A hypothesis used to explain the relationship between timber harvesting and landslides is that tree roots add mechanical support to soil, thus increasing soil strength. Upon harvest, the tree roots decay which reduces soil strength and increases the risk of management -induced landslides. The technical literature does not adequately support this hypothesis. Soil strength values attributed to root reinforcement that are in the technical literature are such that forested sites can't fail and all high risk, harvested sites must fail. Both unstable forested sites and stable harvested sites exist, in abundance, in the real world thus, the literature does not adequately describe the real world. An analytical model was developed to calculate soil strength increase due to root reinforcement. Conceptually, the model is composed of a reinforcing element with high tensile strength, i.e. a conifer root, embedded in a material with little tensile strength, i.e. a soil. As the soil fails and deforms, the reinforcing element also deforms and stretches. The lateral deformation of the reinforcing element is treated analytically as a laterally loaded pile in a flexible foundation and the axial deformation is treated as an axially loaded pile. The governing differential equations are solved using finite-difference approximation techniques. The root reinforcement model was tested by comparing the final shape of steel and aluminum rods, parachute cord, wooden dowels, and pine roots in direct shear with predicted shapes from the output of the root reinforcement model. The comparisons were generally satisfactory, were best for parachute cord and wooden dowels, and were poorest for steel and aluminum rods. A parameter study was performed on the root reinforcement model which showed reinforced soil strength increased with increasing root diameter and soil depth. Output from the root reinforcement model showed a strain incompatibility between large and small diameter roots. The peak increase in soil strength attributed to roots was controlled by the small (<4mm) diameter root fraction. These results were used to calculate the effect of timber harvesting on a small, approximately 7.6 m3 (10 yd3), hypothetical landslide in a shallow, cohesionless, forest soil. The root reinforcement model predicted a post-harvest reduction in soil strength of 14 and 19 percent for a soil with and without 5 kPa (105 lbs/ft2) of cohesion, respectively.
","language":"English","publisher":"Oregon State University","usgsCitation":"Skaugset, A.E., 1997, Modelling root reinforcement in shallow forest soils, 300 p.","productDescription":"300 p.","numberOfPages":"330","costCenters":[{"id":290,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":349362,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":349361,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://ir.library.oregonstate.edu/concern/graduate_thesis_or_dissertations/mk61rk74n"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5a61292ee4b06e28e9c25d4b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Skaugset, Arne E.","contributorId":145929,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Skaugset","given":"Arne","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":723557,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70019258,"text":"70019258 - 1997 - Sensitivity of greenhouse summer dryness to changes in plant rooting characteristics","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-02-10T14:37:18.224757","indexId":"70019258","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1807,"text":"Geophysical Research Letters","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Sensitivity of greenhouse summer dryness to changes in plant rooting characteristics","docAbstract":"A possible consequence of increased concentrations of greenhouse gases in Earth's atmosphere is “summer dryness,” a decrease of summer plant-available soil water in middle latitudes, caused by increased availability of energy to drive evapotranspiration. Results from a numerical climate model indicate that summer dryness and related changes of land-surface water balances are highly sensitive to possible concomitant changes of plant-available water-holding capacity of soil, which depends on plant rooting depth and density. The model suggests that a 14% decrease of the soil volume whose water is accessible to plant roots would generate the same summer dryness, by one measure, as an equilibrium doubling of atmospheric carbon dioxide. Conversely, a 14% increase of that soil volume would be sufficient to offset the summer dryness associated with carbon-dioxide doubling. Global and regional changes in rooting depth and density may result from (1) plant and plant-community responses to greenhouse warming, to carbon-dioxide fertilization, and to associated changes in the water balance and (2) anthropogenic deforestation and desertification. Given their apparently critical role, heretofore ignored, in global hydroclimatic change, such changes of rooting characteristics should be carefully evaluated using ecosystem observations, theory, and models.
Larval flannelmouth sucker (Catostomus latipinnis) were exposed to arsenate, boron, copper, molybdenum, selenate, selenite, uranium, vanadium, and zinc singly, and to five mixtures of five to nine inorganics. The exposures were conducted in reconstituted water representative of the San Juan River near Shiprock, New Mexico. The mixtures simulated environmental ratios reported for sites along the San Juan River (San Juan River backwater, Fruitland marsh, Hogback East Drain, Mancos River, and McElmo Creek). The rank order of the individual inorganics, from most to least toxic, was: copper > zinc > vanadium > selenite > selenate > arsenate > uranium > boron > molybdenum. All five mixtures exhibited additive toxicity to flannelmouth sucker. In a limited number of tests, 44-day-old and 13-day-old larvae exhibited no difference in sensitivity to three mixtures. Copper was the major toxic component in four mixtures (San Juan backwater, Hogback East Drain, Mancos River, and McElmo Creek), whereas zinc was the major toxic component in the Fruitland marsh mixture, which did not contain copper. The Hogback East Drain was the most toxic mixture tested. Comparison of 96-h LC50values with reported environmental water concentrations from the San Juan River revealed low hazard ratios for arsenic, boron, molybdenum, selenate, selenite, uranium, and vanadium, moderate hazard ratios for zinc and the Fruitland marsh mixture, and high hazard ratios for copper at three sites and four environmental mixtures representing a San Juan backwater, Hogback East Drain, Mancos River, and McElmo Creek. The high hazard ratios suggest that inorganic contaminants could adversely affect larval flannelmouth sucker in the San Juan River at four sites receiving elevated inorganics.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1006/eesa.1997.1600","usgsCitation":"Hamilton, S.J., and Buhl, K., 1997, Hazard evaluation of inorganics, singly and in mixtures, to Flannelmouth Sucker Catostomus latipinnis in the San Juan River, New Mexico: Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, v. 38, no. 3, p. 296-308, https://doi.org/10.1006/eesa.1997.1600.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"296","endPage":"308","costCenters":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":341720,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"38","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"59269bcfe4b0b7ff9fb489be","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hamilton, S. J.","contributorId":27817,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Hamilton","given":"S.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":696049,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Buhl, K.J.","contributorId":19728,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Buhl","given":"K.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":696050,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70020091,"text":"70020091 - 1997 - Chemical weathering of a soil chronosequence on granitoid alluvium: II. Mineralogic and isotopic constraints on the behavior of strontium","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-12-14T23:46:34.763995","indexId":"70020091","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1759,"text":"Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Chemical weathering of a soil chronosequence on granitoid alluvium: II. Mineralogic and isotopic constraints on the behavior of strontium","docAbstract":"The use of strontium isotopes to evaluate mineral weathering and identify sources of base cations in catchment waters requires an understanding of the behavior of Sr in the soil environment as a function of time. Our approach is to model the temporal evolution of 87Sr/86Sr of the cation exchange pool in a soil chronosequence developed on alluvium derived from central Sierra Nevada granitoids during the past 3 Ma. With increasing soil age, 87Sr/86Sr of ammonium-acetate extractable Sr initially decreases from values typical of K-feldspar to those of plagioclase and hornblende and then remains constant, even though plagioclase and hornblende are absent from the soils after approximately 1 Ma of weathering. The temporal variation of 87Sr/86Sr of exchangeable Sr is modeled by progressively equilibrating Sr derived from mineral weathering and atmospheric deposition with Sr on exchange sites as waters infiltrate a soil column. Observed decreases in quartz-normalized modal abundances of plagioclase, hornblende, and K-feldspar with time, and the distinct87Sr/86Sr values of these minerals can be used to calculate Sr flux from weathering reactions. Hydrobiotites in the soils have nearly constant modal abundances, chemistry, and 87Sr/86Sr over the chronosequence and provide negligible Sr input to weathering solutions. The model requires time and soil horizon-dependent changes in the amount of exchangeable Sr and the efficiency of Sr exchange, as well as a biologic cycling term. The model predicts that exchangeable Sr initially has 87Sr/86Sr identical to that of K-feldspar, and thus could be dominated by Sr leached from K-feldspar following deposition of the alluvium. The maximum value of 87Sr/86Sr observed in dilute stream waters associated with granitoids of the Yosemite region is likewise similar to that of the K-feldspars, suggesting that K-feldspar and not biotite may be the dominant source of radiogenic Sr in the streams. This study reveals that, when attempting to use Strontium isotopes to identify sources of base cations in catchment waters and biomass, both preferential leaching of Sr from minerals during incipient soil development and changing Sr exchange efficiency must be considered along with chemical contributions due to mineral dissolution.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/S0016-7037(96)00344-4","issn":"00167037","usgsCitation":"Bullen, T., White, A., Blum, A., Harden, J., and Schulz, M., 1997, Chemical weathering of a soil chronosequence on granitoid alluvium: II. Mineralogic and isotopic constraints on the behavior of strontium: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 61, no. 2, p. 291-306, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-7037(96)00344-4.","productDescription":"16 p.","startPage":"291","endPage":"306","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":227867,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"61","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f59ae4b0c8380cd4c2f7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bullen, T.","contributorId":102651,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bullen","given":"T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":384996,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"White, A.","contributorId":103425,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"White","given":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":384997,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Blum, A.","contributorId":63971,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Blum","given":"A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":384995,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Harden, J.","contributorId":43918,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Harden","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":384994,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Schulz, M.","contributorId":28390,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schulz","given":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":384993,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70019393,"text":"70019393 - 1997 - An integrated model for the tectonic development of the frontal Brooks Range and Colville Basin 250 km west of the Trans-Alaska Crustal Transect","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-07-19T14:47:36.711001","indexId":"70019393","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2314,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"An integrated model for the tectonic development of the frontal Brooks Range and Colville Basin 250 km west of the Trans-Alaska Crustal Transect","docAbstract":"We present a kinematic model for the sequence of deformation and sedimentation in the frontal Brooks Range and adjacent Colville Basin in the Etivluk River region, 250 km west of the Trans-Alaska Crustal Transect (TACT). The model is based on a tectonic subsidence analysis of the foreland basin, combined with structural, stratigraphic, and thermal studies of the northern edge of the Brooks Range thrust belt. We interpret six discrete tectonic events that led to the present-day configuration of the thrust belt in this area: (1) emplacement of ophiolitic allochthons over the distal continental margin rocks in Valanginian time, hundreds of kilometers south of this study, (2) Hauterivian uplift of the Barrow Arch rift margin, affecting the northern part of the Colville Basin, (3) Barremian contraction involving emplacement of distal continental margin and ophiolitic allochthons onto the Endicott Mountains allochthon and creation of a southward dipping flexural basin on the North Slope autochthon, (4) mid-Cretaceous exhumation of imbricated rocks in the Brooks Range during northward propagation of the thrust front into the foreland, (5) minor thrusting in Late Cretaceous-Paleocene in the northern foreland to the northern limit of contractional structures, and (6) regional exhumation of the orogen and the foreland in Paleocene-Eocene time. This sequence of deformation agrees well with a simple model of a forward propagating thrust system.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/96JB03670","issn":"01480227","usgsCitation":"Cole, F., Bird, K.J., Toro, J., Roure, F., O’Sullivan, P.B., Pawlewicz, M., and Howell, D.G., 1997, An integrated model for the tectonic development of the frontal Brooks Range and Colville Basin 250 km west of the Trans-Alaska Crustal Transect: Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth, v. 102, no. B9, p. 20685-20708, https://doi.org/10.1029/96JB03670.","productDescription":"24 p.","startPage":"20685","endPage":"20708","numberOfPages":"24","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":489844,"rank":2,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/96jb03670","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":226963,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"102","issue":"B9","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1997-09-10","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059ea80e4b0c8380cd488e8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cole, F.","contributorId":66004,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cole","given":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":382581,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bird, K. J.","contributorId":57824,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Bird","given":"K.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":382580,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Toro, J.","contributorId":88502,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Toro","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":382583,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Roure, F.","contributorId":25706,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Roure","given":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":382577,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"O’Sullivan, P. B.","contributorId":39950,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"O’Sullivan","given":"P.","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":382578,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Pawlewicz, M.","contributorId":68886,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pawlewicz","given":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":382582,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Howell, D. G.","contributorId":52546,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Howell","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":382579,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}} ,{"id":70019894,"text":"70019894 - 1997 - Mixed-mode sorption of hydroxylated atrazine degradation products to sell: A mechanism for bound residue","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-02-13T06:54:44","indexId":"70019894","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1565,"text":"Environmental Science & Technology","onlineIssn":"1520-5851","printIssn":"0013-936X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Mixed-mode sorption of hydroxylated atrazine degradation products to sell: A mechanism for bound residue","docAbstract":"This study tested the hypothesis that sorption of hydroxylated atrazine degradation products (HADPs: hydroxyatrazine, HA; deethylhydroxyatrazine, DEHA; and deisopropylhydroxyatrazine, DIHA) to soils occurs by mixed-mode binding resulting from two simultaneous mechanisms: (1) cation exchange and (2) hydrophobic interaction. The objective was to use liquid chromatography and soil extraction experiments to show that mixed-mode binding is the mechanism controlling HADP sorption to soils and is also a mechanism for bound residue. Overall, HADP binding to solid-phase extraction (SPE) sorbents occurred in the order: cation exchange >> octadecyl (C18) >> cyanopropyl. Binding to cation exchange SPE and to a high-performance liquid chromatograph octyl (C8) column showed evidence for mixed-mode binding. Comparison of soil extracted by 0.5 M KH2P04, pH 7.5, or 25% aqueous CH3CN showed that, for HA and DIHA, cation exchange was a more important binding mechanism to soils than hydrophobic interaction. Based on differences between several extractants, the extent of HADP mixed-mode binding to soil occurred in the following order: HA > DIHA > DEHA. Mixed-mode extraction recovered 42.8% of bound atrazine residues from aged soil, and 88% of this fraction was identified as HADPs. Thus, a significant portion of bound atrazine residues in soils is sorbed by the mixed-mode binding mechanisms.","language":"English","publisher":"ACS","doi":"10.1021/es960811w","issn":"0013936X","usgsCitation":"Lerch, R., Thurman, E., and Kruger, E., 1997, Mixed-mode sorption of hydroxylated atrazine degradation products to sell: A mechanism for bound residue: Environmental Science & Technology, v. 31, no. 5, p. 1539-1546, https://doi.org/10.1021/es960811w.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"1539","endPage":"1546","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":206009,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es960811w"},{"id":227852,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"31","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1997-04-29","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a5b82e4b0c8380cd6f5da","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lerch, R.N.","contributorId":88504,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lerch","given":"R.N.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":384293,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Thurman, E.M.","contributorId":102864,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thurman","given":"E.M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":384294,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Kruger, E.L.","contributorId":61586,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kruger","given":"E.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":384292,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70019945,"text":"70019945 - 1997 - Inverse models: A necessary next step in ground-water modeling","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-03-08T01:09:08.216874","indexId":"70019945","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3825,"text":"Groundwater","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Inverse models: A necessary next step in ground-water modeling","docAbstract":"Inverse models using, for example, nonlinear least-squares regression, provide capabilities that help modelers take full advantage of the insight available from ground-water models. However, lack of information about the requirements and benefits of inverse models is an obstacle to their widespread use. This paper presents a simple ground-water flow problem to illustrate the requirements and benefits of the nonlinear least-squares regression method of inverse modeling and discusses how these attributes apply to field problems. The benefits of inverse modeling include: (1) expedited determination of best fit parameter values; (2) quantification of the (a) quality of calibration, (b) data shortcomings and needs, and (c) confidence limits on parameter estimates and predictions; and (3) identification of issues that are easily overlooked during nonautomated calibration.
Accumulations of deltaic and littoral sediments on the inner continental shelf of Maine, Gulf of Maine, preserve a record of postglacial sea-level changes and shoreline migrations. The depositional response of coastal environments to a cycle of regression, lowstand, and transgression was examined with seismic-reflection profiles, vibracores, and radiocarbon dates collected from sediments at the mouths of the Kennebec and Penobscot Rivers. Sequence-stratigraphic analysis of these data reveals two distinctly different successions of late Quaternary deposits that represent end members in an evolutionary model for this glaciated coast. Seaward of the Kennebec River, coarse-grained shorelines with foreset beds occur at depths of 20–60 m and outline the lobate margin of the Kennebec River paleodelta, a complex, rock-framed accumulation of glaciomarine and deltaic sediments capped by estuarine and marine deposits. Sand derived from this system today supports large barrier spits and extensive salt marshes. In contrast, the mouth of the Penobscot River is characterized by thick deposits of glaciomarine mud overlain by marine mud of Holocene age, including gas-charged zones that have locally evolved into fields of pockmarks. The distinct lack of sand and gravel seaward of the Penobscot River and its abundance seaward of the Kennebec River probably reflect differences in sediment sources and the physiography of the two watersheds. The contrasting stratigraphic framework of these systems demonstrates the importance of understanding local and regional differences in sediment supply, sea-level change, bedrock structure, and exposure to waves and tides in order to model river-mouth deposition on glaciated coasts.
","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/0016-7606(1997)109<0612:SEOTIC>2.3.CO;2","issn":"00167606","usgsCitation":"Barnhardt, W., Belknap, D.F., and Kelley, J.T., 1997, Stratigraphic evolution of the inner continental shelf in response to late Quaternary relative sea-level change, northwestern Gulf of Maine: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 109, no. 5, p. 612-630, https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1997)109<0612:SEOTIC>2.3.CO;2.","productDescription":"19 p.","startPage":"612","endPage":"630","numberOfPages":"19","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":228133,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","otherGeospatial":"Gulf of Maine","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -70.33457912377591,\n 43.624017788854076\n ],\n [\n -67.54405178002604,\n 43.624017788854076\n ],\n [\n -67.54405178002604,\n 45.147053099936215\n ],\n [\n -70.33457912377591,\n 45.147053099936215\n ],\n [\n -70.33457912377591,\n 43.624017788854076\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"109","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b98f7e4b08c986b31c1a7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Barnhardt, W. A.","contributorId":86449,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Barnhardt","given":"W. A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383771,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Belknap, D. F.","contributorId":96739,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Belknap","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383772,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Kelley, J. T.","contributorId":34197,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kelley","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383770,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70019827,"text":"70019827 - 1997 - Cabauw experimental results from the Project for Intercomparison of Land-Surface Parameterization Schemes","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-10-29T15:23:21","indexId":"70019827","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2216,"text":"Journal of Climate","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Cabauw experimental results from the Project for Intercomparison of Land-Surface Parameterization Schemes","docAbstract":"In the Project for Intercomparison of Land-Surface Parameterization Schemes phase 2a experiment, meteorological data for the year 1987 from Cabauw, the Netherlands, were used as inputs to 23 land-surface flux schemes designed for use in climate and weather models. Schemes were evaluated by comparing their outputs with long-term measurements of surface sensible heat fluxes into the atmosphere and the ground, and of upward longwave radiation and total net radiative fluxes, and also comparing them with latent heat fluxes derived from a surface energy balance. Tuning of schemes by use of the observed flux data was not permitted. On an annual basis, the predicted surface radiative temperature exhibits a range of 2 K across schemes, consistent with the range of about 10 W m-2 in predicted surface net radiation. Most modeled values of monthly net radiation differ from the observations by less than the estimated maximum monthly observational error (±10 W m-2). However, modeled radiative surface temperature appears to have a systematic positive bias in most schemes; this might be explained by an error in assumed emissivity and by models' neglect of canopy thermal heterogeneity. Annual means of sensible and latent heat fluxes, into which net radiation is partitioned, have ranges across schemes of 30 W m-2 and 25 W m-2, respectively. Annual totals of evapotranspiration and runoff, into which the precipitation is partitioned, both have ranges of 315 mm. These ranges in annual heat and water fluxes were approximately halved upon exclusion of the three schemes that have no stomatal resistance under non-water-stressed conditions. Many schemes tend to underestimate latent heat flux and overestimate sensible heat flux in summer, with a reverse tendency in winter. For six schemes, root-mean-square deviations of predictions from monthly observations are less than the estimated upper bounds on observation errors (5 W m-2 for sensible heat flux and 10 W m-2 for latent heat flux). Actual runoff at the site is believed to be dominated by vertical drainage to groundwater, but several schemes produced significant amounts of runoff as overland flow or interflow. There is a range across schemes of 184 mm (40% of total pore volume) in the simulated annual mean root-zone soil moisture. Unfortunately, no measurements of soil moisture were available for model evaluation. A theoretical analysis suggested that differences in boundary conditions used in various schemes are not sufficient to explain the large variance in soil moisture. However, many of the extreme values of soil moisture could be explained in terms of the particulars of experimental setup or excessive evapotranspiration.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Climate","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"American Meteorological Society","doi":"10.1175/1520-0442(1997)010<1194:CERFTP>2.0.CO;2","issn":"08948755","usgsCitation":"Chen, T., Henderson-Sellers, A., Milly, P., Pitman, A., Beljaars, A., Polcher, J., Abramopoulos, F., Boone, A., Chang, S., Chen, F., Dai, Y., Desborough, C., Dickinson, R., Dumenil, L., Ek, M., Garratt, J., Gedney, N., Gusev, Y., Kim, J., Koster, R., Kowalczyk, E., Laval, K., Lean, J., Lettenmaier, D., Liang, X., Mahfouf, J., Mengelkamp, H., Mitchell, K., Nasonova, O., Noilhan, J., Robock, A., Rosenzweig, C., Schaake, J., Schlosser, C., Schulz, J., Shao, Y., Shmakin, A., Verseghy, D., Wetzel, P., Wood, E., Xue, Y., Yang, Z., and Zeng, Q., 1997, Cabauw experimental results from the Project for Intercomparison of Land-Surface Parameterization Schemes: Journal of Climate, v. 10, no. 6, p. 1194-1215, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0442(1997)010<1194:CERFTP>2.0.CO;2.","startPage":"1194","endPage":"1215","numberOfPages":"22","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":480014,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0442(1997)010<1194:cerftp>2.0.co;2","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":228177,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":278566,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1175/1520-0442(1997)010<1194:CERFTP>2.0.CO;2"}],"volume":"10","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f2e8e4b0c8380cd4b498","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Chen, T.H.","contributorId":13112,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chen","given":"T.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":384048,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Henderson-Sellers, A.","contributorId":41293,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Henderson-Sellers","given":"A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":384057,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Milly, P. 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The comparison between the spectra shows a remarkable consistency between two data sets acquired 20 years apart and calibrated independently. This similarity demonstrates the accuracy of ISM calibration above 2 μm, except for a possible stray light contribution above 2.6 μm, on the order of ∼1–2% of the solar flux at 2.7 μm. Most differences in spectral shapes are related to differences in spectral/spatial resolution and viewing geometries. No important variation in surface properties is detected, except for a spot in southern Arabia Terra which has a much deeper hydration feature in IRS spectra; differences in viewing geometries and spatial resolutions do not seem to account for this difference that could result from shifting or dehydration of surface materials. Composite spectra of several types of bright and dark materials are computed by modeling the thermal emission and are completed with telescopic spectra in the visible range. Modeled reflectance in the 3.0–5.7 μm range is consistent with basalts and palagonites. The bright regions and analog palagonite spectra are different from hematite in this range, but resemble several phyllosilicates. We infer that (1) although hematite dominates the spectra in the 0.4- to 2.5-μm range, the silicate-clay host is spectrally active beyond 3 μm and can be identified from this domain; (2) phyllosilicates such as montmorillonite or smectite may be abundant components of the martian soils, although the domain below 3 μm lacks the characteristic features of the most usual terrestrial clay minerals.
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","language":"English","publisher":"Environmental Engineering Geologists","doi":"10.2113/gseegeosci.III.1.21","issn":"10787275","usgsCitation":"Costa, J.E., 1997, Hydraulic modeling for lahar hazards at cascades volcanoes: Environmental & Engineering Geoscience, v. 3, no. 1, p. 21-30, https://doi.org/10.2113/gseegeosci.III.1.21.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"21","endPage":"30","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":622,"text":"Washington Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":226834,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"3","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a32f7e4b0c8380cd5ebf8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Costa, J. 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Profiles and maps generated for both areas show that development was controlled by antecedent Pleistocene topography (presence or absence of an upper-slope bedrock terrace), sediment availability, fluctuating sea level, and coral growth rate and distribution. The north terrace is sediment-covered and exhibits linear, buried, low-relief, seismic features of unknown character and origin. The south terrace is essentially sediment-free and supports multiple, massive, high-relief outlier reefs. Uranium disequilibrium series dates on outlier-reef corals indicate a Pleistocene age (~83-84 ka). A massive Pleistocene reef with both aggradational (north) and progradational (south) aspects forms the modern margin escarpment landward of the terrace. Depending upon interpretation (the north margin-escarpment reef may or may not be an outlier reef), the north margin is either more advanced or less advanced than the south margin. During Holocene sea-level rise, Pleistocene bedrock was inundated earlier and faster first to the north (deeper offbank terrace), then to the south (deeper platform surface). Holocene overgrowth is thick (8 m) on the north outer-bank reefs but thin (0.3 m) on the south outlier reefs. Differential evolution resulted from interplay between fluctuating sea level and energy regime established by prevailing east-southeasterly winds and waves along an arcuate (ENE-WSW) platform margin.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Coastal Research","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"07490208","usgsCitation":"Lidz, B.H., Shinn, E., Hine, A.C., and Locker, S., 1997, Contrasts within an outlier-reef system: Evidence for differential quaternary evolution, south Florida windward margin, U.S.A.: Journal of Coastal Research, v. 13, no. 3, p. 711-731.","startPage":"711","endPage":"731","numberOfPages":"21","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":227941,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"13","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059fa7ee4b0c8380cd4db21","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lidz, B. 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D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":384312,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70019903,"text":"70019903 - 1997 - Application of the LI-COR CO2 analyzer to volcanic plumes: a case study, volcán Popocatépetl, Mexico, June 7 and 10, 1995","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-05-19T15:12:42","indexId":"70019903","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2314,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Application of the LI-COR CO2 analyzer to volcanic plumes: a case study, volcán Popocatépetl, Mexico, June 7 and 10, 1995","docAbstract":"Volcanic CO2 emission rate data are sparse despite their potential importance for constraining the role of magma degassing in the biogeochemical cycle of carbon and for assessing volcanic hazards. We used a LI-COR CO2 analyzer to determine volcanic CO2 emission rates by airborne measurements in volcanic plumes at Popocatépetl volcano on June 7 and 10, 1995. LI-COR sample paths of ∼72 m, compared with ∼1 km for the analyzer customarily used, together with fast Fourier transforms to remove instrument noise from raw data greatly improve resolution of volcanic CO2 anomalies. Parametric models fit to background CO2 provide a statistical tool for distinguishing volcanic from ambient CO2. Global Positioning System referenced flight traverses provide vastly improved data on the shape, coherence, and spatial distribution of volcanic CO2 in plume cross sections and contrast markedly with previous results based on traverse stacking. The continuous escape of CO2 and SO2 from Popocatépetl was fundamentally noneruptive and represented quiescent magma degassing from the top of a magma chamber ∼5 km deep. The average CO2 emission rate for January-June 1995 is estimated to be at least 6400 t d−1, one of the highest determined for a quiescently degassing volcano, although correction for downwind dispersion effects on volcanic CO2 indicates a higher rate of ∼9000 t d−1. Analysis of random errors indicates emission rates have 95% confidence intervals of ∼±20%, with uncertainty contributed mostly by wind speed variance, although the variance of plume cross-sectional areas during traversing is poorly constrained and possibly significant.
","language":"English","publisher":"AGU Publications","doi":"10.1029/96JB03887","issn":"01480227","usgsCitation":"Gerlach, T., Delgado, H., McGee, K., Doukas, M., Venegas, J., and Cardenas, L., 1997, Application of the LI-COR CO2 analyzer to volcanic plumes: a case study, volcán Popocatépetl, Mexico, June 7 and 10, 1995: Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth, v. 102, no. B4, p. 8005-8019, https://doi.org/10.1029/96JB03887.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"8005","endPage":"8019","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":479995,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/96jb03887","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":227986,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"102","issue":"B4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1997-04-10","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059ecb4e4b0c8380cd49438","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Gerlach, T.M.","contributorId":38713,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gerlach","given":"T.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":384326,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Delgado, H.","contributorId":22103,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Delgado","given":"H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":384324,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"McGee, K.A.","contributorId":6059,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McGee","given":"K.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":384323,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Doukas, M.P.","contributorId":28615,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Doukas","given":"M.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":384325,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Venegas, J.J.","contributorId":88893,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Venegas","given":"J.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":384327,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Cardenas, L.","contributorId":94054,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cardenas","given":"L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":384328,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70019450,"text":"70019450 - 1997 - A numerical model of sediment transport applied to San Francisco Bay, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-07-27T12:33:11","indexId":"70019450","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2378,"text":"Journal of Marine Environmental Engineering","onlineIssn":"1029-0427","printIssn":"1061-026X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A numerical model of sediment transport applied to San Francisco Bay, California","docAbstract":"A two dimensional depth-averaged sediment transport model is used to simulate field measurements of suspended sediment concentrations in northern San Francisco Bay. The model uses a semi-implicit finite difference method to solve the shallow water equations and incorporates standard empirical expressions for erosion and deposition of sediments into the transport equation as source/sink terms. The field measurements indicate that tidal scale variations (both diurnal and spring-neap) dominate the variations in suspended sediment concentration (SSC). Increases in SSC also correlated highly with large delta outflows following a storm in late winter. The sediment transport model reproduces the field measurements quite well during periods when the water column is relatively well-mixed vertically. However, the present model only includes one size class of sediment and does not perform well when spatial variability of sediment properties and multiple size classes are significant factors. Comparison of erosion and accretion patterns generated by the model with those obtained from historical bathymetric surveys indicate that the model captures several of the general features observed historically. A sensitivity analysis demonstrates that the model is very sensitive to the critical shear stress for erosion and moderately sensitive to the erosion rate constant, critical shear stress for deposition, and settling velocity.
","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Marine Environmental Engineering","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"1061026X","usgsCitation":"Mcdonald, E., and Cheng, R.T., 1997, A numerical model of sediment transport applied to San Francisco Bay, California: Journal of Marine Environmental Engineering, v. 4, no. 1, p. 1-41.","startPage":"1","endPage":"41","numberOfPages":"41","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":552,"text":"San Francisco Bay-Delta","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":5079,"text":"Pacific Regional Director's Office","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":226749,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"4","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e4c9e4b0c8380cd46922","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Mcdonald, E.T.","contributorId":27621,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mcdonald","given":"E.T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":382769,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Cheng, R. T.","contributorId":23138,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Cheng","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":382768,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70019468,"text":"70019468 - 1997 - Calibration or verification? A balanced approach for science.","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:11","indexId":"70019468","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3212,"text":"Quality assurance (San Diego, Calif.)","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Calibration or verification? A balanced approach for science.","docAbstract":"The calibration of balances is routinely performed both in the laboratory and the field. This process is required to accurately determine the weight of an object or chemical. The frequency of calibration and verification of balances is mandated by their use and location. Tolerance limits for balances could not be located in any standard procedure manuals. A survey was conducted to address the issues of calibration and verification frequency and to discuss the significance of defining tolerance limits for balances. Finally, for the benefit of laboratories unfamiliar with such procedures, we provide a working model based on our laboratory, the Upper Mississippi Science Center (UMSC), in La Crosse, Wisconsin.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Quality assurance (San Diego, Calif.)","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"10529411","usgsCitation":"Myers, C., and Kennedy, D., 1997, Calibration or verification? A balanced approach for science.: Quality assurance (San Diego, Calif.), v. 5, no. 4, p. 293-301.","startPage":"293","endPage":"301","numberOfPages":"9","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":226882,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"5","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f319e4b0c8380cd4b5d8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Myers, C.T.","contributorId":6201,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Myers","given":"C.T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":382825,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kennedy, D.M.","contributorId":49531,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kennedy","given":"D.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":382826,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70019906,"text":"70019906 - 1997 - Rift-wide correlation of 1.1 Ga Midcontinent rift system basalts: Implications for multiple mantle sources during rift development","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-09-20T20:23:20.593441","indexId":"70019906","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1168,"text":"Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Rift-wide correlation of 1.1 Ga Midcontinent rift system basalts: Implications for multiple mantle sources during rift development","docAbstract":"Magmatism that accompanied the 1.1 Ga Midcontinent rift system (MRS) is attributed to the upwelling and decompression melting of a mantle plume beneath North America. Five distinctive flood-basalt compositions are recognized in the rift-related basalt succession along the south shore of western Lake Superior, based on stratigraphically correlated major element, trace element, and Nd isotopic analyses. These distinctive compositions can be correlated with equivalent basalt types in comparable stratigraphic positions in other MRS localities around western Lake Superior. Four of these compositions are also recognized at Mamainse Point more than 200 km away in eastern Lake Superior. These regionally correlative basalt compositions provide the basis for determining the sequential contribution of various mantle sources to flood-basalt magmatism during rift development, extending a model originally developed for eastern Lake Superior. In this refined model, the earliest basalts were derived from small degrees of partial melting at great depth of an enriched, ocean-island-type plume mantle source (εNd(1100) value of about 0), followed by magmas representing melts from this plume source and interaction with another mantle source, most likely continental lithospheric mantle (εNd(1100) < 0). The relative contribution of this second mantle source diminished with time as larger degree partial melts of the plume became the dominant source for the voluminous younger basalts (εNd(1100) value of about 0). Towards the end of magmatism, mixtures of melts from the plume and a depleted asthenospheric mantle source became dominant (εNd(1100) = 0 to +3).
","language":"English","publisher":"Canadian Science Publishing","doi":"10.1139/e17-041","issn":"00084077","usgsCitation":"Nicholson, S.W., Shirey, S., Schulz, K.J., and Green, J., 1997, Rift-wide correlation of 1.1 Ga Midcontinent rift system basalts: Implications for multiple mantle sources during rift development: Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, v. 34, no. 4, p. 504-520, https://doi.org/10.1139/e17-041.","productDescription":"17 p.","startPage":"504","endPage":"520","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":228027,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Michigan, Wisconsin","otherGeospatial":"Apostle Islands, Isle Royale, Keweenaw Peninsula, Lake Superior","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -86.92653113958038,\n 45.92953859097938\n ],\n [\n -85.62947476083127,\n 46.18533549296873\n ],\n [\n -84.69273064018783,\n 46.21442867839448\n ],\n [\n -84.6326829401467,\n 46.496246640450835\n ],\n [\n -84.90289759033176,\n 46.54582837140791\n ],\n [\n -84.92091190034469,\n 46.6077419099168\n ],\n [\n -84.8728737403112,\n 46.83826130148003\n ],\n [\n -85.58143660079853,\n 46.76015976465186\n ],\n [\n -86.17326952944948,\n 46.727240989109134\n ],\n [\n -86.50353187967639,\n 46.603616539923394\n ],\n [\n -86.58159388973046,\n 46.52930615517957\n ],\n [\n -86.62362727975938,\n 46.599490855762156\n ],\n [\n -86.74372267984164,\n 46.603616539923394\n ],\n [\n -86.74372267984164,\n 46.5251748156017\n ],\n [\n -86.87582761993224,\n 46.500380179572375\n ],\n [\n -87.00793256002288,\n 46.61186696574893\n ],\n [\n -87.1400375001142,\n 46.578857722377194\n ],\n [\n -87.29616152022085,\n 46.591238544931684\n ],\n [\n -87.5423570903899,\n 46.85468928510457\n ],\n [\n -87.80056220056731,\n 46.96134872720555\n ],\n [\n -88.0167339207158,\n 46.97773903549884\n ],\n [\n -88.11881501078587,\n 47.05552441410214\n ],\n [\n -88.30496288091378,\n 46.969544509183464\n ],\n [\n -88.16685317081935,\n 47.09641857751464\n ],\n [\n -88.05876731074473,\n 47.210755295156105\n ],\n [\n -87.8486003606008,\n 47.34112466085594\n ],\n [\n -87.53635232038607,\n 47.39806026936867\n ],\n [\n -87.52434278037771,\n 47.45087401921066\n ],\n [\n -87.68046680048505,\n 47.53202248733248\n ],\n [\n -88.12481978079042,\n 47.540130438153284\n ],\n [\n -88.44907736101277,\n 47.43462927817751\n ],\n [\n -88.64123000114525,\n 47.292273788110435\n ],\n [\n -88.95347804135923,\n 47.145450150084514\n ],\n [\n -89.02553528140875,\n 47.04325004516363\n ],\n [\n -89.21768792154121,\n 47.04734181533149\n ],\n [\n -89.41178944146284,\n 46.91434743417477\n ],\n [\n -89.87415673178037,\n 46.86099745407171\n ],\n [\n -90.07231414191668,\n 46.72121583863441\n ],\n [\n -90.45061465217634,\n 46.630575437785694\n ],\n [\n -90.63075775230044,\n 46.733564114238874\n ],\n [\n -90.37855741212684,\n 46.85278505505781\n ],\n [\n -90.3125049420819,\n 47.02907488128713\n ],\n [\n -90.36054310211466,\n 47.13130216115101\n ],\n [\n -91.02707257257232,\n 47.03316773858717\n ],\n [\n -91.53147325291879,\n 46.82814032189589\n ],\n [\n -91.915778533183,\n 46.75002408456095\n ],\n [\n -92.10793117331475,\n 46.758252185278906\n ],\n [\n -92.22802657339773,\n 46.717099118587754\n ],\n [\n -92.1919979533726,\n 46.68415405060526\n ],\n [\n -92.22802657339773,\n 46.65531062511002\n ],\n [\n -92.30608858345104,\n 46.67179446728079\n ],\n [\n -92.30008381344722,\n 46.091868432379414\n ],\n [\n -91.84972606313733,\n 45.87071715012689\n ],\n [\n -89.29241052120538,\n 45.67418249476367\n ],\n [\n -86.92653113958038,\n 45.92953859097938\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"34","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505aad66e4b0c8380cd86eca","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Nicholson, S. 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Using field data and information derived from a model that describes the geometric features of a dune train in terms of a spatial process observed at a fixed point in time, we show that sampling errors decrease as the number of samples collected increases, and the number of traverses of the channel over which the samples are collected increases. It also is preferable that bed load sampling be conducted at a pace which allows a number of bed forms to pass through the sampling cross section. The situations we analyze and simulate pertain to moderate transport conditions in small rivers. In such circumstances, bed load sampling schemes typically should involve four or five traverses of a river, and the collection of 20–40 samples at a rate of five or six samples per hour. By ensuring that spatial and temporal variability in the transport process is accounted for, such a sampling design reduces both random and systematic errors and hence minimizes the total error involved in the sampling process.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/97WR01711","usgsCitation":"Gomez, B., and Troutman, B.M., 1997, Evaluation of process errors in bed load sampling using a Dune Model: Water Resources Research, v. 33, no. 10, p. 2387-2398, https://doi.org/10.1029/97WR01711.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"2387","endPage":"2398","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":479988,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/97wr01711","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":226843,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"33","issue":"10","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0cb0e4b0c8380cd52c64","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Gomez, Basil","contributorId":65475,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gomez","given":"Basil","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":382827,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Troutman, Brent M.","contributorId":195329,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Troutman","given":"Brent","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":382828,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70019471,"text":"70019471 - 1997 - Southern California Permanent GPS Geodetic Array: Continuous measurements of regional crustal deformation between the 1992 Landers and 1994 Northridge earthquakes","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-07-19T15:52:36.561876","indexId":"70019471","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2314,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Southern California Permanent GPS Geodetic Array: Continuous measurements of regional crustal deformation between the 1992 Landers and 1994 Northridge earthquakes","docAbstract":"The southern California Permanent GPS Geodetic Array (PGGA) was established in 1990 across the Pacific-North America plate boundary to continuously monitor crustal deformation. We describe the development of the array and the time series of daily positions estimated for its first 10 sites in the 19-month period between the June 28, 1992 (Mw=7.3), Landers and January 17, 1994 (Mw=6.7), Northridge earthquakes. We compare displacement rates at four site locations with those reported by Feigl et al. [1993], which were derived from an independent set of Global Positioning System (GPS) and very long baseline interferometry (VLBI) measurements collected over nearly a decade prior to the Landers earthquake. The velocity differences for three sites 65–100 km from the earthquake's epicenter are of order of 3–5 mm/yr and are systematically coupled with the corresponding directions of coseismic displacement. The fourth site, 300 km from the epicenter, shows no significant velocity difference. These observations suggest large-scale postseismic deformation with a relaxation time of at least 800 days. The statistical significance of our observations is complicated by our incomplete knowledge of the noise properties of the two data sets; two possible noise models fit the PGGA data equally well as described in the companion paper by Zhang et al. [this issue]; the pre-Landers data are too sparse and heterogeneous to derive a reliable noise model. Under a fractal white noise model for the PGGA data we find that the velocity differences for all three sites are statistically different at the 99% significance level. A white noise plus flicker noise model results in significance levels of only 94%, 43%, and 88%. Additional investigations of the pre-Landers data, and analysis of longer spans of PGGA data, could have an important effect on the significance of these results and will be addressed in future work.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/97JB01379","issn":"01480227","usgsCitation":"Bock, Y., Wdowinski, S., Fang, P., Zhang, J., Williams, S., Johnson, H., Behr, J., Genrich, J., Dean, J., Van Domselaar, M., Agnew, D., Wyatt, F., Stark, K., Oral, B., Hudnut, K., King, R., Herring, T., Dinardo, S., Young, W., Jackson, D., and Gurtner, W., 1997, Southern California Permanent GPS Geodetic Array: Continuous measurements of regional crustal deformation between the 1992 Landers and 1994 Northridge earthquakes: Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth, v. 102, no. B8, p. 18013-18033, https://doi.org/10.1029/97JB01379.","productDescription":"21 p.","startPage":"18013","endPage":"18033","numberOfPages":"21","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":226883,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"102","issue":"B8","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1997-08-10","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b93e0e4b08c986b31a723","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bock, Y.","contributorId":94051,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bock","given":"Y.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":382854,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wdowinski, S.","contributorId":20481,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wdowinski","given":"S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":382840,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Fang, P.","contributorId":66865,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fang","given":"P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":382846,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Zhang, Jiahua","contributorId":35479,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zhang","given":"Jiahua","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":382843,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Williams, S.","contributorId":18514,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Williams","given":"S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":382837,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Johnson, H.","contributorId":61163,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnson","given":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":382845,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Behr, J.","contributorId":18917,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Behr","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":382839,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Genrich, J.","contributorId":87706,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Genrich","given":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":382851,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Dean, J.","contributorId":26086,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dean","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":382841,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Van Domselaar, M.","contributorId":94447,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Van Domselaar","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":382855,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10},{"text":"Agnew, D.","contributorId":72539,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Agnew","given":"D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":382848,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":11},{"text":"Wyatt, F.","contributorId":68047,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wyatt","given":"F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":382847,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":12},{"text":"Stark, K.","contributorId":92000,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stark","given":"K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":382852,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":13},{"text":"Oral, B.","contributorId":80435,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Oral","given":"B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":382849,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":14},{"text":"Hudnut, K.","contributorId":92439,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hudnut","given":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":382853,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":15},{"text":"King, R.","contributorId":18827,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"King","given":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":382838,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":16},{"text":"Herring, T.","contributorId":83288,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Herring","given":"T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":382850,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":17},{"text":"Dinardo, S.","contributorId":49532,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dinardo","given":"S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":382844,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":18},{"text":"Young, W.","contributorId":33859,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Young","given":"W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":382842,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":19},{"text":"Jackson, D.","contributorId":104646,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jackson","given":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":382857,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":20},{"text":"Gurtner, W.","contributorId":103015,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gurtner","given":"W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":382856,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":21}]}} ,{"id":70019928,"text":"70019928 - 1997 - The Chesapeake Bay bolide impact: A convulsive event in Atlantic Coastal Plain evolution","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-10-04T14:32:20","indexId":"70019928","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3368,"text":"Sedimentary Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The Chesapeake Bay bolide impact: A convulsive event in Atlantic Coastal Plain evolution","docAbstract":"Until recently, Cenozoic evolution of the Atlantic Coastal Plain has been viewed as a subcyclical continuum of deposition and erosion. Marine transgressions alternated with regressions on a slowly subsiding passive continental margin, their orderly succession modified mainly by isostatic adjustments, occasional Appalachian tectonism, and paleoclimatic change. This passive scenario was dramatically transformed in the late Eocene, however, by a bolide impact on the inner continental shelf. The resultant crater is now buried 400–500 m beneath lower Chesapeake Bay, its surrounding peninsulas, and the continental shelf east of Delmarva Peninsula. This convulsive event, and the giant tsunami it engendered, fundamentally changed the regional geological framework and depositional regime of the Virginia Coastal Plain, and produced the following principal consequences. (1) The impact excavated a roughly circular crater, twice the size of Rhode Island (∼6400 km2) and nearly as deep as the Grand Canyon (∼1.3 km deep). (2) The excavation truncated all existing ground-water aquifers in the target area by gouging ∼4300 km3 of rock from the upper lithosphere, including Proterozoic and Paleozoic crystalline basement rocks and Middle Jurassic to upper Eocene sedimentary rocks. (3) Synimpact depositional processes, including ejecta fallback, massive crater-wall failure, water-column collapse, and tsunami backwash, filled the crater with a porous breccia lens, 600–1200 m thick, at a phenomenal rate of ∼1200 m/hr. The breccia lens replaced the truncated ground-water aquifers with a single 4300 km3 reservoir, characterized by ground water ∼1.5 times saltier than normal sea water (chlorinities as high as 25,700 mg/l). (4) A structural and topographic low, created by differential subsidence of the compacting breccia, persisted over the crater at least through the Pleistocene. In the depression are preserved postimpact marine lithofacies and biofacies (upper Eocene, lower Oligocene, lower Miocene) not known elsewhere in the Virginia Coastal Plain. (5) Long-term differential compaction and subsidence of the breccia lens spawned extensive fault systems in the postimpact strata. Many of these faults appear to reach the bay floor, and may be potential hazards for motion-sensitive structures in population centers around Chesapeake Bay. Near-surface fracturing and faulting generated by the impact shock may extend as far as 90 km from the crater rim. (6) Having never completely filled with postimpact sediments, the sea-floor depression over the crater appears to have predetermined the location of Chesapeake Bay. (7) As large impact craters are principal sources for some of the world's precious metals, it is reasonable to expect that metal-enriched sills, dikes, and melt sheets are present in the inner basin of the crater.
In addition to these specific consequences, the crater and the convulsive event that produced it, have widespread implications for traditional interpretations of certain structural and depositional features of the Atlantic Coastal Plain, particularly in southeastern Virginia.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier ","doi":"10.1016/S0037-0738(96)00048-6","issn":"00370738","usgsCitation":"Poag, C.W., 1997, The Chesapeake Bay bolide impact: A convulsive event in Atlantic Coastal Plain evolution: Sedimentary Geology, v. 108, no. 1-4, p. 45-90, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0037-0738(96)00048-6.","productDescription":"46 p.","startPage":"45","endPage":"90","costCenters":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":227737,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","otherGeospatial":"Chesapeake Bay","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -77.67333984375,\n 36.491973470593685\n ],\n [\n -69.466552734375,\n 36.491973470593685\n ],\n [\n -69.466552734375,\n 42.69051116998238\n ],\n [\n -77.67333984375,\n 42.69051116998238\n ],\n [\n -77.67333984375,\n 36.491973470593685\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"108","issue":"1-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505ba6c8e4b08c986b321288","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Poag, C. Wylie 0000-0002-6240-4065 wpoag@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6240-4065","contributorId":2565,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Poag","given":"C.","email":"wpoag@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"Wylie","affiliations":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":384408,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70019512,"text":"70019512 - 1997 - Crustal implications of bedrock geology along the Trans-Alaska Crustal Transect (TACT) in the Brooks Range, northern Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-07-19T14:45:49.183847","indexId":"70019512","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2314,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Crustal implications of bedrock geology along the Trans-Alaska Crustal Transect (TACT) in the Brooks Range, northern Alaska","docAbstract":"Geologic mapping of the Trans-Alaska Crustal Transect (TACT) project along the Dalton Highway in northern Alaska indicates that the Endicott Mountains allochthon and the Hammond terrane compose a combined allochthon that was thrust northward at least 90 km in the Early Cretaceous. The basal thrust of the combined allochthon climbs up section in the hanging wall from a ductile shear zone in the south through lower Paleozoic rocks of the Hammond terrane and into Upper Devonian rocks of the Endicott Mountains allochthon at the Mount Doonerak antiform, culminating in Early Cretaceous shale in the northern foothills of the Brooks Range. Footwall rocks north of the Mount Doonerak antiform are everywhere parautochthonous Permian and Triassic shale of the North Slope terrane rather than Jurassic and Lower Cretaceous strata of the Colville Basin as shown in most other tectonic models of the central Brooks Range. Stratigraphic and structural relations suggest that this thrust was the basal detachment for Early Cretaceous deformation. Younger structures, such as the Tertiary Mount Doonerak antiform, deform the Early Cretaceous structures and are cored by thrusts that root at a depth of about 10 to 30 km along a deeper detachment than the Early Cretaceous detachment. The Brooks Range, therefore, exposes (1) an Early Cretaceous thin-skinned deformational belt developed during arc-continent collision and (2) a mainly Tertiary thick-skinned orogen that is probabty the northward continuation of the Rocky Mountains orogenic belt. A down-to-the-south zone of both ductile and brittle normal faulting along the southern margin of the Brooks Range probably formed in the mid-Cretaceous by extensional exhumation of the Early Cretaceous contractional deformation.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/96JB03733","issn":"01480227","usgsCitation":"Moore, T., Wallace, W.K., Mull, C.G., Adams, K., Plafker, G., and Nokleberg, W., 1997, Crustal implications of bedrock geology along the Trans-Alaska Crustal Transect (TACT) in the Brooks Range, northern Alaska: Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth, v. 102, no. B9, p. 20645-20684, https://doi.org/10.1029/96JB03733.","productDescription":"40 p.","startPage":"20645","endPage":"20684","numberOfPages":"40","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":489043,"rank":2,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/96jb03733","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":226382,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"102","issue":"B9","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1997-09-10","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059fcdfe4b0c8380cd4e49d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Moore, Thomas E. 0000-0002-0878-0457","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0878-0457","contributorId":85592,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Moore","given":"Thomas E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383016,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wallace, W. K.","contributorId":31781,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wallace","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383012,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Mull, C. G.","contributorId":40220,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mull","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383014,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Adams, K.E.","contributorId":9410,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Adams","given":"K.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383011,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Plafker, George 0000-0003-3972-0390","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3972-0390","contributorId":36603,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Plafker","given":"George","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383013,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Nokleberg, W. J. 0000-0002-1574-8869","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1574-8869","contributorId":68312,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nokleberg","given":"W. J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383015,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70019940,"text":"70019940 - 1997 - Dual-porosity analysis of conservative tracer testing in saturated volcanic rocks at Yucca Mountain in Nye County, Nevada","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:18","indexId":"70019940","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2071,"text":"International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences & Geomechanics Abstracts","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Dual-porosity analysis of conservative tracer testing in saturated volcanic rocks at Yucca Mountain in Nye County, Nevada","docAbstract":"A radially convergent conservative tracer injection test was conducted between boreholes UE-25 #2 and UE-25 c #3 of the C-hole complex at Yucca Mountain to determine effective porosity and longitudinal dispersivity. Approximately 47% of the tracer mass was recovered and a dual-porosity analytical model replicates the breakthrough curve. Fractured-rock analyses focus on the fracture-porosity and geometry as the controlling factors in transport.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences & Geomechanics Abstracts","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"conferenceTitle":"Proceedings of the 1997 36th US Rock Mechanics ISRM International Symposium","conferenceDate":"29 June 1997 through 2 July 1997","conferenceLocation":"New York, NY, USA","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier Sci Ltd","publisherLocation":"Exeter, United Kingdom","doi":"10.1016/S0148-9062(97)00183-6","issn":"01489062","usgsCitation":"Fahy, M., 1997, Dual-porosity analysis of conservative tracer testing in saturated volcanic rocks at Yucca Mountain in Nye County, Nevada: International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences & Geomechanics Abstracts, v. 34, no. 3-4, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0148-9062(97)00183-6.","startPage":"486","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":206031,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0148-9062(97)00183-6"},{"id":227987,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"34","issue":"3-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0407e4b0c8380cd50755","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Fahy, M.F.","contributorId":21189,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fahy","given":"M.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":384440,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70019929,"text":"70019929 - 1997 - Comparative sensitivity of Selenastrum capricornutum and Lemna minor to sixteen herbicides","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-11-04T13:49:56","indexId":"70019929","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":887,"text":"Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Comparative sensitivity of Selenastrum capricornutum and Lemna minor to sixteen herbicides","docAbstract":"Aquatic plant toxicity tests are frequently conducted in environmental risk assessments to determine the potential impacts of contaminants on primary producers. An examination of published plant toxicity data demonstrates that wide differences in sensitivity can occur across phylogenetic groups of plants. Yet relatively few studies have been conducted with the specific intent to compare the relative sensitivity of various aquatic plant species to contaminants. We compared the relative sensitivity of the algae Selenestrum capricornutum and the floating vascular plant Lemna minor to 16 herbicides (atrazine, metribuzin, simazine, cyanazine, alachlor, metolachlor, chlorsulfuron, metsulfuron, triallate, EPTC, trifluralin, diquat, paraquat, dicamba, bromoxynil, and 2,4-D). The herbicides studied represented nine chemical classes and several modes of action and were chosen to represent major current uses in the United States. Both plant species were generally sensitive to the triazines (atrazine, metribuzin, simazine, and cyanazine), sulfonureas (metsulfuron and chlorsulfuron), pyridines (diquat and paraquat), dinitroaniline (trifluralin), and acetanilide (alachlor and metolachlor) herbicides. Neither plant species was uniformly more sensitive than the other across the broad range of herbicides tested. Lemna was more sensitive to the sulfonureas (metsulfuron and chlorsulfuron) and the pyridines (diquat and parequat) than Selenastrum. However Selenastrum was more sensitive than Lemna to one of two thiocarbamates (triallate) and one of the triazines (cyanazine). Neither species was sensitive to selective broadleaf herbicides including bromoxynil, EPTC, dicamba, or 2,4-D. Results were not always predictable in spite of obvious differences in herbicide modes of action and plant phylogeny. Major departures in sensitivity of Selenastrum occurred between chemicals within individual classes of the triazine, acetanilide, and thiocarbamate herbicides. Results indicate that neither species is predictively most sensitive, and that a number of species including a dicot speciessuch as Myriophyllum are needed to perform accurate risk assessments of herbicides.","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/s002449900196","issn":"00904341","usgsCitation":"Fairchild, J., Ruessler, D.S., Haverland, P., and Carlson, A., 1997, Comparative sensitivity of Selenastrum capricornutum and Lemna minor to sixteen herbicides: Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, v. 32, no. 4, p. 353-357, https://doi.org/10.1007/s002449900196.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"353","endPage":"357","numberOfPages":"5","costCenters":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":227775,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":205986,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002449900196"}],"volume":"32","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f825e4b0c8380cd4cee5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Fairchild, J.F.","contributorId":88891,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fairchild","given":"J.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":384412,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ruessler, D. S.","contributorId":22292,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ruessler","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":384410,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Haverland, P.S.","contributorId":34672,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Haverland","given":"P.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":384411,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Carlson, A.R.","contributorId":18122,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Carlson","given":"A.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":384409,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ]}