and geological structure map of Mauritania (phase V, deliverable 54_2), Maximum depth to basement map of Mauritania derived from Euler analysis of Aeromagnetic data (phase V, deliverable 54_3), and color composite image of radioelement data (added value)","docAbstract":"In 1996, at the request of the Government of the Islamic Republic of Mauritania, a team of U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) scientists produced a strategic plan for the acquisition, improvement and modernization of multidisciplinary sets of data to support the growth of the Mauritanian minerals sector and to highlight the geological and mineral exploration potential of the country. In 1999, the Ministry of Petroleum, Energy, and Mines of the Islamic Republic of Mauritania implemented a program for the acquisition of the recommended basic geoscientific information, termed the first Projet de Renforcement Institutionnel du Secteur Minier (Project for Institutional Capacity Building in the Mining Sector, PRISM-I). As a result of the PRISM-I efforts, a great deal of new geological, geophysical, geochemical, remote sensing, and hydrological data became available for evaluation and synthesis. However, the Ministry of Petroleum, Energy, and Mines recognized that additional work was required to extract the full benefit of the data before it could be of greatest use to the international community and of benefit to the Mauritanian minerals and development sector.
\nTo achieve this benefit, the Ministry of Petroleum, Energy, and Mines implemented a second Projet de Renforcement Institutionnel du Secteur Minier (PRISM-II) in 2006 to consolidate, synthesize, and interpret all of the existing data, create a new 1:1,000,000 scale geologic map, and define the mineral resource potential of the country. A consortium in which the USGS was the lead scientific agency carried out the majority of the PRISM-II work. In 2008, the USGS Mauritania Minerals Project was interrupted due to political changes in Mauritania. PRISM-II work resumed in 2011, and was completed in 2013 with the delivery of over 40 separate written reports and plates, an access file containing the Mauritanian National Mineral Deposits Database, and an interactive GIS containing all of the multi-disciplinary data and interpretive areas of mineral resource potential in Mauritania.
\nThis report contains the USGS results of the PRISM-II Mauritania Minerals Project and is presented in cooperation with the Ministry of Petroleum, Energy, and Mines of the Islamic Republic of Mauritania. The Report is composed of separate chapters consisting of multidisciplinary interpretive reports with accompanying plates on the geology, structure, geochronology, geophysics, hydrogeology, geochemistry, remote sensing (Landsat TM and ASTER), and SRTM and ASTER digital elevation models of Mauritania. The syntheses of these multidisciplinary data formed the basis for additional chapters containing interpretive reports on 12 different commodities and deposit types known to occur in Mauritania, accompanied by countrywide mineral resource potential maps of each commodity/deposit type. The commodities and deposit types represented include: (1) Ni, Cu, PGE, and Cr deposits hosted in ultramafic rocks; (2) orogenic, Carlin-like, and epithermal gold deposits; (3) polymetallic Pb-Zn-Cu vein deposits; (4) sediment-hosted Pb-Zn-Ag deposits of the SEDEX and Mississippi Valley-type; (5) sediment-hosted copper deposits; ( 6) volcanogenic massive sulfide deposits; (7) iron oxide copper-gold deposits; (8) uranium deposits; (9) Algoma-, Superior-, and oolitic-type iron deposits; (10) shoreline Ti-Zr placer deposits; (11) incompatible element deposits hosted in pegmatites, alkaline rocks, and carbonatites, and; (12) industrial mineral deposits. Additional chapters include the Mauritanian National Mineral Deposits Database are accompanied by an explanatory text and the Mauritania Minerals Project GIS that contains all of the interpretive layers created by USGS scientists. Raw data not in the public domain may be obtained from the Ministry of Petroleum, Energy, and Mines in Nouakchott, Mauritania.
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Data; Metadata, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20131280B1.","productDescription":"8 Plates: 54.0 x 60.0 inches; Data; Metadata","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-056844","costCenters":[{"id":387,"text":"Mineral Resources Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":319079,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr20131280B1.PNG"},{"id":319078,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2013/1280/GIS_and_Maps/Chapter_B1_deliverables_54_and_added_value-Geophysics/","text":"Maps, Data, and Metadata"}],"country":"Mauritania","geographicExtents":"{\"type\":\"FeatureCollection\",\"features\":[{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"Polygon\",\"coordinates\":[[[-12.17075,14.61683],[-12.83066,15.30369],[-13.43574,16.03938],[-14.09952,16.3043],[-14.57735,16.59826],[-15.13574,16.58728],[-15.62367,16.36934],[-16.12069,16.45566],[-16.4631,16.13504],[-16.54971,16.67389],[-16.27055,17.16696],[-16.14635,18.10848],[-16.25688,19.09672],[-16.37765,19.59382],[-16.27784,20.09252],[-16.53632,20.56787],[-17.06342,20.99975],[-16.84519,21.33332],[-12.9291,21.32707],[-13.11875,22.77122],[-12.87422,23.28483],[-11.93722,23.37459],[-11.96942,25.93335],[-8.68729,25.88106],[-8.6844,27.39574],[-4.92334,24.97457],[-6.45379,24.95659],[-5.97113,20.64083],[-5.48852,16.3251],[-5.31528,16.20185],[-5.53774,15.50169],[-9.55024,15.4865],[-9.70026,15.26411],[-10.08685,15.33049],[-10.65079,15.13275],[-11.3491,15.41126],[-11.66608,15.38821],[-11.83421,14.7991],[-12.17075,14.61683]]]},\"properties\":{\"name\":\"Mauritania\"}}]}","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":2,"text":"Denver PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"56f11b3be4b0f59b85ddc33a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Finn, Carol A. 0000-0002-6178-0405 cfinn@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6178-0405","contributorId":1326,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Finn","given":"Carol","email":"cfinn@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":211,"text":"Crustal Geophysics and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":622309,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Horton, John D. 0000-0003-2969-9073 jhorton@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2969-9073","contributorId":1227,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Horton","given":"John","email":"jhorton@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":171,"text":"Central Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":622310,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70160115,"text":"ofr20131280A1 - 2015 - Geologic map of Mauritania (phase V, deliverables 51a, 51b, and 51c)","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":70160115,"text":"ofr20131280A1 - 2015 - Geologic map of Mauritania (phase V, deliverables 51a, 51b, and 51c)","indexId":"ofr20131280A1","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"chapter":"A1","title":"Geologic map of Mauritania (phase V, deliverables 51a, 51b, and 51c)"},"predicate":"IS_PART_OF","object":{"id":70160523,"text":"ofr20131280 - 2015 - Second Projet de Renforcement Institutionnel du Secteur Minier de la République Islamique de Mauritanie (PRISM-II) Phase V","indexId":"ofr20131280","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"title":"Second Projet de Renforcement Institutionnel du Secteur Minier de la République Islamique de Mauritanie (PRISM-II) Phase V"},"id":1}],"isPartOf":{"id":70160523,"text":"ofr20131280 - 2015 - Second Projet de Renforcement Institutionnel du Secteur Minier de la République Islamique de Mauritanie (PRISM-II) Phase V","indexId":"ofr20131280","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"title":"Second Projet de Renforcement Institutionnel du Secteur Minier de la République Islamique de Mauritanie (PRISM-II) Phase V"},"lastModifiedDate":"2022-12-08T15:49:09.931377","indexId":"ofr20131280A1","displayToPublicDate":"2015-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2013-1280","chapter":"A1","title":"Geologic map of Mauritania (phase V, deliverables 51a, 51b, and 51c)","docAbstract":"In 1996, at the request of the Government of the Islamic Republic of Mauritania, a team of U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) scientists produced a strategic plan for the acquisition, improvement and modernization of multidisciplinary sets of data to support the growth of the Mauritanian minerals sector and to highlight the geological and mineral exploration potential of the country. In 1999, the Ministry of Petroleum, Energy, and Mines of the Islamic Republic of Mauritania implemented a program for the acquisition of the recommended basic geoscientific information, termed the first Projet de Renforcement Institutionnel du Secteur Minier (Project for Institutional Capacity Building in the Mining Sector, PRISM-I). As a result of the PRISM-I efforts, a great deal of new geological, geophysical, geochemical, remote sensing, and hydrological data became available for evaluation and synthesis. However, the Ministry of Petroleum, Energy, and Mines recognized that additional work was required to extract the full benefit of the data before it could be of greatest use to the international community and of benefit to the Mauritanian minerals and development sector.
\nTo achieve this benefit, the Ministry of Petroleum, Energy, and Mines implemented a second Projet de Renforcement Institutionnel du Secteur Minier (PRISM-II) in 2006 to consolidate, synthesize, and interpret all of the existing data, create a new 1:1,000,000 scale geologic map, and define the mineral resource potential of the country. A consortium in which the USGS was the lead scientific agency carried out the majority of the PRISM-II work. In 2008, the USGS Mauritania Minerals Project was interrupted due to political changes in Mauritania. PRISM-II work resumed in 2011, and was completed in 2013 with the delivery of over 40 separate written reports and plates, an access file containing the Mauritanian National Mineral Deposits Database, and an interactive GIS containing all of the multi-disciplinary data and interpretive areas of mineral resource potential in Mauritania.
\nThis report contains the USGS results of the PRISM-II Mauritania Minerals Project and is presented in cooperation with the Ministry of Petroleum, Energy, and Mines of the Islamic Republic of Mauritania. The Report is composed of separate chapters consisting of multidisciplinary interpretive reports with accompanying plates on the geology, structure, geochronology, geophysics, hydrogeology, geochemistry, remote sensing (Landsat TM and ASTER), and SRTM and ASTER digital elevation models of Mauritania. The syntheses of these multidisciplinary data formed the basis for additional chapters containing interpretive reports on 12 different commodities and deposit types known to occur in Mauritania, accompanied by countrywide mineral resource potential maps of each commodity/deposit type. The commodities and deposit types represented include: (1) Ni, Cu, PGE, and Cr deposits hosted in ultramafic rocks; (2) orogenic, Carlin-like, and epithermal gold deposits; (3) polymetallic Pb-Zn-Cu vein deposits; (4) sediment-hosted Pb-Zn-Ag deposits of the SEDEX and Mississippi Valley-type; (5) sediment-hosted copper deposits; ( 6) volcanogenic massive sulfide deposits; (7) iron oxide copper-gold deposits; (8) uranium deposits; (9) Algoma-, Superior-, and oolitic-type iron deposits; (10) shoreline Ti-Zr placer deposits; (11) incompatible element deposits hosted in pegmatites, alkaline rocks, and carbonatites, and; (12) industrial mineral deposits. Additional chapters include the Mauritanian National Mineral Deposits Database are accompanied by an explanatory text and the Mauritania Minerals Project GIS that contains all of the interpretive layers created by USGS scientists. Raw data not in the public domain may be obtained from the Ministry of Petroleum, Energy, and Mines in Nouakchott, Mauritania.
","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"Second projet de renforcement institutionnel du secteur minier de la République Islamique de Mauritanie (PRISM-II) (Open File Report 2013-1280)","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20131280A1","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Ministry of Petroleum, Energy, and Mines of the Islamic Republic of Mauritania","usgsCitation":"Bradley, D., Motts, H., Horton, J.D., Giles, S.A., and Taylor, C.D., 2015, Geologic map of Mauritania (phase V, deliverables 51a, 51b, and 51c): U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2013-1280, 3 Plates: 57.99 x 60.00 inches or smaller; Data; Metadata, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20131280A1.","productDescription":"3 Plates: 57.99 x 60.00 inches or smaller; Data; Metadata","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-056943","costCenters":[{"id":387,"text":"Mineral Resources Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":319009,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":319008,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2013/1280/GIS_and_Maps/Chapter_A1_deliverable_51-Geology/","text":"Map, Data, and Metadata"}],"country":"Mauritania","geographicExtents":"{\"type\":\"FeatureCollection\",\"features\":[{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"Polygon\",\"coordinates\":[[[-12.17075,14.61683],[-12.83066,15.30369],[-13.43574,16.03938],[-14.09952,16.3043],[-14.57735,16.59826],[-15.13574,16.58728],[-15.62367,16.36934],[-16.12069,16.45566],[-16.4631,16.13504],[-16.54971,16.67389],[-16.27055,17.16696],[-16.14635,18.10848],[-16.25688,19.09672],[-16.37765,19.59382],[-16.27784,20.09252],[-16.53632,20.56787],[-17.06342,20.99975],[-16.84519,21.33332],[-12.9291,21.32707],[-13.11875,22.77122],[-12.87422,23.28483],[-11.93722,23.37459],[-11.96942,25.93335],[-8.68729,25.88106],[-8.6844,27.39574],[-4.92334,24.97457],[-6.45379,24.95659],[-5.97113,20.64083],[-5.48852,16.3251],[-5.31528,16.20185],[-5.53774,15.50169],[-9.55024,15.4865],[-9.70026,15.26411],[-10.08685,15.33049],[-10.65079,15.13275],[-11.3491,15.41126],[-11.66608,15.38821],[-11.83421,14.7991],[-12.17075,14.61683]]]},\"properties\":{\"name\":\"Mauritania\"}}]}","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":2,"text":"Denver PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"56ed26b3e4b0f59b85db0a0c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bradley, Dwight 0000-0001-9116-5289 bradleyorchard2@gmail.com","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9116-5289","contributorId":2358,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bradley","given":"Dwight","email":"bradleyorchard2@gmail.com","affiliations":[{"id":171,"text":"Central Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":119,"text":"Alaska Science Center Geology Minerals","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":581945,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Motts, Holly","contributorId":149746,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Motts","given":"Holly","affiliations":[{"id":17810,"text":"Previously USGS, Anchorage, Alaska","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":581946,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Horton, John D. 0000-0003-2969-9073 jhorton@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2969-9073","contributorId":1227,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Horton","given":"John","email":"jhorton@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":171,"text":"Central Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":581947,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Giles, Stuart A. 0000-0002-8696-5078 sgiles@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8696-5078","contributorId":1233,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Giles","given":"Stuart","email":"sgiles@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":171,"text":"Central Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":387,"text":"Mineral Resources Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":581948,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Taylor, Cliff D. 0000-0001-6376-6298 ctaylor@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6376-6298","contributorId":1283,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Taylor","given":"Cliff","email":"ctaylor@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":171,"text":"Central Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":581949,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70161815,"text":"70161815 - 2015 - Land subsidence in the San Joaquin Valley, California, USA, 2007-14","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-04-25T10:26:26","indexId":"70161815","displayToPublicDate":"2015-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":5272,"text":"Proceedings of the International Association of Hydrological Sciences","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Land subsidence in the San Joaquin Valley, California, USA, 2007-14","docAbstract":"Rapid land subsidence was recently measured using multiple methods in two areas of the San Joaquin Valley (SJV): between Merced and Fresno (El Nido), and between Fresno and Bakersfield (Pixley). Recent land-use changes and diminished surface-water availability have led to increased groundwater pumping, groundwater-level declines, and land subsidence. Differential land subsidence has reduced the flow capacity of water-conveyance systems in these areas, exacerbating flood hazards and affecting the delivery of irrigation water.
Vertical land-surface changes during 2007–2014 were determined by using Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (InSAR), Continuous Global Positioning System (CGPS), and extensometer data. Results of the InSAR analysis indicate that about 7600 km2 subsided 50–540 mm during 2008–2010; CGPS and extensometer data indicate that these rates continued or accelerated through December 2014. The maximum InSAR-measured rate of 270 mm yr−1 occurred in the El Nido area, and is among the largest rates ever measured in the SJV. In the Pixley area, the maximum InSAR-measured rate during 2008–2010 was 90 mm yr−1. Groundwater was an important part of the water supply in both areas, and pumping increased when land use changed or when surface water was less available. This increased pumping caused groundwater-level declines to near or below historical lows during the drought periods 2007–2009 and 2012–present.
Long-term groundwater-level and land-subsidence monitoring in the SJV is critical for understanding the interconnection of land use, groundwater levels, and subsidence, and evaluating management strategies that help mitigate subsidence hazards to infrastructure while optimizing water supplies.
Advanced sensor technology is widely used in aquatic monitoring and research. Most applications focus on temporal variability, whereas spatial variability has been challenging to document. We assess the capability of water chemistry sensors embedded in a high-speed water intake system to document spatial variability. This new sensor platform continuously samples surface water at a range of speeds (0 to >45 km h–1) resulting in high-density, mesoscale spatial data. These novel observations reveal previously unknown variability in physical, chemical, and biological factors in streams, rivers, and lakes. By combining multiple sensors into one platform, we were able to detect terrestrial–aquatic hydrologic connections in a small dystrophic lake, to infer the role of main-channel vs backwater nutrient processing in a large river and to detect sharp chemical changes across aquatic ecosystem boundaries in a stream/lake complex. Spatial sensor data were verified in our examples by comparing with standard lab-based measurements of selected variables. Spatial fDOM data showed strong correlation with wet chemistry measurements of DOC, and optical NO3 concentrations were highly correlated with lab-based measurements. High-frequency spatial data similar to our examples could be used to further understand aquatic biogeochemical fluxes, ecological patterns, and ecosystem processes, and will both inform and benefit from fixed-site data.
","language":"English","publisher":"ACS Publications","doi":"10.1021/es504773x","usgsCitation":"Crawford, J.T., Loken, L., Casson, N.J., Smith, C., Stone, A.G., and Winslow, L.A., 2015, High-speed limnology: Using advanced sensors to investigate spatial variability in biogeochemistry and hydrology: Environmental Science & Technology, v. 49, no. 1, p. 442-450, https://doi.org/10.1021/es504773x.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"442","endPage":"450","ipdsId":"IP-060665","costCenters":[{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":472436,"rank":2,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1021/es504773x","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":335832,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Wisconsin","otherGeospatial":"Lake Mendota","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -89.40173033599879,\n 43.07347645438287\n ],\n [\n -89.38023693230257,\n 43.078382654645424\n ],\n [\n -89.36176603850066,\n 43.09800352757304\n ],\n [\n -89.36848272715585,\n 43.11614723923495\n ],\n [\n -89.37721442240766,\n 43.115656939360235\n ],\n [\n -89.36411687953026,\n 43.12938385089856\n ],\n [\n -89.37284857478208,\n 43.13575601287684\n ],\n [\n -89.4020661704318,\n 43.1313445868372\n ],\n [\n -89.40508868032673,\n 43.15486851517488\n ],\n [\n -89.41986539536839,\n 43.1507034790599\n ],\n [\n -89.43766462030436,\n 43.148253325220736\n ],\n [\n -89.439343792468,\n 43.130364226724964\n ],\n [\n -89.45479217637498,\n 43.114921482182126\n ],\n [\n -89.4866964474873,\n 43.10707605564116\n ],\n [\n -89.48568894418901,\n 43.08868439660202\n ],\n [\n -89.4645313749251,\n 43.07642022167718\n ],\n [\n -89.43262710381278,\n 43.08917491253359\n ],\n [\n -89.42826125618721,\n 43.07936384756135\n ],\n [\n -89.42053706423373,\n 43.074948355706226\n ],\n [\n -89.40173033599879,\n 43.07347645438287\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"49","issue":"1","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":2,"text":"Denver PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2014-12-08","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58ac0e30e4b0ce4410e7d600","chorus":{"doi":"10.1021/es504773x","url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es504773x","publisher":"American Chemical Society (ACS)","authors":"Crawford John T., Loken Luke C., Casson Nora J., Smith Colin, Stone Amanda G., Winslow Luke A.","journalName":"Environmental Science & Technology","publicationDate":"1/6/2015","auditedOn":"3/4/2016","publiclyAccessibleDate":"12/8/2014"},"contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Crawford, John T. 0000-0003-4440-6945 jtcrawford@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4440-6945","contributorId":4081,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Crawford","given":"John","email":"jtcrawford@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - 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2015 - River corridor science: Hydrologic exchange and ecological consequences from bedforms to basins","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-02-21T15:21:24","indexId":"70182234","displayToPublicDate":"2015-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3722,"text":"Water Resources Research","onlineIssn":"1944-7973","printIssn":"0043-1397","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"River corridor science: Hydrologic exchange and ecological consequences from bedforms to basins","docAbstract":"Previously regarded as the passive drains of watersheds, over the past 50 years, rivers have progressively been recognized as being actively connected with off-channel environments. These connections prolong physical storage and enhance reactive processing to alter water chemistry and downstream transport of materials and energy. Here we propose river corridor science as a concept that integrates downstream transport with lateral and vertical exchange across interfaces. Thus, the river corridor, rather than the wetted river channel itself, is an increasingly common unit of study. Main channel exchange with recirculating marginal waters, hyporheic exchange, bank storage, and overbank flow onto floodplains are all included under a broad continuum of interactions known as “hydrologic exchange flows.” Hydrologists, geomorphologists, geochemists, and aquatic and terrestrial ecologists are cooperating in studies that reveal the dynamic interactions among hydrologic exchange flows and consequences for water quality improvement, modulation of river metabolism, habitat provision for vegetation, fish, and wildlife, and other valued ecosystem services. The need for better integration of science and management is keenly felt, from testing effectiveness of stream restoration and riparian buffers all the way to reevaluating the definition of the waters of the United States to clarify the regulatory authority under the Clean Water Act. A major challenge for scientists is linking the small-scale physical drivers with their larger-scale fluvial and geomorphic context and ecological consequences. Although the fine scales of field and laboratory studies are best suited to identifying the fundamental physical and biological processes, that understanding must be successfully linked to cumulative effects at watershed to regional and continental scales.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1002/2015WR017617","usgsCitation":"Harvey, J., and Gooseff, M., 2015, River corridor science: Hydrologic exchange and ecological consequences from bedforms to basins: Water Resources Research, v. 51, no. 9, p. 6893-6922, https://doi.org/10.1002/2015WR017617.","productDescription":"30 p.","startPage":"6893","endPage":"6922","ipdsId":"IP-066971","costCenters":[{"id":436,"text":"National Research Program - Eastern Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":29789,"text":"John Wesley Powell Center for Analysis and Synthesis","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":335903,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"51","issue":"9","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":9,"text":"Reston PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2015-09-04","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58ad5fc2e4b01ccd54f8b523","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Harvey, Judson 0000-0002-2654-9873 jwharvey@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2654-9873","contributorId":140228,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Harvey","given":"Judson","email":"jwharvey@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":436,"text":"National Research Program - Eastern Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":670103,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Gooseff, Michael","contributorId":181942,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Gooseff","given":"Michael","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":670104,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70182466,"text":"70182466 - 2015 - Twentieth-century shifts in forest structure in California: Denser forests, smaller trees, and increased dominance of oaks","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-03-15T15:25:00","indexId":"70182466","displayToPublicDate":"2015-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3164,"text":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Twentieth-century shifts in forest structure in California: Denser forests, smaller trees, and increased dominance of oaks","docAbstract":"We document changes in forest structure between historical(1930s) and contemporary (2000s) surveys of California vegetation through comparisons of tree abundance and size across the state and within several ecoregions. Across California, tree density in forested regions increased by 30% between the two time periods, whereas forest biomass in the same regions declined, as indicated by a 19% reduction in basal area. These changes reflect a demographic shift in forest structure: larger trees (>61 cm diameter at breast height) have declined, whereas smaller trees ( < 30 cm) have increased. Large tree declines were found in all surveyed regions of California, whereas small tree increases were found in every region except the south and central coast. Large tree declines were more severe in areas experiencing greater increases in climaticwater deficit since the 1930s, based on a hydrologicmodel of water balance for historical climates through the 20th century. Forest composition in California in the last century has also shifted toward increased dominance by oaks relative to pines, a pattern consistent with warming and increased water stress, and also with paleohistoric shifts in vegetation in California over the last 150,000 y.","language":"English","publisher":"National Academy of Sciences","doi":"10.1073/pnas.1410186112","usgsCitation":"McIntyre, P.J., Thorne, J.H., Dolanc, C.R., Flint, A.L., Flint, L.E., Kelly, M., and Ackerly, D.D., 2015, Twentieth-century shifts in forest structure in California: Denser forests, smaller trees, and increased dominance of oaks: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, v. 112, no. 5, p. 1458-1463, https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1410186112.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"1458","endPage":"1463","ipdsId":"IP-059537","costCenters":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":472404,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index 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lflint@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7868-441X","contributorId":1184,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Flint","given":"Lorraine","email":"lflint@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":671199,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Kelly, Maggi","contributorId":14275,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kelly","given":"Maggi","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":671204,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Ackerly, David D.","contributorId":182417,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Ackerly","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":671205,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}} ,{"id":70187015,"text":"70187015 - 2015 - Stable-isotope and solute-chemistry approaches to flow characterization in a forested tropical watershed, Luquillo Mountains, Puerto Rico","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-04-19T10:34:45","indexId":"70187015","displayToPublicDate":"2015-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":835,"text":"Applied Geochemistry","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Stable-isotope and solute-chemistry approaches to flow characterization in a forested tropical watershed, Luquillo Mountains, Puerto Rico","docAbstract":"The prospect of changing climate has led to uncertainty about the resilience of forested mountain watersheds in the tropics. In watersheds where frequent, high rainfall provides ample runoff, we often lack understanding of how the system will respond under conditions of decreased rainfall or drought. Factors that govern water supply, such as recharge rates and groundwater storage capacity, may be poorly quantified. This paper describes 8-year data sets of water stable isotope composition (δ2H and δ18O) of precipitation (4 sites) and a stream (1 site), and four contemporaneous stream sample sets of solute chemistry and isotopes, used to investigate watershed response to precipitation inputs in the 1780-ha Río Mameyes basin in the Luquillo Mountains of northeastern Puerto Rico. Extreme δ2H and δ18O values from low-pressure storm systems and the deuterium excess (d-excess) were useful tracers of watershed response in this tropical system. A hydrograph separation experiment performed in June 2011 yielded different but complementary information from stable isotope and solute chemistry data. The hydrograph separation results indicated that 36% of the storm rain that reached the soil surface left the watershed in a very short time as runoff. Weathering-derived solutes indicated near-stream groundwater was displaced into the stream at the beginning of the event, followed by significant dilution. The more biologically active solutes exhibited a net flushing behavior. The d-excess analysis suggested that streamflow typically has a recent rainfall component (∼25%) with transit time less than the sampling resolution of 7 days, and a more well-mixed groundwater component (∼75%). The contemporaneous stream sample sets showed an overall increase in dissolved solute concentrations with decreasing elevation that may be related to groundwater inputs, different geology, and slope position. A considerable amount of water from rain events runs off as quickflow and bypasses subsurface watershed flowpaths, and better understanding of shallow hillslope and deeper groundwater processes in the watershed will require sub-weekly data and detailed transit time modeling. A combined isotopic and solute chemistry approach can guide further studies to a more comprehensive model of the hydrology, and inform decisions for managing water supply with future changes in climate and land use.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.apgeochem.2015.03.008","usgsCitation":"Scholl, M.A., Shanley, J.B., Murphy, S.F., Willenbring, J.K., Occhi, M., and Gonzalez, G., 2015, Stable-isotope and solute-chemistry approaches to flow characterization in a forested tropical watershed, Luquillo Mountains, Puerto Rico: Applied Geochemistry, v. 63, p. 484-497, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apgeochem.2015.03.008.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"484","endPage":"497","ipdsId":"IP-063619","costCenters":[{"id":436,"text":"National Research Program - Eastern Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":472425,"rank":0,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"https://escholarship.org/uc/item/4rh0q3tv","text":"External Repository"},{"id":339930,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"otherGeospatial":"Puerto Rico","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -65.96397399902344,\n 18.173254472950752\n ],\n [\n -65.6048583984375,\n 18.173254472950752\n ],\n [\n -65.6048583984375,\n 18.394927021680232\n ],\n [\n -65.96397399902344,\n 18.394927021680232\n ],\n [\n -65.96397399902344,\n 18.173254472950752\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"63","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":9,"text":"Reston PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58f877bbe4b0b7ea54521c32","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Scholl, Martha A. 0000-0001-6994-4614 mascholl@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6994-4614","contributorId":1920,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Scholl","given":"Martha","email":"mascholl@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":691897,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Shanley, James B. 0000-0002-4234-3437 jshanley@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4234-3437","contributorId":1953,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shanley","given":"James","email":"jshanley@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[{"id":405,"text":"NH/VT office of New England Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":466,"text":"New England Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":691898,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Murphy, Sheila F. 0000-0002-5481-3635 sfmurphy@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5481-3635","contributorId":1854,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Murphy","given":"Sheila","email":"sfmurphy@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":691899,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Willenbring, Jane K","contributorId":191115,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Willenbring","given":"Jane","email":"","middleInitial":"K","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":691900,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Occhi, Marcie","contributorId":191116,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Occhi","given":"Marcie","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":691901,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Gonzalez, Grizelle","contributorId":191117,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Gonzalez","given":"Grizelle","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":691902,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70189623,"text":"70189623 - 2015 - Numerical modeling of injection, stress and permeability enhancement during shear stimulation at the Desert Peak Enhanced Geothermal System","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-07-19T10:43:46","indexId":"70189623","displayToPublicDate":"2015-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2070,"text":"International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Numerical modeling of injection, stress and permeability enhancement during shear stimulation at the Desert Peak Enhanced Geothermal System","docAbstract":"Creation of an Enhanced Geothermal System relies on stimulation of fracture permeability through self-propping shear failure that creates a complex fracture network with high surface area for efficient heat transfer. In 2010, shear stimulation was carried out in well 27-15 at Desert Peak geothermal field, Nevada, by injecting cold water at pressure less than the minimum principal stress. An order-of-magnitude improvement in well injectivity was recorded. Here, we describe a numerical model that accounts for injection-induced stress changes and permeability enhancement during this stimulation. In a two-part study, we use the coupled thermo-hydrological-mechanical simulator FEHM to: (i) construct a wellbore model for non-steady bottom-hole temperature and pressure conditions during the injection, and (ii) apply these pressures and temperatures as a source term in a numerical model of the stimulation. In this model, a Mohr-Coulomb failure criterion and empirical fracture permeability is developed to describe permeability evolution of the fractured rock. The numerical model is calibrated using laboratory measurements of material properties on representative core samples and wellhead records of injection pressure and mass flow during the shear stimulation. The model captures both the absence of stimulation at low wellhead pressure (WHP ≤1.7 and ≤2.4 MPa) as well as the timing and magnitude of injectivity rise at medium WHP (3.1 MPa). Results indicate that thermoelastic effects near the wellbore and the associated non-local stresses further from the well combine to propagate a failure front away from the injection well. Elevated WHP promotes failure, increases the injection rate, and cools the wellbore; however, as the overpressure drops off with distance, thermal and non-local stresses play an ongoing role in promoting shear failure at increasing distance from the well.","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.ijrmms.2015.06.003","usgsCitation":"Dempsey, D., Kelkar, S., Davatzes, N., Hickman, S.H., and Moos, D., 2015, Numerical modeling of injection, stress and permeability enhancement during shear stimulation at the Desert Peak Enhanced Geothermal System: International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences, v. 78, p. 190-206, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrmms.2015.06.003.","productDescription":"17 p.","startPage":"190","endPage":"206","ipdsId":"IP-065414","costCenters":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":472392,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1468563","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":344012,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Nevada","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -118.68530273437499,\n 39.884450178234395\n ],\n [\n -117.56469726562499,\n 39.884450178234395\n ],\n [\n -117.56469726562499,\n 40.6056120582602\n ],\n [\n -118.68530273437499,\n 40.6056120582602\n ],\n [\n -118.68530273437499,\n 39.884450178234395\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"78","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":14,"text":"Menlo Park PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"59706fbae4b0d1f9f065a8d4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Dempsey, David","contributorId":194844,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Dempsey","given":"David","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":705475,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kelkar, Sharad","contributorId":194845,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Kelkar","given":"Sharad","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":705476,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Davatzes, Nick","contributorId":194846,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Davatzes","given":"Nick","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":705477,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Hickman, Stephen H. 0000-0003-2075-9615 hickman@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2075-9615","contributorId":2705,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hickman","given":"Stephen","email":"hickman@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":705474,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Moos, Daniel","contributorId":194847,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Moos","given":"Daniel","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":705478,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70192095,"text":"70192095 - 2015 - Quality assurance testing of acoustic doppler current profiler transform matrices","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-02-27T13:21:10","indexId":"70192095","displayToPublicDate":"2015-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Quality assurance testing of acoustic doppler current profiler transform matrices","docAbstract":"The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Hydrologic Instrumentation Facility (HIF) is nationally responsible for the design, testing, evaluation, repair, calibration, warehousing, and distribution of hydrologic instrumentation in use within the USGS Water Mission Area (WMA). The HIF's Hydraulic Laboratory has begun routine quality assurance (QA) testing and documenting the performance of every USGS WMA acoustic Doppler current profiler (ADCP) used for making velocity and discharge measurements. All existing ADCPs are being registered and tracked in a database maintained by the HIF, and called for QA checks in the HIF's Hydraulic Laboratory on a 3- year cycle. All new ADCPs purchased directly from the manufacturer as well as ADCPs sent to the HIF or the manufacturer for repair are being registered and tracked in the database and QA checked in the laboratory before being placed into service. Meters failing the QA check are sent directly to the manufacturer for repairs and rechecked by HIF or removed from service. Although this QA program is specific to the SonTek1 and Teledyne RD Instruments1, ADCPs most commonly used within the WMA, it is the intent of the USGS Office of Surface Water and the HIF to expand this program to include all bottom tracking ADCPs as they become available and more widely used throughout the WMA. As part of the HIF QA process, instruments are inspected for physical damage, the instrument must pass the ADCP diagnostic self-check tests, the temperature probe must be within ± 2 degrees Celsius of a National Institute of Standards and Technology traceable reference thermometer and the distance made good over a fixed distance must meet the manufacturer's specifications (+/-0.25% or +/-1% difference). The transform matrix is tested by conducting distance-made-good (DMG) tests comparing the straight-line distance from bottom tracking to the measured tow-track distance. The DMG test is conducted on each instrument twice in the forward and reverse directions (4 tows) at four orientations (16 total tows); with beam 1 orientated 0 degrees to the towing direction; turned 45 degrees to the towing direction; turned 90 degrees to the towing direction; and turned 135 degrees to the towing direction. All QA data files and summary results are archived. This paper documents methodology, participation and preliminary results of WMA ADCP QA testing.
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"2015 IEEE/OES Eleveth Current, Waves and Turbulence Measurement (CWTM)","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"conferenceTitle":"2015 IEEE/OES Eleveth Current, Waves and Turbulence Measurement (CWTM)","conferenceDate":"March 2-6, 2015","conferenceLocation":"St. Petersburg, FL","language":"English","publisher":"IEEE","doi":"10.1109/CWTM.2015.7098108","usgsCitation":"Armstrong, B., Fulford, J.M., and Thibodeaux, K.G., 2015, Quality assurance testing of acoustic doppler current profiler transform matrices, in 2015 IEEE/OES Eleveth Current, Waves and Turbulence Measurement (CWTM), St. Petersburg, FL, March 2-6, 2015, https://doi.org/10.1109/CWTM.2015.7098108.","ipdsId":"IP-062099","costCenters":[{"id":502,"text":"Office of Surface Water","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":472430,"rank":0,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"https://zenodo.org/record/1266885","text":"External Repository"},{"id":352082,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"publishingServiceCenter":{"id":9,"text":"Reston PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5afeebefe4b0da30c1bfc6a2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Armstrong, Brandy barmstrong@usgs.gov","contributorId":140038,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Armstrong","given":"Brandy","email":"barmstrong@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":502,"text":"Office of Surface Water","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":714204,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Fulford, Janice M. jfulford@usgs.gov","contributorId":991,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fulford","given":"Janice","email":"jfulford@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":502,"text":"Office of Surface Water","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":714205,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Thibodeaux, Kirk G.","contributorId":107036,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thibodeaux","given":"Kirk","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":714206,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70193151,"text":"70193151 - 2015 - Observational changes to the natural flow regime in Lee Creek in relation to altered precipitation patterns and its implication for fishes","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-11-21T12:46:10","indexId":"70193151","displayToPublicDate":"2015-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3894,"text":"Proceedings of the Oklahoma Academy of Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Observational changes to the natural flow regime in Lee Creek in relation to altered precipitation patterns and its implication for fishes","docAbstract":"The natural flow regime is important for structuring streams and their resident ichthyofauna and alterations to this regime can have cascading consequences. We sought to determine if changes in hydrology could be attributed to changes in precipitation in a minimally altered watershed (Lee Creek). The stream flow regime was analyzed using Indicators of Hydrologic Alteration (IHA) software, and data from a nearby climate station were used to summarize concurrent precipitation patterns. We discovered that Lee Creek hydrology had become flashier (i.e., increased frequency of extreme events of shorter duration) since 1992 coincident with changes in precipitation patterns. Specifically, our results show fewer but more intense rain events within the Lee Creek watershed. Our research provides evidence that climate-induced changes to the natural flow regime are currently underway and additional research on its effects on the fish community is warranted.
","language":"English","publisher":"Oklahoma Academy of Science","usgsCitation":"Gatlin, M.R., Long, J.M., and Turton, D.J., 2015, Observational changes to the natural flow regime in Lee Creek in relation to altered precipitation patterns and its implication for fishes: Proceedings of the Oklahoma Academy of Science, v. 95, p. 135-146.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"135","endPage":"146","ipdsId":"IP-063504","costCenters":[{"id":198,"text":"Coop Res Unit Atlanta","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":349202,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Arkansas, Oklahoma","otherGeospatial":"Lee Creek watershed","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -94.62661743164062,\n 35.464025575544674\n ],\n [\n -94.28123474121094,\n 35.464025575544674\n ],\n [\n -94.28123474121094,\n 35.74874138089811\n ],\n [\n -94.62661743164062,\n 35.74874138089811\n ],\n [\n -94.62661743164062,\n 35.464025575544674\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"95","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":8,"text":"Raleigh PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5a60fec8e4b06e28e9c2535b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Gatlin, Michael R.","contributorId":141324,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Gatlin","given":"Michael","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":723033,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Long, James M. 0000-0002-8658-9949 jmlong@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8658-9949","contributorId":3453,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Long","given":"James","email":"jmlong@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":198,"text":"Coop Res Unit Atlanta","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":718099,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Turton, Donald J.","contributorId":200683,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Turton","given":"Donald","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":723034,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70185999,"text":"70185999 - 2015 - Vegetation composition, nutrient, and sediment dynamics along a floodplain landscape","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-03-30T15:31:53","indexId":"70185999","displayToPublicDate":"2015-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3302,"text":"River Systems","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Vegetation composition, nutrient, and sediment dynamics along a floodplain landscape","docAbstract":"Forested floodplains are important landscape features for retaining river nutrients and sediment loads but there is uncertainty in how vegetation influences nutrient and sediment retention. In order to understand the role of vegetation in nutrient and sediment trapping, we quantified species composition and the uptake of nutrients in plant material relative to landscape position and ecosystem attributes in an urban, Piedmont watershed in Virginia, USA. We investigated in situ interactions among vegetative composition, abundance, carbon (C), nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) fluxes and ecosystem attributes such as water level, shading, soil nutrient mineralization, and sediment deposition. This study revealed strong associations between vegetation and nutrient and sediment cycling processes at the plot scale and in the longitudinal dimension, but there were few strong patterns between these aspects at the scale of geomorphic features (levee, backswamp, and toe-slope). Patterns reflected the nature of the valley setting rather than a simple downstream continuum. Plant nutrient uptake and sediment trapping were greatest at downstream sites with the widest floodplain and lowest gradient where the hydrologic connection between the floodplain and stream is greater. Sediment trapping increased in association with higher herbaceous plant coverage and lower tree canopy density that, in turn, was associated with a more water tolerant tree community found in the lower watershed but not at the most downstream site in the watershed. Despite urbanization effects on the hydrology, this floodplain functioned as an efficient nutrient trap. N and P flux rates of herbaceous biomass and total litterfall more than accounted for the N and P mineralization flux rate, indicating that vegetation incorporated nearly all mineralized nutrients into biomass.
","language":"English","publisher":"E. Schweizerbart’sche Verlagsbuchhandlung","doi":"10.1127/rs/2015/0097","usgsCitation":"Rybicki, N.B., Noe, G.E., Hupp, C.R., and Robinson, M., 2015, Vegetation composition, nutrient, and sediment dynamics along a floodplain landscape: River Systems, v. 21, no. 2-3, p. 109-123, https://doi.org/10.1127/rs/2015/0097.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"109","endPage":"123","ipdsId":"IP-065247","costCenters":[{"id":436,"text":"National Research Program - Eastern Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":338850,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Virginia","volume":"21","issue":"2-3","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":9,"text":"Reston PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58de1950e4b02ff32c699cad","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Rybicki, Nancy B. 0000-0002-2205-7927 nrybicki@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2205-7927","contributorId":2142,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rybicki","given":"Nancy","email":"nrybicki@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[{"id":436,"text":"National Research Program - Eastern Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":687305,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Noe, Gregory E. 0000-0002-6661-2646 gnoe@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6661-2646","contributorId":139100,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Noe","given":"Gregory","email":"gnoe@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":36183,"text":"Hydro-Ecological Interactions Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":40020,"text":"Florence Bascom Geoscience Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":436,"text":"National Research Program - Eastern Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":687306,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hupp, Cliff R. 0000-0003-1853-9197 crhupp@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1853-9197","contributorId":2344,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hupp","given":"Cliff","email":"crhupp@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":436,"text":"National Research Program - Eastern Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":687307,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Robinson, Myles","contributorId":190115,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Robinson","given":"Myles","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":687308,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70189476,"text":"70189476 - 2015 - Using chromate to investigate the impact of natural organics on the surface reactivity of nanoparticulate magnetite","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-08-09T12:32:33","indexId":"70189476","displayToPublicDate":"2015-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1565,"text":"Environmental Science & Technology","onlineIssn":"1520-5851","printIssn":"0013-936X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Using chromate to investigate the impact of natural organics on the surface reactivity of nanoparticulate magnetite","docAbstract":"Chromate was used as a chemical probe to investigate the size-dependent influence of organics on nanoparticle surface reactivity. Magnetite–chromate sorption experiments were conducted with ∼90 and ∼6 nm magnetite nanoparticles in the presence and absence of fulvic acid (FA), natural organic matter (NOM), and isolated landfill leachate (LL). Results indicated that low concentrations (1 mg/L) of organics had no noticeable impact on chromate sorption, whereas concentrations of 50 mg/L or more resulted in decreased amounts of chromate sorption. The adsorption of organics onto the magnetite surfaces interfered equally with the ability of the 6 and 90 nm particles to sorb chromate from solution, despite the greater surface area of the smaller particles. Results indicate the presence of organics did not impact the redox chemistry of the magnetite–chromate system over the duration of the experiments (8 h), nor did the organics interact with the chromate in solution. Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) results indicate that the organics blocked the surface reactivity by occupying surface sites on the particles. The similarity of results with FA and NOM suggests that coverage of the reactive mineral surface is the main factor behind the inhibition of surface reactivity in the presence of organics.
","language":"English","publisher":"ACS","doi":"10.1021/es504831d","usgsCitation":"Swindle, A.L., Cozzarelli, I.M., and Elwood Madden, A.S., 2015, Using chromate to investigate the impact of natural organics on the surface reactivity of nanoparticulate magnetite: Environmental Science & Technology, v. 49, no. 4, p. 2156-2162, https://doi.org/10.1021/es504831d.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"2156","endPage":"2162","ipdsId":"IP-062297","costCenters":[{"id":436,"text":"National Research Program - Eastern Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":343811,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"49","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2015-02-04","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"596886a2e4b0d1f9f05f59c8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Swindle, Andrew L.","contributorId":41759,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Swindle","given":"Andrew","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":704866,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Cozzarelli, Isabelle M. 0000-0002-5123-1007 icozzare@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5123-1007","contributorId":1693,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cozzarelli","given":"Isabelle","email":"icozzare@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":49175,"text":"Geology, Energy & Minerals Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":436,"text":"National Research Program - Eastern Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":704867,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Elwood Madden, Andrew S.","contributorId":42150,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Elwood Madden","given":"Andrew","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":704868,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70189209,"text":"70189209 - 2015 - Processes limiting depth of arroyo incision: Examples from the Rio Puerco, New Mexico","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-07-06T15:38:26","indexId":"70189209","displayToPublicDate":"2015-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Processes limiting depth of arroyo incision: Examples from the Rio Puerco, New Mexico","docAbstract":"We examined channel flow and suspended sediment transport processes within the lower Rio Puerco arroyo, located in semi-arid north-central New Mexico, in an attempt to answer the question: Why did arroyo incision stop by about 1936? Channel flow model results show that in the narrow, incised channel of 1936, the boundary shear stress during a large flood was highest over the lower banks and bank toes, causing a higher potential for erosion of these surfaces than of the channel bed. This would have caused the channel (and arroyo) to widen, and the higher sediment fluxes from those surfaces would have inhibited the capacity of the flow to erode the bed. We found that volumes of sediment delivered to the channel from local erosion of the arroyo wall did not exceed the capacity of the flow to transport sediment, including sand, in suspension. However, sediment supplied from erosion upstream of our study reach may have reduced the capacity of the flow to erode the bed. Our results suggest that arroyo incision ended with the observed reduction in flood peak magnitude, frequency, and duration after 1941.","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Proceedings of the 5th Federal Interagency Hydrologic Modeling Conference and the 10th Federal Interagency Sedimentation Conference","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"conferenceTitle":"5th Federal Interagency Hydrologic Modeling Conference and the 10th Federal Interagency Sedimentation Conference","conferenceDate":"April 19-23, 2015","conferenceLocation":"Reno, Nevada","language":"English","publisher":"ACWI Subcommittee on Sedimentation and Subcommittee on Hydrology","usgsCitation":"Griffin, E.R., and Friedman, J.M., 2015, Processes limiting depth of arroyo incision: Examples from the Rio Puerco, New Mexico, in Proceedings of the 5th Federal Interagency Hydrologic Modeling Conference and the 10th Federal Interagency Sedimentation Conference, Reno, Nevada, April 19-23, 2015, p. 797-808.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"797","endPage":"808","ipdsId":"IP-061060","costCenters":[{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":343446,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":343368,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://acwi.gov/sos/pubs/3rdJFIC/"}],"publishingServiceCenter":{"id":2,"text":"Denver PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"595f4c41e4b0d1f9f057e35a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Griffin, Eleanor R. 0000-0001-6724-9853 egriffin@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6724-9853","contributorId":1775,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Griffin","given":"Eleanor","email":"egriffin@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":703506,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Friedman, Jonathan M. 0000-0002-1329-0663 friedmanj@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1329-0663","contributorId":2473,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Friedman","given":"Jonathan","email":"friedmanj@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":703507,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70159507,"text":"ofr20131280B - 2015 - Synthesis of geophysical data (phase V, deliverable 55)","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":70159507,"text":"ofr20131280B - 2015 - Synthesis of geophysical data (phase V, deliverable 55)","indexId":"ofr20131280B","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"chapter":"B","title":"Synthesis of geophysical data (phase V, deliverable 55)"},"predicate":"IS_PART_OF","object":{"id":70160523,"text":"ofr20131280 - 2015 - Second Projet de Renforcement Institutionnel du Secteur Minier de la République Islamique de Mauritanie (PRISM-II) Phase V","indexId":"ofr20131280","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"title":"Second Projet de Renforcement Institutionnel du Secteur Minier de la République Islamique de Mauritanie (PRISM-II) Phase V"},"id":1}],"isPartOf":{"id":70160523,"text":"ofr20131280 - 2015 - Second Projet de Renforcement Institutionnel du Secteur Minier de la République Islamique de Mauritanie (PRISM-II) Phase V","indexId":"ofr20131280","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"title":"Second Projet de Renforcement Institutionnel du Secteur Minier de la République Islamique de Mauritanie (PRISM-II) Phase V"},"lastModifiedDate":"2022-12-08T17:08:04.914422","indexId":"ofr20131280B","displayToPublicDate":"2015-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2013-1280","chapter":"B","title":"Synthesis of geophysical data (phase V, deliverable 55)","docAbstract":"Aeromagnetic and radiometric data were used to map shallow Precambrian basement lithology and structure and determine the depth to magnetic basement, which in most cases, corresponds to the depth to crystalline basement of interest for mineral exploration. 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The database is designed to provide five-year cyclical updating of United States land cover and associated changes. The recent release of NLCD 2011 products now represents a decade of consistently produced land cover and impervious surface for the Nation across three periods: 2001, 2006, and 2011 (Homer et al., 2007; Fry et al., 2011). Tree canopy cover has also been produced for 2011 (Coluston et al., 2012; Coluston et al., 2013). With the release of NLCD 2011, the database provides the ability to move beyond simple change detection to monitoring and trend assessments. NLCD 2011 represents the latest evolution of NLCD products, continuing its focus on consistency, production, efficiency, and product accuracy. NLCD products are designed for widespread application in biology, climate, education, land management, hydrology, environmental planning, risk and disease analysis, telecommunications and visualization, and are available for no cost at http://www.mrlc.gov. NLCD is produced by a Federal agency consortium called the Multi-Resolution Land Characteristics Consortium (MRLC) (Wickham et al., 2014). In the consortium arrangement, the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) leads NLCD land cover and imperviousness production for the bulk of the Nation; the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) completes NLCD land cover for the conterminous U.S. (CONUS) coastal zones; and the U.S. Forest Service (USFS) designs and produces the NLCD tree canopy cover product. Other MRLC partners collaborate through resource or data contribution to ensure NLCD products meet their respective program needs (Wickham et al., 2014).
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We found that microspheres were mobilized from a fractured soil during intermittent rainfall and the mobilization was greater when the microsphere size was larger and when the soil had greater water permeability.
The vadose zone filters pathogenic microbes from infiltrating water and consequently protects the groundwater from possible contamination. In some cases, however, the deposited microbes may be mobilized during rainfall and migrate into the groundwater. We examined the mobilization of microspheres, surrogates for microbes, in an intact core of a fractured soil by intermittent simulated rainfall. Fluorescent polystyrene microspheres of two sizes (0.5 and 1.8 mm) and Br− were first applied to the core to deposit the microspheres, and then the core was subjected to three intermittent infiltration events to mobilize the deposited microspheres. Collecting effluent samples through a 19-port sampler at the base of the core, we found that water flowed through only five ports, and the flow rates varied among the ports by a factor of 12. These results suggest that flow paths leading to the ports had different permeabilities, partly due to macropores. Although 40 to 69% of injected microspheres were retained in the core during their application, 12 to 30% of the retained microspheres were mobilized during three intermittent infiltration events. The extent of microsphere mobilization was greater in flow paths with greater permeability, which indicates that macropores could enhance colloid mobilization during intermittent infiltration events. In all ports, the 1.8-mm microspheres were mobilized to a greater extent than the 0.5-mm microspheres, suggesting that larger colloids are more likely to mobilize. These results are useful in assessing the potential of pathogen mobilization and colloid-facilitated transport of contaminants in the subsurface under natural infiltration events.
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