{"pageNumber":"1282","pageRowStart":"32025","pageSize":"25","recordCount":40904,"records":[{"id":70019827,"text":"70019827 - 1997 - Cabauw experimental results from the Project for Intercomparison of Land-Surface Parameterization Schemes","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-10-29T15:23:21","indexId":"70019827","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2216,"text":"Journal of Climate","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Cabauw experimental results from the Project for Intercomparison of Land-Surface Parameterization Schemes","docAbstract":"In the Project for Intercomparison of Land-Surface Parameterization Schemes phase 2a experiment, meteorological data for the year 1987 from Cabauw, the Netherlands, were used as inputs to 23 land-surface flux schemes designed for use in climate and weather models. Schemes were evaluated by comparing their outputs with long-term measurements of surface sensible heat fluxes into the atmosphere and the ground, and of upward longwave radiation and total net radiative fluxes, and also comparing them with latent heat fluxes derived from a surface energy balance. Tuning of schemes by use of the observed flux data was not permitted. On an annual basis, the predicted surface radiative temperature exhibits a range of 2 K across schemes, consistent with the range of about 10 W m<sup>-2</sup> in predicted surface net radiation. Most modeled values of monthly net radiation differ from the observations by less than the estimated maximum monthly observational error (±10 W m<sup>-2</sup>). However, modeled radiative surface temperature appears to have a systematic positive bias in most schemes; this might be explained by an error in assumed emissivity and by models' neglect of canopy thermal heterogeneity. Annual means of sensible and latent heat fluxes, into which net radiation is partitioned, have ranges across schemes of 30 W m<sup>-2</sup> and 25 W m<sup>-2</sup>, respectively. Annual totals of evapotranspiration and runoff, into which the precipitation is partitioned, both have ranges of 315 mm. These ranges in annual heat and water fluxes were approximately halved upon exclusion of the three schemes that have no stomatal resistance under non-water-stressed conditions. Many schemes tend to underestimate latent heat flux and overestimate sensible heat flux in summer, with a reverse tendency in winter. For six schemes, root-mean-square deviations of predictions from monthly observations are less than the estimated upper bounds on observation errors (5 W m<sup>-2</sup> for sensible heat flux and 10 W m<sup>-2</sup> for latent heat flux). Actual runoff at the site is believed to be dominated by vertical drainage to groundwater, but several schemes produced significant amounts of runoff as overland flow or interflow. There is a range across schemes of 184 mm (40% of total pore volume) in the simulated annual mean root-zone soil moisture. Unfortunately, no measurements of soil moisture were available for model evaluation. A theoretical analysis suggested that differences in boundary conditions used in various schemes are not sufficient to explain the large variance in soil moisture. However, many of the extreme values of soil moisture could be explained in terms of the particulars of experimental setup or excessive evapotranspiration.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Climate","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"American Meteorological Society","doi":"10.1175/1520-0442(1997)010<1194:CERFTP>2.0.CO;2","issn":"08948755","usgsCitation":"Chen, T., Henderson-Sellers, A., Milly, P., Pitman, A., Beljaars, A., Polcher, J., Abramopoulos, F., Boone, A., Chang, S., Chen, F., Dai, Y., Desborough, C., Dickinson, R., Dumenil, L., Ek, M., Garratt, J., Gedney, N., Gusev, Y., Kim, J., Koster, R., Kowalczyk, E., Laval, K., Lean, J., Lettenmaier, D., Liang, X., Mahfouf, J., Mengelkamp, H., Mitchell, K., Nasonova, O., Noilhan, J., Robock, A., Rosenzweig, C., Schaake, J., Schlosser, C., Schulz, J., Shao, Y., Shmakin, A., Verseghy, D., Wetzel, P., Wood, E., Xue, Y., Yang, Z., and Zeng, Q., 1997, Cabauw experimental results from the Project for Intercomparison of Land-Surface Parameterization Schemes: Journal of Climate, v. 10, no. 6, p. 1194-1215, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0442(1997)010<1194:CERFTP>2.0.CO;2.","startPage":"1194","endPage":"1215","numberOfPages":"22","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":480014,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0442(1997)010<1194:cerftp>2.0.co;2","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":228177,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":278566,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1175/1520-0442(1997)010<1194:CERFTP>2.0.CO;2"}],"volume":"10","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f2e8e4b0c8380cd4b498","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Chen, T.H.","contributorId":13112,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chen","given":"T.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":384048,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Henderson-Sellers, A.","contributorId":41293,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Henderson-Sellers","given":"A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":384057,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Milly, P. 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,{"id":70019899,"text":"70019899 - 1997 - Contrasts within an outlier-reef system: Evidence for differential quaternary evolution, south Florida windward margin, U.S.A.","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:18","indexId":"70019899","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2220,"text":"Journal of Coastal Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Contrasts within an outlier-reef system: Evidence for differential quaternary evolution, south Florida windward margin, U.S.A.","docAbstract":"Closely spaced, high-resolution, seismic-reflection profiles acquired off the upper Florida Keys (i.e., north) reveal a platform-margin reef-and-trough system grossly similar to, yet quite different from, that previously described off the lower Keys (i.e., south). Profiles and maps generated for both areas show that development was controlled by antecedent Pleistocene topography (presence or absence of an upper-slope bedrock terrace), sediment availability, fluctuating sea level, and coral growth rate and distribution. The north terrace is sediment-covered and exhibits linear, buried, low-relief, seismic features of unknown character and origin. The south terrace is essentially sediment-free and supports multiple, massive, high-relief outlier reefs. Uranium disequilibrium series dates on outlier-reef corals indicate a Pleistocene age (~83-84 ka). A massive Pleistocene reef with both aggradational (north) and progradational (south) aspects forms the modern margin escarpment landward of the terrace. Depending upon interpretation (the north margin-escarpment reef may or may not be an outlier reef), the north margin is either more advanced or less advanced than the south margin. During Holocene sea-level rise, Pleistocene bedrock was inundated earlier and faster first to the north (deeper offbank terrace), then to the south (deeper platform surface). Holocene overgrowth is thick (8 m) on the north outer-bank reefs but thin (0.3 m) on the south outlier reefs. Differential evolution resulted from interplay between fluctuating sea level and energy regime established by prevailing east-southeasterly winds and waves along an arcuate (ENE-WSW) platform margin.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Coastal Research","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"07490208","usgsCitation":"Lidz, B.H., Shinn, E., Hine, A.C., and Locker, S., 1997, Contrasts within an outlier-reef system: Evidence for differential quaternary evolution, south Florida windward margin, U.S.A.: Journal of Coastal Research, v. 13, no. 3, p. 711-731.","startPage":"711","endPage":"731","numberOfPages":"21","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":227941,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"13","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059fa7ee4b0c8380cd4db21","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lidz, B. H.","contributorId":30651,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lidz","given":"B.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":384310,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Shinn, E.A.","contributorId":38610,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shinn","given":"E.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":384311,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hine, A. C.","contributorId":21197,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hine","given":"A.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":384309,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Locker, S. D.","contributorId":81532,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Locker","given":"S. D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":384312,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70019903,"text":"70019903 - 1997 - Application of the LI-COR CO<sub>2</sub> analyzer to volcanic plumes: a case study, volcán Popocatépetl, Mexico, June 7 and 10, 1995","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-05-19T15:12:42","indexId":"70019903","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2314,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Application of the LI-COR CO<sub>2</sub> analyzer to volcanic plumes: a case study, volcán Popocatépetl, Mexico, June 7 and 10, 1995","docAbstract":"<p>Volcanic CO<sub>2</sub> emission rate data are sparse despite their potential importance for constraining the role of magma degassing in the biogeochemical cycle of carbon and for assessing volcanic hazards. We used a LI-COR CO<sub>2</sub> analyzer to determine volcanic CO<sub>2</sub> emission rates by airborne measurements in volcanic plumes at Popocat&eacute;petl volcano on June 7 and 10, 1995. LI-COR sample paths of &sim;72 m, compared with &sim;1 km for the analyzer customarily used, together with fast Fourier transforms to remove instrument noise from raw data greatly improve resolution of volcanic CO<sub>2</sub> anomalies. Parametric models fit to background CO<sub>2</sub> provide a statistical tool for distinguishing volcanic from ambient CO<sub>2</sub>. Global Positioning System referenced flight traverses provide vastly improved data on the shape, coherence, and spatial distribution of volcanic CO<sub>2</sub> in plume cross sections and contrast markedly with previous results based on traverse stacking. The continuous escape of CO<sub>2</sub> and SO<sub>2</sub> from Popocat&eacute;petl was fundamentally noneruptive and represented quiescent magma degassing from the top of a magma chamber &sim;5 km deep. The average CO<sub>2</sub> emission rate for January-June 1995 is estimated to be at least 6400 t d<sup>&minus;1</sup>, one of the highest determined for a quiescently degassing volcano, although correction for downwind dispersion effects on volcanic CO<sub>2</sub> indicates a higher rate of &sim;9000 t d<sup>&minus;1</sup>. Analysis of random errors indicates emission rates have 95% confidence intervals of &sim;&plusmn;20%, with uncertainty contributed mostly by wind speed variance, although the variance of plume cross-sectional areas during traversing is poorly constrained and possibly significant.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"AGU Publications","doi":"10.1029/96JB03887","issn":"01480227","usgsCitation":"Gerlach, T., Delgado, H., McGee, K., Doukas, M., Venegas, J., and Cardenas, L., 1997, Application of the LI-COR CO<sub>2</sub> analyzer to volcanic plumes: a case study, volcán Popocatépetl, Mexico, June 7 and 10, 1995: Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth, v. 102, no. B4, p. 8005-8019, https://doi.org/10.1029/96JB03887.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"8005","endPage":"8019","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":479995,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/96jb03887","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":227986,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"102","issue":"B4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1997-04-10","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059ecb4e4b0c8380cd49438","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Gerlach, T.M.","contributorId":38713,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gerlach","given":"T.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":384326,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Delgado, H.","contributorId":22103,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Delgado","given":"H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":384324,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"McGee, K.A.","contributorId":6059,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McGee","given":"K.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":384323,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Doukas, M.P.","contributorId":28615,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Doukas","given":"M.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":384325,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Venegas, J.J.","contributorId":88893,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Venegas","given":"J.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":384327,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Cardenas, L.","contributorId":94054,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cardenas","given":"L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":384328,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}}
,{"id":70019283,"text":"70019283 - 1997 - Late Mesozoic and Cenozoic thermotectonic evolution of the central Brooks Range and adjacent North Slope foreland basin, Alaska: Including fission track results from the Trans-Alaska Crustal Transect (TACT)","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-07-19T15:43:32.357663","indexId":"70019283","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2314,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Late Mesozoic and Cenozoic thermotectonic evolution of the central Brooks Range and adjacent North Slope foreland basin, Alaska: Including fission track results from the Trans-Alaska Crustal Transect (TACT)","docAbstract":"<p><span>Apatite fission track data are used to evaluate the thermal and tectonic history of the central Brooks Range and the North Slope foreland basin in northern Alaska along the northern leg of the Trans-Alaska Crustal Transect (TACT). Fission track analyses of the detrital apatite grains in most sedimentary units resolve the timing of structures and denudation within the Brooks Range, ranging in scale from the entire mountain range to relatively small-scale folds and faults. Interpretation of the results indicates that rocks exposed within the central Brooks Range cooled rapidly from paleotemperatures 110° to 50°C during discrete episodes at ∼ 100±5 Ma, ∼60±4 Ma, and ∼24±3 Ma, probably in response to kilometer-scale denudation. North of the mountain front, rocks in the southern half of the foreland basin were exposed to maximum paleotemperatures 110°C in the Late Cretaceous to early Paleocene as a result of burial by Upper Jurassic and Cretaceous sedimentary rocks. Rapid cooling from these elevated paleotemperatures also occurred due to distinct episodes of kilometer-scale denudation at ∼60±4 Ma, 46±3 Ma, 35±2 Ma, and ∼24±3 Ma. Combined, the apatite analyses indicate that rocks exposed along the TACT line through the central Brooks Range and foreland basin experienced episodic rapid cooling throughout the Late Cretaceous and Cenozoic in response to at least three distinct kilometer-scale denudation events. Future models explaining orogenic events in northern Alaska must consider these new constraints from fission track thermochronology.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/96JB03411","issn":"01480227","usgsCitation":"O’Sullivan, P.B., Murphy, J., and Blythe, A., 1997, Late Mesozoic and Cenozoic thermotectonic evolution of the central Brooks Range and adjacent North Slope foreland basin, Alaska: Including fission track results from the Trans-Alaska Crustal Transect (TACT): Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth, v. 102, no. B9, p. 20821-20845, https://doi.org/10.1029/96JB03411.","productDescription":"25 p.","startPage":"20821","endPage":"20845","numberOfPages":"25","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":480086,"rank":2,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/96jb03411","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":226420,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"102","issue":"B9","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1997-09-10","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a44f1e4b0c8380cd66ee6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"O’Sullivan, P. B.","contributorId":39950,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"O’Sullivan","given":"P.","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":382229,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Murphy, J.M.","contributorId":84760,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Murphy","given":"J.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":382231,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Blythe, A.E.","contributorId":66002,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Blythe","given":"A.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":382230,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70019286,"text":"70019286 - 1997 - Crustal deformation at long Valley Caldera, eastern California, 1992-1996 inferred from satellite radar interferometry","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-02-10T14:22:05.991942","indexId":"70019286","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1807,"text":"Geophysical Research Letters","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Crustal deformation at long Valley Caldera, eastern California, 1992-1996 inferred from satellite radar interferometry","docAbstract":"<div class=\"\"><div class=\"article-section__content en main\"><p>Satellite radar interferometric images of Long Valley caldera show a pattern of surface deformation that resembles that expected from analysis of an extensive suite of ground-based geodetic data. Images from 2 and 4 year intervals respectively, are consistent with uniform movement rates determined from leveling surveys. Synthetic interferograms generated from ellipsoidal-inclusion source models based on inversion of the ground-based data show generally good agreement with the observed images. Two interferograms show evidence for a magmatic source southwest of the caldera in a region not covered by ground measurements. Poorer image quality in the 4 year interferogram indicates that temporal decorrelation of surface radar reflectors is progressively degrading the fringe pattern in the Long Valley region.</p></div></div>","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/97GL02597","issn":"00948276","usgsCitation":"Thatcher, W., and Massonnet, D., 1997, Crustal deformation at long Valley Caldera, eastern California, 1992-1996 inferred from satellite radar interferometry: Geophysical Research Letters, v. 24, no. 20, p. 2519-2522, https://doi.org/10.1029/97GL02597.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"2519","endPage":"2522","numberOfPages":"4","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":479960,"rank":2,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/97gl02597","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":226464,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"24","issue":"20","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1997-10-15","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059fcdbe4b0c8380cd4e487","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Thatcher, W.","contributorId":32669,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thatcher","given":"W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":382238,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Massonnet, D.","contributorId":106272,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Massonnet","given":"D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":382239,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70019331,"text":"70019331 - 1997 - New composite spectra of Mars, 0.4-5.7 μm","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-05-18T16:21:46","indexId":"70019331","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1963,"text":"Icarus","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"New composite spectra of Mars, 0.4-5.7 μm","docAbstract":"<p>About 15 areas were observed in the equatorial regions of Mars by the infrared spectrometers IRS (Mariner 6 and 7) and ISM (Phobos-2). The comparison between the spectra shows a remarkable consistency between two data sets acquired 20 years apart and calibrated independently. This similarity demonstrates the accuracy of ISM calibration above 2 &mu;m, except for a possible stray light contribution above 2.6 &mu;m, on the order of &sim;1&ndash;2% of the solar flux at 2.7 &mu;m. Most differences in spectral shapes are related to differences in spectral/spatial resolution and viewing geometries. No important variation in surface properties is detected, except for a spot in southern Arabia Terra which has a much deeper hydration feature in IRS spectra; differences in viewing geometries and spatial resolutions do not seem to account for this difference that could result from shifting or dehydration of surface materials. Composite spectra of several types of bright and dark materials are computed by modeling the thermal emission and are completed with telescopic spectra in the visible range. Modeled reflectance in the 3.0&ndash;5.7 &mu;m range is consistent with basalts and palagonites. The bright regions and analog palagonite spectra are different from hematite in this range, but resemble several phyllosilicates. We infer that (1) although hematite dominates the spectra in the 0.4- to 2.5-&mu;m range, the silicate-clay host is spectrally active beyond 3 &mu;m and can be identified from this domain; (2) phyllosilicates such as montmorillonite or smectite may be abundant components of the martian soils, although the domain below 3 &mu;m lacks the characteristic features of the most usual terrestrial clay minerals.</p>","largerWorkTitle":"Icarus","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1006/icar.1997.5830","issn":"00191035","usgsCitation":"Erard, S., and Calvin, W.M., 1997, New composite spectra of Mars, 0.4-5.7 μm: Icarus, v. 130, no. 2, p. 449-460, https://doi.org/10.1006/icar.1997.5830.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"449","endPage":"460","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":226551,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":205747,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1006/icar.1997.5830"}],"volume":"130","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a6561e4b0c8380cd72b9a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Erard, Stephane","contributorId":104643,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Erard","given":"Stephane","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":382373,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Calvin, Wendy M.","contributorId":93508,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Calvin","given":"Wendy","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":382372,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70019906,"text":"70019906 - 1997 - Rift-wide correlation of 1.1 Ga Midcontinent rift system basalts: Implications for multiple mantle sources during rift development","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-09-20T20:23:20.593441","indexId":"70019906","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1168,"text":"Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Rift-wide correlation of 1.1 Ga Midcontinent rift system basalts: Implications for multiple mantle sources during rift development","docAbstract":"<p><span>Magmatism that accompanied the 1.1 Ga Midcontinent rift system (MRS) is attributed to the upwelling and decompression melting of a mantle plume beneath North America. Five distinctive flood-basalt compositions are recognized in the rift-related basalt succession along the south shore of western Lake Superior, based on stratigraphically correlated major element, trace element, and Nd isotopic analyses. These distinctive compositions can be correlated with equivalent basalt types in comparable stratigraphic positions in other MRS localities around western Lake Superior. Four of these compositions are also recognized at Mamainse Point more than 200 km away in eastern Lake Superior. These regionally correlative basalt compositions provide the basis for determining the sequential contribution of various mantle sources to flood-basalt magmatism during rift development, extending a model originally developed for eastern Lake Superior. In this refined model, the earliest basalts were derived from small degrees of partial melting at great depth of an enriched, ocean-island-type plume mantle source (ε</span><sub>Nd(1100)</sub><span>&nbsp;value of about 0), followed by magmas representing melts from this plume source and interaction with another mantle source, most likely continental lithospheric mantle (ε</span><sub>Nd(1100</sub><span>) &lt; 0). The relative contribution of this second mantle source diminished with time as larger degree partial melts of the plume became the dominant source for the voluminous younger basalts (ε</span><sub>Nd(1100)</sub><span>&nbsp;value of about 0). Towards the end of magmatism, mixtures of melts from the plume and a depleted asthenospheric mantle source became dominant (ε</span><sub>Nd(1100)</sub><span> = 0 to +3).</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Canadian Science Publishing","doi":"10.1139/e17-041","issn":"00084077","usgsCitation":"Nicholson, S.W., Shirey, S., Schulz, K.J., and Green, J., 1997, Rift-wide correlation of 1.1 Ga Midcontinent rift system basalts: Implications for multiple mantle sources during rift development: Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, v. 34, no. 4, p. 504-520, https://doi.org/10.1139/e17-041.","productDescription":"17 p.","startPage":"504","endPage":"520","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":228027,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Michigan, Wisconsin","otherGeospatial":"Apostle Islands, Isle Royale, Keweenaw Peninsula, Lake Superior","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": 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W.","contributorId":79504,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nicholson","given":"S.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":384337,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Shirey, S.B.","contributorId":69712,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shirey","given":"S.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":384335,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Schulz, K. J.","contributorId":79131,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schulz","given":"K.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":384336,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Green, J.C.","contributorId":90052,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Green","given":"J.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":384338,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70019386,"text":"70019386 - 1997 - Hydraulic modeling for lahar hazards at cascades volcanoes","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-12-17T15:08:35.789012","indexId":"70019386","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1574,"text":"Environmental & Engineering Geoscience","printIssn":"1078-7275","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Hydraulic modeling for lahar hazards at cascades volcanoes","docAbstract":"<p>The National Weather Service flood routing model DAMBRK is able to closely replicate field-documented stages of historic and prehistoric lahars from Mt. Rainier, Washington, and Mt. Hood, Oregon. Modeled time-of-travel of flow waves are generally consistent with documented lahar travel-times from other volcanoes around the world. The model adequately replicates a range of lahars and debris flows, including the 230 million km3 Electron lahar from Mt. Rainier, as well as a 10 m3 debris flow generated in a large outdoor experimental flume. The model is used to simulate a hypothetical lahar with a volume of 50 million m3 down the East Fork Hood River from Mt. Hood, Oregon. Although a flow such as this is thought to be possible in the Hood River valley, no field evidence exists on which to base a hazards assessment. DAMBRK seems likely to be usable in many volcanic settings to estimate discharge, velocity, and inundation areas of lahars when input hydrographs and energy-loss coefficients can be reasonably estimated.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Environmental Engineering Geologists","doi":"10.2113/gseegeosci.III.1.21","issn":"10787275","usgsCitation":"Costa, J.E., 1997, Hydraulic modeling for lahar hazards at cascades volcanoes: Environmental & Engineering Geoscience, v. 3, no. 1, p. 21-30, https://doi.org/10.2113/gseegeosci.III.1.21.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"21","endPage":"30","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":622,"text":"Washington Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":226834,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"3","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a32f7e4b0c8380cd5ebf8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Costa, J. E.","contributorId":28977,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Costa","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":382557,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70019450,"text":"70019450 - 1997 - A numerical model of sediment transport applied to San Francisco Bay, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-07-27T12:33:11","indexId":"70019450","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2378,"text":"Journal of Marine Environmental Engineering","onlineIssn":"1029-0427","printIssn":"1061-026X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A numerical model of sediment transport applied to San Francisco Bay, California","docAbstract":"<p>A two dimensional depth-averaged sediment transport model is used to simulate field measurements of suspended sediment concentrations in northern San Francisco Bay. The model uses a semi-implicit finite difference method to solve the shallow water equations and incorporates standard empirical expressions for erosion and deposition of sediments into the transport equation as source/sink terms. The field measurements indicate that tidal scale variations (both diurnal and spring-neap) dominate the variations in suspended sediment concentration (SSC). Increases in SSC also correlated highly with large delta outflows following a storm in late winter. The sediment transport model reproduces the field measurements quite well during periods when the water column is relatively well-mixed vertically. However, the present model only includes one size class of sediment and does not perform well when spatial variability of sediment properties and multiple size classes are significant factors. Comparison of erosion and accretion patterns generated by the model with those obtained from historical bathymetric surveys indicate that the model captures several of the general features observed historically. A sensitivity analysis demonstrates that the model is very sensitive to the critical shear stress for erosion and moderately sensitive to the erosion rate constant, critical shear stress for deposition, and settling velocity.</p>","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Marine Environmental Engineering","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"1061026X","usgsCitation":"Mcdonald, E., and Cheng, R.T., 1997, A numerical model of sediment transport applied to San Francisco Bay, California: Journal of Marine Environmental Engineering, v. 4, no. 1, p. 1-41.","startPage":"1","endPage":"41","numberOfPages":"41","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":552,"text":"San Francisco Bay-Delta","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":5079,"text":"Pacific Regional Director's Office","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":226749,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"4","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e4c9e4b0c8380cd46922","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Mcdonald, E.T.","contributorId":27621,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mcdonald","given":"E.T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":382769,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Cheng, R. T.","contributorId":23138,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Cheng","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":382768,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70019709,"text":"70019709 - 1997 - Anthropogenic molecular markers: Tools to identify the sources and transport pathways of pollutants","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-11-05T09:27:05","indexId":"70019709","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":612,"text":"ACS Symposium Series","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"chapter":"12","title":"Anthropogenic molecular markers: Tools to identify the sources and transport pathways of pollutants","docAbstract":"The activities of modern civilization have released to the oceans a wide variety of both mobilized natural compounds and synthetic compounds not found prior to modern times. Many of these compounds provide a means of identifying sources of inputs and pathways of movement of chemicals through oceanic ecosystems and serve as molecular markers of human activities. A coastal ocean (Tokyo Bay) and a deep ocean (Deep Water Dump Site 106 in the Western North Atlantic Ocean) example are presented. In the deep ocean study, the correlation between potential sewage marker, i.e. linear alkylbenzenes (LABs), and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) concentrations indicates a contribution of sewage sludge PCBs to the dump site sediments.","language":"English","publisher":"ACS Publications","doi":"10.1021/bk-1997-0671.ch012","issn":"00976156","isbn":"9780841235182","usgsCitation":"Takada, H., Satoh, F., Bothner, M., Tripp, B., Johnson, C., and Farrington, J., 1997, Anthropogenic molecular markers: Tools to identify the sources and transport pathways of pollutants: ACS Symposium Series, v. 671, p. 178-195, https://doi.org/10.1021/bk-1997-0671.ch012.","productDescription":"18 p.","startPage":"178","endPage":"195","costCenters":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":228203,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"671","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2009-07-23","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059ec55e4b0c8380cd491de","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Takada, H.","contributorId":47094,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Takada","given":"H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383675,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Satoh, F.","contributorId":101824,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Satoh","given":"F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383680,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Bothner, Michael H. mbothner@usgs.gov","contributorId":139855,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bothner","given":"Michael H.","email":"mbothner@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":383677,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Tripp, B.W.","contributorId":56251,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tripp","given":"B.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383676,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Johnson, C.G.","contributorId":75996,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnson","given":"C.G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383678,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Farrington, J.W.","contributorId":89160,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Farrington","given":"J.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383679,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}}
,{"id":70019468,"text":"70019468 - 1997 - Calibration or verification? A balanced approach for science.","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:11","indexId":"70019468","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3212,"text":"Quality assurance (San Diego, Calif.)","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Calibration or verification? A balanced approach for science.","docAbstract":"The calibration of balances is routinely performed both in the laboratory and the field. This process is required to accurately determine the weight of an object or chemical. The frequency of calibration and verification of balances is mandated by their use and location. Tolerance limits for balances could not be located in any standard procedure manuals. A survey was conducted to address the issues of calibration and verification frequency and to discuss the significance of defining tolerance limits for balances. Finally, for the benefit of laboratories unfamiliar with such procedures, we provide a working model based on our laboratory, the Upper Mississippi Science Center (UMSC), in La Crosse, Wisconsin.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Quality assurance (San Diego, Calif.)","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"10529411","usgsCitation":"Myers, C., and Kennedy, D., 1997, Calibration or verification? A balanced approach for science.: Quality assurance (San Diego, Calif.), v. 5, no. 4, p. 293-301.","startPage":"293","endPage":"301","numberOfPages":"9","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":226882,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"5","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f319e4b0c8380cd4b5d8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Myers, C.T.","contributorId":6201,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Myers","given":"C.T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":382825,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kennedy, D.M.","contributorId":49531,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kennedy","given":"D.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":382826,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70019821,"text":"70019821 - 1997 - The interplay between transpiration and Runoff formulations in land surface schemes used with atmospheric models","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:22","indexId":"70019821","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2216,"text":"Journal of Climate","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The interplay between transpiration and Runoff formulations in land surface schemes used with atmospheric models","docAbstract":"The Project for Intercomparison of Land-surface Parameterization Schemes (PILPS) has shown that different land surface models (LSMs) driven by the same meteorological forcing can produce markedly different surface energy and water budgets, even when certain critical aspects of the LSMs (vegetation cover, albedo, turbulent drag coefficient, and snowcover) are carefully controlled. To help explain these differences, the authors devised a monthly water balance model that successfully reproduces the annual and seasonal water balances of the different PILPS schemes. Analysis of this model leads to the identification of two quantities that characterize an LSM's formulation of soil water balance dynamics: 1) the efficiency of the soil's evaporation sink integrated over the active soil moisture range, and 2) the fraction of this range over which runoff is generated. Regardless of the LSM's complexity, the combination of these two derived parameters with rates of interception loss, potential evaporation, and precipitation provides a reasonable estimate for the LSM's simulated annual water balance. The two derived parameters shed light on how evaporation and runoff formulations interact in an LSM, and the analysis as a whole underscores the need for compatibility in these formulations.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Climate","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"08948755","usgsCitation":"Koster, R., and Milly, P., 1997, The interplay between transpiration and Runoff formulations in land surface schemes used with atmospheric models: Journal of Climate, v. 10, no. 7, p. 1578-1591.","startPage":"1578","endPage":"1591","numberOfPages":"14","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":228062,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"10","issue":"7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bad58e4b08c986b323b5d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Koster, R.D.","contributorId":15356,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Koster","given":"R.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":384028,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Milly, P. C. D.","contributorId":100489,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Milly","given":"P. C. D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":384029,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70019714,"text":"70019714 - 1997 - Estimating the diminution of shear-wave amplitude with distance: Application to the Los Angeles, California, urban area","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-10-22T13:54:03.013875","indexId":"70019714","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1135,"text":"Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America","onlineIssn":"1943-3573","printIssn":"0037-1106","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Estimating the diminution of shear-wave amplitude with distance: Application to the Los Angeles, California, urban area","docAbstract":"<div id=\"136313371\" class=\"article-section-wrapper js-article-section js-content-section  \" data-section-parent-id=\"0\"><p>The rate of decay with distance of shear-wave amplitude, computed from 20-sec<span>&nbsp;</span><i>S</i>-wave spectra, is determined from<span>&nbsp;</span><span class=\"small-caps\">TERRA</span>scope records of small earthquakes in the greater Los Angeles area. Piecewise log-linear interpolation functions and traditional diminution functions are used to fit spectral decay to a maximum distance of 150 km. Simultaneously, isotropic source and receiver terms are determined. Separate branches of the spectral decay function are found for two categories of source depth: greater than 10 km and less than 10 km. In the hypocentral distance range of 20 to 150 km and in the frequency range of 0.5 to 8.0 Hz, an important result of the investigation is that the horizontal-component decay rate associated with deeper-crustal sources is generally greater than that associated with shallower sources and is greater than that which is estimated using more traditional models of spectral decay with distance. The same behavior generally holds for vertical-component spectra. The variation in apparent attenuation rate with source depth should affect seismic-hazard estimates associated with the rupture of blind thrust faults in the Los Angeles basin and vicinity. The results of the inversions suggest that interpolation function representations of spectral decay are sensitive to perturbations of<span>&nbsp;</span><i>S</i>-wave amplitude due to crustal reflectors, such as post-critical<span>&nbsp;</span><i>S</i>-wave arrivals from mid-crustal to deep-crustal velocity interfaces.</p></div>","language":"English","publisher":"Seismological Society of America","doi":"10.1785/BSSA0870040888","issn":"00371106","usgsCitation":"Harmsen, S.C., 1997, Estimating the diminution of shear-wave amplitude with distance: Application to the Los Angeles, California, urban area: Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, v. 87, no. 4, p. 888-903, https://doi.org/10.1785/BSSA0870040888.","productDescription":"16 p.","startPage":"888","endPage":"903","numberOfPages":"16","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":228248,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","city":"Los Angeles","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -119.63191368282305,\n              34.58030693870565\n            ],\n            [\n              -119.63191368282305,\n              33.359435728097196\n            ],\n            [\n              -116.64363243282325,\n              33.359435728097196\n            ],\n            [\n              -116.64363243282325,\n              34.58030693870565\n            ],\n            [\n              -119.63191368282305,\n              34.58030693870565\n            ]\n          ]\n        ],\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"87","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1997-08-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0b58e4b0c8380cd526a8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Harmsen, S. C.","contributorId":59039,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Harmsen","given":"S.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383689,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70019469,"text":"70019469 - 1997 - Evaluation of process errors in bed load sampling using a Dune Model","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-03-15T10:33:36","indexId":"70019469","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3722,"text":"Water Resources Research","onlineIssn":"1944-7973","printIssn":"0043-1397","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Evaluation of process errors in bed load sampling using a Dune Model","docAbstract":"<p><span>Reliable estimates of the streamwide bed load discharge obtained using sampling devices are dependent upon good at-a-point knowledge across the full width of the channel. Using field data and information derived from a model that describes the geometric features of a dune train in terms of a spatial process observed at a fixed point in time, we show that sampling errors decrease as the number of samples collected increases, and the number of traverses of the channel over which the samples are collected increases. It also is preferable that bed load sampling be conducted at a pace which allows a number of bed forms to pass through the sampling cross section. The situations we analyze and simulate pertain to moderate transport conditions in small rivers. In such circumstances, bed load sampling schemes typically should involve four or five traverses of a river, and the collection of 20–40 samples at a rate of five or six samples per hour. By ensuring that spatial and temporal variability in the transport process is accounted for, such a sampling design reduces both random and systematic errors and hence minimizes the total error involved in the sampling process.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/97WR01711","usgsCitation":"Gomez, B., and Troutman, B.M., 1997, Evaluation of process errors in bed load sampling using a Dune Model: Water Resources Research, v. 33, no. 10, p. 2387-2398, https://doi.org/10.1029/97WR01711.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"2387","endPage":"2398","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":479988,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/97wr01711","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":226843,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"33","issue":"10","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0cb0e4b0c8380cd52c64","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Gomez, Basil","contributorId":65475,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gomez","given":"Basil","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":382827,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Troutman, Brent M.","contributorId":195329,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Troutman","given":"Brent","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":382828,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70019715,"text":"70019715 - 1997 - Determination of site amplification in the Los Angeles urban area from inversion of strong-motion records","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-10-22T13:50:12.412554","indexId":"70019715","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1135,"text":"Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America","onlineIssn":"1943-3573","printIssn":"0037-1106","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Determination of site amplification in the Los Angeles urban area from inversion of strong-motion records","docAbstract":"<p>The amplification of strong ground motion at sites in the greater Los Angeles, California, region is determined using the generalized-inverse method of Andrews (1986). Site-amplification estimates are determined at 281 strong-motion sites that provided horizontal-component accelerograms from the 1971 San Fernando, 1987 Whittier Narrows, 1991 Sierra Madre, or 1994 Northridge mainshocks. The estimates are determined relative to the spectral level recorded at a single reference site. In a second inversion, a source-site interaction term is added to Andrews's (1986) model to quantify the effect selected mainshock records have on site-amplification estimates. The source-site interaction term is applied to the San Fernando Valley sites' records of the Northridge earthquake and to three Los Angeles basin sites' records of the Whittier Narrows mainshock.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Seismological Society of America","doi":"10.1785/BSSA0870040866","issn":"00371106","usgsCitation":"Harmsen, S.C., 1997, Determination of site amplification in the Los Angeles urban area from inversion of strong-motion records: Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, v. 87, no. 4, p. 866-887, https://doi.org/10.1785/BSSA0870040866.","productDescription":"22 p.","startPage":"866","endPage":"887","numberOfPages":"22","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":228249,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","city":"Los Angeles","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -119.63191368282305,\n              34.58030693870565\n            ],\n            [\n              -119.63191368282305,\n              33.359435728097196\n            ],\n            [\n              -116.64363243282325,\n              33.359435728097196\n            ],\n            [\n              -116.64363243282325,\n              34.58030693870565\n            ],\n            [\n              -119.63191368282305,\n              34.58030693870565\n            ]\n          ]\n        ],\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"87","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1997-08-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059ffc7e4b0c8380cd4f3be","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Harmsen, S. C.","contributorId":59039,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Harmsen","given":"S.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383690,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70019717,"text":"70019717 - 1997 - The Bishop Tuff: New insights from eruptive stratigraphy","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-03-13T11:27:11.698425","indexId":"70019717","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2309,"text":"Journal of Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The Bishop Tuff: New insights from eruptive stratigraphy","docAbstract":"<p><span>The 0.76 Ma Bishop Tuff, from Long Valley caldera in eastern California, consists of a widespread fall deposit and voluminous partly welded ignimbrite. The fall deposit (F), exposed over an easterly sector below and adjacent to the ignimbrite, is divided into nine units (F1‐F9), with no significant time breaks, except possibly between F8 and F9. Maximum clast sizes are compared with other deposits where accumulation rates are known or inferred to estimate an accumulation time for F1‐F8 as ca. 90 hrs. The ignimbrite (Ig) is divided into chronologically and/or geographically distinct packages of material. Earlier packages (Ig1) were emplaced mostly eastward, are wholly intraplinian (coeval with fall units F2‐F8), Lack phenocrystic pyroxenes, and contain few or no Glass Mountain‐derived rhyolite lithic fragments. Earlier packages (Ig2) were erupted mostly to the north and east, are at least partly intraplinian (interbedded with fall unit F9 to the east), contain pyroxenes, and have lithic fractions rich in Glass Mountain‐derived rhyolite or other lithologies exposed on the northern caldera rim. Recognition of the intraplinian nature of Ig1 east of the caldera and use of the fall deposit chronometry yields accumulation estimates of ca. 25 hrs for an earlier, less‐welded subpackage and ca. 36 hrs for a later, mostly welded subpackage. Average accumulation rates range up to ≥1 mm/s of dense‐welded massive ignimbrite, equivalent to ≥2.5 mm/s of non‐welded material. Comparisons of internal stratification in Ig1 and northern Ig2 lobes suggest the thickest northern ignimbrite accumulated in ≥35 hrs. Identifiable vent positions migrated from an initial site previously proposed in the south‐central part of the caldera (F1‐8, Ig1) in complex fashion; one vent set (for eastern Ig2) migrated east and north toward Glass Mountain, while another set (for northern Ig2) opened from west to east across the northern caldera margin. Vent locations for Ig1 and Ig2 southwest of the caldera have not been identified. The new stratigraphic framework shows that much of the Bishop ignimbrite is intraplinian in nature, and that fall deposits and ignimbrite units previously inferred to be sequential are largely or wholly coeval. Fundamental reassessment is therefore required of all existing models for the eruption dynamics and the nature and causes of pre‐eruptive zonations in trace elements, volatiles, and isotopes in the parental magma chamber.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"University of Chicago Press","doi":"10.1086/515937","issn":"00221376","usgsCitation":"Wilson, C.J., and Hildreth, W., 1997, The Bishop Tuff: New insights from eruptive stratigraphy: Journal of Geology, v. 105, no. 4, p. 407-439, https://doi.org/10.1086/515937.","productDescription":"33 p.","startPage":"407","endPage":"439","numberOfPages":"33","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":228289,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Bishop Tuff, Long Valley Caldera","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -118.9812469482422,\n              37.541855135522226\n            ],\n            [\n              -118.63586425781249,\n              37.541855135522226\n            ],\n            [\n              -118.63586425781249,\n              37.76474401178003\n            ],\n            [\n              -118.9812469482422,\n              37.76474401178003\n            ],\n            [\n              -118.9812469482422,\n              37.541855135522226\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"105","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505ba9eee4b08c986b3225f6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wilson, C. J. N.","contributorId":22096,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wilson","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"J. N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383694,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hildreth, W. 0000-0002-7925-4251","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7925-4251","contributorId":100487,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hildreth","given":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383695,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70019718,"text":"70019718 - 1997 - Radar and photoclinometric studies of wrinkle ridges on Mars","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-07-31T15:40:56.319655","indexId":"70019718","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2317,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research E: Planets","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Radar and photoclinometric studies of wrinkle ridges on Mars","docAbstract":"<p><span>Earth-based radar altimetry and image derived photoclinometric profiles were analyzed to examine both the long- and short-wavelength topography associated with wrinkle ridges on Mars. Photoclinometrically derived elevation data across wrinkle ridges were evaluated to determine the sensitivity of profiles to two empirical photoclinometric parameters, the horizontal digital number (HDN) and the scattered light value (SLV). The photoclinometric profiles are extremely sensitive to small variations in HDN. The sense of slope of a profile can be completely reversed over a range in HDN of as little as ±1. Comparably small variations in the SLV have relatively minor effects on the photoclinometrically derived elevations. The existence of elevation offsets from one side of the ridge to the other, reported in previous photoclinometric studies of martian wrinkles, were not confirmed through photoclinometry. In addition, no evidence of elevation offsets were found in Earth-based radar altimetry profiles across wrinkle ridges. In order to more accurately model wrinkle ridge topography, we controlled photoclinometrically derived elevations with long-wavelength topography obtained from the radar altimetry. The results of this study do not support kinematic models for the origin of planetary wrinkle ridges that involve deeply rooted thrust faults which separate crustal blocks at different elevations. A kinematic model involving buckling of shallow crustal layers into concentric folds that close, leading to the development of thrust faults, is consistent with wrinkle ridge morphology and terrestrial analogs. Recent geophysical studies of terrestrial analogs and the influence of shallow subsurface structures, particularly buried craters, on the localization of many wrinkle ridges on Mars suggest that thrust faults associated with the ridges are confined to the ridged plains material and do not extend into the lithosphere.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/97JE00411","issn":"01480227","usgsCitation":"Watters, T.R., and Robinson, M., 1997, Radar and photoclinometric studies of wrinkle ridges on Mars: Journal of Geophysical Research E: Planets, v. 102, no. E5, p. 10889-10903, https://doi.org/10.1029/97JE00411.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"10889","endPage":"10903","numberOfPages":"15","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":479968,"rank":2,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/97je00411","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":227682,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"otherGeospatial":"Mars","volume":"102","issue":"E5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a937de4b0c8380cd80e57","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Watters, T. R.","contributorId":83590,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Watters","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383697,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Robinson, M.S.","contributorId":34934,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Robinson","given":"M.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383696,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70019471,"text":"70019471 - 1997 - Southern California Permanent GPS Geodetic Array: Continuous measurements of regional crustal deformation between the 1992 Landers and 1994 Northridge earthquakes","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-07-19T15:52:36.561876","indexId":"70019471","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2314,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Southern California Permanent GPS Geodetic Array: Continuous measurements of regional crustal deformation between the 1992 Landers and 1994 Northridge earthquakes","docAbstract":"<p><span>The southern California Permanent GPS Geodetic Array (PGGA) was established in 1990 across the Pacific-North America plate boundary to continuously monitor crustal deformation. We describe the development of the array and the time series of daily positions estimated for its first 10 sites in the 19-month period between the June 28, 1992 (</span><i>M</i><sub><i>w</i></sub><span>=7.3), Landers and January 17, 1994 (</span><i>M</i><sub><i>w</i></sub><span>=6.7), Northridge earthquakes. We compare displacement rates at four site locations with those reported by&nbsp;</span><i>Feigl et al.</i><span>&nbsp;[1993], which were derived from an independent set of Global Positioning System (GPS) and very long baseline interferometry (VLBI) measurements collected over nearly a decade prior to the Landers earthquake. The velocity differences for three sites 65–100 km from the earthquake's epicenter are of order of 3–5 mm/yr and are systematically coupled with the corresponding directions of coseismic displacement. The fourth site, 300 km from the epicenter, shows no significant velocity difference. These observations suggest large-scale postseismic deformation with a relaxation time of at least 800 days. The statistical significance of our observations is complicated by our incomplete knowledge of the noise properties of the two data sets; two possible noise models fit the PGGA data equally well as described in the companion paper by&nbsp;</span><i>Zhang et al</i><span>. [this issue]; the pre-Landers data are too sparse and heterogeneous to derive a reliable noise model. Under a fractal white noise model for the PGGA data we find that the velocity differences for all three sites are statistically different at the 99% significance level. A white noise plus flicker noise model results in significance levels of only 94%, 43%, and 88%. Additional investigations of the pre-Landers data, and analysis of longer spans of PGGA data, could have an important effect on the significance of these results and will be addressed in future work.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/97JB01379","issn":"01480227","usgsCitation":"Bock, Y., Wdowinski, S., Fang, P., Zhang, J., Williams, S., Johnson, H., Behr, J., Genrich, J., Dean, J., Van Domselaar, M., Agnew, D., Wyatt, F., Stark, K., Oral, B., Hudnut, K., King, R., Herring, T., Dinardo, S., Young, W., Jackson, D., and Gurtner, W., 1997, Southern California Permanent GPS Geodetic Array: Continuous measurements of regional crustal deformation between the 1992 Landers and 1994 Northridge earthquakes: Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth, v. 102, no. B8, p. 18013-18033, https://doi.org/10.1029/97JB01379.","productDescription":"21 p.","startPage":"18013","endPage":"18033","numberOfPages":"21","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":226883,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"102","issue":"B8","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1997-08-10","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b93e0e4b08c986b31a723","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bock, Y.","contributorId":94051,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bock","given":"Y.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":382854,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wdowinski, S.","contributorId":20481,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wdowinski","given":"S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":382840,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Fang, P.","contributorId":66865,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fang","given":"P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":382846,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Zhang, Jiahua","contributorId":35479,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zhang","given":"Jiahua","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":382843,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Williams, S.","contributorId":18514,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Williams","given":"S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":382837,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Johnson, H.","contributorId":61163,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnson","given":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":382845,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Behr, J.","contributorId":18917,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Behr","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":382839,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Genrich, J.","contributorId":87706,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Genrich","given":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":382851,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Dean, J.","contributorId":26086,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dean","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":382841,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Van Domselaar, M.","contributorId":94447,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Van Domselaar","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":382855,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10},{"text":"Agnew, D.","contributorId":72539,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Agnew","given":"D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":382848,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":11},{"text":"Wyatt, F.","contributorId":68047,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wyatt","given":"F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":382847,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":12},{"text":"Stark, K.","contributorId":92000,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stark","given":"K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":382852,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":13},{"text":"Oral, B.","contributorId":80435,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Oral","given":"B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":382849,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":14},{"text":"Hudnut, K.","contributorId":92439,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hudnut","given":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":382853,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":15},{"text":"King, R.","contributorId":18827,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"King","given":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":382838,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":16},{"text":"Herring, T.","contributorId":83288,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Herring","given":"T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":382850,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":17},{"text":"Dinardo, S.","contributorId":49532,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dinardo","given":"S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":382844,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":18},{"text":"Young, W.","contributorId":33859,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Young","given":"W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":382842,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":19},{"text":"Jackson, D.","contributorId":104646,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jackson","given":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":382857,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":20},{"text":"Gurtner, W.","contributorId":103015,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gurtner","given":"W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":382856,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":21}]}}
,{"id":70019928,"text":"70019928 - 1997 - The Chesapeake Bay bolide impact: A convulsive event in Atlantic Coastal Plain evolution","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-10-04T14:32:20","indexId":"70019928","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3368,"text":"Sedimentary Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The Chesapeake Bay bolide impact: A convulsive event in Atlantic Coastal Plain evolution","docAbstract":"<p>Until recently, Cenozoic evolution of the Atlantic Coastal Plain has been viewed as a subcyclical continuum of deposition and erosion. Marine transgressions alternated with regressions on a slowly subsiding passive continental margin, their orderly succession modified mainly by isostatic adjustments, occasional Appalachian tectonism, and paleoclimatic change. This passive scenario was dramatically transformed in the late Eocene, however, by a bolide impact on the inner continental shelf. The resultant crater is now buried 400–500 m beneath lower Chesapeake Bay, its surrounding peninsulas, and the continental shelf east of Delmarva Peninsula. This convulsive event, and the giant tsunami it engendered, fundamentally changed the regional geological framework and depositional regime of the Virginia Coastal Plain, and produced the following principal consequences. (1) The impact excavated a roughly circular crater, twice the size of Rhode Island (∼6400 km<sup>2</sup>) and nearly as deep as the Grand Canyon (∼1.3 km deep). (2) The excavation truncated all existing ground-water aquifers in the target area by gouging ∼4300 km<sup>3</sup><span>&nbsp;</span>of rock from the upper lithosphere, including Proterozoic and Paleozoic crystalline basement rocks and Middle Jurassic to upper Eocene sedimentary rocks. (3) Synimpact depositional processes, including ejecta fallback, massive crater-wall failure, water-column collapse, and tsunami backwash, filled the crater with a porous breccia lens, 600–1200 m thick, at a phenomenal rate of ∼1200 m/hr. The breccia lens replaced the truncated ground-water aquifers with a single 4300 km<sup>3</sup><span>&nbsp;</span>reservoir, characterized by ground water ∼1.5 times saltier than normal sea water (chlorinities as high as 25,700 mg/l). (4) A structural and topographic low, created by differential subsidence of the compacting breccia, persisted over the crater at least through the Pleistocene. In the depression are preserved postimpact marine lithofacies and biofacies (upper Eocene, lower Oligocene, lower Miocene) not known elsewhere in the Virginia Coastal Plain. (5) Long-term differential compaction and subsidence of the breccia lens spawned extensive fault systems in the postimpact strata. Many of these faults appear to reach the bay floor, and may be potential hazards for motion-sensitive structures in population centers around Chesapeake Bay. Near-surface fracturing and faulting generated by the impact shock may extend as far as 90 km from the crater rim. (6) Having never completely filled with postimpact sediments, the sea-floor depression over the crater appears to have predetermined the location of Chesapeake Bay. (7) As large impact craters are principal sources for some of the world's precious metals, it is reasonable to expect that metal-enriched sills, dikes, and melt sheets are present in the inner basin of the crater.</p><p>In addition to these specific consequences, the crater and the convulsive event that produced it, have widespread implications for traditional interpretations of certain structural and depositional features of the Atlantic Coastal Plain, particularly in southeastern Virginia.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier ","doi":"10.1016/S0037-0738(96)00048-6","issn":"00370738","usgsCitation":"Poag, C.W., 1997, The Chesapeake Bay bolide impact: A convulsive event in Atlantic Coastal Plain evolution: Sedimentary Geology, v. 108, no. 1-4, p. 45-90, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0037-0738(96)00048-6.","productDescription":"46 p.","startPage":"45","endPage":"90","costCenters":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":227737,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","otherGeospatial":"Chesapeake Bay","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -77.67333984375,\n              36.491973470593685\n            ],\n            [\n              -69.466552734375,\n              36.491973470593685\n            ],\n            [\n              -69.466552734375,\n              42.69051116998238\n            ],\n            [\n              -77.67333984375,\n              42.69051116998238\n            ],\n            [\n              -77.67333984375,\n              36.491973470593685\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"108","issue":"1-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505ba6c8e4b08c986b321288","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Poag, C. Wylie 0000-0002-6240-4065 wpoag@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6240-4065","contributorId":2565,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Poag","given":"C.","email":"wpoag@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"Wylie","affiliations":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":384408,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70019929,"text":"70019929 - 1997 - Comparative sensitivity of Selenastrum capricornutum and Lemna minor to sixteen herbicides","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-11-04T13:49:56","indexId":"70019929","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":887,"text":"Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Comparative sensitivity of Selenastrum capricornutum and Lemna minor to sixteen herbicides","docAbstract":"Aquatic plant toxicity tests are frequently conducted in environmental risk assessments to determine the potential impacts of contaminants on primary producers. An examination of published plant toxicity data demonstrates that wide differences in sensitivity can occur across phylogenetic groups of plants. Yet relatively few studies have been conducted with the specific intent to compare the relative sensitivity of various aquatic plant species to contaminants. We compared the relative sensitivity of the algae Selenestrum capricornutum and the floating vascular plant Lemna minor to 16 herbicides (atrazine, metribuzin, simazine, cyanazine, alachlor, metolachlor, chlorsulfuron, metsulfuron, triallate, EPTC, trifluralin, diquat, paraquat, dicamba, bromoxynil, and 2,4-D). The herbicides studied represented nine chemical classes and several modes of action and were chosen to represent major current uses in the United States. Both plant species were generally sensitive to the triazines (atrazine, metribuzin, simazine, and cyanazine), sulfonureas (metsulfuron and chlorsulfuron), pyridines (diquat and paraquat), dinitroaniline (trifluralin), and acetanilide (alachlor and metolachlor) herbicides. Neither plant species was uniformly more sensitive than the other across the broad range of herbicides tested. Lemna was more sensitive to the sulfonureas (metsulfuron and chlorsulfuron) and the pyridines (diquat and parequat) than Selenastrum. However Selenastrum was more sensitive than Lemna to one of two thiocarbamates (triallate) and one of the triazines (cyanazine). Neither species was sensitive to selective broadleaf herbicides including bromoxynil, EPTC, dicamba, or 2,4-D. Results were not always predictable in spite of obvious differences in herbicide modes of action and plant phylogeny. Major departures in sensitivity of Selenastrum occurred between chemicals within individual classes of the triazine, acetanilide, and thiocarbamate herbicides. Results indicate that neither species is predictively most sensitive, and that a number of species including a dicot speciessuch as Myriophyllum are needed to perform accurate risk assessments of herbicides.","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/s002449900196","issn":"00904341","usgsCitation":"Fairchild, J., Ruessler, D.S., Haverland, P., and Carlson, A., 1997, Comparative sensitivity of Selenastrum capricornutum and Lemna minor to sixteen herbicides: Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, v. 32, no. 4, p. 353-357, https://doi.org/10.1007/s002449900196.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"353","endPage":"357","numberOfPages":"5","costCenters":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":227775,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":205986,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002449900196"}],"volume":"32","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f825e4b0c8380cd4cee5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Fairchild, J.F.","contributorId":88891,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fairchild","given":"J.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":384412,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ruessler, D. S.","contributorId":22292,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ruessler","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":384410,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Haverland, P.S.","contributorId":34672,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Haverland","given":"P.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":384411,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Carlson, A.R.","contributorId":18122,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Carlson","given":"A.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":384409,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70019743,"text":"70019743 - 1997 - Persistence rates and detection probabilities of oiled king eider carcasses on St Paul Island, Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-05-13T12:40:00","indexId":"70019743","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2676,"text":"Marine Pollution Bulletin","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Persistence rates and detection probabilities of oiled king eider carcasses on St Paul Island, Alaska","docAbstract":"Following an oil spill off St Paul Island, Alaska in February 1996, persistence rates and detection probabilities of oiled king eider (Somateria spectabilis) carcasses were estimated using the Cormack-Jolly-Seber model. Carcass persistence rates varied by day, beach type and sex, while detection probabilities varied by day and beach type. Scavenging, wave action and weather influenced carcass persistence. The patterns of persistence differed on rock and sand beaches and female carcasses had a different persistence function than males. Weather, primarily snow storms, and degree of carcass scavenging, diminished carcass detectability. Detection probabilities on rock beaches were lower and more variable than on sand beaches. The combination of persistence rates and detection probabilities can be used to improve techniques of estimating total mortality.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Marine Pollution Bulletin","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/S0025-326X(96)00153-1","issn":"0025326X","usgsCitation":"Fowler, A.C., and Flint, P.L., 1997, Persistence rates and detection probabilities of oiled king eider carcasses on St Paul Island, Alaska: Marine Pollution Bulletin, v. 34, no. 7, p. 522-526, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0025-326X(96)00153-1.","startPage":"522","endPage":"526","numberOfPages":"5","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":228057,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":206047,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0025-326X(96)00153-1"}],"volume":"34","issue":"7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a76f2e4b0c8380cd783aa","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Fowler, A. C.","contributorId":95836,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fowler","given":"A.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383764,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Flint, Paul L. 0000-0002-8758-6993 pflint@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8758-6993","contributorId":3284,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Flint","given":"Paul","email":"pflint@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":117,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology WTEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":383763,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70019985,"text":"70019985 - 1997 - Diverse primitive magmas in the Cascade arc, Northern Oregon and Southern Washington","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:17","indexId":"70019985","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1177,"text":"Canadian Mineralogist","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Diverse primitive magmas in the Cascade arc, Northern Oregon and Southern Washington","docAbstract":"Bulk-rock major- and trace-element composition, petrography and mineral compositions are presented for a diverse suite of 22 primitive mafic lavas in the Cascade Range of northern Oregon and southern Washington. With the exception of an early Western Cascade basalt, all the rocks are younger than 7 Ma. Intensive parameters [F(H2O), f(O2), T, P] for the magmas have been inferred mostly from equilibrium olivine-liquid and plagioclase-liquid relations. Nearly anhydrous, MORB-like, low-K tholeiite was probably derived from relatively high degrees of decompression-induced melting of shallow, depleted, relatively unmetasomatized lithospheric mantle during intra-arc rifting. The degree of partial melting decreases northward along the arc, whereas the depth of average melt generation increases. OIB-like basalt represents deeper, wetter, smaller-degree melts of more enriched asthenospheric mantle, unaffected by subduction. Olivine analcimite resembles the silicate melt considered responsible for within-plate mantle metasomatism. Post-7-Ma subduction-related basalt was derived by low degrees of partial melting of subduction-metasomatized garnet lherzolite, similar to OIB-like basalt source-mantle before modification. The spectrum of subduction-related basalt from cooler and wetter (and slightly more oxidized) absarokite to progressively hotter and drier high-K calc-alkaline basalt and calc-alkaline basalt seems to be due to varying degrees of metasomatism of the deep mantle wedge by relatively cool, wet, LILE-rich absarokitic magmas coming from near the subducted slab. Early Western Cascade basalt is more typically arc-like in its composition and mineralogy, and was probably generated under H2O-rich conditions when more vigorous subduction prevailed. Depleted basaltic andesite may have been generated by low degrees of partial melting of residual harzburgite, possibly formed during the generation of early Western Cascade basalt.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Canadian Mineralogist","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"00084476","usgsCitation":"Conrey, R.M., Sherrod, D.R., Hooper, P.R., and Swanson, D.A., 1997, Diverse primitive magmas in the Cascade arc, Northern Oregon and Southern Washington: Canadian Mineralogist, v. 35, no. 2, p. 367-396.","startPage":"367","endPage":"396","numberOfPages":"30","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":228070,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"35","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a034ce4b0c8380cd503fb","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Conrey, R. M.","contributorId":76772,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Conrey","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":384588,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Sherrod, D. R.","contributorId":44559,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sherrod","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":384586,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hooper, P. R.","contributorId":65884,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hooper","given":"P.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":384587,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Swanson, D. A.","contributorId":34102,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Swanson","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":384585,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70019512,"text":"70019512 - 1997 - Crustal implications of bedrock geology along the Trans-Alaska Crustal Transect (TACT) in the Brooks Range, northern Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-07-19T14:45:49.183847","indexId":"70019512","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2314,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Crustal implications of bedrock geology along the Trans-Alaska Crustal Transect (TACT) in the Brooks Range, northern Alaska","docAbstract":"<p><span>Geologic mapping of the Trans-Alaska Crustal Transect (TACT) project along the Dalton Highway in northern Alaska indicates that the Endicott Mountains allochthon and the Hammond terrane compose a combined allochthon that was thrust northward at least 90 km in the Early Cretaceous. The basal thrust of the combined allochthon climbs up section in the hanging wall from a ductile shear zone in the south through lower Paleozoic rocks of the Hammond terrane and into Upper Devonian rocks of the Endicott Mountains allochthon at the Mount Doonerak antiform, culminating in Early Cretaceous shale in the northern foothills of the Brooks Range. Footwall rocks north of the Mount Doonerak antiform are everywhere parautochthonous Permian and Triassic shale of the North Slope terrane rather than Jurassic and Lower Cretaceous strata of the Colville Basin as shown in most other tectonic models of the central Brooks Range. Stratigraphic and structural relations suggest that this thrust was the basal detachment for Early Cretaceous deformation. Younger structures, such as the Tertiary Mount Doonerak antiform, deform the Early Cretaceous structures and are cored by thrusts that root at a depth of about 10 to 30 km along a deeper detachment than the Early Cretaceous detachment. The Brooks Range, therefore, exposes (1) an Early Cretaceous thin-skinned deformational belt developed during arc-continent collision and (2) a mainly Tertiary thick-skinned orogen that is probabty the northward continuation of the Rocky Mountains orogenic belt. A down-to-the-south zone of both ductile and brittle normal faulting along the southern margin of the Brooks Range probably formed in the mid-Cretaceous by extensional exhumation of the Early Cretaceous contractional deformation.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/96JB03733","issn":"01480227","usgsCitation":"Moore, T., Wallace, W.K., Mull, C.G., Adams, K., Plafker, G., and Nokleberg, W., 1997, Crustal implications of bedrock geology along the Trans-Alaska Crustal Transect (TACT) in the Brooks Range, northern Alaska: Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth, v. 102, no. B9, p. 20645-20684, https://doi.org/10.1029/96JB03733.","productDescription":"40 p.","startPage":"20645","endPage":"20684","numberOfPages":"40","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":489043,"rank":2,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/96jb03733","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":226382,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"102","issue":"B9","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1997-09-10","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059fcdfe4b0c8380cd4e49d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Moore, Thomas E. 0000-0002-0878-0457","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0878-0457","contributorId":85592,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Moore","given":"Thomas E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383016,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wallace, W. K.","contributorId":31781,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wallace","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383012,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Mull, C. G.","contributorId":40220,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mull","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383014,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Adams, K.E.","contributorId":9410,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Adams","given":"K.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383011,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Plafker, George 0000-0003-3972-0390","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3972-0390","contributorId":36603,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Plafker","given":"George","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383013,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Nokleberg, W. J. 0000-0002-1574-8869","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1574-8869","contributorId":68312,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nokleberg","given":"W. J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383015,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}}
,{"id":70021118,"text":"70021118 - 1997 - Viscoelastic coupling model of the San Andreas fault along the Big Bend, southern California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-07-19T14:24:54.355213","indexId":"70021118","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2314,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Viscoelastic coupling model of the San Andreas fault along the Big Bend, southern California","docAbstract":"<p><span>The big bend segment of the San Andreas fault is the 300-km-long segment in southern California that strikes about N65°W, roughly 25° counterclockwise from the local tangent to the small circle about the Pacific-North America pole of rotation. The broad distribution of deformation of trilateration networks along this segment implies a locking depth of at least 25 km as interpreted by the conventional model of strain accumulation (continuous slip on the fault below the locking depth at the rate of relative plate motion), whereas the observed seismicity and laboratory data on fault strength suggest that the locking depth should be no greater than 10 to 15 km. The discrepancy is explained by the viscoelastic coupling model which accounts for the viscoelastic response of the lower crust. Thus the broad distribution of deformation observed across the big bend segment can be largely associated with the San Andreas fault itself, not subsidiary faults distributed throughout the region.&nbsp;</span><i>The Working Group on California Earthquake Probabilities</i><span>&nbsp;[1995] in using geodetic data to estimate the seismic risk in southern California has assumed that strain accumulated off the San Andreas fault is released by earthquakes located off the San Andreas fault. Thus they count the San Andreas contribution to total seismic moment accumulation more than once, leading to an overestimate of the seismicity for magnitude 6 and greater earthquakes in their Type C zones.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/98JB00148","issn":"01480227","usgsCitation":"Savage, J., and Lisowski, M., 1997, Viscoelastic coupling model of the San Andreas fault along the Big Bend, southern California: Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth, v. 103, no. 4, p. 7281-7292, https://doi.org/10.1029/98JB00148.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"7281","endPage":"7292","numberOfPages":"12","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":479982,"rank":2,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/98jb00148","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":229658,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"103","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1998-04-10","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bc283e4b08c986b32abb3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Savage, J.C. 0000-0002-5114-7673","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5114-7673","contributorId":102876,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Savage","given":"J.C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":388711,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lisowski, M.","contributorId":70381,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lisowski","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":388710,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70019746,"text":"70019746 - 1997 - Stratigraphic evolution of the inner continental shelf in response to late Quaternary relative sea-level change, northwestern Gulf of Maine","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-12-21T23:54:47.48568","indexId":"70019746","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1786,"text":"Geological Society of America Bulletin","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Stratigraphic evolution of the inner continental shelf in response to late Quaternary relative sea-level change, northwestern Gulf of Maine","docAbstract":"<p>Accumulations of deltaic and littoral sediments on the inner continental shelf of Maine, Gulf of Maine, preserve a record of postglacial sea-level changes and shoreline migrations. The depositional response of coastal environments to a cycle of regression, lowstand, and transgression was examined with seismic-reflection profiles, vibracores, and radiocarbon dates collected from sediments at the mouths of the Kennebec and Penobscot Rivers. Sequence-stratigraphic analysis of these data reveals two distinctly different successions of late Quaternary deposits that represent end members in an evolutionary model for this glaciated coast. Seaward of the Kennebec River, coarse-grained shorelines with foreset beds occur at depths of 20–60 m and outline the lobate margin of the Kennebec River paleodelta, a complex, rock-framed accumulation of glaciomarine and deltaic sediments capped by estuarine and marine deposits. Sand derived from this system today supports large barrier spits and extensive salt marshes. In contrast, the mouth of the Penobscot River is characterized by thick deposits of glaciomarine mud overlain by marine mud of Holocene age, including gas-charged zones that have locally evolved into fields of pockmarks. The distinct lack of sand and gravel seaward of the Penobscot River and its abundance seaward of the Kennebec River probably reflect differences in sediment sources and the physiography of the two watersheds. The contrasting stratigraphic framework of these systems demonstrates the importance of understanding local and regional differences in sediment supply, sea-level change, bedrock structure, and exposure to waves and tides in order to model river-mouth deposition on glaciated coasts.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/0016-7606(1997)109<0612:SEOTIC>2.3.CO;2","issn":"00167606","usgsCitation":"Barnhardt, W., Belknap, D.F., and Kelley, J.T., 1997, Stratigraphic evolution of the inner continental shelf in response to late Quaternary relative sea-level change, northwestern Gulf of Maine: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 109, no. 5, p. 612-630, https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1997)109<0612:SEOTIC>2.3.CO;2.","productDescription":"19 p.","startPage":"612","endPage":"630","numberOfPages":"19","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":228133,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","otherGeospatial":"Gulf of Maine","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -70.33457912377591,\n              43.624017788854076\n            ],\n            [\n              -67.54405178002604,\n              43.624017788854076\n            ],\n            [\n              -67.54405178002604,\n              45.147053099936215\n            ],\n            [\n              -70.33457912377591,\n              45.147053099936215\n            ],\n            [\n              -70.33457912377591,\n              43.624017788854076\n            ]\n          ]\n        ],\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"109","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b98f7e4b08c986b31c1a7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Barnhardt, W. A.","contributorId":86449,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Barnhardt","given":"W. A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383771,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Belknap, D. F.","contributorId":96739,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Belknap","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383772,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Kelley, J. T.","contributorId":34197,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kelley","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383770,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
]}