{"pageNumber":"128","pageRowStart":"3175","pageSize":"25","recordCount":4111,"records":[{"id":70018768,"text":"70018768 - 1996 - Sand boils induced by the 1993 Mississippi River flood: Could they one day be misinterpreted as earthquake-induced liquefaction?","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-01-20T01:16:25.595473","indexId":"70018768","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1796,"text":"Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Sand boils induced by the 1993 Mississippi River flood: Could they one day be misinterpreted as earthquake-induced liquefaction?","docAbstract":"<div id=\"15577176\" class=\"article-section-wrapper js-article-section js-content-section  \" data-section-parent-id=\"0\"><p>In areas that are seismically active but lacking clear surficial faulting, many paleoearthquake studies depend on the interpretation of ancient liquefaction features (sand blows) as indicators of prehistoric seismicity. Sand blows, however, can be mimicked by nonseismic sand boils formed by water seeping beneath levees during floods. We examined sand boils induced by the Mississippi River flood of 1993 in order to compare their characteristics with sand blows of the New Madrid earthquakes of 1811–1812. We found a number of criteria that allow a distinction between the two types of deposits. (1) Earthquake-induced liquefaction deposits are broadly distributed about an epicentral area, whereas flood-induced sand boils are limited to a narrow band along a river's levee. (2) The conduits of most earthquake-induced sand blows are planar dikes, whereas the conduits of flood-induced sand boils are most commonly tubular. (3) Depression of the preearthquake ground surface is usual for sand blows, not for sand boils. (4) Flood-induced sand boils tend to be better sorted and much finer than sand-blow deposits. (5) Source beds for earthquake-induced deposits occur at a wide range of depths, whereas the source bed for sand boils is always near surface. (6) Materials removed from the walls surrounding the vent of a sand blow are seen inside sand blows, but are rarely seen inside sand boils. In general, flood-induced sand boils examined are interpreted to represent a less-energetic genesis than earthquake-induced liquefaction.</p></div>","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/0091-7613(1996)024<0171:SBIBTM>2.3.CO;2","issn":"00917613","usgsCitation":"Li, Y., Craven, J., Schweig, E., and Obermeier, S., 1996, Sand boils induced by the 1993 Mississippi River flood: Could they one day be misinterpreted as earthquake-induced liquefaction?: Geology, v. 24, no. 2, p. 171-174, https://doi.org/10.1130/0091-7613(1996)024<0171:SBIBTM>2.3.CO;2.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"171","endPage":"174","numberOfPages":"4","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":227228,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"24","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b868ee4b08c986b315fee","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Li, Y.","contributorId":41394,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Li","given":"Y.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380698,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Craven, J.","contributorId":64823,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Craven","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380699,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Schweig, E.S.","contributorId":34538,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schweig","given":"E.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380697,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Obermeier, S. F.","contributorId":17602,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Obermeier","given":"S. F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380696,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70018701,"text":"70018701 - 1996 - Mg- and K-bearing borates and associated evaporites at Eagle Borax spring, Death Valley, California: A spectroscopic exploration","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-01-03T16:42:53.29812","indexId":"70018701","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1472,"text":"Economic Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Mg- and K-bearing borates and associated evaporites at Eagle Borax spring, Death Valley, California: A spectroscopic exploration","docAbstract":"<p><span>Efflorescent crusts at the Eagle Borax spring in Death Valley, California, contain an array of rare Mg and K borate minerals, several of which are only known from one or two other localities. The Mg- and/or K-bearing borates include aristarainite, hydroboracite, kaliborite, mcallisterite, pinnoite, rivadavite, and santite. Ulexite and probertite also occur in the area, although their distribution is different from that of the Mg and K borates. Other evaporite minerals in the spring vicinity include halite, thenardite, eugsterite, gypsum-anhydrite, hexahydrite, and bloedite. Whereas the first five of these minerals are found throughout Death Valley, the last two Mg sulfates are more restricted in occurrence and are indicative of Mg-enriched ground water.Mineral associations observed at the Eagle Borax spring, and at many other borate deposits worldwide, can be explained by the chemical fractionation of borate-precipitating waters during the course of evaporative concentration. The Mg sulfate and Mg borate minerals in the Eagle Borax efflorescent crusts point to the fractionation of Ca by the operation of a chemical divide involving Ca carbonate and Na-Ca borate precipitation in the subsurface sediments. At many other borate mining localities, the occurrence of ulexite in both Na borate (borax-kernite) and Ca borate (ulexite-colemanite) deposits similarly reflects ulexite's coprecipitation with Ca carbonate at an early concentration stage. Such ulexite may perhaps be converted to colemanite by later reaction with the coexisting Ca carbonate--the latter providing the additional Ca (super 2+) ions needed for the conversion. Mg and Ca-Mg borates are the expected late-stage concentration products of waters forming ulexite-colemanite deposits and are therefore most likely to occur in the marginal zones or nearby mud facies of ulexite-colemanite orebodies. Under some circumstances, Mg and Ca-Mg borates might provide a useful prospecting guide for ulexite-colemanite deposits, although the high solubility of Mg borate minerals may prevent their formation in lacustrine settings and certainly inhibits their geologic preservation. The occurrence of Mg borates in borax-kernite deposits is also related to fractionation processes and points to the operation of an Mg borate chemical divide, characterized by Mg borate precipitation ahead of Mg carbonate. All of these considerations imply that Mg is a significant chemical component of many borate-depositing ground waters, even though Mg borate minerals may not be strongly evident in borate orebodies.The Eagle Borax spring borates and other evaporite minerals were studied using spectroscopic and X-ray powder diffraction methods, which were found to be highly complementary. Spectral reflectance measurements provide a sensitive means for detecting borates present in mixtures with other evaporites and can be used to screen samples rapidly for X-ray diffraction analysis. The apparently limited occurrence of Mg and K borate minerals compared to Ca and Na borates may stem partly from the inefficiency of X-ray diffraction methods for delineating the mineralogy of large and complex deposits. Spectral reflectance measurements can be made in the laboratory, in the field, on the mine face, and even remotely. Reflectance data should have an important role in studies of existing deposit mineralogy and related chemical fractionation processes, and perhaps in the discovery of new borate mineral resources.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Society of Economic Geologists","doi":"10.2113/gsecongeo.91.3.622","issn":"03610128","usgsCitation":"Crowley, J., 1996, Mg- and K-bearing borates and associated evaporites at Eagle Borax spring, Death Valley, California: A spectroscopic exploration: Economic Geology, v. 91, no. 3, p. 622-635, https://doi.org/10.2113/gsecongeo.91.3.622.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"622","endPage":"635","numberOfPages":"14","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":227003,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"91","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1996-05-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a5627e4b0c8380cd6d3ad","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Crowley, J.K.","contributorId":103690,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Crowley","given":"J.K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380491,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70018679,"text":"70018679 - 1996 - Trace fossils from Jurassic lacustrine turbidites of the Anyao Formation (Central China) and their environmental and evolutionary significance","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-03-06T15:50:08","indexId":"70018679","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1965,"text":"Ichnos: An International Journal for Plant and Animal Traces","onlineIssn":"1563-5236","printIssn":"1042-0940","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Trace fossils from Jurassic lacustrine turbidites of the Anyao Formation (Central China) and their environmental and evolutionary significance","docAbstract":"<p>The Lower Jurassic Anyao Formation crops out near Jiyuan city, western Henan Province, central China. It is part of the infill of the nonmarine early Mesozoic Jiyuan‐Yima Basin. In the Jiyuan section, this unit is about 100 m thick and consists of laterally persistent, thin and thick‐bedded turbidite sandstones and mudstones displaying complete and base‐or top‐absent Bouma sequences, and thick‐bedded massive sandstones. The Anyao Formation records sedimentation within a lacustrine turbidite system developed in a pull‐apart basin. Processes involved include high and low density turbidity currents, sometimes affected by liquefaction or fluidization. Facies analysis suggests that this succession is formed by stacked aggradational turbidite lobes. The absence of thick mudstone packages indicates that background sedimentation was subordinate to high frequency turbidite deposition.</p><p>The Anyao Formation hosts a moderately diverse ichnofauna preserved as hypichnial casts on the soles of thin‐bedded turbidite sandstones. The ichnofauna consists of<span>&nbsp;</span><i>Cochlichnus anguineus, Hel‐minthoidichnites tenuis, Helminthopsis abeli, H. hieroglyphica, Mono‐morphichnus lineatus, Paracanthorhaphe togwunia, Tuberculichnus vagans, Vagorichnus anyao,</i><span>&nbsp;</span>tiny grazing trails, and irregularly branching burrows.<span>&nbsp;</span><i>Vagorichnus anyao</i><span>&nbsp;</span>occurs not only as a discrete trace, but also as a compound ichnotaxon intergrading with<span>&nbsp;</span><i>Gordia marina</i><span>&nbsp;</span>and<span>&nbsp;</span><i>Tuberculichnus vagans.</i><span>&nbsp;</span>Both predepositional and post‐depositional traces are present on the soles of turbidites.</p><p>This ichnofauna comprises both feeding and grazing traces produced by a deposit‐feeding lacustrine benthic biota. Crawling traces are rare. Although certain ichnofossils (e.g.<span>&nbsp;</span><i>V. anyao, P. togwunia)</i><span>&nbsp;</span>show overall similarities with deep‐sea agrichnia, they differ in reflecting remarkably less specialized feeding strategies, displaying overcrossing between specimens (and to a lesser extent, self‐crossing), and in the case of V’<span>&nbsp;</span><i>anyao</i>recording post‐turbidite burrowing activity. The development of less specialized strategies than those displayed by deep‐marine ichnofaunas may be related to less stable conditions, typical of lake settings. Oxyenation, energy, sedimentation rate (both event and background), food supply, soft‐sediment deformation and erosion rate have mainly influenced trace‐fossil distribution. Turbidity currents would have ensured oxygen (as well as food) supply to deep lake settings, thus allowing the establishment of a moderately diverse biota. Biogenic structures were mostly confined to the outer, low energy areas. High sedimentation rates and strong erosion precluded preservation of ichnofossils in inner lobe settings.</p><p>The Anyao ichnofauna is of significance in furthering knowledge of the colonization of deep lakes throughout the stratigraphie record and in identification of additional nonmarine ichnofacies. The ana‐lyzed ichnofauna resembles late Paleozoic lacustrine assemblages described from different localities around the world and is regarded as a Mesozoic example of the<span>&nbsp;</span><i>Mermia</i><span>&nbsp;</span>ichnofacies. However, when compared with Paleozoic assemblages, the Anyao ichnofauna shows a clear dominance of burrows over surface trails, deeper burrowing penetration, larger size, and presence of relatively more complex structures. The high burrow/surface trail ratio may be indicative of lower preservation potential in the latter, thus reflecting a tap‐honomic overprint. In contrast to the Paleozoic examples, the establishment of a relatively well‐developed lacustrine infauna may have precluded preservation of surface trails. Burrower activity probably obliterated biogenic structures formed close to the sediment‐water interface.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Taylor & Francis","doi":"10.1080/10420949609380137","usgsCitation":"Buatois, L.A., Mángano, M., Wu, X., and Zhang, G., 1996, Trace fossils from Jurassic lacustrine turbidites of the Anyao Formation (Central China) and their environmental and evolutionary significance: Ichnos: An International Journal for Plant and Animal Traces, v. 4, no. 4, p. 287-303, https://doi.org/10.1080/10420949609380137.","productDescription":"17 p.","startPage":"287","endPage":"303","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":227396,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"China","volume":"4","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bb666e4b08c986b326c42","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Buatois, Luis A. 0000-0001-9523-750X","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9523-750X","contributorId":195823,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Buatois","given":"Luis","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":35641,"text":"Kansas Geological Survey","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":380435,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Mángano, M. Gabriela","contributorId":57619,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Mángano","given":"M. Gabriela","affiliations":[{"id":35641,"text":"Kansas Geological Survey","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":380432,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Wu, Xiantao","contributorId":166681,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Wu","given":"Xiantao","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380434,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Zhang, Guocheng","contributorId":145713,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Zhang","given":"Guocheng","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380433,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70018662,"text":"70018662 - 1996 - Conodont color and surface textural alteration in the Muschelkalk (Triassic) of the Silesian-Cracow Zn-Pb district, Poland","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:27","indexId":"70018662","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3108,"text":"Prace - Panstwowego Instytutu Geologicznego","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Conodont color and surface textural alteration in the Muschelkalk (Triassic) of the Silesian-Cracow Zn-Pb district, Poland","docAbstract":"Limestone and dolostone samples were collected from sites within and adjacent to ore zones in the Trzebionka mine, Silesia-Cracow zinc-lead mining district, southern Poland, to assess the level of thermal alteration of the enclosed conodonts, via the color alteration index (CAI) technique, and to study any surface alteration effects on these microfossils. Additional conodont sampling from stratigraphic levels correlative with the horizons being mined in the Trzebionka mine was accomplished at four surface and two borehole localities in the district, to compare the CAI and surface alteration effects at these, commercially non-mineralized, localities with those effects in the mine. Data show that: 1. The overall background thermal level of the Triassic strata studied, presumably due to only shallow burial, is very low: CAI = 1; in the range of 50 to 80??C. 2. CAI values in the ore zones in the Trzebionka mine are slightly higher than this regional background: 1+ to 1.5 (in the range ???50 to 90??C minimum heating over geologic time of about 0.1 to more than 1 m. y.). This implies that heating \"events\" of higher temperatures affecting the conodonts, including the passage of the local ore-bearing solutions, were of rather short duration(s), on the order of about 1,000 to 50,000 years. CAI data from the Trzebionka Mine is consistent with temperature data from fluid inclusions, indicating ore-bearing fluid temperatures in the 100 to 138??C range, and the scenario that these fluids were resident in these strata for a geologically short period. 3. Conodonts from both surface and subsurface samples rarely show surface corrosion effects, but tend to show apatite overgrowths. These overgrowths vary in degree of development, but are consistent for each morphological type of conodont element, and qualitatively are consistent in each sample observed. 4. Ichthyoliths (fish teeth, spines, and scales), found in most of the samples, do not exhibit either mineral overgrowths or apparent corrosion effects to the extent seen in the conodont elements. 5. Ichthyoliths show color alteration effects that are consistent within-sample but which are very different from the CAI values of conodonts in the same sample. The color alteration of the fish teeth might be of value as a thermal maturation index in the future, if and when calibrated through controlled laboratory experimental testing, but at present cannot and should not be used as equivalent to conodont CAI.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Prace - Panstwowego Instytutu Geologicznego","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"08669465","usgsCitation":"Repetski, J., and Narkiewicz, M., 1996, Conodont color and surface textural alteration in the Muschelkalk (Triassic) of the Silesian-Cracow Zn-Pb district, Poland: Prace - Panstwowego Instytutu Geologicznego, v. 154, p. 112-120.","startPage":"112","endPage":"120","numberOfPages":"9","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":227041,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"154","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f9d0e4b0c8380cd4d7c5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Repetski, J.E.","contributorId":38579,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Repetski","given":"J.E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380359,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Narkiewicz, M.","contributorId":98053,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Narkiewicz","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380360,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70018650,"text":"70018650 - 1996 - Rare, large earthquakes at the laramide deformation front - Colorado (1882) and Wyoming (1984)","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-10-23T12:07:36.108923","indexId":"70018650","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1135,"text":"Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America","onlineIssn":"1943-3573","printIssn":"0037-1106","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Rare, large earthquakes at the laramide deformation front - Colorado (1882) and Wyoming (1984)","docAbstract":"<p>The largest historical earthquake known in Colorado occurred on 7 November 1882. Knowledge of its size, location, and specific tectonic environment is important for the design of critical structures in the rapidly growing region of the Southern Rocky Mountains. More than one century later, on 18 October 1984, an<span>&nbsp;</span><i>m<sub>b</sub></i><span>&nbsp;</span>5.3 earthquake occurred in the Laramie Mountains, Wyoming. By studying the 1984 earthquake, we are able to provide constraints on the location and size of the 1882 earthquake. Analysis of broadband seismic data shows the 1984 mainshock to have nucleated at a depth of 27.5 ± 1.0 km and to have ruptured ‖ 2.7 km updip, with a corresponding average displacement of about 48 cm and average stress drop of about 180 bars. This high stress drop may explain why the earthquake was felt over an area about 3.5 times that expected for a shallow earthquake of the same magnitude in this region. A microearthquake survey shows aftershocks to be just above the mainshock's rupture, mostly in a volume measuring 3 to 4 km across. Focal mechanisms for the mainshock and aftershocks have NE-SW-trending<span>&nbsp;</span><i>T</i><span>&nbsp;</span>axes, a feature shared by most earthquakes in western Colorado and by the induced Denver earthquakes of 1967.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Seismological Society of America","doi":"10.1785/BSSA0860061804","issn":"00371106","usgsCitation":"Spence, W., Langer, C., and Choy, G.L., 1996, Rare, large earthquakes at the laramide deformation front - Colorado (1882) and Wyoming (1984): Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, v. 86, no. 6, p. 1804-1819, https://doi.org/10.1785/BSSA0860061804.","productDescription":"16 p.","startPage":"1804","endPage":"1819","numberOfPages":"16","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":227574,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Colorado, Wyoming","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -101.94648145393926,\n              37.026768153146406\n            ],\n            [\n              -101.94648145393926,\n              42.930368896228686\n            ],\n            [\n              -109.50507520393931,\n              42.930368896228686\n            ],\n            [\n              -109.50507520393931,\n              37.026768153146406\n            ],\n            [\n              -101.94648145393926,\n              37.026768153146406\n            ]\n          ]\n        ],\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"86","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1996-12-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a9527e4b0c8380cd81833","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Spence, W.","contributorId":7721,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Spence","given":"W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380325,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Langer, C.J.","contributorId":31395,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Langer","given":"C.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380326,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Choy, G. L. 0000-0002-0217-5555","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0217-5555","contributorId":78322,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Choy","given":"G.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380327,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":2000051,"text":"2000051 - 1996 - Seasonal bathymetric distributions of 16 fishes in Lake Superior, 1958-75","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:14:55","indexId":"2000051","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":1,"text":"Federal Government Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":9,"text":"Biological Science Report","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":1}},"seriesNumber":"7","title":"Seasonal bathymetric distributions of 16 fishes in Lake Superior, 1958-75","docAbstract":"The bathymetric distributions of fishes in Lake Superior, which is one of the largest and deepest lakes in the world, has not been studied on a lakewide scale.  Knowledge about the bathymetric distributions will aid in designing fish sampling programs, estimating absolute abundances, and modeling energy flow in the lake.  Seasonal bathymetric distributions were determined , by 10-m depth intervals, for 16 fishes collected with bottom trawls and bottom-set gill nets within the upper 150 m of Lake Superior during 1958-75.  In spring trawl catches, maximum abundance occurred at these depths: 15 m for round whitefish (Prosopium cylindraceum); 25m for longnose sucker (Catostomus catostomus); 35 m for lake whitefish (Coregonus clupeaformis) and rainbow smelt (Osmerus mordax); 45 m for lake trout (Salvelinus namaycush); 65 m for pygmy whitefish (Prospoium coulteri) and bloater (Coregonus hoyi); 75 m for trout- perch (Percopsis omiscomaycus); 105 m for shortjaw cisco (Coregonus zenithicus); and 115 m for ninespine stickleback (Pungitius pungitius), burbot (Lota lota), slimy sculpin (Cottus cogantus), spoonhead sculpin (Cottus ricei), and deepwater sculpin (Myoxcephalus thompsoni).  Bathymetric distributions in spring gill nets were similar to those in trawls, except that depths of maximum abundances in gill nets were shallower than those in trawls for lake trout, rainbow smelt, longnose sucker, and burbot.  Lake herring (Coregonus artedi) and kiyi (Coregonus kiyi) were rarely caught in trawls, and their maximum abundances in spring gill net collections were at depths of 25 and 145 m, respectively.  In summer, pygmy whitefish, shortjaw cisco, lake herring, kiyi, longnose sucker, burbot, ninespine stickleback, trout-perch, slimy sculpin, and spponhead sculpin were at shallower depths than in spring, whereas rainbow smelt were found in deeper water; there was no change for other species.  In fall, shortjaw cisco was at shallower depths than in summer, whereas the remaining species were found deeper, except for lake whitefish and lake trout whose modal depths did not change.  Distributions of lake trout and lake whitefish were analyzed by age group, and the young (ages 1-3) of both species were often found in shallower water than were older fish.  The shallow-water species exhibited little seasonal changes in bathymetric distributions, whereas the species that inhabited the middepths of deeper water generally moved shallower as the seasons progressed.  Most of the more pronounced seasaonl changes in bathymetric distribution were associated with spawning movements.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service","usgsCitation":"Selgeby, J.H., and Hoff, M.H., 1996, Seasonal bathymetric distributions of 16 fishes in Lake Superior, 1958-75: Biological Science Report 7, 14 p.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"0","endPage":"14","numberOfPages":"14","costCenters":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":198770,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a0ce4b07f02db5fc3df","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Selgeby, James H.","contributorId":89828,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Selgeby","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":324997,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hoff, Michael H.","contributorId":23878,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hoff","given":"Michael","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":324996,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70018593,"text":"70018593 - 1996 - Productivity cycles of 200-300 years in the Antarctic Peninsula region: Understanding linkages among the sun, atmosphere, oceans, sea ice, and biota","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-12-22T12:17:57.565903","indexId":"70018593","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1786,"text":"Geological Society of America Bulletin","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Productivity cycles of 200-300 years in the Antarctic Peninsula region: Understanding linkages among the sun, atmosphere, oceans, sea ice, and biota","docAbstract":"<p>Compared to the rest of the world's oceans, high-resolution late Holocene paleoclimatic data from the Southern Ocean are still rare. We present a multiproxy record from a sediment core retrieved from a deep basin on the western side of the Antarctic Peninsula that reveals a dramatic perspective on paleoclimatic changes over the past 3700 yr. Analyses completed include measurement of magnetic susceptibility and granulometry, bed thickness, particle size, percent organic carbon, bulk density, and microscopic evaluation of diatom and benthic foraminiferal assemblages and abundances. Downcore variability of these parameters demonstrates the significance of both short-term cycles, which recur approximately every 200 yr, and longer term events (≈2500 yr cycles) that are most likely related to global climatic fluctuations.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/0016-7606(1996)108<1626:PCOYIT>2.3.CO;2","issn":"00167606","usgsCitation":"Leventer, A., Domack, E., Ishman, S., Brachfeld, S., McClennen, C., and Manley, P., 1996, Productivity cycles of 200-300 years in the Antarctic Peninsula region: Understanding linkages among the sun, atmosphere, oceans, sea ice, and biota: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 108, no. 12, p. 1626-1644, https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1996)108<1626:PCOYIT>2.3.CO;2.","productDescription":"19 p.","startPage":"1626","endPage":"1644","numberOfPages":"19","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":227260,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"108","issue":"12","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a8dece4b0c8380cd7eefc","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Leventer, A.","contributorId":55587,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Leventer","given":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380159,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Domack, E.W.","contributorId":19626,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Domack","given":"E.W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380156,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Ishman, S. E.","contributorId":20346,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ishman","given":"S. E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380157,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Brachfeld, S.","contributorId":91256,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brachfeld","given":"S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380161,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"McClennen, C.E.","contributorId":70548,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McClennen","given":"C.E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380160,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Manley, P.","contributorId":37089,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Manley","given":"P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380158,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}}
,{"id":70018578,"text":"70018578 - 1996 - Paragenetic and minor- and trace-element studies of Mississippi Valley-type ore deposits of the Silesian-Cracow district, Poland","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:26","indexId":"70018578","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3108,"text":"Prace - Panstwowego Instytutu Geologicznego","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Paragenetic and minor- and trace-element studies of Mississippi Valley-type ore deposits of the Silesian-Cracow district, Poland","docAbstract":"Paragenetic and minor- and trace-element studies were conducted on samples of epigenetic ore and gangue minerals collected from mines and drill core in the Silesian-Cracow (S-C) district of southern Poland. Four discrete mineral suites representing four mineralizing stages can be identified throughout the district. The earliest epigenetic minerals deposited during stage 1 consist of a late dolomite cement together with minor pyrite and marcasite. Stage 2 was the first ore-forming stage and included repetitive deposition of sphalerite and galena in a variety of morphologies. Stage 3 abruptly followed the first ore stage and deposited marcasite and pyrite with variable amounts of late sphalerite and galena. In the samples studied, minerals deposited during stage 3 are predominately marcasite-pyrite with minor sphalerite and galena in the Pomorzany and Olkusz mines, whereas, at the Trzebionka mine, stage 3 mineralization deposited mostly galena and sphalerite with little marcasite or pyrite. Stage 4 minerals include contains barite, followed by calcite, with very minor pyrite and a rare, late granular sphalerite. Compared to other major Mississippi Valley-type (MVT) districts of the world, the Silesian-Cracow district contains sphalerite with the second largest range in Ag concentrations and the largest range in Fe and Cd concentrations of any district. Unlike in other districts, very wide ranges in minor- and trace-element concentrations are also observed in paragenetically equivalent samples collected throughout the district. This wide range indicates that the minor- and trace-element content of the ore-forming environment was highly variable, both spatially and temporally, and suggests that the hydrologic system that the ore fluids traversed from their basinal source was very complex. Throughout the district, a significant increase in Tl, Ge, and As concentrations is accompanied by a lightening of sulfur isotopes between stage 2 and stage 3 minerals. This change appears to record a major district-scale hydrologic event that probably reflects the introduction of fluids with significantly different geochemistry than that of earlier ore-forming fluids.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Prace - Panstwowego Instytutu Geologicznego","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"08669465","usgsCitation":"Viets, J., Leach, D.L., Lichte, F., Hopkins, R., Gent, C.A., and Powell, J.W., 1996, Paragenetic and minor- and trace-element studies of Mississippi Valley-type ore deposits of the Silesian-Cracow district, Poland: Prace - Panstwowego Instytutu Geologicznego, v. 154, p. 36-71.","startPage":"36","endPage":"71","numberOfPages":"36","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":227079,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"154","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a74c6e4b0c8380cd7780b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Viets, J.G.","contributorId":82300,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Viets","given":"J.G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380101,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Leach, D. L.","contributorId":18758,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Leach","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380098,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Lichte, F.E.","contributorId":99108,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lichte","given":"F.E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380102,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Hopkins, R.T.","contributorId":80264,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hopkins","given":"R.T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380100,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Gent, C. A.","contributorId":17955,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gent","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380097,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Powell, J. W.","contributorId":64287,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Powell","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380099,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}}
,{"id":70018518,"text":"70018518 - 1996 - Kulshan caldera: A quaternary subglacial caldera in the North Cascades, Washington","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-06-06T13:36:09","indexId":"70018518","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1786,"text":"Geological Society of America Bulletin","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Kulshan caldera: A quaternary subglacial caldera in the North Cascades, Washington","docAbstract":"<p><span>Calderas that collapse during large pyroclastic eruptions are anomalously rare in the Cascade arc. Recognition of the early Pleistocene 4.5 × 8 km Kulshan caldera, filled with rhyodacite ignimbrite at the northeast foot of Mount Baker, brings to only three the Quaternary calderas identified in the Cascades. A near-vertical ring fault cut in basement rocks of the North Cascades encloses 30 km</span><sup>2</sup><span>&nbsp;of intracaldera ignimbrite (and intermixed collapse breccia) &gt;1 km thick but with no floor exposed. The Lake Tapps tephra in the Puget lowland is the correlative fallout; 200 km from the source, it is as thick as 30 cm. Features of the distal ash fall and the intracaldera tuff suggest large-scale phreatomagmatism during an eruption that may have started subglacially. Several advances of the Cordilleran ice sheet subsequently obliterated the topographic rim, removed every vestige of extracaldera ignimbrite and proximal fallout, and stripped any precaldera extrusive rocks-the former existence of which is suggested only by a few silicic intrusions that cut the circumcaldera basement. Although the caldera is not structurally resurgent, several early intracaldera rhyodacite lavas intrude and rest directly on ignimbrite or on ashy caldera-lake sediments reworked from the eruption products. Subsidence areas, pumice compositions, and volumes of magma erupted (&gt;50 km</span><sup>3</sup><span>) are similar for the Kulshan, Rockland, and Crater Lake (Mazama) events, the three Quaternary caldera-forming eruptions now recognized in the Cascades.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"GSA","doi":"10.1130/0016-7606(1996)108<0786:KCAQSC>2.3.CO;2","issn":"00167606","usgsCitation":"Hildreth, W., 1996, Kulshan caldera: A quaternary subglacial caldera in the North Cascades, Washington: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 108, no. 7, p. 786-793, https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1996)108<0786:KCAQSC>2.3.CO;2.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"786","endPage":"793","costCenters":[{"id":615,"text":"Volcano Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":227520,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"108","issue":"7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a40cee4b0c8380cd65059","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hildreth, W. 0000-0002-7925-4251","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7925-4251","contributorId":100487,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hildreth","given":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379911,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70018457,"text":"70018457 - 1996 - Comparison of the partitioning behaviours of yttrium, rare earth elements, and titanium between hydrogenetic marine ferromanganese crusts and seawater","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-07-18T15:47:47.035364","indexId":"70018457","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1759,"text":"Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Comparison of the partitioning behaviours of yttrium, rare earth elements, and titanium between hydrogenetic marine ferromanganese crusts and seawater","docAbstract":"<p>In order to evaluate details of the partitioning behaviours of Y, rare earth elements (REEs), and Ti between inorganic metal oxide surfaces and seawater, we studied the distribution of these elements in hydrogenetic marine ferromanganese (Fe-Mn) crusts from the Central Pacific Ocean. Nonphosphatized Fe-Mn crusts display shale-normalized rare earths and yttrium (REY<sub>SN</sub>) patterns (Y inserted between Dy and Ho) that are depleted in light REEs (LREEs) and which show negative anomalies for Y<sub>sn</sub>, and positive anomalies for La<sub>SN</sub>, Eu<sub>SN</sub>, Gd<sub>SN</sub>, and in most cases, Ce<sub>sn</sub>. They show considerably smaller Y/ Ho ratios than seawater or common igneous and clastic rocks, indicating that Y and Ho are fractionated in the marine environment. Compared to P-poor crusts, REY<sub>SN</sub><span>&nbsp;</span>patterns of phosphatized Fe-Mn crusts are similar, but yield pronounced positive Y<sub>sn</sub><span>&nbsp;</span>anomalies, stronger positive La<sub>SN</sub><span>&nbsp;</span>anomalies, and enrichment of the HREEs relative to the MREEs. The data suggest modification of REY during phosphatization and indicate that studies requiring primary REY distributions or isotopic ratios should be restricted to non-phosphatized (layers of) Fe-Mn crusts.</p><p>Apparent bulk coefficients,<span>&nbsp;</span><i>K</i><sub>d</sub><sup>m</sup>, describing trace metal partitioning between nonphosphatized hydrogenetic Fe-Mn crusts and seawater, are similar for Pr to Eu and decrease for Eu to Yb. Exceptionally high values of K<sub>D</sub><sup>Ce</sup>, which are similar to those of Ti, result from oxidative scavenging of Ce and support previous suggestions that Ce (IV) is a hydroxide-dominated element in seawater. Yttrium and Gd show lower K<sub>D</sub><span>&nbsp;</span>values than their respective neighbours in the REY series. Results of modelling the exchange equilibrium between REY dissolved in seawater and REY sorbed on hydrous Fe-Mn oxides corroborate previous studies that suggested the surface complexation of REY can be approximated by their first hydroxide binding constant. Negative “anomalies” occur for stabilities of bulk surface complexes of Gd, La, and particularly Y. The differences in inorganic surface complex stability between Y and Ho and between Gd and its REE neighbours are similar to those shown by the stabilities of complexes with aminocarboxylic acids and are significantly larger than those shown by stabilities of complexes with carboxylic acids. Hence, sorption of Y and REEs onto hydrous Fe-Mn oxides may contribute significantly to the positive Y<sub>SN</sub><span>&nbsp;</span>and Gd<sub>SN</sub><span>&nbsp;</span>anomalies in seawater.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0016-7037(96)00063-4","usgsCitation":"Bau, M., Koschinsky, A., Dulski, P., and Hein, J.R., 1996, Comparison of the partitioning behaviours of yttrium, rare earth elements, and titanium between hydrogenetic marine ferromanganese crusts and seawater: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 60, no. 10, p. 1709-1725, https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-7037(96)00063-4.","productDescription":"17 p.","startPage":"1709","endPage":"1725","numberOfPages":"17","costCenters":[{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":227115,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"60","issue":"10","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f8afe4b0c8380cd4d218","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bau, Michael","contributorId":103174,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bau","given":"Michael","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379655,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Koschinsky, Andrea 0000-0002-9224-0663","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9224-0663","contributorId":242599,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Koschinsky","given":"Andrea","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":48477,"text":"Jacobs University, Bremen, Germany","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":379656,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Dulski, Peter","contributorId":187708,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Dulski","given":"Peter","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379658,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Hein, James R. 0000-0002-5321-899X jhein@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5321-899X","contributorId":140835,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hein","given":"James","email":"jhein@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":379657,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70018430,"text":"70018430 - 1996 - Life history attributes of the rare mayfly Siphlonisca aerodromia Needham (Ephemeroptera:Siphlonuridae)","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-05-31T11:43:26.292526","indexId":"70018430","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2564,"text":"Journal of the North American Benthological Society","onlineIssn":"1937-237X","printIssn":"0887-3593","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Life history attributes of the rare mayfly Siphlonisca aerodromia Needham (Ephemeroptera:Siphlonuridae)","docAbstract":"<div class=\"col-lg-9 article__content\"><div class=\"article__body show-references \"><div class=\"hlFld-Abstract\"><div class=\"abstractSection abstractInFull\"><p>Over a 3-y period, we examined the biology of late-instar nymphs, adults, and eggs of the rate predaceous mayfly S. aerodromia at Tomah Stream, Maine, to identify life history attributes associated with the mayfly's movements between the stream channel and the bordering floodplain. Eggs were deposited in the stream channel in June and hatched in November and December. Embryonic development occurred in 47-92% of eggs from unmated females. With rising water levels following snowmelt in March or April, nymphs moved from channel to floodplain, where most nymphal growth and development took place. Sex ratios of nymphs in the floodplain were female biased (1 M:1.4 F in 1991 and 1 M:2.1 F in 1992). Nymphs molted to the final instar earlier in 1991 than in 1992 and male nymphs molted to the final instar before female nymphs in 1991 but not 1992. Time in the final instar decreased as the season advanced. Seasonal emergence was protandrous and lasted 10-11 d during late May and early June; timing of seasonal emergence in 1991, 1992, and 1993 was related to maximum air temperatures and persistence of standing water in the floodplain during May. Emergence of subimagos was female biased in 1991, but male biased in 1992. Diel emergence was from 0700 to 1700 h (EST) and occurred only when water temperature was &gt;11°C.</p></div></div></div></div>","language":"English","publisher":"University of Chicago Press","doi":"10.2307/1467435","issn":"08873593","usgsCitation":"Gibbs, K., and Siebenmann, M., 1996, Life history attributes of the rare mayfly Siphlonisca aerodromia Needham (Ephemeroptera:Siphlonuridae): Journal of the North American Benthological Society, v. 15, no. 1, p. 95-105, https://doi.org/10.2307/1467435.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"95","endPage":"105","numberOfPages":"11","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":227338,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"15","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a475ce4b0c8380cd6783a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Gibbs, K.E.","contributorId":96371,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gibbs","given":"K.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379547,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Siebenmann, M.","contributorId":37090,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Siebenmann","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379546,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70018409,"text":"70018409 - 1996 - Origin and significance of high nickel and chromium concentrations in pliocene lignite of the Kosovo Basin, Serbia","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:14","indexId":"70018409","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2033,"text":"International Journal of Coal Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Origin and significance of high nickel and chromium concentrations in pliocene lignite of the Kosovo Basin, Serbia","docAbstract":"Trace element data from 59 Pliocene lignite cores from the lignite field in the Kosovo Basin, southern Serbia, show localized enrichment of Ni and Cr (33-304 ppm and 8-176 ppm, respectively, whole-coal basis). Concentrations of both elements decrease from the western and southern boundaries of the lignite field. Low-temperature ash and polished coal pellets of selected bench and whole-coal samples were analyzed by X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy with energy-dispersive X-ray analyses. These analyses show that most of the Ni and Cr are incorporated in detrital and, to a lesser degree, in authigenic minerals. The Ni- and Cr-bearing detrital minerals include oxides, chromites, serpentine-group minerals and rare mixed-layer clays. Possible authigenic minerals include Ni-Fe sulfates and sulfides. Analyses of three lignite samples by a supercritical fluid extraction technique indicate that some (1-11%) of the Ni is organically bound. Ni- and Cr-bearing oxides, mixed-layer clays, chromites and serpentine-group minerals were also identified in weathered and fresh samples of laterite developed on serpentinized Paleozoic peridotite at the nearby Glavica and C??ikatovo Ni mines. These mines are located along the western and northwestern rim, respectively, of the Kosovo Basin, where Ni contents are highest. The detrital Ni- and Cr-bearing minerals identified in lignite samples from the western part of the Kosovo Basin may have been transported into the paleoswamp by rivers that drained the two Paleocene laterites. Some Ni may have been transported directly into the paleoswamp in solution or, alternatively, Ni may have been leached from detrital minerals by acidic peat water and adsorbed onto organic matter and included into authigenic mineral phases. No minable source of Ni and Cr is known in the southern part of the lignite field; however, the mineral and chemical data from the lignite and associated rocks suggest that such a source area may exist.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"International Journal of Coal Geology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/0166-5162(95)00031-3","issn":"01665162","usgsCitation":"Ruppert, L., Finkelman, R., Boti, E., Milosavljevic, M., Tewalt, S., Simon, N., and Dulong, F., 1996, Origin and significance of high nickel and chromium concentrations in pliocene lignite of the Kosovo Basin, Serbia: International Journal of Coal Geology, v. 29, no. 4, p. 235-258, https://doi.org/10.1016/0166-5162(95)00031-3.","startPage":"235","endPage":"258","numberOfPages":"24","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":205824,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0166-5162(95)00031-3"},{"id":226985,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"29","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a70bce4b0c8380cd761ef","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ruppert, L. 0000-0003-4990-0539","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4990-0539","contributorId":10561,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ruppert","given":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379477,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Finkelman, R.","contributorId":56812,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Finkelman","given":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379479,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Boti, E.","contributorId":10174,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Boti","given":"E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379476,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Milosavljevic, M.","contributorId":54747,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Milosavljevic","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379478,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Tewalt, S.","contributorId":68048,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tewalt","given":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379480,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Simon, N.","contributorId":92001,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Simon","given":"N.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379482,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Dulong, F. 0000-0001-7388-647X","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7388-647X","contributorId":74880,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dulong","given":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379481,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}}
,{"id":70018069,"text":"70018069 - 1996 - The Eocene Big Timber stock, south-central Montana: Development of extensive compositional variation in an arc-related intrusion by side-wall crystallization and cumulate glomerocryst remixing","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-12-23T15:09:36.133894","indexId":"70018069","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1786,"text":"Geological Society of America Bulletin","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The Eocene Big Timber stock, south-central Montana: Development of extensive compositional variation in an arc-related intrusion by side-wall crystallization and cumulate glomerocryst remixing","docAbstract":"<p>The Eocene Big Timber stock in the Crazy Mountains of south-central Montana is an elliptical, 8 by 13 km, compositionally and texturally diverse composite intrusion with a well-developed radial dike swarm. A sharp intrusive contact separates its two phases: the core of the intrusion is fine-grained quartz monzodiorite, and the volumetrically dominant remainder is composed of medium-grained diorite and gabbro.</p><p>Differentiation-related major oxide variation within the stock is extensive and spatially nonsystematic. However, abundances of most trace elements were not strongly influenced by differentiation; late zircon and apatite fractionation caused moderate heavy and slight light rare earth element abundance depletions, respectively. Mineral compositions and assemblages indicate crystallization between ≈950 and 700 °C at a pressure of ≈0.8 kbar (3 km). Mixing models indicate that fractionation of varying amounts of plagioclase, orthopyroxene, clinopyroxene, magnesio-hastingsite, hornblende, biotite, titanite, apatite, and magnetite (the stock's principal constituents, with quartz and potassium feldspar) and remixing of these minerals and residual liquids controlled compositional evolution in the reservoir. Crystals apparently nucleated at the reservoir wall while residual silicate liquid was displaced inward and remixed. Some crystals were plucked from the solidification front, as indicated by glomerocrysts present throughout the stock, and also remixed with residual liquid. Solidification of the reservoir represented by the stock involved heat loss to enclosing wall rock, side-wall crystallization, and subsequent, variably effective, crystal-liquid remixing. This process is an important variant of conventionally invoked models pertaining to solidification of intrusions and explains extensive, relatively nonsystematic compositional variation. The genesis of compositional evolution in other intrusions characterized by extensive, spatially nonsystematic variation may result from the important process documented herein.</p><div id=\"15008610\" class=\"article-section-wrapper js-article-section js-content-section  \" data-section-parent-id=\"0\"><p>Compositional and geologic relationships are consistent with magma genesis related to subduction and magmatic-arc processes inboard from the western edge of the early Cenozoic North American plate. Arc magmatism in south-central Montana during Eocene time is consistent with models pertaining to early Cenozoic southward sweep and westward retreat of magmatism. Magmatism represented by the Big Timber stock provides significant new support for steepening subduction, westward retreat of the subduction hinge line, and development of an asthenospheric mantle wedge that fueled renewed magmatism beneath the western edge of the North American continent following early Cenozoic shallow subduction.</p></div>","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/0016-7606(1996)108<1404:TEBTSS>2.3.CO;2","issn":"00167606","usgsCitation":"Bray, D., and Harlan, S.S., 1996, The Eocene Big Timber stock, south-central Montana: Development of extensive compositional variation in an arc-related intrusion by side-wall crystallization and cumulate glomerocryst remixing: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 108, no. 11, p. 1404-1424, https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1996)108<1404:TEBTSS>2.3.CO;2.","productDescription":"21 p.","startPage":"1404","endPage":"1424","numberOfPages":"21","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":228459,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"108","issue":"11","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505ba71de4b08c986b321384","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bray, du","contributorId":28749,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bray","given":"du","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":378378,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Harlan, S. S.","contributorId":11651,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Harlan","given":"S.","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":378377,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70018087,"text":"70018087 - 1996 - The Westphalian D fossil lepidodendrid forest at Table Head, Sydney Basin, Nova Scotia: Sedimentology, paleoecology and floral response to changing edaphic conditions","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-02-21T12:56:57.300894","indexId":"70018087","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2033,"text":"International Journal of Coal Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The Westphalian D fossil lepidodendrid forest at Table Head, Sydney Basin, Nova Scotia: Sedimentology, paleoecology and floral response to changing edaphic conditions","docAbstract":"<div id=\"preview-section-abstract\"><div id=\"abstracts\" class=\"Abstracts u-font-serif text-s\"><div id=\"aep-abstract-id6\" class=\"abstract author\"><div id=\"aep-abstract-sec-id7\"><p>Strata of Westphalian D age on the western coast of the Sydney Basin expose a fossil forest of approximately 30 lepidodendrid trees within one of several clastic splits of the Harbour Seam. A multidisciplinary approach was employed to interpret the origins of the coat bed, the depositional history of the site and the response of the fossil forest to changing edaphic conditions. The megaspore and miospore records indicate that the mire vegetation was dominated by arboreous lycopsids, especially<span>&nbsp;</span><i>Paralycopodites</i>, with subdominant tree ferns. Petrographic, palynological and geochemical evidence suggest that the Harbour coal bed at Table Head originated as a rheotrophic (cf. planar) mire (eutric histosol). The mire forest is interpreted to have been engulfed by prograding distributary-channel sediments; sparse protist assemblages are suggestive of a freshwater delta-plain lake environment occasionally in contact with brackish waters. Lepidodendrids persisted as site colonizers of clastic substrates even after burial of the rheotrophic peatland and influenced the morphology of deposited sediment, but apparently were unable to colonize distributary channels. Equivocal taxonomic data (compression fossils) show the fossil forest to have been composed of both monocarpic (<i>Lepidodendron</i>) and polycarpic (<i>Diaphorodendron, Paralycopodites, ?Sigillaria</i>) lycopsids, genera recorded in the palynology of the uppermost ply of the underlying coal bed. Comparatively rare within the clastic beds of the fossil forest, however, is the stem compression of<span>&nbsp;</span><i>Paralycopodites</i>, whose dispersed megapores and miospores dominate the underlying coal bed. Tree diameter data recorded equivalent to breast height indicate a forest of mixed age. These data would appear to suggest that some lepidodendrids employing a polycarpic reproductive strategy were better able to cross the ecological barrier imposed between peat and clastic substrates. Foliar compressions indicate that an understory or stand of<span>&nbsp;</span><i>Psaronius</i><span>&nbsp;</span>type tree ferns co-existed with the lepidodendrids on clastic substrates, which developed as incipient gleysol soils. The entombment of the forest can be ascribed to its distributary coastal setting, local subsidence and a seasonal climate that fostered wildfire and increased sedimentation.</p></div></div></div></div><div id=\"preview-section-introduction\"><br></div><div id=\"preview-section-snippets\"><br></div><div id=\"preview-section-references\"><br></div>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/S0166-5162(96)00020-1","issn":"01665162","usgsCitation":"Calder, J., Gibling, M., Eble, C., Scott, A., and MacNeil, D., 1996, The Westphalian D fossil lepidodendrid forest at Table Head, Sydney Basin, Nova Scotia: Sedimentology, paleoecology and floral response to changing edaphic conditions: International Journal of Coal Geology, v. 31, no. 1-4, p. 277-313, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0166-5162(96)00020-1.","productDescription":"37 p.","startPage":"277","endPage":"313","numberOfPages":"37","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":228792,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"31","issue":"1-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505ba983e4b08c986b3222fc","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Calder, J.H.","contributorId":89682,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Calder","given":"J.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":378432,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Gibling, M.R.","contributorId":93228,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gibling","given":"M.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":378433,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Eble, C.F.","contributorId":35346,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Eble","given":"C.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":378429,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Scott, A.C.","contributorId":45072,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Scott","given":"A.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":378430,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"MacNeil, D.J.","contributorId":70949,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"MacNeil","given":"D.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":378431,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":70018092,"text":"70018092 - 1996 - Geochemical and palynological indicators of the paleoecology of the River Gem coal bed, Whitley County, Kentucky","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-02-21T12:29:57.941368","indexId":"70018092","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2033,"text":"International Journal of Coal Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Geochemical and palynological indicators of the paleoecology of the River Gem coal bed, Whitley County, Kentucky","docAbstract":"<div id=\"preview-section-abstract\"><div id=\"abstracts\" class=\"Abstracts u-font-serif text-s\"><div id=\"aep-abstract-id5\" class=\"abstract author\"><div id=\"aep-abstract-sec-id6\"><p>The River Gem coal bed (upper Westphalian A) was sampled at five sites in a single mine in Whitley County, Kentucky. Previous petrographic and sulfur analyses of the collected interval samples showed that the coal bed could be divided into a basal low-sulfur lithotype, a middle high-sulfur bone lithotype and an upper high-sulfur lithotype. At one location a high-sulfur rider unit is present. In this study we have conducted detailed palynological analyses on all of the interval samples and ash geochemistry on the upper high-sulfur lithotype intervals and two of the basal high-sulfur basal lithotype intervals.</p><p>Geochemical analyses show that As and Pb are generally high in the high-sulfur upper lithotypes from all five sites. Carbonates, having associated high levels of Ba and Sr, are important in the ash geochemistry of the lower, low-sulfur lithotypes. Ga, Ge and W are enriched in the higher vitrinite lithotypes among the low-sulfur samples. The basal lithotype at each of two sites, which was analyzed in detail, is enriched in yttrium plus the lighter rare earth elements.</p><p>The basal low-sulfur lithotypes are dominated by arboreous lycopod spores. The middle, low-sulfur portion of the bed is dominated by herbaceous lycopsids (<i>Densosporites</i>) at the base of the unit and becomes increasingly enriched in<span>&nbsp;</span><i>Lycospora</i><span>&nbsp;</span>towards the top of the unit indicating that the peat-forming environment became wetter. The greatest arboreous lycopod spore abundances in the upper, high-sulfur portion the bed, along with an overlying marine roof, indicates that peat deposition was terminated by a marine inundation.</p></div></div></div></div><div id=\"preview-section-introduction\"><br></div><div id=\"preview-section-snippets\"><br></div><div id=\"preview-section-references\"><br></div>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/S0166-5162(96)00014-6","issn":"01665162","usgsCitation":"Hower, J., Ruppert, L., Eble, C., and Graham, U., 1996, Geochemical and palynological indicators of the paleoecology of the River Gem coal bed, Whitley County, Kentucky: International Journal of Coal Geology, v. 31, no. 1-4, p. 135-149, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0166-5162(96)00014-6.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"135","endPage":"149","numberOfPages":"15","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":228880,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"31","issue":"1-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a15e2e4b0c8380cd54f92","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hower, J.C.","contributorId":100541,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hower","given":"J.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":378450,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ruppert, L.F. 0000-0003-4990-0539","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4990-0539","contributorId":59043,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ruppert","given":"L.F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":378448,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Eble, C.F.","contributorId":35346,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Eble","given":"C.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":378447,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Graham, U.M.","contributorId":70551,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Graham","given":"U.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":378449,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70018116,"text":"70018116 - 1996 - Magmatic (silicates/saline/sulfur-rich/CO2) immiscibility and zirconium and rare-earth element enrichment from alkaline magma chamber margins : Evidence from Ponza Island, Pontine Archipelago, Italy","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:27","indexId":"70018116","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1593,"text":"European Journal of Mineralogy","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Magmatic (silicates/saline/sulfur-rich/CO2) immiscibility and zirconium and rare-earth element enrichment from alkaline magma chamber margins : Evidence from Ponza Island, Pontine Archipelago, Italy","docAbstract":"Fluid inclusions were measured from a feldspathoid-bearing syenite xenolith entrained in trachyte from Ponza, one of the islands of the Pontine Archipelago, located in the Gulf of Gaeta, Italy. The feldspathoid-bearing syenite consists mainly of potassium feldspar, clinopyroxene, amphibole, biotite, titanite, manganoan magnetite, apatite with minor nosean, Na-rich feldspar, pyrrhotite, and rare cheralite. Baddeleyite and zirkelite occur associated with manganoan magnetite. Detailed electron-microprobe analysis reveals enrichments in REE, Y, Nb, U, Th as well as Cl and F in appropriate phases. Fluid inclusions observed in potassium feldspar are either silicate-melt or aqueous inclusions. The aqueous inclusions can be further classified as. (1) one-phase vapor, (2) two-phase (V + L) inclusions, vapor-rich inclusions with a small amount of CO2 in most cases; homogenization of the inclusions always occurred in the vapor phase between 359 and 424??C, salinities vary from 2.9 to 8.5 wt. % NaCl equivalent; and. (3) three-phase and multiphase inclusions (hypersaline/sulfur-rich aqueous inclusions sometimes with up to 8 or more solid phases). Daughter minerals dissolve on heating before vapor/liquid homogenization. Standardless quantitative scanning electron microscope X-ray fluorescence analysis has tentatively identified the following chloride and sulfate daughter crystals; halite, sylvite, glauberite. arcanite, anhydrite, and thenardite. Melting of the daughter crystals occurs between 459 and 536??C (54 to 65 wt. % NaCI equivalent) whereas total homogenization is between 640 and 755??C. The occurrence of silicate-melt inclusions and high-temperature, solute-rich aqueous inclusions suggests that the druse or miarolitic texture of the xenolith is late-stage magmatic. The xenolith from Ponza represents a portion of the peripheral magma chamber wall that has recorded the magmatic/hydrothermal transition and the passage of high solute fluids enriched in chlorides, sulfur, and incompatible elements.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"European Journal of Mineralogy","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"09351221","usgsCitation":"Belkin, H., de Vivo, B., Lima, A., and Torok, K., 1996, Magmatic (silicates/saline/sulfur-rich/CO2) immiscibility and zirconium and rare-earth element enrichment from alkaline magma chamber margins : Evidence from Ponza Island, Pontine Archipelago, Italy: European Journal of Mineralogy, v. 8, no. 6, p. 1401-1420.","startPage":"1401","endPage":"1420","numberOfPages":"20","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":227273,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"8","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a4b40e4b0c8380cd693d2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Belkin, H. E. 0000-0001-7879-6529","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7879-6529","contributorId":38160,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Belkin","given":"H. E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":378523,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"de Vivo, B.","contributorId":50549,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"de Vivo","given":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":378524,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Lima, A.","contributorId":74884,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lima","given":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":378525,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Torok, K.","contributorId":33071,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Torok","given":"K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":378522,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70018145,"text":"70018145 - 1996 - Comparison of alternative spatial resolutions in the application of a spatially distributed biogeochemical model over complex terrain","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:22","indexId":"70018145","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1458,"text":"Ecological Modelling","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Comparison of alternative spatial resolutions in the application of a spatially distributed biogeochemical model over complex terrain","docAbstract":"Spatially distributed biogeochemical models may be applied over grids at a range of spatial resolutions, however, evaluation of potential errors and loss of information at relatively coarse resolutions is rare. In this study, a georeferenced database at the 1-km spatial resolution was developed to initialize and drive a process-based model (Forest-BGC) of water and carbon balance over a gridded 54976 km2 area covering two river basins in mountainous western Oregon. Corresponding data sets were also prepared at 10-km and 50-km spatial resolutions using commonly employed aggregation schemes. Estimates were made at each grid cell for climate variables including daily solar radiation, air temperature, humidity, and precipitation. The topographic structure, water holding capacity, vegetation type and leaf area index were likewise estimated for initial conditions. The daily time series for the climatic drivers was developed from interpolations of meteorological station data for the water year 1990 (1 October 1989-30 September 1990). Model outputs at the 1-km resolution showed good agreement with observed patterns in runoff and productivity. The ranges for model inputs at the 10-km and 50-km resolutions tended to contract because of the smoothed topography. Estimates for mean evapotranspiration and runoff were relatively insensitive to changing the spatial resolution of the grid whereas estimates of mean annual net primary production varied by 11%. The designation of a vegetation type and leaf area at the 50-km resolution often subsumed significant heterogeneity in vegetation, and this factor accounted for much of the difference in the mean values for the carbon flux variables. Although area wide means for model outputs were generally similar across resolutions, difference maps often revealed large areas of disagreement. Relatively high spatial resolution analyses of biogeochemical cycling are desirable from several perspectives and may be particularly important in the study of the potential impacts of climate change.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Ecological Modelling","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/0304-3800(95)00143-3","issn":"03043800","usgsCitation":"Turner, D., Dodson, R., and Marks, D., 1996, Comparison of alternative spatial resolutions in the application of a spatially distributed biogeochemical model over complex terrain: Ecological Modelling, v. 90, no. 1, p. 53-67, https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-3800(95)00143-3.","startPage":"53","endPage":"67","numberOfPages":"15","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":205867,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0304-3800(95)00143-3"},{"id":227188,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"90","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f84de4b0c8380cd4cfe6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Turner, D.P.","contributorId":80024,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Turner","given":"D.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":378681,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Dodson, R.","contributorId":67233,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dodson","given":"R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":378680,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Marks, D.","contributorId":93217,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Marks","given":"D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":378682,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":5222610,"text":"5222610 - 1995 - Successful nesting behavior of Puerto Rican parrots","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:14:37","indexId":"5222610","displayToPublicDate":"2010-06-16T12:17:43","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3783,"text":"The Wilson Bulletin","printIssn":"0043-5643","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Successful nesting behavior of Puerto Rican parrots","docAbstract":"We analyzed nesting behavior of five pairs of the endangered Puerto Rican Parrot (Amazona vittata) during eight successful nesting attempts. Each stage of the nesting cycle (egg laying, incubation, early chick rearing, and late chick rearing) was characterized by distinct trends or levels of behavior. During egg laying, female attentiveness to tile nest increased, and male attentiveness decreased. Throughout incubation and the first several days of early chick rearing, females were highly attentive to their nests, whereas males rarely entered the nest cavities. Female attentiveness then began to decline. Male attentiveness to the nest was sporadic until chicks were 10-12 days old. when all males began to enter their nests at least once each day. During late chick rearing, both male and female attentiveness were erratic and highly variable. Biologists may be able to use these results to identify nest problems and the need for management intervention when patterns of nest attentiveness deviate from the limits described in this study..","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Wilson Bulletin","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","usgsCitation":"Wilson, K., Field, R., and Wilson, M., 1995, Successful nesting behavior of Puerto Rican parrots: The Wilson Bulletin, v. 107, no. 3, p. 518-529.","productDescription":"518-529","startPage":"518","endPage":"529","numberOfPages":"12","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":194220,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":15961,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://elibrary.unm.edu/sora/Wilson/v107n03/p0518-p0529.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"volume":"107","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b05e4b07f02db699950","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wilson, K.A.","contributorId":45021,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wilson","given":"K.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":336674,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Field, R.","contributorId":105813,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Field","given":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":336675,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Wilson, M.H.","contributorId":17713,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wilson","given":"M.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":336673,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":5223122,"text":"5223122 - 1995 - The role of the white-eyed vireo in the dispersal of Bursera fruit on the Yucatan Peninsula","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-05-14T16:46:55.06832","indexId":"5223122","displayToPublicDate":"2010-06-16T12:17:42","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2487,"text":"Journal of Tropical Ecology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The role of the white-eyed vireo in the dispersal of Bursera fruit on the Yucatan Peninsula","docAbstract":"<p>White-eyed vireos (<span class=\"italic\">Vireo griseus</span>) winter in the forests and secondary growth of the Yucatan Peninsula where<span>&nbsp;</span><span class=\"italic\">Bursera simaruba</span><span>&nbsp;</span>(Burseraceae) is an abundant tree. Twenty-five per cent of all white-eyed vireos observed foraging visited<span>&nbsp;</span><span class=\"italic\">Bursera</span><span>&nbsp;</span>trees. In addition, presence and abundance of territorial white-eyed vireos in small forest patches were correlated with the size of the<span>&nbsp;</span><span class=\"italic\">Bursera</span><span>&nbsp;</span>crop. Vireos were the most reliable dispersers of<span>&nbsp;</span><span class=\"italic\">Bursera</span><span>&nbsp;</span>seeds. These birds visited 32 of 35 trees observed for at least three hours. They accounted for approximately half of all bird visits, and two-thirds of the seeds dispersed. Most of the other species rarely visited (&lt;5% of visits) or failed to remove seeds from the tree.</p><p>Peculiarities of phenology and fruit structure may contribute to the tendency of<span>&nbsp;</span><span class=\"italic\">Bursera</span><span>&nbsp;</span>to be dispersed by relatively few species. The capsules of<span>&nbsp;</span><span class=\"italic\">Bursera</span><span>&nbsp;</span>fruits do not open when the fruit ripens; birds apparently locate ripe fruit using visual cues, although these are few. In addition, only a small portion of the crop ripens daily over a 7- or 8-month period. The vireo-<span class=\"italic\">Bursera simaruba</span><span>&nbsp;</span>relationship, found regionally on the Yucatan Peninsula, may result from the prolonged fruit ripening period (October-March), the relatively depauperate frugivore community and the relatively high density of small<span>&nbsp;</span><span class=\"italic\">Bursera</span><span>&nbsp;</span>trees in the hurricane-disturbed dry forests.</p><p>Small trees at all times, and all trees from October to February, depend upon territorial vireos for continuous, highly efficient local dispersal of a small number of fruits. In March and April residual fruits ripen rapidly and synchronously, attracting a greater variety of visitors for broad spectrum dispersal during a period of food scarcity. Thus,<span>&nbsp;</span><span class=\"italic\">Bursera</span><span>&nbsp;</span>has an unusual two-phase phenological pattern, perhaps alternately to take advantage of both specialized and opportunistic dispersers.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Cambridge University Press","doi":"10.1017/S0266467400009184","usgsCitation":"Greenberg, R., Foster, M., and Marquez-Valdelamar, L., 1995, The role of the white-eyed vireo in the dispersal of Bursera fruit on the Yucatan Peninsula: Journal of Tropical Ecology, v. 11, no. 4, p. 619-639, https://doi.org/10.1017/S0266467400009184.","productDescription":"21 p.","startPage":"619","endPage":"639","numberOfPages":"21","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":195869,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"11","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2009-07-10","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a6fe4b07f02db640df9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Greenberg, R.","contributorId":26778,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Greenberg","given":"R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":337924,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Foster, M.S. 0000-0001-8272-4608","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8272-4608","contributorId":10116,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Foster","given":"M.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":337923,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Marquez-Valdelamar, L.","contributorId":38668,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Marquez-Valdelamar","given":"L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":337925,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":5210505,"text":"5210505 - 1995 - California condors","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":5210505,"text":"5210505 - 1995 - California condors","indexId":"5210505","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"title":"California condors"},"predicate":"IS_PART_OF","object":{"id":70148108,"text":"70148108 - 1995 - Our living resources: A report to the nation on the distribution, abundance, and health of U.S. plants, animals, and ecosystems","indexId":"70148108","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"title":"Our living resources: A report to the nation on the distribution, abundance, and health of U.S. plants, animals, and ecosystems"},"id":1}],"isPartOf":{"id":70148108,"text":"70148108 - 1995 - Our living resources: A report to the nation on the distribution, abundance, and health of U.S. plants, animals, and ecosystems","indexId":"70148108","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"title":"Our living resources: A report to the nation on the distribution, abundance, and health of U.S. plants, animals, and ecosystems"},"lastModifiedDate":"2017-04-18T15:53:36","indexId":"5210505","displayToPublicDate":"2009-06-09T09:23:17","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"California condors","docAbstract":"<p>The California condor (<i>Gymnogyps californianus</i>) is a member of the vulture family. With a wingspan of about 3 m (9 ft) and weighing about 9 kg (20 lb), it spends much of its time in soaring flight visually seeking dead animals as food. The California condor has always been rare (Wilbur 1978; Pattee and Wilbur 1989). Although probably numbering in the thousands during the Pleistocene epoch in North America, its numbers likely declined dramatically with the extinction of most of North America's large mammals 10,000 years ago. Condors probably numbered in the hundreds and were nesting residents in British Columbia, Washington, Oregon, California, and Baja California around 1800. In 1939 the condor population was estimated at 60-100 birds, and its home range was reduced to the mountains and foothills of California, south of San Francisco and north of Los Angeles.</p><p>Conservation to halt the condor's decline included establishing the Sisquoc (1937) and Sespe (1947) condor sanctuaries within the Los Padres National Forest, obtaining fully protected status under California Fish and Game Code (1953), placement on California's first state endangered species list (1971), and, finally, being listed by the federal government under the Endangered Species Act of 1973 (Wilbur 1978). The success of these efforts could not be judged, however, because verifiable status and trends data did not become available until 1982. By using these data, we confirmed the decline in condor numbers over the past 50 years was even greater than thought.</p>","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Our living resources: A report to the nation on the distribution, abundance, and health of U.S. plants, animals, and ecosystems","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":15,"text":"Monograph"},"language":"English","publisher":"National Biological Service","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","usgsCitation":"Pattee, O.H., and Mesta, R., 1995, California condors, chap. <i>of</i> Our living resources: A report to the nation on the distribution, abundance, and health of U.S. plants, animals, and ecosystems, p. 80-81.","productDescription":"2 p.","startPage":"80","endPage":"81","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":200809,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":339889,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://www.webharvest.gov/peth04/20041019015728/https://biology.usgs.gov/s+t/index.htm","linkHelpText":"Archived website"}],"country":"United States","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a06e4b07f02db5f8eae","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"LaRoe, Edward T.","contributorId":112276,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"LaRoe","given":"Edward","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":506563,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Farris, Gaye S.","contributorId":84410,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Farris","given":"Gaye","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":455,"text":"National Wetlands Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":506566,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Puckett, Catherine E. cpuckett@usgs.gov","contributorId":4629,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Puckett","given":"Catherine","email":"cpuckett@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":506564,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Doran, Peter D.","contributorId":17533,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Doran","given":"Peter","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":506565,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Mac, Michael J.","contributorId":16772,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mac","given":"Michael","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":506562,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":5}],"authors":[{"text":"Pattee, Oliver H.","contributorId":45412,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pattee","given":"Oliver","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":328558,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Mesta, Robert","contributorId":95988,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mesta","given":"Robert","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":328559,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":1017381,"text":"1017381 - 1995 - Conservation issues and strategies for elephant-shrews","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-05-08T15:56:26.841239","indexId":"1017381","displayToPublicDate":"2008-06-28T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2651,"text":"Mammal Review","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Conservation issues and strategies for elephant-shrews","docAbstract":"<p><span>The recommendations and implementation of the IUCN conservation plan for African Insectivora and elephant-shrews (Nicoll &amp; Rathbun, 1990) are reviewed. Of the 33 species and subspecies of elephant-shrews, only six forest-dwelling taxa are threatened. Until additional status data are gathered, assessed, and published no changes in the IUCN threatened categories should be made:&nbsp;</span><i>Rhynchocyon chrysopygus</i><span>&nbsp;is ‘vulnerable’;&nbsp;</span><i>Rhynchocyon petersi petersi</i><span>&nbsp;and&nbsp;</span><i>Rhynchocyon petersi adersi</i><span>&nbsp;are ‘rare’; and&nbsp;</span><i>Rhynchocyon cirnei cirnei, Rhynchocyon cirnei hendersoni</i><span>, and&nbsp;</span><i>Petrodromus tetradactylus sangi</i><span>&nbsp;are ‘insufficiently known’. Implementing status surveys that have not been completed, especially for the forms of&nbsp;</span><i>R. petersi</i><span>&nbsp;and&nbsp;</span><i>P. t. sangi</i><span>, are a high priority.&nbsp;</span><i>Rhynchocyon petersi</i><span>&nbsp;and&nbsp;</span><i>R. chrysopygus</i><span>&nbsp;densities are lower in altered and trapped forests compared with undisturbed forests. Because undisturbed forests in eastern Africa are highly fragmented, small, and disappearing due to human encroachment, it is important to determine the population dynamics of&nbsp;</span><i>Rhynchocyon</i><span>&nbsp;spp. that occupy degraded forest habitats, such as plantations, follow agricultural lands, and coastal scrub. In the face of the expanding human population, with its increasing need for land and natural resources,&nbsp;</span><i>Rhynchocyon</i><span>&nbsp;populations that occur in these degraded habitats may be all that remain in the future.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1111/j.1365-2907.1995.tb00440.x","usgsCitation":"Rathbun, G.B., 1995, Conservation issues and strategies for elephant-shrews: Mammal Review, v. 25, no. 1-2, p. 79-86, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2907.1995.tb00440.x.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"79","endPage":"86","costCenters":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":132610,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"25","issue":"1-2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2008-06-28","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b02e4b07f02db698c31","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Rathbun, G. B.","contributorId":106044,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rathbun","given":"G.","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":324805,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70198237,"text":"70198237 - 1995 - The generation of oceanic rhyolites by crystal fractionation: the basalt-rhyolite association at Volcán Alcedo, Galápagos archipelago","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-07-23T10:23:21","indexId":"70198237","displayToPublicDate":"1995-12-31T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2420,"text":"Journal of Petrology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The generation of oceanic rhyolites by crystal fractionation: the basalt-rhyolite association at Volcán Alcedo, Galápagos archipelago","docAbstract":"<p><span>Alcedo volcano is one of six shield volcanoes on Isabela Island in the western Galápagos Islands. Although Alcedo is dominantiy basaltic, it is unusual in that it also has erupted ∼1 km</span><sup>3</sup><span><span>&nbsp;</span>of rhyolite. The rhyolitic phase marked a 10-fold decrease in the mass-eruption rate of the volcano, and the volcano has returned to erupting basalt. The basalts are tholeiitic and range from strongly to sparsely porphyritic. Olivine and plagiodase are the liquidus phases in the most primitive basalts. The MgO and Ni concentrations in the most primitive basalts indicate that they have undergone substantial differentiation since extraction from the mantle. The rhyolites contain the assemblage oligoclase-augite-titanomagnetite-fayalite-apatite and sparse xenoliths of quenched basalt and cumulate gabbros. Intermediate rocks are very rare, but some are apparently basaltrhyolite hybrids, and others resulted from differentiation of tholeiitic magma. Several modeling approaches and Sr-, Nd-, and O-isotopic data indicate that the rhyolites resulted from ∼ 90% fractionation (by weight) of plagiodase, augite, titanomagnetite, olivine, and apatite from the most primitive olivine tholeiite. The data are inconsistent with the rhyolites originating by crustal anatexis. The extreme Daly gap may be caused by the large increase in viscosity as the basaltic magma differentiates to intermediate and siliceous compositions; highly evolved magmas are eruptible only after they become saturated with volatiles by second boiling. The close association of the hybrid intermediate magmas and magmatic inclusions with the climactic plinian eruption indicates mixing between mafic and silicic magmas immediately before eruption. Rhyolite production was favored by the decrease in supply of basaltic magma as Alcedo was carried away from the focus of the Galápagos hotspot. A three-stage model for the magmatic evolution of a Galápagos volcano is proposed. In the first stage, the supply of basaltic magma is large. Basaltic magma continually intrudes the subcaldera magma chamber, buffering the magmas' compositional and thermal evolution. As the volcano is carried away from the basaltic source, the magma chamber is allowed to cool and differentiate, as exemplified by Alcedo's rhyolitic phase. Finally, the volcano receives even smaller influx of basalt, so a large magma chamber cannot be sustained, and the volcano shifts to isolated basaltic eruptions.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Oxford Academic Press","doi":"10.1093/petrology/36.4.965","usgsCitation":"Geist, D., Howard, K.A., and Larson, P., 1995, The generation of oceanic rhyolites by crystal fractionation: the basalt-rhyolite association at Volcán Alcedo, Galápagos archipelago: Journal of Petrology, v. 36, no. 4, p. 965-982, https://doi.org/10.1093/petrology/36.4.965.","productDescription":"18 p.","startPage":"965","endPage":"982","costCenters":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":355878,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Ecuador","otherGeospatial":"Galapagos Islands","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -94.46044921875,\n              -2.921097018708451\n            ],\n            [\n              -86.220703125,\n              -2.921097018708451\n            ],\n            [\n              -86.220703125,\n              1.7794990011582255\n            ],\n            [\n              -94.46044921875,\n              1.7794990011582255\n            ],\n            [\n              -94.46044921875,\n              -2.921097018708451\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"36","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5c110e12e4b034bf6a810d5a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Geist, Dennis","contributorId":194545,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Geist","given":"Dennis","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":740680,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Howard, Keith A. 0000-0002-6462-2947 khoward@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6462-2947","contributorId":3439,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Howard","given":"Keith","email":"khoward@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":740681,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Larson, Peter","contributorId":57265,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Larson","given":"Peter","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":740682,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":18959,"text":"ofr9530 - 1995 - Trace metals and major and rare earth elements in cuttings from five high-temperature wells in the northwest region of The Geysers, California, vapor-dominated geothermal system","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-04-05T13:22:12","indexId":"ofr9530","displayToPublicDate":"1995-12-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"95-30","title":"Trace metals and major and rare earth elements in cuttings from five high-temperature wells in the northwest region of The Geysers, California, vapor-dominated geothermal system","docAbstract":"<p>Temperatures within the main vapor-dominated steam reservoir at The Geysers geothermal field generally are in the range 238°C to 244°C. A few deep wells in the northwestern part of the field have penetrated beneath this reservoir into a second vapor-dominated reservoir where temperatures are &gt;315°C, while vapor pressure remains nearly constant at about 35.9 bars (Walters et al., 1992). Vapor-dominated reservoirs generally are thought to operate like heat pipes in which steam formed near the base of the system convects upward (along with other gases, such as CC&gt;2 and H2S), while liquid that has condensed from steam near the top of the reservoir counterflows downward (White et al., 1971). To the extent that this steam condensate carries H2S in solution, it may dissolve gold from the surrounding rock during the counterflow. Re-evaporation of the down-flowing condensate and precipitation of dissolved material might occur at the base of the upper reservoir where there is a relatively sharp increase in temperature while vapor pressure remains nearly constant. In addition, brine that once was present throughout the system (Moore, 1992) may have deposited a variety of ore minerals when and where boiling was vigorous during the transition from previous hot water-dominated to present-day vapor-dominated conditions. The investigation reported here was a geochemical reconnaissance survey looking for evidence of accumulation of Au and other metals in the transition zone between the two reservoirs. The petrology of the cuttings was not examined as part of the investigation.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr9530","usgsCitation":"Fournier, R.O., and Moore, J.N., 1995, Trace metals and major and rare earth elements in cuttings from five high-temperature wells in the northwest region of The Geysers, California, vapor-dominated geothermal system: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 95-30, 11 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr9530.","productDescription":"11 p.","costCenters":[{"id":615,"text":"Volcano Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":151415,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1995/0030/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":48366,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1995/0030/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a4de4b07f02db627582","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Fournier, Robert O.","contributorId":73202,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fournier","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"O.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":180055,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Moore, Joseph N.","contributorId":12508,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Moore","given":"Joseph","email":"","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":180054,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":26889,"text":"wri954023 - 1995 - Regional rainfall-runoff relations for simulation of streamflow for watersheds in Lake County, Illinois","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-04-21T12:19:17.464536","indexId":"wri954023","displayToPublicDate":"1995-12-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"95-4023","displayTitle":"Regional Rainfall-Runoff Relations for Simulation of Streamflow for Watersheds in Lake County, Illinois","title":"Regional rainfall-runoff relations for simulation of streamflow for watersheds in Lake County, Illinois","docAbstract":"<p>Rainfall and streamflow data collected in Lake County, Ill., from March 1990 through September 1993 were used to (1) calibrate a rainfall-runoff model for an area encompassing three watersheds (individual areas of 17.2, 35.7, and 37.0 mi<sup>2</sup>&nbsp;(square miles) and (2) verify the regional model parameter set obtained from the calibration by applying the parameter set to rainfall-runoff models for an additional small (6.3 mi<sup>2</sup>) watershed and a large (59.6 mi<sup>2</sup>) watershed. In addition, rainfall and streamflow data collected from April 1991 through September 1993 were used to calibrate the rainfall-runoff model for three single land-use watersheds (38.2-305 acres), called hydrologic response units (HRU's). Significant differences were found between the best parameters used in the HRU models and in the larger watershed models. The main channels in the HRU's are intermittent streams; thus, the parameters in the HRU models were selected such that a fluctuating water table could be simulated; runoff from the larger watersheds is not as sensitive to the effects of a fluctuating water table. Classification of land cover into two pervious subareas (forest and grass) and one impervious subarea (including parking lots, streets, and rooftops, among others) was sufficient to simulate the rainfall-runoff relations for all watersheds accurately. The model parameters presented in this report, which were refined through regional calibration and verified for watersheds not considered in the calibration, allow simulation of runoff in watersheds in Lake County, Ill., with approximately 93-percent accuracy in the total water balance, an average absolute error in the annual- flow estimates of 10.9 percent (and an error rarely exceeding 25 percent for annual flow), and monthly water balances with correlation coefficients of 93 percent and coefficients of model-fit efficiency of 86 percent. The models closely reproduced the partial-duration series of runoff and storm-runoff frequencies for the modeled watersheds.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/wri954023","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Lake County Stormwater Management Commission","usgsCitation":"Duncker, J., Vail, T., and Melching, C., 1995, Regional rainfall-runoff relations for simulation of streamflow for watersheds in Lake County, Illinois: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 95-4023, v, 71 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri954023.","productDescription":"v, 71 p.","costCenters":[{"id":344,"text":"Illinois Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":157448,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1995/4023/coverthb.jpg"},{"id":361745,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1995/4023/wrir95_4023.pdf","text":"Report","size":"2.75 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"WRI 95–4023"}],"country":"United States","state":"Illinois","county":"Lake County","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -88.17970275878906,\n              42.12980284036179\n            ],\n            [\n              -87.76634216308594,\n              42.12980284036179\n            ],\n            [\n              -87.76634216308594,\n              42.49235259142821\n            ],\n            [\n              -88.17970275878906,\n              42.49235259142821\n            ],\n            [\n              -88.17970275878906,\n              42.12980284036179\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","contact":"<p>Director,&nbsp;<a href=\"https://www.usgs.gov/centers/cm-water\" data-mce-href=\"https://www.usgs.gov/centers/cm-water\">Central Midwest Water Science Center</a><br>U.S. Geological Survey<br>405 North Goodwin<br>Urbana, IL 61801</p>","tableOfContents":"<ul><li>Abstract</li><li>Introduction</li><li>Description of Study Area</li><li>Methods of Study</li><li>Simulation of Streamflow</li><li>Rainrall-Runoff Relations</li><li>Summary and Conclusions</li><li>References Cited</li><li>Appendix A—Example User Control Input (UCI) File For Simulating Watersheds <br>With The Hydrological Simulation Program–Fortran (HSPF)</li><li>Appendix B—Example User Control Input (UCI) File For Simulating Hydrologic <br>Response Units (HRU’s)&nbsp;With The Hydrological Simulation Program–Fortran (HSPF)</li></ul>","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a26e4b07f02db60fa33","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Duncker, James J.","contributorId":62620,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Duncker","given":"James J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":197192,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Vail, Tracy J.","contributorId":103703,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Vail","given":"Tracy J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":197193,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Melching, Charles S.","contributorId":23973,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Melching","given":"Charles S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":197191,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":25685,"text":"wri954031 - 1995 - Nutrients in ground water and surface water of the United States; an analysis of data through 1992","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:11","indexId":"wri954031","displayToPublicDate":"1995-12-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"95-4031","title":"Nutrients in ground water and surface water of the United States; an analysis of data through 1992","docAbstract":"Historical data on nutrient (nitrogen and phosphorus species) concentrations in ground-and surface-water samples were compiled from 20 study units of the National Water-Quality Assessment (NAWQA) Program and 5 supplemental study areas. The resultant national retrospective data sets contained analyses of about 12,000 Found-water and more than 22,000 surface-water samples. These data were interpreted on regional and national scales by relating the distributions of nutrient concentrations to ancillary data, such as land use, soil characteristics, and hydrogeology, provided by local study-unit personnel. The information provided in this report on environmental factors that affect nutrient concentrations in ground and surface water can be used to identify areas of the Nation where the vulnerability to nutrient contamination is greatest.  Nitrate was the nutrient of greatest concern in the historical ground-water data. It is the only nutrient that is regulated by a national drinking-water standard. Nitrate concentrations were significantly different in ground water affected by various land uses. Concentrations in about 16 percent of the samples collected in agricultural areas exceeded the drinking-water standard. However, the standard was exceeded in only about 1 percent of samples collected from public-supply wells.  A variety of ancillary factors had significant relations to nitrate concentrations in ground water beneath agricultural areas. Concentrations generally were highest within 100 feet of the land surface. They were also higher in areas where soil and geologic characteristics promoted rapid movement of water to the aquifer. Elevated concentrations commonly occurred in areas underlain by permeable materials, such as carbonate bedrock or unconsolidated sand and gravel, and where soils are generally well drained. In areas where water movement is impeded, denitrification might lead to low concentrations of nitrate in the ground water. Low concentrations were also related to interspersion of pasture and woodland with cropland in agricultural areas. Elevated nitrate concentrations in areas of more homogeneous cropland probably were a result of intensive nitrogen fertilizer application on large tracts of land.  Certain regions of the United States seemed more vulnerable to nitrate contamination of ground water in agricultural areas. Regions of greater vulnerability included parts of the Northeast, Midwest, and West Coast. The well-drained soils, typical in these regions, have little capacity to hold water and nutrients; therefore, these soils receive some of the largest applications of fertilizer and irrigation in the Nation. The agricultural land is intensively cultivated for row crops, with little interspersion of pasture and woodland.  Nutrient concentrations in surface water also were generally related to land use. Nitrate concentrations were highest in samples from sites downstream from agricultural or urban areas. However, concentrations were not as high as in ground water and rarely exceeded the drinking-water standard. Elevated concentrations of nitrate in surface water of the Northeastern United States might be related to large amounts of atmospheric deposition (acid rain). High concentrations in parts of the Midwest might be related to tile drainage of agricultural fields.  Ammonia and phosphorus concentrations were highest downstream from urban areas. These concentrations generally were high enough to warrant concerns about toxicity to fish and accelerated eutrophication. Recent improvements in wastewater treatment have decreased ammonia concentrations downstream from some urban areas, but the result has been an increase in nitrate concentrations.  Information on environmental factors that affect water quality is useful to identify drainage basins throughout the Nation with the greatest vulnerability for nutrient contamination and to delineate areas where ground-water or surface-water contamination is most likely to oc","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey :\r\nEarth Science Information Center, Open-File Reports Section [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/wri954031","usgsCitation":"Mueller, D., Hamilton, P.A., Helsel, D., Hitt, K., and Ruddy, B.C., 1995, Nutrients in ground water and surface water of the United States; an analysis of data through 1992: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 95-4031, vii, 74 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri954031.","productDescription":"vii, 74 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":118750,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1995/4031/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":54447,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1995/4031/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a18e4b07f02db6052d9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Mueller, D. K.","contributorId":93525,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mueller","given":"D. K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":194655,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hamilton, P. 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