The study area is underlain by Coastal Plain sediments of pre-Cretaceous to Quaternary age consisting of alternating units of sand, clay, sandstone, dolomite, and limestone that gradually thicken and dip gently to the southeast. The Upper Floridan aquifer is composed of an off lapping sequence of clastic and carbonate sediments consisting of the Clinchfield Sand, the Ocala, Suwannee, and Tampa Limestones, and the Marianna Formation. The Intermediate system consists of the Intracoastal, Chipola, and Jackson Bluff Formations, is limited in areal extent to the southern part of the basin in Florida, and constitutes an aquifer of low yield. The aquifer-stream-reservoir (flow) system is defined by surface water in hydraulic connection with aquifers and semi-confining units.
Simulation of the flow system by using the U.S. Geological Survey’s MODular Finite-Element model (MODFE) of two-dimensional ground-water flow indicated that ground-water availability in Alabama is affected most by changes to lateral and vertical boundary conditions to the Upper Floridan aquifer that might occur in that state, and is affected minimally by changes to ground- and surface-water levels in Georgia. Incomplete hydrologic information precludes definitive assessment of ground- water-resource potential, overpumpage, and potential for additional development; however, simulated-increased pumpage at more than 3 times the October 1986 rates caused drying of the Upper Floridan aquifer in parts of Miller and Lee Counties, Ga. Evaluation of ground-water-development potential in the virtually untapped Intermediate system has questionable reliability due to the lack of data.
Increased hypothetical pumpage over October 1986 rates for the Upper Floridan aquifer, located almost entirely in Georgia, indicated reduction in ground-water discharge to streams that reduced flow in the Apalachicola River and to the Bay, especially during droughts. Water budgets prepared from simulation results indicate that discharge to streams and recharge by horizontal and vertical flow are principal hydro-logic mechanisms for moving water into, out of, or through aquifers. The Intermediate system contributes less than 2 percent of the total simulated ground-water discharge to streams; thus, it does not represent an important source of water for the Apalachicola River and Bay.
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1996 - Digital geologic map of Woodward Quadrangle, south-central Oklahoma","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:07:51","indexId":"ofr96381","displayToPublicDate":"1997-06-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"96-381","title":"Digital geologic map of Woodward Quadrangle, south-central Oklahoma","docAbstract":"This data set consists of digital data and accompanying documentation for the surficial geology of the 1:250,000-scale Woodward quadrangle. The original data are from the Geologic Map, sheet 1 of 4, included in the Oklahoma Geological Survey publication, Reconnaissance of the water resources of the Woodward quadrangle, northwestern Oklahoma, Hydrologic Atlas 8, Morton, 1980. The geology was compiled by R.B. Morton, 1973 and R.O. 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","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":161008,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b23e4b07f02db6ae37c","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Oland, Gustav P.","contributorId":73247,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Oland","given":"Gustav P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":745416,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1}],"authors":[{"text":"Orris, Greta J. 0000-0002-2340-9955 greta@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2340-9955","contributorId":3472,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Orris","given":"Greta","email":"greta@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":662,"text":"Western Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":207466,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":21710,"text":"ofr9696 - 1996 - Data base for a national mineral-resource assessment of undiscovered deposits of gold, silver, copper, lead, and zinc in the conterminous United States","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":21710,"text":"ofr9696 - 1996 - Data base for a national mineral-resource assessment of undiscovered deposits of gold, silver, copper, lead, and zinc in the conterminous United States","indexId":"ofr9696","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"displayTitle":"Data Base for a National Mineral-Resource Assessment of Undiscovered Deposits of Gold, Silver, Copper, Lead, and Zinc in the Conterminous United States","title":"Data base for a national mineral-resource assessment of undiscovered deposits of gold, silver, copper, lead, and zinc in the conterminous United States"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":39996,"text":"ofr2002198 - 2002 - Assessment of undiscovered deposits of gold, silver, copper, lead, and zinc in the United States: A Portable Document (PDF) recompilation of USGS Open-File Report 96-96 and Circular 1178","indexId":"ofr2002198","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"title":"Assessment of undiscovered deposits of gold, silver, copper, lead, and zinc in the United States: A Portable Document (PDF) recompilation of USGS Open-File Report 96-96 and Circular 1178"},"id":1}],"supersededBy":{"id":39996,"text":"ofr2002198 - 2002 - Assessment of undiscovered deposits of gold, silver, copper, lead, and zinc in the United States: A Portable Document (PDF) recompilation of USGS Open-File Report 96-96 and Circular 1178","indexId":"ofr2002198","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"title":"Assessment of undiscovered deposits of gold, silver, copper, lead, and zinc in the United States: A Portable Document (PDF) recompilation of USGS Open-File Report 96-96 and Circular 1178"},"lastModifiedDate":"2025-12-10T14:27:20.230631","indexId":"ofr9696","displayToPublicDate":"1997-06-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"96-96","displayTitle":"Data Base for a National Mineral-Resource Assessment of Undiscovered Deposits of Gold, Silver, Copper, Lead, and Zinc in the Conterminous United States","title":"Data base for a national mineral-resource assessment of undiscovered deposits of gold, silver, copper, lead, and zinc in the conterminous United States","docAbstract":"For this assessment, the conterminous United States was divided into 12 regions Adirondack Mountains, Central and Southern Rocky Mountains, Colorado Plateau, East Central, Great Basin, Great Plains, Lake Superior, Northern Appalachians, Northern Rocky Mountains, Pacific Coast, Southern Appalachians, and Southern Basin and Range. The assessment, which was conducted by regional assessment teams of scientists from the USGS, was based on the concepts of permissive tracts and deposit models. Permissive tracts are discrete areas of the United States for which estimates of numbers of undiscovered deposits of a particular deposit type were made. A permissive tract is defined by its geographic boundaries such that the probability of deposits of the type delineated occurring outside the boundary is neglible. Deposit models, which are based on a compilation of worldwide literature and on observation, are sets of data in a convenient form that describe a group of deposits which have similar characteristics and that contain information on the common geologic attributes of the deposits and the environments in which they are found. Within each region, the assessment teams delineated permissive tracts for those deposit models that were judged to be appropriate and, when the amount of information warranted, estimated the number of undiscovered deposits. A total of 46 deposit models were used to assess 236 separate permissive tracts. Estimates of undiscovered deposits were limited to a depth of 1 km beneath the surface of the Earth. \r\n\r\nThe estimates of the number of undiscovered deposits of gold, silver, copper, lead, and zinc were expressed in the form of a probability distribution. Commonly, the number of undiscovered deposits was estimated at the 90th, 50th, and 10th percentiles. A Monte Carlo simulation computer program was used to combine the probability distribution of the number of undiscovered deposits with the grade and tonnage data sets associated with each deposit model to obtain the probability distribution for undiscovered metal.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr9696","issn":"0566-8174","usgsCitation":"Ludington, S.D., Cox, D.P., and McCammon, R., 1996, Data base for a national mineral-resource assessment of undiscovered deposits of gold, silver, copper, lead, and zinc in the conterminous United States (Superseded by OFR 2002-198): U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 96-96, HTML Document; CD-ROM, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr9696.","productDescription":"HTML Document; CD-ROM","costCenters":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological 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2002-198","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ac9e4b07f02db67c9c9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ludington, S. D.","contributorId":80682,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ludington","given":"S.","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":185360,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Cox, D. P.","contributorId":82689,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cox","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":185361,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"McCammon, R.B.","contributorId":17218,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McCammon","given":"R.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":185359,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":22597,"text":"ofr96591 - 1996 - Summary of suspended-solids concentration data, San Francisco Bay, California, Water Year 1995","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-07-26T16:35:19","indexId":"ofr96591","displayToPublicDate":"1997-05-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"96-591","title":"Summary of suspended-solids concentration data, San Francisco Bay, California, Water Year 1995","docAbstract":"Suspended-solids concentration data were collected in San Francisco Bay during water year 1995 (October 1, 1994September 30, 1995). Optical backscatterance sensors and water samples were used to monitor suspended solids continuously at two sites in Suisun Bay, two sites in Central San Francisco Bay, and three sites in South San Francisco Bay. Sensors were positioned at two depths at each site. Water samples were collected periodically and were analyzed for concentrations of suspended solids. The results of the analyses were used to calibrate the electrical output of the optical backscatterance sensors. This report presents the data-collection methods used and summarizes the suspended-solids concentration data collected from October 1994 through September 1995. Calibration plots and edited data for each sensor also are presented.
","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nInformation Services [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/ofr96591","issn":"0094-9140","usgsCitation":"Buchanan, P., and Schoellhamer, D., 1996, Summary of suspended-solids concentration data, San Francisco Bay, California, Water Year 1995: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 96-591, v, 40 p. :ill., map ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr96591.","productDescription":"v, 40 p. :ill., map ;28 cm.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":552,"text":"San Francisco Bay-Delta","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":5079,"text":"Pacific Regional Director's Office","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":155814,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1996/0591/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":52069,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1996/0591/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b01e4b07f02db6988f2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Buchanan, P.A. 0000-0002-4796-4734","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4796-4734","contributorId":48997,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Buchanan","given":"P.A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":188541,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Schoellhamer, D. H. 0000-0001-9488-7340","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9488-7340","contributorId":85624,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schoellhamer","given":"D. H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":188542,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":25842,"text":"wri964192 - 1996 - Water-quality assessment of the White River Basin, Indiana: Analysis of selected information on nutrients, 1980-92","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-06-06T09:21:38","indexId":"wri964192","displayToPublicDate":"1997-05-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"96-4192","title":"Water-quality assessment of the White River Basin, Indiana: Analysis of selected information on nutrients, 1980-92","docAbstract":"Water-quality data from 23 surfacewater-quality monitoring sites operated by the Indiana Department of Environmental Management and streamflow data from 11 U.S. Geological Survey streamflow-gaging stations in the White River Basin were analyzed to determine recent (1981 90 water years) water-quality conditions, trends, and river loads for ammonia, nitrate, total nitrogen, and total phosphorus. The White River Basin drains 11,349 square miles of central and south-central Indiana and is divided into two nearly equal subbasins the East Fork White River and the White River upstream from its confluence with the East Fork (called the \"west fork\" of the White River by the State's water-management agencies).
\nNutrient concentrations generally were higher in the more urbanized west fork than in the more rural east fork because of the much larger volumes of treated municipal sewage, combined-sewer overflows, and urban runoff discharged to the west fork. Concentrations of nutrients, especially ammonia and total phosphorus, were higher downstream from Muncie, Anderson, and Indianapolis than they were upstream from these cities. Nutrient concentrations decreased downstream from Indianapolis in the White River and in the downstream reach of the East Fork White River because of dilution, nitrification, adsorption to stream-bottom sediments, and uptake by aquatic vegetation.
\nSeasonal variations in nutrient concentrations and the relations of nutrient concentrations to streamflow depended on the relative contributions of point and nonpoint sources of the nutrients. Total phosphorus increased with increasing streamflow at monitoring sites on the east fork but decreased with increasing streamflow at sites on the west fork. Increasing concentrations of phosphorus with increasing streamflow were consistent with nonpoint sources of phosphorus that wash off land surfaces, whereas decreasing concentrations of phosphorus with increasing streamflow were consistent with dilution of point sources of phosphorus. Median concentrations of total phosphorus were highest during summer and fall downstream from urban areas on the White River because streamflows that dilute point sources of phosphorus are lowest during summer and fall. Median concentrations of ammonia in the White River were highest in winter because of reduced biological uptake and nitrification of ammonia during cold temperatures.
\n","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Indianapolis, IN","doi":"10.3133/wri964192","usgsCitation":"Martin, J.D., Crawford, C.G., Frey, J.W., and Hodgkins, G.A., 1996, Water-quality assessment of the White River Basin, Indiana: Analysis of selected information on nutrients, 1980-92: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 96-4192, viii, 91 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri964192.","productDescription":"viii, 91 p.","startPage":"1","endPage":"91","numberOfPages":"99","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":346,"text":"Indiana Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":451,"text":"National Water Quality Assessment Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":54587,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1996/4192/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":158505,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1996/4192/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Indiana","otherGeospatial":"White River Basin","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -84.8309326171875,\n 40.24808787647333\n ],\n [\n -85.2264404296875,\n 40.250184183819854\n ],\n [\n -85.27313232421875,\n 40.29000168607602\n ],\n [\n -85.3143310546875,\n 40.32141999593439\n ],\n [\n -85.37200927734375,\n 40.34235741658332\n ],\n [\n -85.462646484375,\n 40.32560799973207\n ],\n [\n -85.54504394531249,\n 40.28581147399602\n ],\n [\n -85.58074951171875,\n 40.287906612507406\n 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Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":346,"text":"Indiana Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":451,"text":"National Water Quality Assessment Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":195308,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Crawford, Charles G. 0000-0003-1653-7841 cgcrawfo@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1653-7841","contributorId":1064,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Crawford","given":"Charles","email":"cgcrawfo@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":451,"text":"National Water Quality Assessment Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":37947,"text":"Upper Midwest Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":195306,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Frey, Jeffrey W. 0000-0002-3453-5009 jwfrey@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3453-5009","contributorId":487,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Frey","given":"Jeffrey","email":"jwfrey@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":35860,"text":"Ohio-Kentucky-Indiana Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":27231,"text":"Indiana-Kentucky Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":346,"text":"Indiana Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":195309,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Hodgkins, Glenn A. 0000-0002-4916-5565 gahodgki@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4916-5565","contributorId":2020,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hodgkins","given":"Glenn","email":"gahodgki@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":466,"text":"New England Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":371,"text":"Maine Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":195307,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":25751,"text":"wri964227 - 1996 - Relation of physical and chemical characteristics of streams to fish communities in the Red River of the North basin, Minnesota and North Dakota, 1993-95","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-03-12T11:24:12","indexId":"wri964227","displayToPublicDate":"1997-05-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"96-4227","title":"Relation of physical and chemical characteristics of streams to fish communities in the Red River of the North basin, Minnesota and North Dakota, 1993-95","docAbstract":"
Fish community composition was determined at 33 reaches (average length 150 meters) at 22 sites in the Red River of the North Basin during 1994. Sites were selected to represent a range of stream sizes and ecoregions within the basin. Physical and chemical characteristics (classified in data sets of instream habitat, terrestrial habitat, hydrology, and water quality) were determined for various sites for periods ranging from two to 48 years. Instream habitat measurements were made from 1993 through 1995 for 31 reaches at 19 sites. Terrestrial habitat measures of land use/land cover, soils, and riparian zones were determined from a geographical information system coverage for 23 reaches at 14 sites. The geographical information system coverage used data from aerial photographs taken from 1990 and 1991, National Wetlands Inventory data, soils maps from the Natural Resource Conservation Service, and data from the U.S. Department of Agriculture soils data base. Water chemistry data were collected from 14 sites in the basin from 1993 through 1994. Hydrologic variability was determined from U.S. Geological Survey gaging records. Correlation analysis, cluster analysis, and principal components analysis were used to determine representative variables which accounted for the most variation in each data set. The representative variables and the fish community data were analyzed with canonical correspondence analysis to determine the relative effect of each source of environmental influence on fish community composition. Instream habitat, terrestrial habitat, and hydrologic variability were analyzed together. Water chemistry data were analyzed separately due to a lack of corresponding sites.
\nWithin the instream habitat data set, measures of habitat volume (channel width and depth) and habitat diversity were most significant in explaining the variability of the fish communities. The amount of nonagricultural land and riparian zone integrity from the terrestrial habitat data set were also useful in explaining fish community composition. Variability of mean monthly discharge and the frequency of high and low discharge events during the three years prior to fish sampling were the most influential of the hydrologic variables.The first two axes of the canonical correspondence analysis accounted for 43.3 percent of the variation in the fish community and 52.5 percent of the variation in the environmental-species relation. Water-quality indicators such as the percent of fine material in suspended sediment, minimum dissolved oxygen concentrations, minimum concentrations of dissolved organic carbon, and the range of concentrations of major ions and nutrients were the variables that were most important in the canonical correspondence analysis of water-quality data with fish. No single environmental variable or data set appeared to be more important than another in explaining variation in the fish community. The environmental factors affecting the fish communities of the Red River of the North are interrelated. For the most part, instream environmental conditions (instream habitat, hydrology, and water chemistry) appear to be more important in explaining variability in fish community composition than factors related to the agricultural nature of the basin.
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