{"pageNumber":"1282","pageRowStart":"32025","pageSize":"25","recordCount":46734,"records":[{"id":23104,"text":"ofr96626 - 1996 - River-stage data, Colorado River, Glen Canyon Dam to upper Lake Mead, Arizona, 1990-94","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:08","indexId":"ofr96626","displayToPublicDate":"1997-05-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"96-626","title":"River-stage data, Colorado River, Glen Canyon Dam to upper Lake Mead, Arizona, 1990-94","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nBranch of Information Services [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/ofr96626","issn":"0094-9140","usgsCitation":"Gauger, R., 1996, River-stage data, Colorado River, Glen Canyon Dam to upper Lake Mead, Arizona, 1990-94: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 96-626, iv, 20 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr96626.","productDescription":"iv, 20 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":156530,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1996/0626/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":52469,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1996/0626/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a11e4b07f02db5fff4f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Gauger, R.W.","contributorId":41860,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gauger","given":"R.W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":189443,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":23534,"text":"ofr96685 - 1996 - Alaska resource data file: Holy Cross quadrangle","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-05-23T14:03:36.184368","indexId":"ofr96685","displayToPublicDate":"1997-05-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"96-685","title":"Alaska resource data file: Holy Cross quadrangle","docAbstract":"<p>No abstract available.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr96685","issn":"0094-9140","usgsCitation":"Keith, W.J., and Miller, M., 1996, Alaska resource data file: Holy Cross quadrangle: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 96-685, 4 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr96685.","productDescription":"4 p.","costCenters":[{"id":119,"text":"Alaska Science Center Geology Minerals","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":1611,"rank":3,"type":{"id":18,"text":"Project Site"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/P96MMRFD","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":388921,"rank":2,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_37191.htm"},{"id":156080,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1996/0685/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":486497,"rank":4,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1996/0685/ofr19960685.pdf","size":"148 KB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Holy Cross quadrangle","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -162,\n              62\n            ],\n            [\n              -159,\n              62\n            ],\n            [\n              -159,\n              63\n            ],\n            [\n              -162,\n              63\n            ],\n            [\n              -162,\n              62\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a54e4b07f02db62bf42","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Keith, W. J.","contributorId":41827,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Keith","given":"W.","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":190276,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Miller, Marti L. 0000-0003-0285-4942","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0285-4942","contributorId":89523,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Miller","given":"Marti L.","affiliations":[{"id":119,"text":"Alaska Science Center Geology Minerals","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":190277,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":23202,"text":"ofr96498 - 1996 - Hydrologic and water-quality data for U.S. Coast Guard Support Center Kodiak, Alaska, 1987-89","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:07:58","indexId":"ofr96498","displayToPublicDate":"1997-05-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"96-498","title":"Hydrologic and water-quality data for U.S. Coast Guard Support Center Kodiak, Alaska, 1987-89","docAbstract":"Hydrologic and water-quality data were collected at the U.S. Coast Guard Support Center Kodiak on Kodiak Island, Alaska, to determine regional ground-water conditions and if contamination of soils, ground water, or surface water has occurred. Eighteen areas of possible contamination were identified. Ground-water levels, surface- water stages, surface-water discharges, and results of field and laboratory analyses of soil and water samples are presented in tabular form. Many quality-assurance samples had detectable concentrations of methylene chloride and 1,2-dichloroethane, which may be due to sampling or laboratory contamination. Concentrations were as great as 5.9 micrograms per liter for methylene chloride and 2.6 micrograms per liter for 1,2-dichloroethane. Excluding 1,2-dichloroethane, most soil, ground-water, and surface-water samples contained no detectable concentrations of the organic constituents that were analyzed. Chemical analyses were performed on two lake-bed-material samples and more than 100 soil samples. The median lead concentration was 9.8 milligrams per kilogram. Concentrations of tetrachloroethene were as great as 1.1 milligram per kilogram in soils near a laundry. Water samples were collected from 101 wells. The maximum benzene concentration detected in ground water was 78 micrograms per liter from a well at the air station near a site where aviation fuel was spilled. Wells near a laundry yielded water having concentrations of tetrachloroethene as great as 3,000 micrograms per liter, and vinyl chloride as great as 440 micrograms per liter. A well in a former aviation gasoline storage area yielded water with a concentration of trichloroethene as great as 66 micrograms per liter. Water samples were collected from 59 sites on streams, lakes, or ponds. Surface-water samples had much lower concen- trations of organic compounds; the highest concentration of benzene was 2.2 micrograms per liter in a stream near a former aviation-fuel storage area and the maximum vinyl chloride concentration was 15 micrograms per liter in a stream near a former landfill. Tetrachloroethene and trichloroethene were not detected in any surface-water samples.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nBranch of Information Services [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/ofr96498","issn":"0094-9140","usgsCitation":"Glass, R.L., 1996, Hydrologic and water-quality data for U.S. Coast Guard Support Center Kodiak, Alaska, 1987-89: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 96-498, vi, 73 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm. +3 computer disks (3 1/2 in.), https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr96498.","productDescription":"vi, 73 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm. +3 computer disks (3 1/2 in.)","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":155169,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1996/0498/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":52520,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1996/0498/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ae5e4b07f02db68a684","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Glass, R. L.","contributorId":80279,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Glass","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":189628,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":23346,"text":"ofr96559 - 1996 - Techniques for estimating monthly mean streamflow at gaged sites and monthly streamflow duration characteristics at ungaged sites in central Nevada","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:18","indexId":"ofr96559","displayToPublicDate":"1997-05-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"96-559","title":"Techniques for estimating monthly mean streamflow at gaged sites and monthly streamflow duration characteristics at ungaged sites in central Nevada","docAbstract":"Techniques for estimating monthly mean streamflow at gaged sites and monthly streamflow duration characteristics at ungaged sites in central Nevada were developed using streamflow records at six gaged sites and basin physical and climatic characteristics. Streamflow data at gaged sites were related by regression techniques to concurrent flows at nearby gaging stations so that monthly mean streamflows for periods of missing or no record can be estimated for gaged sites in central Nevada. The standard error of estimate for relations at these sites ranged from 12 to 196 percent. Also, monthly streamflow data for selected percent exceedence levels were used in regression analyses with basin and climatic variables to determine relations for ungaged basins for annual and monthly percent exceedence levels. Analyses indicate that the drainage area and percent of drainage area at altitudes greater than 10,000 feet are the most significant variables. For the annual percent exceedence, the standard error of estimate of the relations for ungaged sites ranged from 51 to 96 percent and standard error of prediction for ungaged sites ranged from 96 to 249 percent. For the monthly percent exceedence values, the standard error of estimate of the relations ranged from 31 to 168 percent, and the standard error of prediction ranged from 115 to 3,124 percent. Reliability and limitations of the estimating methods are described.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nBranch of Information Services [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/ofr96559","issn":"0094-9140","usgsCitation":"Hess, G.W., and Bohman, L.R., 1996, Techniques for estimating monthly mean streamflow at gaged sites and monthly streamflow duration characteristics at ungaged sites in central Nevada: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 96-559, iii, 15 p. :map ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr96559.","productDescription":"iii, 15 p. :map ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":157349,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1996/0559/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":52645,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1996/0559/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4adbe4b07f02db685c86","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hess, G. W.","contributorId":43338,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hess","given":"G.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":189944,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bohman, L. R.","contributorId":106518,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bohman","given":"L.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":189945,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":23363,"text":"ofr96362 - 1996 - Methods of analysis by the U.S. Geological Survey National Water Quality Laboratory-Preparation procedure for aquatic biological material determined for trace metals","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-05-28T17:17:01.145128","indexId":"ofr96362","displayToPublicDate":"1997-05-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"96-362","title":"Methods of analysis by the U.S. Geological Survey National Water Quality Laboratory-Preparation procedure for aquatic biological material determined for trace metals","docAbstract":"A method for the chemical preparation of tissue samples that are subsequently analyzed for 22 trace metals is described. The tissue-preparation procedure was tested with three National Institute of Standards and Technology biological standard reference materials and two National Water Quality Laboratory homogenized biological materials. A low-temperature (85 degrees Celsius) nitric acid digestion followed by the careful addition of hydrogen peroxide (30-percent solution) is used to decompose the biological material. The solutions are evaporated to incipient dryness, reconstituted with 5 percent nitric acid, and filtered. After filtration the solutions were diluted to a known volume and analyzed by inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS), inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES), and cold vapor-atomic absorption spectrophotometry (CV-AAS). Many of the metals were determined by both ICP-MS and ICP-AES. This report does not provide a detailed description of the instrumental procedures and conditions used with the three types of instrumentation for the quantitation of trace metals determined in this study. Statistical data regarding recovery, accuracy, and precision for individual trace metals determined in the biological material tested are summarized.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr96362","usgsCitation":"Hoffman, G.L., 1996, Methods of analysis by the U.S. Geological Survey National Water Quality Laboratory-Preparation procedure for aquatic biological material determined for trace metals: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 96-362, vii, 42 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr96362.","productDescription":"vii, 42 p.","costCenters":[{"id":452,"text":"National Water Quality Laboratory","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":1709,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://nwql.usgs.gov/Public/pubs/OFR96-362/OFR96-362.html","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":156732,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1996/0362/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":52654,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1996/0362/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a54e4b07f02db62bb82","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hoffman, Gerald L.","contributorId":89172,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hoffman","given":"Gerald","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":189978,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":23377,"text":"ofr96467 - 1996 - Hydraulic, geotechnical, geomorphic, and biologic data for the Cache River/Heron Pond area in southern Illinois","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:13","indexId":"ofr96467","displayToPublicDate":"1997-05-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"96-467","title":"Hydraulic, geotechnical, geomorphic, and biologic data for the Cache River/Heron Pond area in southern Illinois","docAbstract":"Heron Pond, located in extreme southern Illinois, lies immediately adjacent to the upper Cache River. The upper Cache River is encroaching on Heron Pond, which has raised the issue of the possibility of a failure of the Heron Pond wall, the area between Heron Pond and the upper Cache River. Hydraulic, geotechnical, geomorphic, and biologic data were collected by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) in cooperation with the Illinois Department of Natural Resources, Office of Water Resources (IDNR/OWR) for use in designing a mitigation plan by the IDNR/OWR to prevent the failure of the Heron Pond wall. The river is sluggish during floods with velocities generally 1-2 feet per second. Biologic activity in the area have increased bank instability, which already is a problem because of saturated soils in the Heron Pond wall. In the area adjacent to the Heron Pond, the right descending bank of the upper Cache River receded 0.5 foot between September 21, 1995 and June 25, 1996. Comparisons between two surveys, 1958 and 1995, indicate that the channel near the discontinued USGS streamflow-gaging station near the Burlington Northern Railroad crossing has widened by more than 10 feet with less than 0.5 foot of incision.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nBranch of Information Services [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/ofr96467","issn":"0094-9140","usgsCitation":"Holmes, R.R., 1996, Hydraulic, geotechnical, geomorphic, and biologic data for the Cache River/Heron Pond area in southern Illinois: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 96-467, iv, 21 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr96467.","productDescription":"iv, 21 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":1711,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://il.water.usgs.gov/pubsearch/reports.cgi/view?series=OFR&number=96-467","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":156972,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1996/0467/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":52667,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1996/0467/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4afde4b07f02db696de1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Holmes, Robert R. Jr. 0000-0002-5060-3999 bholmes@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5060-3999","contributorId":1624,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Holmes","given":"Robert","suffix":"Jr.","email":"bholmes@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":502,"text":"Office of Surface Water","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":190004,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":23422,"text":"ofr96350 - 1996 - Assessment of scour-critical data collected at selected bridges and culverts in South Carolina, 1990-92","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-01-04T13:16:57","indexId":"ofr96350","displayToPublicDate":"1997-05-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"96-350","title":"Assessment of scour-critical data collected at selected bridges and culverts in South Carolina, 1990-92","docAbstract":"Data at bridges and culverts were collected at 3,506 stream crossings in South Carolina during 1990-92. The data include general information unique to the structure; structural data; and hydraulic, geomorphic, and vegetation information. The data are stored in the U.S. Geological Survey South Carolina District Bridge-Scour Data Base. Observed- and potential-scour indexes were computed from the applicable data variables. Sites with observed-scour indexes exceeding ten and (or) potential-scour indexes exceeding 20 are considered to have significant scour-related problems. Of the 3,506 sites inspected, 257 sites had an observed-scour index exceeding ten, 214 sites had a potential-scour index exceeding 20, and 85 sites had observed- and potential-scour indexes exceeding both threshold values.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nBranch of Information Services [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/ofr96350","issn":"0094-9140","usgsCitation":"Hurley, N., 1996, Assessment of scour-critical data collected at selected bridges and culverts in South Carolina, 1990-92: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 96-350, vi, 119 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr96350.","productDescription":"vi, 119 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":157477,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1996/0350/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":52751,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1996/0350/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"South Carolina","geographicExtents":"{\"type\":\"FeatureCollection\",\"features\":[{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"Polygon\",\"coordinates\":[[[-79.290754,33.110051],[-79.329909,33.089986],[-79.337169,33.072302],[-79.335346,33.065362],[-79.339313,33.050336],[-79.359961,33.006672],[-79.403712,33.003903],[-79.416515,33.006815],[-79.423447,33.015085],[-79.483499,33.001265],[-79.488727,33.015832],[-79.506923,33.032813],[-79.522449,33.03535],[-79.55756,33.021269],[-79.580725,33.006447],[-79.58659,32.991334],[-79.606615,32.972248],[-79.617611,32.952726],[-79.617715,32.94487],[-79.606194,32.925953],[-79.585897,32.926461],[-79.581687,32.931341],[-79.572614,32.933885],[-79.569762,32.926692],[-79.576006,32.906235],[-79.631149,32.888606],[-79.695141,32.850398],[-79.702956,32.835781],[-79.719879,32.825796],[-79.716761,32.813627],[-79.726389,32.805996],[-79.811021,32.77696],[-79.818237,32.766352],[-79.84035,32.756816],[-79.848527,32.755248],[-79.866742,32.757422],[-79.872232,32.752128],[-79.873605,32.745657],[-79.868352,32.734849],[-79.870336,32.727777],[-79.888028,32.695177],[-79.884961,32.684402],[-79.915682,32.664915],[-79.968468,32.639732],[-79.975248,32.639537],[-79.986917,32.626388],[-79.99175,32.616389],[-79.999374,32.611851],[-80.010505,32.608852],[-80.037276,32.610236],[-80.077039,32.603319],[-80.121368,32.590523],[-80.148406,32.578479],[-80.167286,32.559885],[-80.171764,32.546118],[-80.188401,32.553604],[-80.20523,32.555547],[-80.246361,32.531114],[-80.277681,32.516161],[-80.332438,32.478104],[-80.338354,32.47873],[-80.343883,32.490795],[-80.363956,32.496098],[-80.380716,32.486359],[-80.386827,32.47881],[-80.392561,32.475332],[-80.413487,32.470672],[-80.417896,32.476076],[-80.418502,32.490894],[-80.423454,32.497989],[-80.439407,32.503472],[-80.452078,32.497286],[-80.46571,32.4953],[-80.472068,32.496964],[-80.48025,32.477407],[-80.484617,32.460976],[-80.480156,32.447048],[-80.467588,32.425259],[-80.446075,32.423721],[-80.43296,32.410659],[-80.429941,32.401782],[-80.429291,32.389667],[-80.434303,32.375193],[-80.445451,32.350335],[-80.456814,32.336884],[-80.455192,32.326458],[-80.466342,32.31917],[-80.517871,32.298796],[-80.545688,32.282076],[-80.571096,32.273278],[-80.596394,32.273549],[-80.618286,32.260183],[-80.638857,32.255618],[-80.658634,32.248638],[-80.669166,32.216783],[-80.688857,32.200971],[-80.721463,32.160427],[-80.749091,32.140137],[-80.789996,32.122494],[-80.812503,32.109746],[-80.82153,32.108589],[-80.828394,32.113222],[-80.831531,32.112709],[-80.844431,32.109709],[-80.858735,32.099581],[-80.905378,32.051943],[-80.892344,32.043764],[-80.885517,32.0346],[-80.922794,32.039151],[-80.954482,32.068622],[-80.983133,32.079609],[-80.994333,32.094608],[-81.002297,32.100048],[-81.011961,32.100176],[-81.021622,32.090897],[-81.032674,32.08545],[-81.050234,32.085308],[-81.060442,32.087503],[-81.088234,32.10395],[-81.091498,32.110782],[-81.111134,32.112005],[-81.117234,32.117605],[-81.119994,32.134268],[-81.118334,32.144403],[-81.122034,32.161803],[-81.129634,32.165602],[-81.128134,32.169102],[-81.119434,32.175402],[-81.120434,32.178702],[-81.118234,32.189201],[-81.12315,32.201329],[-81.128283,32.208634],[-81.136012,32.212858],[-81.143139,32.221731],[-81.156587,32.24391],[-81.148334,32.255098],[-81.145834,32.263397],[-81.136534,32.272697],[-81.128034,32.276297],[-81.119633,32.287596],[-81.122333,32.305395],[-81.137633,32.328194],[-81.133032,32.334794],[-81.133632,32.341293],[-81.142532,32.350893],[-81.147632,32.349393],[-81.150589,32.34587],[-81.154,32.345924],[-81.155032,32.350093],[-81.170126,32.361318],[-81.169332,32.369436],[-81.181072,32.380398],[-81.178131,32.38459],[-81.177231,32.39169],[-81.20513,32.423788],[-81.20843,32.435987],[-81.201595,32.44136],[-81.202359,32.450448],[-81.192629,32.456286],[-81.186829,32.464086],[-81.194829,32.465086],[-81.200029,32.467985],[-81.233585,32.498488],[-81.238728,32.508896],[-81.234834,32.512271],[-81.23466,32.51627],[-81.252882,32.51833],[-81.277131,32.535417],[-81.274927,32.544158],[-81.281298,32.55644],[-81.297955,32.563026],[-81.320588,32.559534],[-81.328753,32.561228],[-81.366964,32.577059],[-81.369757,32.591231],[-81.373178,32.592115],[-81.379216,32.589022],[-81.389261,32.595383],[-81.393865,32.60234],[-81.411906,32.61841],[-81.41866,32.629392],[-81.418431,32.634704],[-81.414761,32.63744],[-81.41026,32.631392],[-81.407271,32.631737],[-81.402846,32.63621],[-81.405109,32.64269],[-81.393033,32.651543],[-81.398314,32.656307],[-81.405273,32.656517],[-81.407193,32.660519],[-81.401029,32.677494],[-81.40831,32.694908],[-81.4131,32.692648],[-81.427517,32.701896],[-81.421194,32.711978],[-81.418542,32.732586],[-81.411549,32.740145],[-81.410281,32.744653],[-81.416198,32.750428],[-81.415212,32.757753],[-81.417606,32.762684],[-81.426481,32.769023],[-81.425636,32.77184],[-81.421269,32.774658],[-81.421128,32.778039],[-81.428313,32.78311],[-81.429017,32.785505],[-81.424999,32.790334],[-81.423772,32.810514],[-81.419752,32.813731],[-81.417984,32.818196],[-81.421614,32.835178],[-81.426475,32.840773],[-81.444866,32.850967],[-81.451199,32.847925],[-81.453949,32.849761],[-81.455978,32.854107],[-81.451351,32.868583],[-81.45392,32.874074],[-81.475918,32.877641],[-81.479445,32.881082],[-81.4771,32.887469],[-81.464069,32.897814],[-81.479184,32.905638],[-81.483198,32.921802],[-81.502427,32.935353],[-81.502716,32.938688],[-81.499446,32.944988],[-81.507045,32.951194],[-81.508536,32.957156],[-81.506449,32.962423],[-81.49983,32.963816],[-81.494736,32.978998],[-81.491197,32.997824],[-81.492253,33.009342],[-81.50203,33.015113],[-81.511245,33.027786],[-81.519632,33.029181],[-81.538789,33.039185],[-81.544258,33.046905],[-81.553643,33.044137],[-81.557013,33.0451],[-81.559179,33.047386],[-81.560502,33.055207],[-81.57288,33.05418],[-81.588539,33.07085],[-81.594555,33.069887],[-81.599248,33.071813],[-81.600211,33.075182],[-81.598165,33.081078],[-81.601655,33.084688],[-81.608995,33.0818],[-81.609476,33.089862],[-81.612725,33.093953],[-81.617779,33.095277],[-81.637232,33.092952],[-81.646433,33.094552],[-81.658433,33.103152],[-81.683533,33.112651],[-81.696934,33.116551],[-81.704634,33.116451],[-81.743835,33.14145],[-81.763135,33.159449],[-81.766735,33.170749],[-81.772435,33.180449],[-81.765735,33.187948],[-81.760635,33.189248],[-81.756935,33.197848],[-81.763535,33.203648],[-81.768935,33.217447],[-81.774035,33.221147],[-81.780135,33.221147],[-81.777535,33.211347],[-81.784535,33.208147],[-81.805236,33.211447],[-81.807936,33.213747],[-81.809636,33.222647],[-81.827936,33.228746],[-81.837016,33.237652],[-81.846536,33.241746],[-81.851979,33.247382],[-81.853137,33.250745],[-81.847336,33.266345],[-81.840078,33.26704],[-81.838257,33.272975],[-81.844036,33.278644],[-81.851836,33.283544],[-81.861336,33.286244],[-81.863236,33.288844],[-81.861536,33.297944],[-81.849636,33.299544],[-81.846136,33.303843],[-81.847296,33.306783],[-81.867936,33.314043],[-81.875836,33.307443],[-81.884137,33.310443],[-81.886637,33.316943],[-81.897329,33.322331],[-81.896937,33.327642],[-81.900301,33.331117],[-81.906444,33.324181],[-81.909285,33.324181],[-81.919137,33.334442],[-81.917973,33.34159],[-81.924737,33.345341],[-81.932737,33.343541],[-81.939737,33.344941],[-81.934837,33.356041],[-81.944737,33.364041],[-81.946337,33.37064],[-81.939637,33.37254],[-81.930634,33.368165],[-81.925737,33.37114],[-81.924837,33.37414],[-81.930861,33.380076],[-81.936961,33.404197],[-81.92306,33.408266],[-81.920121,33.410753],[-81.91933,33.415613],[-81.924893,33.419307],[-81.927241,33.422846],[-81.926789,33.426576],[-81.924981,33.429288],[-81.916236,33.433114],[-81.913356,33.437418],[-81.913532,33.441274],[-81.926336,33.462937],[-81.934136,33.468337],[-81.985938,33.486536],[-81.990938,33.494235],[-81.991938,33.504435],[-82.001338,33.520135],[-82.007138,33.522835],[-82.011538,33.531735],[-82.019838,33.535035],[-82.028238,33.544934],[-82.033023,33.546454],[-82.037375,33.554662],[-82.046335,33.56383],[-82.057727,33.566774],[-82.073104,33.57751],[-82.094128,33.582742],[-82.10624,33.595637],[-82.115328,33.596501],[-82.12908,33.589925],[-82.142872,33.594278],[-82.148816,33.598092],[-82.156288,33.60863],[-82.174351,33.613117],[-82.186154,33.62088],[-82.196583,33.630582],[-82.201186,33.646898],[-82.200718,33.66464],[-82.208411,33.669872],[-82.216868,33.6844],[-82.234576,33.700216],[-82.237192,33.70788],[-82.235753,33.71439],[-82.239098,33.730872],[-82.247472,33.752591],[-82.255267,33.75969],[-82.263206,33.761962],[-82.266127,33.766745],[-82.277681,33.772032],[-82.285804,33.780058],[-82.298286,33.783518],[-82.300213,33.800627],[-82.313339,33.809205],[-82.32448,33.820033],[-82.346933,33.834298],[-82.371775,33.843813],[-82.37975,33.851086],[-82.395736,33.859089],[-82.403881,33.865477],[-82.422803,33.863754],[-82.43115,33.867051],[-82.440503,33.875123],[-82.455105,33.88165],[-82.480111,33.901897],[-82.492929,33.909754],[-82.50764,33.931456],[-82.51295,33.936969],[-82.524515,33.94336],[-82.534111,33.943651],[-82.543128,33.940949],[-82.556835,33.945353],[-82.564531,33.955741],[-82.568288,33.968772],[-82.579576,33.979761],[-82.580571,33.98514],[-82.575351,33.990904],[-82.576222,33.993106],[-82.583394,33.995286],[-82.589245,34.000118],[-82.595655,34.016118],[-82.594555,34.028717],[-82.609655,34.039917],[-82.626963,34.063457],[-82.630972,34.065528],[-82.635991,34.064941],[-82.64398,34.072237],[-82.645661,34.076046],[-82.640345,34.086304],[-82.641553,34.092212],[-82.648184,34.098649],[-82.658561,34.103118],[-82.666879,34.113591],[-82.668113,34.12016],[-82.67732,34.131657],[-82.68629,34.134454],[-82.692152,34.138986],[-82.70414,34.141007],[-82.717507,34.150504],[-82.723312,34.165895],[-82.731881,34.178363],[-82.732761,34.195338],[-82.74192,34.210063],[-82.740447,34.219679],[-82.744415,34.224913],[-82.74198,34.230196],[-82.744834,34.242957],[-82.744056,34.252407],[-82.748756,34.263407],[-82.746656,34.266407],[-82.755028,34.276067],[-82.770928,34.285402],[-82.780308,34.296701],[-82.781752,34.302901],[-82.78684,34.310381],[-82.794054,34.339772],[-82.835004,34.366069],[-82.836611,34.382676],[-82.841524,34.39013],[-82.841326,34.397332],[-82.847446,34.412049],[-82.848651,34.423844],[-82.854434,34.432275],[-82.855762,34.443977],[-82.860874,34.451469],[-82.860707,34.457428],[-82.875463,34.463503],[-82.876464,34.465803],[-82.873831,34.471508],[-82.876864,34.475303],[-82.902665,34.485902],[-82.922866,34.481402],[-82.928466,34.484202],[-82.940867,34.486102],[-82.947367,34.479602],[-82.954667,34.477302],[-82.960668,34.482002],[-82.979568,34.482702],[-82.992215,34.479198],[-82.995279,34.475648],[-82.99509,34.472483],[-83.002924,34.472132],[-83.029315,34.484147],[-83.034712,34.483495],[-83.043771,34.488816],[-83.054463,34.50289],[-83.069451,34.502131],[-83.087189,34.515939],[-83.077995,34.523746],[-83.087789,34.532078],[-83.102179,34.532179],[-83.103987,34.540166],[-83.122901,34.560129],[-83.129676,34.561699],[-83.152577,34.578299],[-83.154577,34.588198],[-83.170278,34.592398],[-83.169994,34.605444],[-83.179439,34.60802],[-83.196979,34.605998],[-83.199779,34.608398],[-83.211598,34.610905],[-83.23178,34.611297],[-83.243381,34.617997],[-83.240676,34.624307],[-83.255281,34.637696],[-83.271982,34.641896],[-83.292883,34.654196],[-83.300848,34.66247],[-83.301477,34.666582],[-83.304641,34.669561],[-83.316401,34.669316],[-83.321463,34.677543],[-83.330284,34.681342],[-83.336207,34.680534],[-83.33869,34.682002],[-83.340383,34.688998],[-83.349975,34.699155],[-83.347718,34.705474],[-83.352485,34.715993],[-83.353238,34.728648],[-83.348829,34.737194],[-83.338666,34.742295],[-83.320062,34.759616],[-83.319945,34.773725],[-83.323866,34.789712],[-83.313782,34.799911],[-83.301182,34.804008],[-83.302395,34.813241],[-83.294292,34.814725],[-83.289914,34.824477],[-83.275656,34.816862],[-83.268159,34.821393],[-83.267293,34.832748],[-83.269982,34.837196],[-83.267656,34.845289],[-83.254605,34.846402],[-83.252582,34.853483],[-83.24722,34.85844],[-83.245602,34.865522],[-83.240847,34.866736],[-83.238419,34.869771],[-83.239081,34.875661],[-83.22924,34.879907],[-83.220099,34.878124],[-83.213323,34.882796],[-83.205627,34.880142],[-83.201183,34.884653],[-83.204572,34.890284],[-83.203351,34.893717],[-83.186541,34.899534],[-83.168524,34.91788],[-83.160937,34.918269],[-83.153253,34.926342],[-83.140621,34.924915],[-83.130554,34.930932],[-83.129493,34.937402],[-83.121112,34.939129],[-83.121214,34.942684],[-83.126761,34.948742],[-83.127035,34.953778],[-83.12114,34.958966],[-83.120387,34.968406],[-83.106991,34.98272],[-83.1046,34.992783],[-83.108535,35.000771],[-82.787867,35.085024],[-82.783283,35.0856],[-82.776357,35.081349],[-82.781973,35.066817],[-82.777376,35.064143],[-82.764464,35.068177],[-82.757704,35.068019],[-82.754162,35.069629],[-82.749491,35.078487],[-82.738379,35.079453],[-82.729683,35.087827],[-82.72701,35.094142],[-82.715297,35.092943],[-82.703916,35.097651],[-82.694898,35.098456],[-82.688456,35.106347],[-82.691194,35.114721],[-82.68604,35.124545],[-82.683625,35.125833],[-82.676861,35.12535],[-82.669614,35.118103],[-82.662381,35.118123],[-82.642237,35.129215],[-82.629031,35.126155],[-82.621185,35.134635],[-82.609706,35.139039],[-82.59814,35.137729],[-82.59243,35.139002],[-82.588158,35.142928],[-82.578316,35.142104],[-82.569912,35.145268],[-82.563767,35.151575],[-82.556168,35.151736],[-82.554227,35.156911],[-82.550508,35.159498],[-82.540483,35.160306],[-82.529973,35.155617],[-82.521403,35.158851],[-82.516044,35.163442],[-82.495506,35.164312],[-82.483937,35.173798],[-82.476136,35.175486],[-82.467991,35.174633],[-82.460092,35.178143],[-82.455609,35.177425],[-82.452987,35.17469],[-82.451201,35.16526],[-82.439595,35.165863],[-82.435689,35.167715],[-82.424461,35.193092],[-82.419744,35.198613],[-82.403348,35.204473],[-82.39293,35.215402],[-82.384029,35.210542],[-82.378744,35.198053],[-82.380903,35.189565],[-82.376808,35.184427],[-82.371298,35.181449],[-82.364299,35.184725],[-82.361469,35.190831],[-82.344554,35.193115],[-82.340133,35.189188],[-82.333934,35.190661],[-82.330779,35.189032],[-82.330549,35.186767],[-82.32335,35.184789],[-82.315871,35.190678],[-82.295354,35.194965],[-82.288453,35.198605],[-82.27492,35.200071],[-82.176874,35.19379],[-81.716259,35.178852],[-81.241686,35.160081],[-81.043625,35.149877],[-81.047826,35.143743],[-81.051037,35.131654],[-81.038968,35.126299],[-81.033005,35.113747],[-81.032806,35.108049],[-81.037369,35.102541],[-81.046524,35.100617],[-81.052078,35.096276],[-81.057236,35.086129],[-81.058029,35.07319],[-81.057648,35.062433],[-81.041489,35.044703],[-80.93495,35.107409],[-80.884887,35.05351],[-80.782042,34.935782],[-80.797543,34.819786],[-80.499788,34.817261],[-79.870693,34.805378],[-79.675299,34.804744],[-79.358317,34.545358],[-79.249763,34.449774],[-78.541087,33.851112],[-78.553944,33.847831],[-78.584841,33.844282],[-78.67226,33.817587],[-78.714116,33.800138],[-78.772737,33.768511],[-78.812931,33.743472],[-78.862931,33.705654],[-78.938076,33.639826],[-79.007356,33.566565],[-79.028516,33.533365],[-79.084588,33.483669],[-79.10136,33.461016],[-79.135441,33.403867],[-79.147496,33.378243],[-79.152035,33.350925],[-79.158429,33.332811],[-79.162332,33.327246],[-79.180318,33.254141],[-79.180563,33.237955],[-79.172394,33.206577],[-79.18787,33.173712],[-79.195631,33.166016],[-79.215453,33.155569],[-79.238262,33.137055],[-79.24609,33.124865],[-79.290754,33.110051]]]},\"properties\":{\"name\":\"South Carolina\",\"nation\":\"USA  \"}}]}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4abae4b07f02db671e98","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hurley, N.M. Jr.","contributorId":57105,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hurley","given":"N.M.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":190077,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":30212,"text":"wri964158 - 1996 - Evaluation and modification of five techniques for estimating stormwater runoff for watersheds in west-central Florida","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:50","indexId":"wri964158","displayToPublicDate":"1997-05-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"96-4158","title":"Evaluation and modification of five techniques for estimating stormwater runoff for watersheds in west-central Florida","docAbstract":"Several traditional techniques have been used for estimating stormwater runoff from ungaged watersheds. Applying these techniques to water- sheds in west-central Florida requires that some of the empirical relationships be extrapolated beyond tested ranges. As a result, there is uncertainty as to the accuracy of these estimates. Sixty-six storms occurring in 15 west-central Florida watersheds were initially modeled using the Rational Method, the U.S. Geological Survey Regional Regression Equations, the Natural Resources Conservation Service TR-20 model, the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Hydrologic Engineering Center-1 model, and the Environmental Protection Agency Storm Water Management Model. The techniques were applied according to the guidelines specified in the user manuals or standard engineering textbooks as though no field data were available and the selection of input parameters was not influenced by observed data. Computed estimates were compared with observed runoff to evaluate the accuracy of the techniques. One watershed was eliminated from further evaluation when it was determined that the area contributing runoff to the stream varies with the amount and intensity of rainfall. Therefore, further evaluation and modification of the input parameters were made for only 62 storms in 14 watersheds. Runoff ranged from 1.4 to 99.3 percent percent of rainfall. The average runoff for all watersheds included in this study was about 36 percent of rainfall. The average runoff for the urban, natural, and mixed land-use watersheds was about 41, 27, and 29 percent, respectively. Initial estimates of peak discharge using the rational method produced average watershed errors that ranged from an underestimation of 50.4 percent to an overestimation of 767 percent. The coefficient of runoff ranged from 0.20 to 0.60. Calibration of the technique produced average errors that ranged from an underestimation of 3.3 percent to an overestimation of 1.5 percent. The average calibrated coefficient of runoff for each watershed ranged from 0.02 to 0.72. The average values of the coefficient of runoff necessary to calibrate the urban, natural, and mixed land-use watersheds were 0.39, 0.16, and 0.08, respectively. The U.S. Geological Survey regional regression equations for determining peak discharge produced errors that ranged from an underestimation of 87.3 percent to an over- estimation of 1,140 percent. The regression equations for determining runoff volume produced errors that ranged from an underestimation of 95.6 percent to an overestimation of 324 percent. Regression equations developed from data used for this study produced errors that ranged between an underestimation of 82.8 percent and an over- estimation of 328 percent for peak discharge, and from an underestimation of 71.2 percent to an overestimation of 241 percent for runoff volume. Use of the equations developed for west-central Florida streams produced average errors for each type of watershed that were lower than errors associated with use of the U.S. Geological Survey equations. Initial estimates of peak discharges and runoff volumes using the Natural Resources Conservation Service TR-20 model, produced average errors of 44.6 and 42.7 percent respectively, for all the watersheds. Curve numbers and times of concentration were adjusted to match estimated and observed peak discharges and runoff volumes. The average change in the curve number for all the watersheds was a decrease of 2.8 percent. The average change in the time of concentration was an increase of 59.2 percent. The shape of the input dimensionless unit hydrograph also had to be adjusted to match the shape and peak time of the estimated and observed flood hydrographs. Peak rate factors for the modified input dimensionless unit hydrographs ranged from 162 to 454. The mean errors for peak discharges and runoff volumes were reduced to 18.9 and 19.5 percent, respectively, using the average calibrated input parameters for ea","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nBranch of Information Services [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/wri964158","usgsCitation":"Trommer, J., Loper, J., and Hammett, K., 1996, Evaluation and modification of five techniques for estimating stormwater runoff for watersheds in west-central Florida: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 96-4158, iv, 37 p. :ill., map ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri964158.","productDescription":"iv, 37 p. :ill., map ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":2413,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/wri964158/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":119396,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/wri_96_4158.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a50e4b07f02db629648","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Trommer, J.T.","contributorId":28248,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Trommer","given":"J.T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":202866,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Loper, J.E.","contributorId":19965,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Loper","given":"J.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":202865,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hammett, K.M.","contributorId":59006,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hammett","given":"K.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":202867,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":26901,"text":"wri964218 - 1996 - Hydraulic conductivity of the streambed, east branch Grand Calumet River, northern Lake County, Indiana","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-05-16T07:57:41","indexId":"wri964218","displayToPublicDate":"1997-05-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"96-4218","title":"Hydraulic conductivity of the streambed, east branch Grand Calumet River, northern Lake County, Indiana","docAbstract":"<p>Horizontal and vertical hydraulic conductivity of the Streambed were estimated from results of hydraulic tests along four transects across the east branch Grand Calumet River in northern Lake County, Indiana. Tests were done in two types of temporary wells installed in the Streambed 2-inch-diameter wells that had a 1- or 2-foot length of wire-wrapped screen and 3-inch-diameter wells that were open at the ends. When possible, the hydraulic tests included monitoring both falling- and rising-water levels. A total of 47 tests for horizontal hydraulic conductivity and 20 tests for vertical hydraulic conductivity were done.</p>\n<p>Data collected during the tests were analyzed by use of methods developed by earlier investigators. Horizontal hydraulic conductivity of the streambed was varied and ranged from 1.Ox1O<sup>-2</sup> to 1.2x1O<sup>+3</sup> feet per day. Compared to the previously reported range of horizontal hydraulic conductivity for the Calumet aquifer, 6.5X10<sup>-1</sup> to 3.6x1O<sup>+2</sup> feet per day, results of 24 hydraulic tests in the streambed of the east branch Grand Calumet River were within the reported range, 18 were less than the lowest reported value, and 5 were greater than the highest reported value.</p>\n<p>Vertical hydraulic conductivity of the streambed was less varied than horizontal hydraulic conductivity and ranged from 3.Ox1O<sup>-1</sup> to 7.3x1O<sup>+1</sup> feet per day. The ratio between horizontal and vertical hydraulic conductivity calculated for each transect ranged from 1:0.09 to 1:8.5.</p>\n<p>The hydraulic conductivity of the streambed generally was dependant on the type of sediments in the part of the streambed that was tested. Although most of the streambed contained soft, fine-grained sediments, parts of the streambed also contained fill materials including coal, cinders, and concrete and asphalt rubble. The highest values of horizontal hydraulic conductivity generally were calculated from data collected at locations where the streambed contained fill materials, particularly concrete and asphalt rubble. Horizontal hydraulic conductivities determined for 11 hydraulic tests in predominantly fill materials ranged from 1.2x1O<sup>+1</sup> to 1.2x1O<sup>+3</sup> feet per day and averaged 5.6x1O<sup>+2</sup> feet per day. The lowest values of horizontal hydraulic conductivity were calculated from data collected at locations where the streambed contained fine-grained sediments. Horizontal hydraulic conductivities determined for 36 hydraulic tests in predominantly fine-grained sediments ranged from 1.Ox1O<sup>-2</sup> to 2.4x1O<sup>+2</sup> feet per day and averaged 1.5x1O<sup>+1</sup> feet per day.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri964218","collaboration":"Indiana Department of Environmental Management","usgsCitation":"Duwelius, R., 1996, Hydraulic conductivity of the streambed, east branch Grand Calumet River, northern Lake County, Indiana: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 96-4218, v, 37 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri964218.","productDescription":"v, 37 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","startPage":"1","endPage":"37","numberOfPages":"41","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":346,"text":"Indiana Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":125111,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1996/4218/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":55782,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1996/4218/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Indiana","county":"Lake","otherGeospatial":"Grand Calumet River","geographicExtents":"{\"type\":\"FeatureCollection\",\"features\":[{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"Polygon\",\"coordinates\":[[[-87.2223,41.6248],[-87.2222,41.6152],[-87.2221,41.6039],[-87.2218,41.5698],[-87.22,41.4632],[-87.2198,41.3747],[-87.2196,41.3601],[-87.22,41.3388],[-87.2198,41.3188],[-87.2197,41.3043],[-87.2189,41.2893],[-87.2187,41.2744],[-87.2193,41.2671],[-87.219,41.2426],[-87.2184,41.2417],[-87.2263,41.2353],[-87.2762,41.2187],[-87.2859,41.2154],[-87.3241,41.1862],[-87.3313,41.1829],[-87.3405,41.1824],[-87.3448,41.1824],[-87.38,41.1726],[-87.394,41.1625],[-87.4,41.1625],[-87.4055,41.1625],[-87.4147,41.1619],[-87.4411,41.1731],[-87.4466,41.174],[-87.4484,41.1744],[-87.4587,41.1702],[-87.4801,41.1701],[-87.5263,41.1661],[-87.5261,41.267],[-87.5265,41.2983],[-87.527,41.4086],[-87.5265,41.4712],[-87.5255,41.5516],[-87.5239,41.6941],[-87.524,41.7135],[-87.5234,41.7131],[-87.5134,41.7054],[-87.5158,41.7027],[-87.5133,41.7004],[-87.4997,41.6914],[-87.4922,41.6865],[-87.4848,41.6843],[-87.4829,41.6811],[-87.4768,41.6789],[-87.4712,41.6753],[-87.4613,41.6718],[-87.4503,41.6741],[-87.4397,41.6647],[-87.436,41.6656],[-87.4355,41.6729],[-87.4245,41.6802],[-87.4177,41.6753],[-87.4396,41.6565],[-87.4228,41.6439],[-87.4167,41.6439],[-87.4099,41.644],[-87.4087,41.644],[-87.4044,41.6413],[-87.392,41.6382],[-87.3748,41.6329],[-87.3711,41.6315],[-87.3538,41.6285],[-87.3384,41.6259],[-87.3274,41.6259],[-87.3218,41.6219],[-87.315,41.6201],[-87.3101,41.6201],[-87.3058,41.6202],[-87.3003,41.6202],[-87.296,41.6198],[-87.2831,41.6203],[-87.2702,41.6208],[-87.2223,41.6248]]]},\"properties\":{\"name\":\"Lake\",\"state\":\"IN\"}}]}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e48cfe4b07f02db54629e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Duwelius, R.F.","contributorId":28250,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Duwelius","given":"R.F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":197217,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":28304,"text":"wri964194 - 1996 - Variation in the relation of rainfall to runoff from residential lawns in Madison, Wisconsin, July and August 1995","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-10-22T13:17:20","indexId":"wri964194","displayToPublicDate":"1997-05-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"96-4194","title":"Variation in the relation of rainfall to runoff from residential lawns in Madison, Wisconsin, July and August 1995","docAbstract":"<p>The quality of runoff from residential lawns is a concern for municipal stormwater management programs. Land-use based computer models are increasingly being used to assess the impact of lawn runoff on urban watersheds. To accurately model the runoff for residential lawns, the variation in the relation of rainfall to runoff from lawns must be understood. The study described in this report measures the runoff parameters from 20 residential lawns in Madison, Wisconsin, using a rainfall simulator. It was determined that the saturated hydraulic conductivity does not vary significantly within a single residential lawn, but does vary significantly from one lawn to another. This variation is recognized in the entire rainfall-runoff relation from one lawn to another. The age of a lawn, or the years since development and turf establishment, is used as a surrogate of several lawn and soil characteristics to describe the variability in lawn runoff volumes. Runoff volumes from newly developed lawns are significantly greater than runoff from older lawns. This is an important consideration when modeling runoff for new developments. For older lawns, the date since lawn establishment does not explain the variation in the rainfall-runoff relation. In order for simple land-use based computer models to adequately account for the volume of runoff from pervious landscapes, field data from individual lawns would be necessary. A more realistic, alternative method may be to consider a basin-scale analysis of runoff from pervious landscapes.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri964194","usgsCitation":"Legg, A., Bannerman, R., and Panuska, J., 1996, Variation in the relation of rainfall to runoff from residential lawns in Madison, Wisconsin, July and August 1995: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 96-4194, iii, 11 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri964194.","productDescription":"iii, 11 p.","numberOfPages":"14","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":677,"text":"Wisconsin Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":57116,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1996/4194/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":159449,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1996/4194/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Wisconsin","county":"Dane County","city":"Madison","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -89.549560546875,\n              43.00665566595925\n            ],\n            [\n              -89.549560546875,\n              43.17313537107136\n            ],\n            [\n              -89.26391601562499,\n              43.17313537107136\n            ],\n            [\n              -89.26391601562499,\n              43.00665566595925\n            ],\n            [\n              -89.549560546875,\n              43.00665566595925\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a14e4b07f02db602b2c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Legg, A.D.","contributorId":65120,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Legg","given":"A.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":199558,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bannerman, R.T.","contributorId":92304,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Bannerman","given":"R.T.","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":6913,"text":"Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":199559,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Panuska, John","contributorId":31025,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Panuska","given":"John","affiliations":[{"id":6913,"text":"Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":199557,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":29349,"text":"wri964202 - 1996 - Effect of ice formation and streamflow on salmon incubation habitat in the lower Bradley River, Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:52","indexId":"wri964202","displayToPublicDate":"1997-05-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"96-4202","title":"Effect of ice formation and streamflow on salmon incubation habitat in the lower Bradley River, Alaska","docAbstract":"A minimum flow of 40 cubic feet per second is required in the lower Bradley River, near Homer, Alaska, from November 2 to April 30 to ensure adequate salmon egg incubation habitat. The study that determined this minimum flow did not account for the effects of ice formation on habitat. An investigation was made during periods of ice formation. Hydraulic properties and field water-quality data were measured in winter only from March 1993 to April 1995 at six transects in the lower Bradley River. Discharge in the lower Bradley River ranged from 42.6 to 73.0 cubic feet per second (average 57 cubic feet per second) with ice conditions ranging from near ice free to 100 percent ice cover. Stream water velocity and depth were adequate for habitat protection for all ice conditions and discharges. No relation was found between percent ice cover and mean velocity and depth for any given discharge and no trends were found with changes in discharge for a given ice condition. Velocity distribution within each transect varied significantly from one sampling period to the next. Mean depth and velocity at flows of 40 cubic feet per second or less could not be predicted. No consistent relation was found between the amount of wetted perimeter and percent ice cover. Intragravel-water temperature was slightly warmer than surface-water temperature. Surface and intragravel-water dissolved-oxygen levels were adequate for all flows and ice conditions. No apparent relation was found between dissolved-oxygen levels and streamflow or ice conditions. Excellent oxygen exchange was indicated throughout the study reach. Stranding potential of salmon fry was found to be low throughout the study reach. The limiting factors for determining the minimal acceptable flow limit appear to be stream-water velocity and depth, although specific limits could not be estimated because of the high flows that occurred during this study.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nBranch of Information Services [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/wri964202","usgsCitation":"Rickman, R.L., 1996, Effect of ice formation and streamflow on salmon incubation habitat in the lower Bradley River, Alaska: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 96-4202, vi, 34, 29 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri964202.","productDescription":"vi, 34, 29 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":124067,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1996/4202/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":58202,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1996/4202/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a4ae4b07f02db625259","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Rickman, R. L.","contributorId":24803,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rickman","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":201390,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":26739,"text":"wri964220 - 1996 - Ground-water recharge to the regolith-fractured crystalline rock aquifer system, Orange County, North Carolina","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-01-27T13:46:42","indexId":"wri964220","displayToPublicDate":"1997-05-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"96-4220","title":"Ground-water recharge to the regolith-fractured crystalline rock aquifer system, Orange County, North Carolina","docAbstract":"Quantitative information concerning recharge rates to aquifers and ground water in storage is needed to manage the development of ground-water resources. The amount of ground water available from the regolith-fractured crystalline rock aquifer system in Orange County, North Carolina, is largely unknown. If historical patterns seen throughout the Piedmont continue into the future, the number of ground-water users in the county can be expected to increase. In order to determine the maximum population that can be supplied by ground water, planners and managers of suburban development must know the amount of ground water that can be withdrawn without exceeding recharge and(or) overdrafting water in long-term storage. Results of the study described in this report help provide this information. Estimates of seasonal and long-term recharge rates were estimated for 12 selected drainage basins and subbasins using streamflow data and an analytical technique known as hydrograph separation. Methods for determining the quality of ground water in storage also are described. \r\n\r\nOrange County covers approximately 401 square miles in the eastern part of the Piedmont Province. The population of the county in 1990 was about 93,850; approximately 41 percent of the population depends on ground water as a source of potable supplies. Ground water is obtained from wells tapping the regolith-fractured crystalline rock aquifer system that underlies most of the county. Ground water also is obtained from Triassic age sedimentary rocks that occur in a small area in southeastern Orange County. \r\n\r\nUnder natural conditions, recharge to the county's ground-water system is derived from the infiltration of precipitation. Ground-water recharge from precipitation cannot be measured directly; however, an estimate of the amount of precipitation that infiltrates into the ground and ultimately reaches the streams of the region can be determined by the technique of hydrograph separation. Data from 17 gaging stations that measure streamflow within or from Orange County were analyzed to produce daily estimates of ground-water recharge in 12 drainage basins and subbasins in the county. The recharge estimates were further analyzed to determine seasonal and long-term recharge rates, as well as recharge duration statistics. \r\n\r\nMean annual recharge in the 12 basins and subbasins ranges from 4.15 to 6.40 inches per year, with a mean value of 4.90 inches per year for all basins. In general, recharge rates are highest for basins along a north- south zone extending down the center of the county, and lowest in the western and southeastern parts of the county. Median recharge rates in the 12 basins range from 1.08 inches per year (80.7 gallons per day per acre) to 4.97 inches per year (370 gallons per day per acre), with a median value of 3.06 inches per year (228 gallons per day per acre) for all basins. \r\n\r\nRecharge estimates for the Morgan Creek Basin upstream from White Cross and upstream from Chapel Hill are higher than any other basin or subbasin in Orange County. Ground water also constitutes a higher percentage of total streamflow in Morgan Creek (44.4 percent upstream from White Cross; 47.9 percent upstream from Chapel Hill) than in any other stream in the county. Greater topographic relief and depth of channel incision may explain the high recharge estimates (base-flow rates) in the Morgan Creek Basin. The presence of large areas of regolith derived from the metaigneous, felsic hydrogeologic unit may magnify the effects of topographic relief and channel incision. Base flow in the New Hope River subbasin, as a percentage of total streamflow, at 32.2 percent, is the lowest of the 12 basins and subbasins. Much of the New Hope River subbasin is underlain by the Triassic sedimentary rock hydrogeologic unit that occurs within a rift basin of Triassic age. These data suggest that in areas underlain by Triassic sedimentary rock, there is less recharge to the ground-water syst","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/wri964220","usgsCitation":"Daniel, C.C., 1996, Ground-water recharge to the regolith-fractured crystalline rock aquifer system, Orange County, North Carolina: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 96-4220, vi, 59 p. :ill. ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri964220.","productDescription":"vi, 59 p. :ill. ;28 cm.","costCenters":[{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":118696,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1996/4220/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":55618,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1996/4220/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"North Carolina","county":"Orange County","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -83.71307373046874,\n              35.67068501330236\n            ],\n            [\n              -83.71307373046874,\n              35.67068501330236\n            ],\n            [\n              -83.7103271484375,\n              35.67068501330236\n            ],\n            [\n              -83.7103271484375,\n              35.67068501330236\n            ],\n            [\n              -83.71307373046874,\n              35.67068501330236\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    },\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -79.60693359375,\n              34.867904962568716\n            ],\n            [\n              -79.60693359375,\n              36.43896124085945\n            ],\n            [\n              -77.9150390625,\n              36.43896124085945\n            ],\n            [\n              -77.9150390625,\n              34.867904962568716\n            ],\n            [\n              -79.60693359375,\n              34.867904962568716\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4aa7e4b07f02db66711d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Daniel, C. C. III","contributorId":71953,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Daniel","given":"C.","suffix":"III","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":196917,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":29510,"text":"wri964146 - 1996 - Geochemical and isotopic composition of ground water, with emphasis on sources of sulfate, in the upper Floridan aquifer and intermediate aquifer system in southwest Florida","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-01-24T19:32:59.992604","indexId":"wri964146","displayToPublicDate":"1997-05-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"96-4146","title":"Geochemical and isotopic composition of ground water, with emphasis on sources of sulfate, in the upper Floridan aquifer and intermediate aquifer system in southwest Florida","docAbstract":"In southwest Florida, sulfate concentrations in water from the Upper Floridan aquifer and overlying intermediate aquifer system are commonly above 250 milligrams per liter (the drinking water standard), particularly in coastal areas. Possible sources of sulfate include dissolution of gypsum from the deeper part of the Upper Floridan aquifer or the middle confining unit, saltwater in the aquifer, and saline waters from the middle confining unit and Lower Floridan aquifer. The sources of sulfate and geochemical processes controlling ground-water composition were evaluated for the Peace and Myakka River Basins and adjacent coastal areas of southwest Florida. Samples were collected from 63 wells and a saline spring, including wells finished at different depth intervals of the Upper Floridan aquifer and intermediate aquifer system at about 25 locations. Sampling focused along three ground-water flow paths (selected based on a predevelopment potentiometric-surface map). Ground water was analyzed for major ions, selected trace constituents, dissolved organic carbon, and stable isotopes (delta deuterium, oxygen-18, carbon-13 of inorganic carbon, and sulfur-34 of sulfate and sulfide); the ratio of strontium-87 to strontium-86 was analyzed for waters along one of the flow paths. \r\n\r\nChemical and isotopic data indicate that dedolomitization reactions (gypsum and dolomite dissolution and calcite precipitation) control the chemical composition of water in the Upper Floridan aquifer in inland areas. This is confirmed by mass-balance modeling between wells in the shallowest interval in the aquifer along the flow paths. However, gypsum occurs deeper in the aquifer than these wells. Upwelling of sulfate-rich water that previously dissolved gypsum in deeper parts of the aquifer is a more likely source of sulfate than gypsum dissolution in shallow parts of the aquifer. This deep ground water moves to shallower zones in the aquifer discharge area. \r\n\r\nSaltwater from the Upper Floridan aquifer has not dissolved significant amounts of gypsum compared to fresher water in the aquifer. This is consistent with a shallow seawater source for the saltwater, rather than a deeper source from the underlying middle confining unit or Lower Floridan aquifer, which would have elevated sulfate concentrations. Ion exchange and dolomitization may be important reactions for saltwater in the aquifer. According to geochemical modeling, the freshwater end member for water in the saltwater mixing zone in the southwestern part of the study area is not upgradient water from the Upper Floridan aquifer that dissolved gypsum. Instead, this water appears to be isolated from the regional freshwater flow system and may be part of a more localized flow system. \r\n\r\nThe chemical and isotopic composition of water in the intermediate aquifer system is controlled by differences in extent of reactions with aquifer minerals, upward leakage from the Upper Floridan aquifer, and saltwater mixing. In inland areas, water generally is characterized by relatively low sulfate concentrations (less than 250 milligrams per liter) and differences in extent of carbonate mineral dissolution. Some inland waters have elevated chloride concentrations, which may be related to evaporation prior to recharge. In coastal Sarasota County and in isolated inland areas, water from the intermediate aquifer system has high sulfate concentrations characteristic of dedolomitization waters from the Upper Floridan aquifer. The chemical and isotopic composition of these waters is controlled by upward leakage from the Upper Floridan aquifer, which naturally occurs in the discharge area but may be locally enhanced by pumping or interconnection of wells open to both aquifer systems. In western Charlotte County, the waters are dominated by sodium and chloride, and their compositions are consistent with mixing between saltwater and inland intermediate aquifer system water that has not been influenced by discharge from the","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri964146","usgsCitation":"Sacks, L.A., and Tihansky, A.B., 1996, Geochemical and isotopic composition of ground water, with emphasis on sources of sulfate, in the upper Floridan aquifer and intermediate aquifer system in southwest Florida: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 96-4146, v, 54 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri964146.","productDescription":"v, 54 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":394769,"rank":4,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_48492.htm"},{"id":58353,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1996/4146/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":119404,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1996/4146/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":2501,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://fl.water.usgs.gov/Abstracts/wri96_4146_sacks.html","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Florida","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -82.73803710937499,\n              26.792202785452883\n            ],\n            [\n              -81.64764404296875,\n              26.792202785452883\n            ],\n            [\n              -81.64764404296875,\n              27.778341612236325\n            ],\n            [\n              -82.73803710937499,\n              27.778341612236325\n            ],\n            [\n              -82.73803710937499,\n              26.792202785452883\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b23e4b07f02db6ae2c1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Sacks, Laura A.","contributorId":19134,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sacks","given":"Laura","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":201636,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Tihansky, Ann B. tihansky@usgs.gov","contributorId":2477,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tihansky","given":"Ann","email":"tihansky@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":201635,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":29603,"text":"wri964127 - 1996 - Water-use analysis program for the Neshaminy Creek basin, Bucks and Montgomery counties, Pennsylvania","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-06-13T10:33:17","indexId":"wri964127","displayToPublicDate":"1997-05-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"96-4127","title":"Water-use analysis program for the Neshaminy Creek basin, Bucks and Montgomery counties, Pennsylvania","docAbstract":"<p>A water-use analysis computer program was developed for the Neshaminy Creek Basin to assist in managing and allocating water resources in the basin. The program was developed for IBM-compatible personal computers. Basin analysis and the methodologies developed for the Neshaminy Creek Basin can be transferred to other watersheds. The development and structure of the water-use analysis program is documented in this report. The report also serves as a user's guide. The program uses common relational database-management software that allows for water use-data input, editing, updating and output and can be used to generate a watershed water-use analysis report. The watershed-analysis report lists summations of public-supply well withdrawals; a combination of industrial, commercial, institutional, and ground-water irrigation well withdrawals; spray irrigation systems; a combination of public, industrial, and private surface-water withdrawals; wastewater-tratement-facility dishcarges; estimates of aggregate domestic ground-water withdrawals on an areal basin or subbasin basis; imports and exports of wastewater across basin or subbasin divides; imports and exports of public water supplies across basin or subbasin divides; estimates of evaporative loss and consumptive loss from produce incorporation; industrial septic-system discharges to ground water; and ground-water well-permit allocations.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri964127","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Delaware River Basin Commission","usgsCitation":"Schreffler, C.L., 1996, Water-use analysis program for the Neshaminy Creek basin, Bucks and Montgomery counties, Pennsylvania: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 96-4127, iv, 85 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri964127.","productDescription":"iv, 85 p.","numberOfPages":"89","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":532,"text":"Pennsylvania Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":119605,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1996/4127/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":58427,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1996/4127/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Pennsylvania","city":"Bucks County, Montgomery County","otherGeospatial":"Neshaminy Creek Basin","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -75.157470703125,\n              40.43754064484924\n            ],\n            [\n              -74.8443603515625,\n              40.236557025505114\n            ],\n            [\n              -74.85946655273438,\n              40.108537754986166\n            ],\n            [\n              -74.94049072265625,\n              40.07491896000657\n            ],\n            [\n              -75.24124145507812,\n              40.18097176388719\n            ],\n            [\n              -75.36895751953125,\n              40.273239279173055\n            ],\n            [\n              -75.157470703125,\n              40.43754064484924\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e478fe4b07f02db48a153","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Schreffler, Curtis L. clschref@usgs.gov","contributorId":333,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schreffler","given":"Curtis","email":"clschref@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":201793,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":26641,"text":"wri964237 - 1996 - Simulation of water level, streamflow, and mass transport for the Cooper and Wando rivers near Charleston, South Carolina, 1992-95","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-01-27T13:51:53","indexId":"wri964237","displayToPublicDate":"1997-05-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"96-4237","title":"Simulation of water level, streamflow, and mass transport for the Cooper and Wando rivers near Charleston, South Carolina, 1992-95","docAbstract":"The one-dimensional, unsteady-flow model, BRANCH, and the Branched Lagrangian Transport Model (BLTM) were calibrated and validated for the Cooper and Wando Rivers near Charleston, South Carolina. Data used to calibrate the BRANCH model included water-level data at four locations on the Cooper River and two locations on the Wando River, measured tidal-cycle streamflows at five locations on the Wando River, and simulated tidal-cycle streamflows (using an existing validated BRANCH model of the Cooper River) for four locations on the Cooper River. The BRANCH model was used to generate the necessary hydraulic data used in the BLTM model. The BLTM model was calibrated and validated using time series of salinity concentrations at two locations on the Cooper River and at two locations on the Wando River. Successful calibration and validation of the BRANCH and BLTM models to water levels, stream flows, and salinity were achieved after applying a positive 0.45 foot datum correction to the downstream boundary. The sensitivity of the simulated salinity concentrations to changes in the downstream gage datum, channel geometry, and roughness coefficient in the BRANCH model, and to the dispersion factor in the BLTM model was evaluated. The simulated salinity concentrations were most sensitive to changes in the downstream gage datum. A decrease of 0.5 feet in the downstream gage datum increased the simulated 3-day mean salinity concentration by 107 percent (12.7 to 26.3 parts per thousand). The range of the salinity concentration went from a tidal oscillation with a standard deviation of 3.9 parts per thousand to a nearly constant concentration with a standard deviation of 0.0 parts per thousand. An increase in the downstream gage datum decreased the simulated 3-day mean salinity concentration by 47 percent (12.7 to 6.7 parts per thousand) and decreased the standard deviation from 3.9 to 3.4 parts per thousand.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nBranch of Information Services [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/wri964237","usgsCitation":"Conrads, P., and Smith, P., 1996, Simulation of water level, streamflow, and mass transport for the Cooper and Wando rivers near Charleston, South Carolina, 1992-95: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 96-4237, vi, 51 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri964237.","productDescription":"vi, 51 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":157868,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1996/4237/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":55513,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1996/4237/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"South Carolina","city":"Charleston","otherGeospatial":"Cooper River, Wando River","geographicExtents":"{\"type\":\"FeatureCollection\",\"features\":[{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"Polygon\",\"coordinates\":[[[-79.290754,33.110051],[-79.329909,33.089986],[-79.337169,33.072302],[-79.335346,33.065362],[-79.339313,33.050336],[-79.359961,33.006672],[-79.403712,33.003903],[-79.416515,33.006815],[-79.423447,33.015085],[-79.483499,33.001265],[-79.488727,33.015832],[-79.506923,33.032813],[-79.522449,33.03535],[-79.55756,33.021269],[-79.580725,33.006447],[-79.58659,32.991334],[-79.606615,32.972248],[-79.617611,32.952726],[-79.617715,32.94487],[-79.606194,32.925953],[-79.585897,32.926461],[-79.581687,32.931341],[-79.572614,32.933885],[-79.569762,32.926692],[-79.576006,32.906235],[-79.631149,32.888606],[-79.695141,32.850398],[-79.702956,32.835781],[-79.719879,32.825796],[-79.716761,32.813627],[-79.726389,32.805996],[-79.811021,32.77696],[-79.818237,32.766352],[-79.84035,32.756816],[-79.848527,32.755248],[-79.866742,32.757422],[-79.872232,32.752128],[-79.873605,32.745657],[-79.868352,32.734849],[-79.870336,32.727777],[-79.888028,32.695177],[-79.884961,32.684402],[-79.915682,32.664915],[-79.968468,32.639732],[-79.975248,32.639537],[-79.986917,32.626388],[-79.99175,32.616389],[-79.999374,32.611851],[-80.010505,32.608852],[-80.037276,32.610236],[-80.077039,32.603319],[-80.121368,32.590523],[-80.148406,32.578479],[-80.167286,32.559885],[-80.171764,32.546118],[-80.188401,32.553604],[-80.20523,32.555547],[-80.246361,32.531114],[-80.277681,32.516161],[-80.332438,32.478104],[-80.338354,32.47873],[-80.343883,32.490795],[-80.363956,32.496098],[-80.380716,32.486359],[-80.386827,32.47881],[-80.392561,32.475332],[-80.413487,32.470672],[-80.417896,32.476076],[-80.418502,32.490894],[-80.423454,32.497989],[-80.439407,32.503472],[-80.452078,32.497286],[-80.46571,32.4953],[-80.472068,32.496964],[-80.48025,32.477407],[-80.484617,32.460976],[-80.480156,32.447048],[-80.467588,32.425259],[-80.446075,32.423721],[-80.43296,32.410659],[-80.429941,32.401782],[-80.429291,32.389667],[-80.434303,32.375193],[-80.445451,32.350335],[-80.456814,32.336884],[-80.455192,32.326458],[-80.466342,32.31917],[-80.517871,32.298796],[-80.545688,32.282076],[-80.571096,32.273278],[-80.596394,32.273549],[-80.618286,32.260183],[-80.638857,32.255618],[-80.658634,32.248638],[-80.669166,32.216783],[-80.688857,32.200971],[-80.721463,32.160427],[-80.749091,32.140137],[-80.789996,32.122494],[-80.812503,32.109746],[-80.82153,32.108589],[-80.828394,32.113222],[-80.831531,32.112709],[-80.844431,32.109709],[-80.858735,32.099581],[-80.905378,32.051943],[-80.892344,32.043764],[-80.885517,32.0346],[-80.922794,32.039151],[-80.954482,32.068622],[-80.983133,32.079609],[-80.994333,32.094608],[-81.002297,32.100048],[-81.011961,32.100176],[-81.021622,32.090897],[-81.032674,32.08545],[-81.050234,32.085308],[-81.060442,32.087503],[-81.088234,32.10395],[-81.091498,32.110782],[-81.111134,32.112005],[-81.117234,32.117605],[-81.119994,32.134268],[-81.118334,32.144403],[-81.122034,32.161803],[-81.129634,32.165602],[-81.128134,32.169102],[-81.119434,32.175402],[-81.120434,32.178702],[-81.118234,32.189201],[-81.12315,32.201329],[-81.128283,32.208634],[-81.136012,32.212858],[-81.143139,32.221731],[-81.156587,32.24391],[-81.148334,32.255098],[-81.145834,32.263397],[-81.136534,32.272697],[-81.128034,32.276297],[-81.119633,32.287596],[-81.122333,32.305395],[-81.137633,32.328194],[-81.133032,32.334794],[-81.133632,32.341293],[-81.142532,32.350893],[-81.147632,32.349393],[-81.150589,32.34587],[-81.154,32.345924],[-81.155032,32.350093],[-81.170126,32.361318],[-81.169332,32.369436],[-81.181072,32.380398],[-81.178131,32.38459],[-81.177231,32.39169],[-81.20513,32.423788],[-81.20843,32.435987],[-81.201595,32.44136],[-81.202359,32.450448],[-81.192629,32.456286],[-81.186829,32.464086],[-81.194829,32.465086],[-81.200029,32.467985],[-81.233585,32.498488],[-81.238728,32.508896],[-81.234834,32.512271],[-81.23466,32.51627],[-81.252882,32.51833],[-81.277131,32.535417],[-81.274927,32.544158],[-81.281298,32.55644],[-81.297955,32.563026],[-81.320588,32.559534],[-81.328753,32.561228],[-81.366964,32.577059],[-81.369757,32.591231],[-81.373178,32.592115],[-81.379216,32.589022],[-81.389261,32.595383],[-81.393865,32.60234],[-81.411906,32.61841],[-81.41866,32.629392],[-81.418431,32.634704],[-81.414761,32.63744],[-81.41026,32.631392],[-81.407271,32.631737],[-81.402846,32.63621],[-81.405109,32.64269],[-81.393033,32.651543],[-81.398314,32.656307],[-81.405273,32.656517],[-81.407193,32.660519],[-81.401029,32.677494],[-81.40831,32.694908],[-81.4131,32.692648],[-81.427517,32.701896],[-81.421194,32.711978],[-81.418542,32.732586],[-81.411549,32.740145],[-81.410281,32.744653],[-81.416198,32.750428],[-81.415212,32.757753],[-81.417606,32.762684],[-81.426481,32.769023],[-81.425636,32.77184],[-81.421269,32.774658],[-81.421128,32.778039],[-81.428313,32.78311],[-81.429017,32.785505],[-81.424999,32.790334],[-81.423772,32.810514],[-81.419752,32.813731],[-81.417984,32.818196],[-81.421614,32.835178],[-81.426475,32.840773],[-81.444866,32.850967],[-81.451199,32.847925],[-81.453949,32.849761],[-81.455978,32.854107],[-81.451351,32.868583],[-81.45392,32.874074],[-81.475918,32.877641],[-81.479445,32.881082],[-81.4771,32.887469],[-81.464069,32.897814],[-81.479184,32.905638],[-81.483198,32.921802],[-81.502427,32.935353],[-81.502716,32.938688],[-81.499446,32.944988],[-81.507045,32.951194],[-81.508536,32.957156],[-81.506449,32.962423],[-81.49983,32.963816],[-81.494736,32.978998],[-81.491197,32.997824],[-81.492253,33.009342],[-81.50203,33.015113],[-81.511245,33.027786],[-81.519632,33.029181],[-81.538789,33.039185],[-81.544258,33.046905],[-81.553643,33.044137],[-81.557013,33.0451],[-81.559179,33.047386],[-81.560502,33.055207],[-81.57288,33.05418],[-81.588539,33.07085],[-81.594555,33.069887],[-81.599248,33.071813],[-81.600211,33.075182],[-81.598165,33.081078],[-81.601655,33.084688],[-81.608995,33.0818],[-81.609476,33.089862],[-81.612725,33.093953],[-81.617779,33.095277],[-81.637232,33.092952],[-81.646433,33.094552],[-81.658433,33.103152],[-81.683533,33.112651],[-81.696934,33.116551],[-81.704634,33.116451],[-81.743835,33.14145],[-81.763135,33.159449],[-81.766735,33.170749],[-81.772435,33.180449],[-81.765735,33.187948],[-81.760635,33.189248],[-81.756935,33.197848],[-81.763535,33.203648],[-81.768935,33.217447],[-81.774035,33.221147],[-81.780135,33.221147],[-81.777535,33.211347],[-81.784535,33.208147],[-81.805236,33.211447],[-81.807936,33.213747],[-81.809636,33.222647],[-81.827936,33.228746],[-81.837016,33.237652],[-81.846536,33.241746],[-81.851979,33.247382],[-81.853137,33.250745],[-81.847336,33.266345],[-81.840078,33.26704],[-81.838257,33.272975],[-81.844036,33.278644],[-81.851836,33.283544],[-81.861336,33.286244],[-81.863236,33.288844],[-81.861536,33.297944],[-81.849636,33.299544],[-81.846136,33.303843],[-81.847296,33.306783],[-81.867936,33.314043],[-81.875836,33.307443],[-81.884137,33.310443],[-81.886637,33.316943],[-81.897329,33.322331],[-81.896937,33.327642],[-81.900301,33.331117],[-81.906444,33.324181],[-81.909285,33.324181],[-81.919137,33.334442],[-81.917973,33.34159],[-81.924737,33.345341],[-81.932737,33.343541],[-81.939737,33.344941],[-81.934837,33.356041],[-81.944737,33.364041],[-81.946337,33.37064],[-81.939637,33.37254],[-81.930634,33.368165],[-81.925737,33.37114],[-81.924837,33.37414],[-81.930861,33.380076],[-81.936961,33.404197],[-81.92306,33.408266],[-81.920121,33.410753],[-81.91933,33.415613],[-81.924893,33.419307],[-81.927241,33.422846],[-81.926789,33.426576],[-81.924981,33.429288],[-81.916236,33.433114],[-81.913356,33.437418],[-81.913532,33.441274],[-81.926336,33.462937],[-81.934136,33.468337],[-81.985938,33.486536],[-81.990938,33.494235],[-81.991938,33.504435],[-82.001338,33.520135],[-82.007138,33.522835],[-82.011538,33.531735],[-82.019838,33.535035],[-82.028238,33.544934],[-82.033023,33.546454],[-82.037375,33.554662],[-82.046335,33.56383],[-82.057727,33.566774],[-82.073104,33.57751],[-82.094128,33.582742],[-82.10624,33.595637],[-82.115328,33.596501],[-82.12908,33.589925],[-82.142872,33.594278],[-82.148816,33.598092],[-82.156288,33.60863],[-82.174351,33.613117],[-82.186154,33.62088],[-82.196583,33.630582],[-82.201186,33.646898],[-82.200718,33.66464],[-82.208411,33.669872],[-82.216868,33.6844],[-82.234576,33.700216],[-82.237192,33.70788],[-82.235753,33.71439],[-82.239098,33.730872],[-82.247472,33.752591],[-82.255267,33.75969],[-82.263206,33.761962],[-82.266127,33.766745],[-82.277681,33.772032],[-82.285804,33.780058],[-82.298286,33.783518],[-82.300213,33.800627],[-82.313339,33.809205],[-82.32448,33.820033],[-82.346933,33.834298],[-82.371775,33.843813],[-82.37975,33.851086],[-82.395736,33.859089],[-82.403881,33.865477],[-82.422803,33.863754],[-82.43115,33.867051],[-82.440503,33.875123],[-82.455105,33.88165],[-82.480111,33.901897],[-82.492929,33.909754],[-82.50764,33.931456],[-82.51295,33.936969],[-82.524515,33.94336],[-82.534111,33.943651],[-82.543128,33.940949],[-82.556835,33.945353],[-82.564531,33.955741],[-82.568288,33.968772],[-82.579576,33.979761],[-82.580571,33.98514],[-82.575351,33.990904],[-82.576222,33.993106],[-82.583394,33.995286],[-82.589245,34.000118],[-82.595655,34.016118],[-82.594555,34.028717],[-82.609655,34.039917],[-82.626963,34.063457],[-82.630972,34.065528],[-82.635991,34.064941],[-82.64398,34.072237],[-82.645661,34.076046],[-82.640345,34.086304],[-82.641553,34.092212],[-82.648184,34.098649],[-82.658561,34.103118],[-82.666879,34.113591],[-82.668113,34.12016],[-82.67732,34.131657],[-82.68629,34.134454],[-82.692152,34.138986],[-82.70414,34.141007],[-82.717507,34.150504],[-82.723312,34.165895],[-82.731881,34.178363],[-82.732761,34.195338],[-82.74192,34.210063],[-82.740447,34.219679],[-82.744415,34.224913],[-82.74198,34.230196],[-82.744834,34.242957],[-82.744056,34.252407],[-82.748756,34.263407],[-82.746656,34.266407],[-82.755028,34.276067],[-82.770928,34.285402],[-82.780308,34.296701],[-82.781752,34.302901],[-82.78684,34.310381],[-82.794054,34.339772],[-82.835004,34.366069],[-82.836611,34.382676],[-82.841524,34.39013],[-82.841326,34.397332],[-82.847446,34.412049],[-82.848651,34.423844],[-82.854434,34.432275],[-82.855762,34.443977],[-82.860874,34.451469],[-82.860707,34.457428],[-82.875463,34.463503],[-82.876464,34.465803],[-82.873831,34.471508],[-82.876864,34.475303],[-82.902665,34.485902],[-82.922866,34.481402],[-82.928466,34.484202],[-82.940867,34.486102],[-82.947367,34.479602],[-82.954667,34.477302],[-82.960668,34.482002],[-82.979568,34.482702],[-82.992215,34.479198],[-82.995279,34.475648],[-82.99509,34.472483],[-83.002924,34.472132],[-83.029315,34.484147],[-83.034712,34.483495],[-83.043771,34.488816],[-83.054463,34.50289],[-83.069451,34.502131],[-83.087189,34.515939],[-83.077995,34.523746],[-83.087789,34.532078],[-83.102179,34.532179],[-83.103987,34.540166],[-83.122901,34.560129],[-83.129676,34.561699],[-83.152577,34.578299],[-83.154577,34.588198],[-83.170278,34.592398],[-83.169994,34.605444],[-83.179439,34.60802],[-83.196979,34.605998],[-83.199779,34.608398],[-83.211598,34.610905],[-83.23178,34.611297],[-83.243381,34.617997],[-83.240676,34.624307],[-83.255281,34.637696],[-83.271982,34.641896],[-83.292883,34.654196],[-83.300848,34.66247],[-83.301477,34.666582],[-83.304641,34.669561],[-83.316401,34.669316],[-83.321463,34.677543],[-83.330284,34.681342],[-83.336207,34.680534],[-83.33869,34.682002],[-83.340383,34.688998],[-83.349975,34.699155],[-83.347718,34.705474],[-83.352485,34.715993],[-83.353238,34.728648],[-83.348829,34.737194],[-83.338666,34.742295],[-83.320062,34.759616],[-83.319945,34.773725],[-83.323866,34.789712],[-83.313782,34.799911],[-83.301182,34.804008],[-83.302395,34.813241],[-83.294292,34.814725],[-83.289914,34.824477],[-83.275656,34.816862],[-83.268159,34.821393],[-83.267293,34.832748],[-83.269982,34.837196],[-83.267656,34.845289],[-83.254605,34.846402],[-83.252582,34.853483],[-83.24722,34.85844],[-83.245602,34.865522],[-83.240847,34.866736],[-83.238419,34.869771],[-83.239081,34.875661],[-83.22924,34.879907],[-83.220099,34.878124],[-83.213323,34.882796],[-83.205627,34.880142],[-83.201183,34.884653],[-83.204572,34.890284],[-83.203351,34.893717],[-83.186541,34.899534],[-83.168524,34.91788],[-83.160937,34.918269],[-83.153253,34.926342],[-83.140621,34.924915],[-83.130554,34.930932],[-83.129493,34.937402],[-83.121112,34.939129],[-83.121214,34.942684],[-83.126761,34.948742],[-83.127035,34.953778],[-83.12114,34.958966],[-83.120387,34.968406],[-83.106991,34.98272],[-83.1046,34.992783],[-83.108535,35.000771],[-82.787867,35.085024],[-82.783283,35.0856],[-82.776357,35.081349],[-82.781973,35.066817],[-82.777376,35.064143],[-82.764464,35.068177],[-82.757704,35.068019],[-82.754162,35.069629],[-82.749491,35.078487],[-82.738379,35.079453],[-82.729683,35.087827],[-82.72701,35.094142],[-82.715297,35.092943],[-82.703916,35.097651],[-82.694898,35.098456],[-82.688456,35.106347],[-82.691194,35.114721],[-82.68604,35.124545],[-82.683625,35.125833],[-82.676861,35.12535],[-82.669614,35.118103],[-82.662381,35.118123],[-82.642237,35.129215],[-82.629031,35.126155],[-82.621185,35.134635],[-82.609706,35.139039],[-82.59814,35.137729],[-82.59243,35.139002],[-82.588158,35.142928],[-82.578316,35.142104],[-82.569912,35.145268],[-82.563767,35.151575],[-82.556168,35.151736],[-82.554227,35.156911],[-82.550508,35.159498],[-82.540483,35.160306],[-82.529973,35.155617],[-82.521403,35.158851],[-82.516044,35.163442],[-82.495506,35.164312],[-82.483937,35.173798],[-82.476136,35.175486],[-82.467991,35.174633],[-82.460092,35.178143],[-82.455609,35.177425],[-82.452987,35.17469],[-82.451201,35.16526],[-82.439595,35.165863],[-82.435689,35.167715],[-82.424461,35.193092],[-82.419744,35.198613],[-82.403348,35.204473],[-82.39293,35.215402],[-82.384029,35.210542],[-82.378744,35.198053],[-82.380903,35.189565],[-82.376808,35.184427],[-82.371298,35.181449],[-82.364299,35.184725],[-82.361469,35.190831],[-82.344554,35.193115],[-82.340133,35.189188],[-82.333934,35.190661],[-82.330779,35.189032],[-82.330549,35.186767],[-82.32335,35.184789],[-82.315871,35.190678],[-82.295354,35.194965],[-82.288453,35.198605],[-82.27492,35.200071],[-82.176874,35.19379],[-81.716259,35.178852],[-81.241686,35.160081],[-81.043625,35.149877],[-81.047826,35.143743],[-81.051037,35.131654],[-81.038968,35.126299],[-81.033005,35.113747],[-81.032806,35.108049],[-81.037369,35.102541],[-81.046524,35.100617],[-81.052078,35.096276],[-81.057236,35.086129],[-81.058029,35.07319],[-81.057648,35.062433],[-81.041489,35.044703],[-80.93495,35.107409],[-80.884887,35.05351],[-80.782042,34.935782],[-80.797543,34.819786],[-80.499788,34.817261],[-79.870693,34.805378],[-79.675299,34.804744],[-79.358317,34.545358],[-79.249763,34.449774],[-78.541087,33.851112],[-78.553944,33.847831],[-78.584841,33.844282],[-78.67226,33.817587],[-78.714116,33.800138],[-78.772737,33.768511],[-78.812931,33.743472],[-78.862931,33.705654],[-78.938076,33.639826],[-79.007356,33.566565],[-79.028516,33.533365],[-79.084588,33.483669],[-79.10136,33.461016],[-79.135441,33.403867],[-79.147496,33.378243],[-79.152035,33.350925],[-79.158429,33.332811],[-79.162332,33.327246],[-79.180318,33.254141],[-79.180563,33.237955],[-79.172394,33.206577],[-79.18787,33.173712],[-79.195631,33.166016],[-79.215453,33.155569],[-79.238262,33.137055],[-79.24609,33.124865],[-79.290754,33.110051]]]},\"properties\":{\"name\":\"South Carolina\",\"nation\":\"USA  \"}}]}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49f7e4b07f02db5f1cb6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Conrads, P.A.","contributorId":57493,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Conrads","given":"P.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":196755,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Smith, P.A.","contributorId":86795,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"P.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":196756,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":29683,"text":"wri964238 - 1996 - Water Budget for the Lahaina District, Island of Maui, Hawaii","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-08T17:16:15","indexId":"wri964238","displayToPublicDate":"1997-05-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"96-4238","title":"Water Budget for the Lahaina District, Island of Maui, Hawaii","docAbstract":"Ground-water recharge is estimated as the residual component of a monthly water budget calculated using long-term average rainfall, streamflow, irrigation, pan-evaporation data, and soil characteristics. The water-budget components are defined seasonally, through the use of monthly data, and spatially by topographic and geologic areas, through the use of a geographic information system model.\r\n\r\nThe long-term average ground-water recharge for the Lahaina District was estimated for three scenarios using 1923-78 land-use and irrigation data, 1986-93 land-use and irrigation data, and natural conditions. The average annual ground-water recharge rate for 1923-78 conditions is 190 million gallons per day, which is 45 percent of the sum of rainfall and irrigation. The recharge rate for 1986-93 conditions is 163 million gallons per day, which is 42 percent of rainfall plus irrigation. The recharge rate for natural conditions is 145 million gallons per day, which is 44 percent of rainfall.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"Geological Survey (U.S.)","doi":"10.3133/wri964238","usgsCitation":"Shade, P.J., 1996, Water Budget for the Lahaina District, Island of Maui, Hawaii: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 96-4238, iv, 27 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri964238.","productDescription":"iv, 27 p.","costCenters":[{"id":525,"text":"Pacific Islands Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":160145,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1996/4238/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":58511,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1996/4238/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a0de4b07f02db5fd43e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Shade, Patricia J.","contributorId":30618,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shade","given":"Patricia","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":201947,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":27687,"text":"wri964259 - 1996 - Streamflow and Suspended-Sediment Loads Before and During Highway Construction, North Halawa, Haiku, and Kamooalii Drainage Basins, Oahu, Hawaii, 1983-91","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-08T17:16:15","indexId":"wri964259","displayToPublicDate":"1997-05-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"96-4259","title":"Streamflow and Suspended-Sediment Loads Before and During Highway Construction, North Halawa, Haiku, and Kamooalii Drainage Basins, Oahu, Hawaii, 1983-91","docAbstract":"Concern over potential effects from construction of the H-3 highway on Oahu, Hawaii, prompted a long-term study of streamflow and suspended-sediment transport at a network of five stream-gaging stations along the highway route. This report presents results for 1983-91, which included pre-construction and construction periods at all stream-gaging stations.\r\n\r\nAnnual rainfall, streamflow, and suspended-sediment loads were generally higher during construction than before construction. Data collected before and during construction were compared using analysis of covariance to determine whether streamflow and suspended-sediment loads changed significantly during construction after accounting for effects of increased rainfall.\r\n\r\nStreamflow at stream-gaging stations was compared with streamflow at an index stream-gaging station unaffected by construction. Streamflow data were divided into low- and high-flow classes, and the two flow classes were analyzed separately. Low flows increased 117 percent during construction at one station. This increase probably was related to the removal of vegetation for highway construction. Low flows decreased 28 percent at another station, probably as a result of increased ground-water withdrawals and highway construction activities. No significant changes in low flows were detected at the other stations, and no significant changes in high flows were detected at any stations.\r\n\r\nSuspended-sediment loads increased significantly during construction at three stations. Highway construction contributed between 56 and 76 percent of the suspended-sediment loads measured at these stations during construction. Loads did not change significantly at a station downstream of a reservoir, and loads decreased at a station downstream of a drainage basin that was heavily used for agriculture before construction.\r\n\r\nSuspended-sediment concentrations were used to assess compliance with applicable State water-quality standards. State water-quality standards for suspended sediment frequently were exceeded during construction. Standards occasionally were exceeded before construction.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"Geological Survey (U.S.)","doi":"10.3133/wri964259","usgsCitation":"Hill, B.R., 1996, Streamflow and Suspended-Sediment Loads Before and During Highway Construction, North Halawa, Haiku, and Kamooalii Drainage Basins, Oahu, Hawaii, 1983-91: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 96-4259, iv, 34 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri964259.","productDescription":"iv, 34 p.","costCenters":[{"id":525,"text":"Pacific Islands Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":158820,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1996/4259/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":56539,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1996/4259/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b15e4b07f02db6a4f32","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hill, Barry R.","contributorId":57494,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hill","given":"Barry","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":198539,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":28890,"text":"wri964075 - 1996 - Scour assessments and sediment-transport simulation for selected bridge sites in South Dakota","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:49","indexId":"wri964075","displayToPublicDate":"1997-05-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"96-4075","title":"Scour assessments and sediment-transport simulation for selected bridge sites in South Dakota","docAbstract":"Scour at bridges is a major concern in the design of new bridges and in the evaluation of structural stability of existing bridges. Equations for estimating pier, contraction, and abutment scour have been developed from numerous laboratory studies using sand-bed flumes, but little verification of these scour equations has been done for actual rivers with various bed conditions. This report describes the results of reconnaissance and detailed scour assessments and a sediment-transport simulation for selected bridge sites in South Dakota. Reconnaissance scour assessments were done during 1991 for 32 bridge sites. The reconnaissance assessments for each bridge site included compilation of general and structural data, field inspection to record and measure pertinent scour variables, and evaluation of scour susceptibility using various scour-index forms. Observed pier scour at the 32 sites ranged from 0 to 7 feet, observed contraction scour ranged from 0 to 4 feet, and observed abutment scour ranged from 0 to 10 feet. Thirteen bridge sites having high potential for scour were selected for detailed assessments, which were accomplished during 1992-95. These detailed assessments included prediction of scour depths for 2-, 100-, and 500-year flows using selected published scour equations; measurement of scour during high flows; comparison of measured and predicted scour; and identification of which scour equations best predict actual scour. The medians of predicted pier-scour depth at each of the 13 bridge sites (using 13 scour equations) ranged from 2.4 to 6.8 feet for the 2-year flows and ranged from 3.4 to 13.3 feet for the 500-year flows. The maximum pier scour measured during high flows ranged from 0 to 8.5 feet. Statistical comparison (Spearman rank correlation) of predicted pier-scour depths (using flow data col- lected during scour measurements) indicate that the Laursen, Shen (method b), Colorado State University, and Blench (method b) equations correlate closer with measured scour than do the other prediction equations. The predicted pier-scour depths using the Varzeliotis and Carstens equations have weak statistical rela- tions with measured scour depths. Medians of predicted pier-scour depth from the Shen (method a), Chitale, Bata, and Carstens equations are statistically equal to the median of measured pier-scour depths, based on the Wilcoxon signed-ranks test. The medians of contraction scour depth at each of the 13 bridge sites (using one equation) ranged from -0.1 foot for the 2- year flows to 23.2 feet for the 500-year flows. The maximum contraction scour measured during high flows ranged from 0 to 3.0 feet. The contraction- scour prediction equation substantially overestimated the scour depths in almost all comparisons with the measured scour depths. A significant reason for this discrepancy is due to the wide flood plain (as wide as 5,000 feet) at most of the bridge sites that were investigated. One possible way to reduce this effect for bridge design is to make a decision on what is the effective approach section and thereby limit the size of the bridge flow approach width. The medians of abutment-scour depth at each of the 13 bridge sites (using five equations) ranged from 8.2 to 16.5 feet for the 2-year flows and ranged from 5.7 to 41 feet for the 500-year flows. The maximum abutment scour measured during high flows ranged from 0 to 4.0 feet. The abutment-scour prediction equations also substantially overestimated the scour depths in almost all comparisons with the measured scour depths. The Liu and others (live bed) equation predicted abutment-scour depths substantially lower than the other four abutment-scour equations and closer to the actual measured scour depths. However, this equation at times predicted greater scour depths for 2-year flows than it did for 500-year flows, making its use highly questionable. Again, limiting the bridge flow approach width would produce more reasonable predicted abutment scour.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nInformation Services [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/wri964075","usgsCitation":"Niehus, C.A., 1996, Scour assessments and sediment-transport simulation for selected bridge sites in South Dakota: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 96-4075, v, 80 p. :ill. (some col.), map ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri964075.","productDescription":"v, 80 p. :ill. (some col.), map ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":159388,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1996/4075/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":57765,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1996/4075/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4aabe4b07f02db669940","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Niehus, C. A.","contributorId":94697,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Niehus","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":200569,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":28072,"text":"wri964164 - 1996 - Assessment of the fresh- and brackish-water resources underlying Dunedin and adjacent areas of northern Pinellas County, Florida","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-01-21T20:33:34.148393","indexId":"wri964164","displayToPublicDate":"1997-05-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"96-4164","title":"Assessment of the fresh- and brackish-water resources underlying Dunedin and adjacent areas of northern Pinellas County, Florida","docAbstract":"The city of Dunedin is enhancing their potable ground-water resources through desalination of brackish ground water. An assessment of the fresh- and brackish-water resources in the Upper Floridan aquifer was needed to estimate the changes that may result from brackish-water development. The complex hydrogeologic framework underlying Dunedin and adjacent areas of northern Pinellas County is conceptualized as a multilayered sequence of permeable zones and confining and semiconfining units. The permeable zones contain vertically spaced, discrete, water-producing zones with differing water quality. Water levels, water-level responses, and water quality are highly variable among the different permeable zones. The Upper Floridan aquifer is best characterized as a local flow system in most of northern Pinellas County. Pumping from the Dunedin well field is probably not influencing water levels in the aquifer outside Dunedin, but has resulted in localized depressions in the potentiometric surface surrounding production-well clusters. The complex geologic layering combined with the effects of production-well distribution probably contribute to the spatial and temporal variability in chloride concentrations in the Dunedin well field. Chloride concentrations in ground water underlying the Dunedin well field vary both vertically and laterally. In general, water-quality rapidly changes below depths of 400 feet below sea level. Additionally, randomly distributed water-producing zones with higher chloride concentrations may occur at shallow, discrete intervals above 400 feet. A relation between chloride concentration and distance from St. Joseph Sound is not apparent; however, a possible relation exists between chloride concentration and production-well density. Chloride-concentration data from production wells show a consistently increasing pattern that has accelerated since the late 1980's. Chloride-concentration data from 15 observation wells show increasing trends for 6 wells, decreasing trends for 3 wells, and no trend for 6 wells. The current and future, fresh- and brackish-water resources were evaluated using a numerical ground-water flow and solute-transport model. Simulation results indicate that the hydraulic conductivity of the uppermost permeable zone (upper zone A) of the Upper Floridan aquifer is four times greater than the two underlying permeable zones (lower zone A and zone B). The simulated hydraulic conduc- tivities of the semiconfining units are four orders of magnitude less than the permeable zones. Simulation results show the importance of semiconfining units as a mechanism for retarding the vertical movement of higher salinity ground water. Simulation results indicate that pumping from the brackish-water zone does not negatively influence the chloride-concentration trends in the overlying fresh-water zone; however, chloride changes in the fresh-water zone will continue to occur due to the continuation of current fresh-water withdrawals. Chloride changes in the brackish-water zone will occur from pumping brackish water.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri964164","usgsCitation":"Knochenmus, L.A., and Swenson, E.S., 1996, Assessment of the fresh- and brackish-water resources underlying Dunedin and adjacent areas of northern Pinellas County, Florida: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 96-4164, vi, 47 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri964164.","productDescription":"vi, 47 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":394691,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_48508.htm"},{"id":56896,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1996/4164/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":124973,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1996/4164/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Florida","county":"Pinellas County","city":"Dunedin","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -82.8167,\n              27.9\n            ],\n            [\n              -82.65,\n              27.9\n            ],\n            [\n              -82.65,\n              28.0667\n            ],\n            [\n              -82.8167,\n              28.0667\n            ],\n            [\n              -82.8167,\n              27.9\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4abae4b07f02db671d29","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Knochenmus, L. A.","contributorId":60683,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Knochenmus","given":"L.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":199174,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Swenson, E. S.","contributorId":31795,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Swenson","given":"E.","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":199173,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":25917,"text":"wri964234 - 1996 - Occurrence of selected trace elements and organic compounds and their relation to land use in the Willamette River basin, Oregon, 1992-94","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-01-23T11:58:29","indexId":"wri964234","displayToPublicDate":"1997-05-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"96-4234","title":"Occurrence of selected trace elements and organic compounds and their relation to land use in the Willamette River basin, Oregon, 1992-94","docAbstract":"<p>Between 1992 and 1994, the U.S.Geological Survey conducted a study of trace elements and organic compounds in the Willamette River Basin, Oregon, as part of the Willamette River Basin Water Quality Study. Low-level analyses were performed for trace elements, volatile organic compounds, organochlorine compounds, and pesticides. Overall, 94 water samples were collected from 40 sites, during predominantly high-flow conditions, representing urban, agricultural, mixed, and forested land uses. Although most observed concentrations were relatively low, some exceedances of water-quality criteria for acute and chronic toxicity and for the protection of human health were observed.</p>\n<p>Concentrations of chromium, copper, lead, and zinc in unfiltered water were well correlated with concentrations of suspended sediment. The highest trace-element concentrations generally were found at urban sites that receive a large portion of their runoff from industrial areas, particularly at high suspended- sediment concentrations. In contrast, concentrations of trace elements in some urban streams draining primarily residential areas appeared to approach a maximum as sediment concentrations increased. Whether this difference was due to a difference in the nature of the suspended sediments or to different concentrations in the aqueous phases from the two site types was not addressed.</p>\n<p>Eight organochlorine compounds were detected at 14 sites. Lindane, dieldrin, and DDT or its metabolites were each detected in about 30 percent of the samples, predominantly in samples collected from agricultural and urban areas. Polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) compounds were detected in samples from two urban sites. For samples in which DDT and its metabolites were examined for partitioning, the largest proportion of the mass of DDT and its metabolites was associated with suspended sediment. In contrast, dieldrin and lindane were almost completely (greater than 99 percent) associated with the dissolved phase.</p>\n<p>Sixty-one of the 94 pesticides analyzed in filtered water were documented to have been used in the basin in 1987; 43 of these were detected at least once during 1992&ndash;94. An additional five were detected that were not documented in the 1987 estimates. Although a comparison between the frequency of detected pesticides and 1987 estimates of pesticide usage in the basin showed generally little correlation, some patterns of detections did appear to reflect land use in the basin. Of the 25 most frequently detected pesticides, 3 were found primarily at urban sites, 6 were found primarily at agricultural sites, and 7 were found at all types of sites except forested. The four most commonly detected pesticides in the basin, observed at all except forested site 2 types, were atrazine, metolachlor, simazine, and diuron. A greater variety of compounds was detected at sites in the northern portion of the basin than in the southern portion of the basin probably because the northern portion has more diverse agricultural practices and a larger urban component. Possible reasons for the lack of agreement between pesticide detections and pesticide usage estimates include (1) uncertainty in the usage estimates due to spatial and temporal variability or due to changes in agricultural practices since the 1987 estimates were compiled, (2) chemical or biological transformations in the compounds after application, (3) variable hydrologic conditions among sites at the time of sampling, or (4) the ability of laboratory analytical procedures to detect low concentrations of some analytes.</p>\n<p>Results from repeated samplings at two sites during sequential storms in the fall of 1994 indicated that concentrations and loads of several constituents, including suspended sediment, suspended organic carbon, DDT, metolachlor, and atrazine were highest during peak flows of the first or second significant storms of the fall. Samplings during subsequent storms indicated that instantaneous concentrations and loads were generally reduced; however, data were not sufficient to compare overall transport during sequential storms.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Portland, OR","doi":"10.3133/wri964234","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with Oregon Department of Environmental Quality, Willamette River Technical  Advisory Steering Committee, and National Water-quality  AssessmentT Program","usgsCitation":"Anderson, C.W., Rinella, F., and Rounds, S.A., 1996, Occurrence of selected trace elements and organic compounds and their relation to land use in the Willamette River basin, Oregon, 1992-94: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 96-4234, vi, 68 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri964234.","productDescription":"vi, 68 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":518,"text":"Oregon Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":54678,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1996/4234/report.pdf","text":"Report","size":"696.96 KB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Report"},{"id":121956,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1996/4234/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Oregon","otherGeospatial":"Willamette River Basin","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -123.541259765625,\n              43.20517581723733\n            ],\n            [\n              -123.541259765625,\n              46.10370875598026\n            ],\n            [\n              -120.77270507812499,\n              46.10370875598026\n            ],\n            [\n              -120.77270507812499,\n              43.20517581723733\n            ],\n            [\n              -123.541259765625,\n              43.20517581723733\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4af4e4b07f02db692180","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Anderson, Chauncey W. 0000-0002-1016-3781 chauncey@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1016-3781","contributorId":139268,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Anderson","given":"Chauncey","email":"chauncey@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":518,"text":"Oregon Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":195477,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Rinella, Frank A.","contributorId":89515,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rinella","given":"Frank A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":195479,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Rounds, Stewart A. 0000-0002-8540-2206 sarounds@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8540-2206","contributorId":905,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rounds","given":"Stewart","email":"sarounds@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":518,"text":"Oregon Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":195478,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":26144,"text":"wri964209 - 1996 - Hydrogeology and water quality of the shallow aquifer system at the Explosive Experimental Area, Naval Surface Warfare Center, Dahlgren site, Dahlgren, Virginia","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-04-13T19:58:23.68834","indexId":"wri964209","displayToPublicDate":"1997-05-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"96-4209","title":"Hydrogeology and water quality of the shallow aquifer system at the Explosive Experimental Area, Naval Surface Warfare Center, Dahlgren site, Dahlgren, Virginia","docAbstract":"<p>In October 1993, the U.S. Geological Survey began a study to characterize the hydrogeology of the shallow aquifer system at the Explosive Experimental Area, Naval Surface Warfare Center, Dahlgren Site, Dahlgren, Virginia, which is located on the Potomac River in the Coastal Plain Physiographic Province. The study provides a description of the hydrogeologic units, directions of ground-water flow, and back-ground water quality in the study area to a depth of about 100 feet. Lithologic, geophysical, and hydrologic data were collected from 28 wells drilled for this study, from 3 existing wells, and from outcrops. </p><p>The shallow aquifer system at the Explosive Experimental Area consists of two fining-upward sequences of Pleistocene fluvial-estuarine deposits that overlie Paleocene-Eocene marine deposits of the Nanjemoy-Marlboro confining unit. The surficial hydrogeologic unit is the Columbia aquifer. Horizontal linear flow of water in this aquifer generally responds to the surface topography, discharging to tidal creeks, marshes, and the Potomac River, and rates of flow in this aquifer range from 0.003 to 0.70 foot per day. </p><p>The Columbia aquifer unconformably overlies the upper confining unit 12-an organic-rich clay that is 0 to 55 feet thick. The upper confining unit conformably overlies the upper confined aquifer, a 0- to 35-feet thick unit that consists of interbedded fine-grained to medium-grained sands and clay. The upper confined aquifer probably receives most of its recharge from the adjacent and underlying Nanjemoy-Marlboro confining unit. Water in the upper confined aquifer generally flows eastward, northward, and northeastward at about 0.03 foot per day toward the Potomac River and Machodoc Creek. </p><p>The Nanjemoy-Marlboro confining unit consists of glauconitic, fossiliferous silty fine-grained sands of the Nanjemoy Formation. Where the upper confined system is absent, the Nanjemoy-Marlboro confining unit is directly overlain by the Columbia aquifer. In some parts of the Explosive Experimental Area, horizontal hydraulic conductivities of the Nanjemoy-Marlboro confining unit and the Columbia aquifer are similar (from 10<sup>-4</sup> to 10<sup>-2</sup> foot per day), and these units effectively combine to form a thick (greater than 50 feet) aquifer. </p><p>The background water quality of the shallow aquifer system is characteristic of ground waters in the Virginia Coastal Plain Physiographic Province. Water in the Columbia aquifer is a mixed ionic type, has a median pH of 5.9, and a median total dissolved solids of 106 milligrams per liter. Water in the upper confined aquifer and Nanjemoy-Marlboro confining unit is a sodium- calcium-bicarbonate type, and generally has higher pH, dissolved solids, and alkalinity than water in the Columbia aquifer. Water in the upper confined aquifer and some parts of the Columbia aquifer is anoxic, and it has high concentrations of dissolved iron, manganese, and sulfide.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri964209","usgsCitation":"Bell, C.F., 1996, Hydrogeology and water quality of the shallow aquifer system at the Explosive Experimental Area, Naval Surface Warfare Center, Dahlgren site, Dahlgren, Virginia: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 96-4209, v, 37 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri964209.","productDescription":"v, 37 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":54940,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1996/4209/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":122911,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1996/4209/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":415729,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_48543.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Virginia","city":"Dahlgren","otherGeospatial":"Explosive Experimental Area, Naval Surface Warfare Center","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -77.0597,\n              38.3167\n            ],\n            [\n              -77.0597,\n              38.279\n            ],\n            [\n              -77.0167,\n              38.279\n            ],\n            [\n              -77.0167,\n              38.3167\n            ],\n            [\n              -77.0597,\n              38.3167\n            ]\n          ]\n        ],\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a4ae4b07f02db625174","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bell, C. F.","contributorId":14449,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bell","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":195893,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":26143,"text":"wri964191 - 1996 - Trends in nutrients and suspended solids at the Fall Line of five tributaries to the Chesapeake Bay in Virginia, July 1988 through June 1995","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:30","indexId":"wri964191","displayToPublicDate":"1997-05-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"96-4191","title":"Trends in nutrients and suspended solids at the Fall Line of five tributaries to the Chesapeake Bay in Virginia, July 1988 through June 1995","docAbstract":"Water-quality samples were collected at the Fall Line of five tributaries to the Chesapeake Bay in Virginia during a 6- to 7-year period. The water-quality data were used to estimate loads of nutrients and suspended solids from these tributaries to the non-tidal part of Chesapeake Bay Basin and to identify trends in water quality. Knowledge of trends in water quality is required to assess the effectiveness of nutrient manage- ment strategies in the five basins. Multivariate log-linear regression and the seasonal Kendall test were used to estimate flow-adjusted trends in constituent concentration and load. Results of multivariate log-linear regression indicated a greater number of statistically significant trends than the seasonal Kendall test; how-ever, when both methods indicated a significant trend, both agreed on the direction of the trend. Interpre- tation of the trend estimates for this report was based on results of the parametric regression method. No significant trends in total nitrogen concentration were detected at the James River monitoring station from July 1988 through June 1995, though total Kjeldahl nitrogen concen- tration decreased slightly in base-flow samples. Total phosphorus concentration decreased about 29 percent at this station during the sampling period. Most of the decrease can be attributed to reductions in point-source phosphorus loads in 1988 and 1989, especially the phosphate detergent ban of 1988. No significant trends in total suspended solids were observed at the James River monitoring station, and no trends in runoff- derived constituents were interpreted for this river. Significant decreases were detected in concentrations of total nitrogen, total Kjeldahl nitrogen, dissolved nitrite-plus-nitrate nitrogen, and total suspended solids at the Rappahannock River monitoring station between July 1988 and June 1995. A similar downward trend in total phosphorus concentration was significant at the 90-percent confidence level, but not the 95-percent confidence level. These decreases can be attributed primarily to reductions in nonpoint nutrient and sediment loads, and may have been partially caused by implementation of best management practices on agricultural and silvicultural land. Flow-adjusted trends observed at the Appomattox, Pamunkey, and Mattaponi monitoring stations were more difficult to explain than those at the James and Rappahannock stations. Total Kjeldahl nitrogen and total phosphorus increased 16 and 23 percent, respectively, at the Appomattox River monitoring station from July 1989 through June 1995. Total phosphorus concentration increased about 46 percent at the Pamunkey River monitoring station between July 1989 and June 1995. At the Mattaponi River monitoring station, decreases in dissolved nitrite-plus-nitrate nitrogen were offset by increases in total Kjeldahl nitrogen, resulting in no net change in total nitrogen concentration from October 1989 through June 1995.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nInformation Services [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/wri964191","usgsCitation":"Bell, C.F., Belval, D., and Campbell, J., 1996, Trends in nutrients and suspended solids at the Fall Line of five tributaries to the Chesapeake Bay in Virginia, July 1988 through June 1995: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 96-4191, iv, 37 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri964191.","productDescription":"iv, 37 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":158259,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1996/4191/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":54939,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1996/4191/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4affe4b07f02db697c2e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bell, C. F.","contributorId":14449,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bell","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":195890,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Belval, D.L.","contributorId":52186,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Belval","given":"D.L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":195891,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Campbell, J.P.","contributorId":80310,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Campbell","given":"J.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":195892,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":4849,"text":"ds37 - 1996 - Data from selected U.S. Geological Survey National Stream Water-Quality Networks (WQN)","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-07-11T21:54:18.559081","indexId":"ds37","displayToPublicDate":"1997-05-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":310,"text":"Data Series","code":"DS","onlineIssn":"2327-638X","printIssn":"2327-0271","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"37","title":"Data from selected U.S. Geological Survey National Stream Water-Quality Networks (WQN)","docAbstract":"This CD-ROM set contains data from two USGS national stream water-quality networks, the Hydrologic Benchmark Network (HBN) and the National Stream Quality Accounting Network (NASQAN), operated during the past 30 years. These networks were established to provide national and regional descriptions of stream water-quality conditions and trends, based on uniform monitoring of selected watersheds throughout the United States, and to improve our understanding of the effects of the natural environment and human activities on water quality. The HBN, consisting of 63 relatively small, minimally disturbed watersheds, provides data for investigating naturally induced changes in streamflow and water quality and the effects of airborne substances on water quality. NASQAN, consisting of 618 larger, more culturally influenced watersheds, provides information for tracking water-quality conditions in major U.S. rivers and streams.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ds37","usgsCitation":"Alexander, R.B., Slack, J.R., Ludtke, A., Fitzgerald, K.K., Schertz, T., Briel, L.I., and Buttleman, K., 1996, Data from selected U.S. Geological Survey National Stream Water-Quality Networks (WQN): U.S. Geological Survey Data Series 37, HTML Document; 2 CD-ROMs, https://doi.org/10.3133/ds37.","productDescription":"HTML Document; 2 CD-ROMs","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":403442,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_10547.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":139848,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":569,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/dds37","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"scale":"0","country":"United States","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -130.67138671875,\n              54.686534234529695\n            ],\n            [\n              -129.9462890625,\n              55.36662484928637\n            ],\n            [\n              -130.1220703125,\n              56.145549500679074\n            ],\n            [\n              -131.9677734375,\n              56.9449741808516\n            ],\n            [\n              -135.3076171875,\n              59.833775202184206\n            ],\n            [\n              -136.38427734375,\n              59.65664225341022\n            ],\n            [\n              -136.6259765625,\n              59.23217626921806\n            ],\n            [\n              -137.52685546875,\n              58.938673187948304\n            ],\n            [\n              -137.65869140625,\n              59.33318942659219\n            ],\n            [\n              -138.8232421875,\n              60.009970961180386\n            ],\n            [\n              -139.21874999999997,\n              60.108670463036\n            ],\n            [\n              -139.04296875,\n              60.403001945865476\n            ],\n            [\n              -139.85595703125,\n              60.337823495982015\n            ],\n            [\n              -140.99853515625,\n              60.337823495982015\n            ],\n            [\n              -141.15234374999997,\n              69.71810669906763\n            ],\n            [\n              -143.4375,\n              70.17020068549206\n            ],\n            [\n              -145.1953125,\n              70.08056215839737\n            ],\n            [\n              -149.765625,\n              70.58341752317065\n            ],\n            [\n              -152.40234375,\n              70.61261423801925\n            ],\n            [\n              -152.314453125,\n              70.95969716686398\n            ],\n            [\n              -157.1484375,\n              71.35706654962706\n            ],\n            [\n              -159.9609375,\n              70.8734913192635\n            ],\n            [\n              -162.0703125,\n              70.31873847853124\n            ],\n            [\n              -163.916015625,\n              69.06856318696033\n            ],\n            [\n              -166.376953125,\n              68.942606818121\n            ],\n            [\n              -166.376953125,\n              68.26938680456564\n            ],\n            [\n              -163.30078125,\n              66.86108230224609\n            ],\n            [\n              -161.982421875,\n              66.47820814385636\n            ],\n            [\n              -163.564453125,\n              66.08936427047088\n            ],\n            [\n              -163.564453125,\n              66.6181218846659\n            ],\n            [\n              -165.76171875,\n              66.40795547978848\n            ],\n            [\n              -168.0908203125,\n              65.69447579373418\n            ],\n            [\n              -166.55273437499997,\n              65.14611484756372\n            ],\n            [\n              -166.904296875,\n              65.05360170595502\n            ],\n            [\n              -166.3330078125,\n              64.41592147626879\n            ],\n            [\n              -162.861328125,\n              64.39693778132846\n            ],\n            [\n              -160.927734375,\n              64.90491004905083\n            ],\n            [\n              -161.0595703125,\n              64.47279382008166\n            ],\n            [\n              -161.4990234375,\n              64.49172504435471\n            ],\n            [\n              -160.8837890625,\n              63.87939001720202\n            ],\n            [\n              -161.1474609375,\n              63.470144746565424\n            ],\n            [\n              -162.6416015625,\n              63.64625919492172\n            ],\n            [\n              -163.212890625,\n              63.05495931065107\n            ],\n            [\n              -164.2236328125,\n              63.37183226679281\n            ],\n            [\n              -166.1572265625,\n              61.75233128411639\n            ],\n            [\n              -165.3662109375,\n              60.54377524118842\n            ],\n            [\n              -167.431640625,\n              60.326947742998414\n            ],\n            [\n              -167.255859375,\n              59.866883195210214\n            ],\n            [\n              -165.8935546875,\n              59.7563950493563\n            ],\n            [\n              -162.68554687499997,\n              59.734253447591364\n            ],\n            [\n              -162.3779296875,\n              60.174306261926034\n            ],\n            [\n              -161.806640625,\n              59.46740794183739\n            ],\n            [\n              -162.0263671875,\n              59.108308258604964\n            ],\n            [\n              -161.806640625,\n              58.768200159239576\n            ],\n            [\n              -162.20214843749997,\n              58.65408464530598\n            ],\n            [\n              -160.83984375,\n              58.44773280389084\n            ],\n            [\n              -159.9609375,\n              58.6769376725869\n            ],\n            [\n              -159.08203125,\n              58.309488840677645\n            ],\n            [\n              -156.88476562499997,\n              58.92733441827545\n            ],\n            [\n              -157.5,\n              58.516651799363785\n            ],\n            [\n              -157.8076171875,\n              57.61010702068388\n            ],\n            [\n              -161.54296875,\n              56.022948079627454\n            ],\n            [\n              -168.6181640625,\n              53.4357192066942\n            ],\n            [\n              -174.9462890625,\n              52.26815737376817\n            ],\n            [\n              -178.2421875,\n              51.83577752045248\n            ],\n            [\n              -173.1884765625,\n              51.590722643120145\n            ],\n            [\n              -162.5537109375,\n              54.23955053156177\n            ],\n            [\n              -155.302734375,\n              55.52863052257191\n            ],\n            [\n              -151.4794921875,\n              57.51582286553883\n            ],\n            [\n              -146.9970703125,\n              60.08676274626006\n            ],\n            [\n              -145.546875,\n              60.21799073323445\n            ],\n            [\n              -144.228515625,\n              59.689926220143356\n            ],\n            [\n              -142.3828125,\n              59.93300042374631\n            ],\n            [\n              -138.3837890625,\n              58.83649009392136\n            ],\n            [\n              -135.6591796875,\n              56.31653672211301\n            ],\n            [\n              -133.2421875,\n              54.521081495443596\n            ],\n            [\n              -130.67138671875,\n              54.686534234529695\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    },\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -66.796875,\n              44.902577996288876\n            ],\n            [\n              -67.67578124999999,\n              45.583289756006316\n            ],\n            [\n              -67.939453125,\n              47.57652571374621\n            ],\n            [\n              -69.2578125,\n              47.338822694822\n            ],\n            [\n              -71.19140625,\n              45.27488643704891\n            ],\n            [\n              -75.146484375,\n              44.96479793033101\n            ],\n            [\n              -78.046875,\n              43.644025847699496\n            ],\n            [\n              -79.1015625,\n              43.51668853502906\n            ],\n            [\n              -79.1015625,\n              42.87596410238256\n            ],\n            [\n              -82.68310546875,\n              41.65649719441145\n            ],\n            [\n              -83.14453125,\n              42.049292638686836\n            ],\n            [\n              -83.07861328125,\n              42.374778361114195\n            ],\n            [\n              -82.529296875,\n              42.601619944327965\n            ],\n            [\n              -82.24365234375,\n              43.6599240747891\n            ],\n            [\n              -82.41943359375,\n              45.058001435398275\n            ],\n            [\n              -83.60595703125,\n              45.85941212790755\n            ],\n            [\n              -83.49609375,\n              46.027481852486645\n            ],\n            [\n              -83.7158203125,\n              46.164614496897094\n            ],\n            [\n              -83.95751953125,\n              46.07323062540835\n            ],\n            [\n              -84.24316406249999,\n              46.558860303117164\n            ],\n            [\n              -84.72656249999999,\n              46.558860303117164\n            ],\n            [\n              -84.90234375,\n              46.92025531537451\n            ],\n            [\n              -88.41796875,\n              48.3416461723746\n            ],\n            [\n              -89.3408203125,\n              47.96050238891509\n            ],\n            [\n              -90.76904296874999,\n              48.122101028190805\n            ],\n            [\n              -90.87890625,\n              48.22467264956519\n            ],\n            [\n              -91.51611328125,\n              48.10743118848039\n            ],\n            [\n              -92.2412109375,\n              48.37084770238366\n            ],\n            [\n              -92.39501953125,\n              48.23930899024907\n            ],\n            [\n              -92.94433593749999,\n              48.61838518688487\n            ],\n            [\n              -93.44970703125,\n              48.63290858589535\n            ],\n            [\n              -94.7021484375,\n              48.748945343432936\n            ],\n            [\n              -94.833984375,\n              49.23912083246698\n            ],\n            [\n              -95.1416015625,\n              49.396675075193976\n            ],\n            [\n              -95.20751953125,\n              49.009050809382046\n            ],\n            [\n              -123.22265625000001,\n              48.99463598353405\n            ],\n            [\n              -123.0908203125,\n              48.80686346108517\n            ],\n            [\n              -123.24462890625,\n              48.66194284607006\n            ],\n            [\n              -123.1787109375,\n              48.32703913063476\n            ],\n            [\n              -124.78271484375,\n              48.472921272487824\n            ],\n            [\n              -124.93652343749999,\n              48.16608541901253\n            ],\n            [\n              -124.365234375,\n              46.58906908309182\n            ],\n            [\n              -124.541015625,\n              44.15068115978094\n            ],\n            [\n              -124.93652343749999,\n              42.69858589169842\n            ],\n            [\n              -124.541015625,\n              41.22824901518529\n            ],\n            [\n              -124.73876953125,\n              40.43022363450862\n            ],\n            [\n              -124.03564453125,\n              39.35129035526705\n            ],\n            [\n              -124.01367187499999,\n              38.8225909761771\n            ],\n            [\n              -122.05810546875,\n              36.12012758978146\n            ],\n            [\n              -120.95947265624999,\n              34.88593094075317\n            ],\n            [\n              -120.80566406250001,\n              34.08906131584994\n            ],\n            [\n              -118.21289062499999,\n              32.2313896627376\n            ],\n            [\n              -117.22412109375,\n              32.54681317351514\n            ],\n            [\n              -114.78515624999999,\n              32.713355353177555\n            ],\n            [\n              -114.78515624999999,\n              32.491230287947594\n            ],\n            [\n              -110.98388671874999,\n              31.3348710339506\n            ],\n            [\n              -108.21533203125,\n              31.297327991404266\n            ],\n            [\n              -108.2373046875,\n              31.765537409484374\n            ],\n            [\n              -106.435546875,\n              31.765537409484374\n            ],\n            [\n              -104.9853515625,\n              30.600093873550072\n            ],\n            [\n              -104.47998046875,\n              29.592565403314087\n            ],\n            [\n              -103.20556640625,\n              28.94086176940557\n            ],\n            [\n              -102.65625,\n              29.76437737516313\n            ],\n            [\n              -102.3486328125,\n              29.84064389983441\n            ],\n            [\n              -101.49169921875,\n              29.7453016622136\n            ],\n            [\n              -100.83251953125,\n              29.267232865200878\n            ],\n            [\n              -100.30517578125,\n              28.246327971048842\n            ],\n            [\n              -99.60205078124999,\n              27.586197857692664\n            ],\n            [\n              -99.47021484375,\n              27.31321389856826\n            ],\n            [\n              -99.228515625,\n              26.52956523826758\n            ],\n            [\n              -98.2177734375,\n              26.05678288577881\n            ],\n            [\n              -97.75634765625,\n              26.03704188651584\n            ],\n            [\n              -97.44873046875,\n              25.839449402063185\n            ],\n            [\n              -97.20703125,\n              25.93828707492375\n            ],\n            [\n              -96.8994140625,\n              26.194876675795218\n            ],\n            [\n              -96.78955078125,\n              27.858503954841247\n            ],\n            [\n              -93.75732421875,\n              29.420460341013133\n            ],\n            [\n              -90.2197265625,\n              28.998531814051795\n            ],\n            [\n              -88.22021484375,\n              29.05616970274342\n            ],\n            [\n              -87.91259765625,\n              30.14512718337613\n            ],\n            [\n              -86.5283203125,\n              30.183121842195515\n            ],\n            [\n              -85.2978515625,\n              29.49698759653577\n            ],\n            [\n              -84.13330078125,\n              29.80251790576445\n            ],\n            [\n              -82.81494140625,\n              28.555576049185973\n            ],\n            [\n              -83.21044921875,\n              27.800209937418252\n            ],\n            [\n              -82.77099609375,\n              26.941659545381516\n            ],\n            [\n              -82.08984375,\n              25.878994400196202\n            ],\n            [\n              -81.5625,\n              25.264568475331583\n            ],\n            [\n              -82.28759765625,\n              24.467150664739002\n            ],\n            [\n              -82.0458984375,\n              24.046463999666567\n            ],\n            [\n              -80.6396484375,\n              24.56710835257599\n            ],\n            [\n              -79.78271484375,\n              25.34402602913433\n            ],\n            [\n              -79.60693359375,\n              27.27416111737468\n            ],\n            [\n              -80.68359375,\n              30.713503990354965\n            ],\n            [\n              -80.66162109375,\n              31.50362930577303\n            ],\n            [\n              -76.81640625,\n              34.07086232376631\n            ],\n            [\n              -75.16845703124999,\n              35.263561862152095\n            ],\n            [\n              -75.498046875,\n              37.055177106660814\n            ],\n            [\n              -73.58642578125,\n              39.90973623453719\n            ],\n            [\n              -71.3671875,\n              40.84706035607122\n            ],\n            [\n              -69.63134765625,\n              40.9964840143779\n            ],\n            [\n              -70.0048828125,\n              42.342305278572816\n            ],\n            [\n              -70.3564453125,\n              42.89206418807337\n            ],\n            [\n              -67.2802734375,\n              44.37098696297173\n            ],\n            [\n              -67.0166015625,\n              44.69989765840318\n            ],\n            [\n              -66.796875,\n              44.902577996288876\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    },\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -155.56640625,\n              18.771115062337024\n            ],\n            [\n              -154.68749999999997,\n              19.642587534013032\n            ],\n            [\n              -156.9287109375,\n              21.453068633086783\n            ],\n            [\n              -159.521484375,\n              22.43134015636061\n            ],\n            [\n              -160.5322265625,\n              21.983801417384697\n            ],\n            [\n              -159.9609375,\n              21.207458730482642\n            ],\n            [\n              -158.291015625,\n              20.92039691397189\n            ],\n            [\n              -156.97265625,\n              19.932041306115536\n            ],\n            [\n              -155.9619140625,\n              18.8543103618898\n            ],\n            [\n              -155.56640625,\n              18.771115062337024\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    },\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -67.060546875,\n              18.020527657852337\n            ],\n            [\n              -66.2255859375,\n              17.916022703877665\n            ],\n            [\n              -65.6103515625,\n              17.97873309555617\n            ],\n            [\n              -65.2587890625,\n              18.124970639386515\n            ],\n            [\n              -65.5224609375,\n              18.458768120015126\n            ],\n            [\n              -66.11572265625,\n              18.542116654448996\n            ],\n            [\n              -66.95068359374999,\n              18.60460138845525\n            ],\n            [\n              -67.34619140625,\n              18.542116654448996\n            ],\n            [\n              -67.2802734375,\n              17.99963161491187\n            ],\n            [\n              -67.060546875,\n              18.020527657852337\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ac9e4b07f02db67c8c6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Alexander, Richard B. 0000-0001-9166-0626 ralex@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9166-0626","contributorId":541,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Alexander","given":"Richard","email":"ralex@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[{"id":503,"text":"Office of Water Quality","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":451,"text":"National Water Quality Assessment Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":149921,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Slack, J. R.","contributorId":40205,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Slack","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":149925,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Ludtke, A. S.","contributorId":6846,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ludtke","given":"A. S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":149922,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Fitzgerald, K. K.","contributorId":34501,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fitzgerald","given":"K.","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":149924,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Schertz, T. L.","contributorId":65841,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schertz","given":"T. L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":149926,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Briel, L. I.","contributorId":7265,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Briel","given":"L.","email":"","middleInitial":"I.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":149923,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Buttleman, K. P.","contributorId":80266,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Buttleman","given":"K. P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":149927,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}}
,{"id":5298,"text":"fs23296 - 1996 - Sediment and nutrient trapping efficiency of a constructed wetland near Delavan Lake, Wisconsin, 1993-1995","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-09-28T15:57:21","indexId":"fs23296","displayToPublicDate":"1997-04-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":313,"text":"Fact Sheet","code":"FS","onlineIssn":"2327-6932","printIssn":"2327-6916","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"232-96","title":"Sediment and nutrient trapping efficiency of a constructed wetland near Delavan Lake, Wisconsin, 1993-1995","docAbstract":"<p>Jackson Creek Wetland a 95-acre shallow prairie marsh containing three sediment retention ponds was constructed in 1992 to reduce sediment and nutrient in- flow to eutrophic Delavan Lake. The function of the wetland as a retention system for suspended sediments and nutrients (total and dissolved phosphorus, total ammonia plus organic nitrogen, dissolved ammonia, and nitrite plus nitrate nitrogen) was studied from February 1993 through September 1995. Input and output load computations were based on water flow (discharge) measurements and periodic sampling of suspended sediments and nutrients at the three inflowing streams and at the wetland outflow. Results of the study indicated consistent sediment retention throughout the year; at times, as much as 80 percent of the inflow load was retained in the wetland. Nutrient retention was generally of lesser magnitude and much more variable. Although the annual budgets confirm net retention for all nutrient forms except ammonia, data analysis over shorter time scales show that outflow loads actually can exceed inflow loads during the late spring and summer months the period of greatest likelihood of algal blooms in the lake. This result demonstrates that the nutrient-trapping function of the wetland is variable because of the complexity of the system. Awareness of such variability can help to maintain realistic expectations and effective management practices.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/fs23296","usgsCitation":"Elder, J.F., and Goddard, G.L., 1996, Sediment and nutrient trapping efficiency of a constructed wetland near Delavan Lake, Wisconsin, 1993-1995: U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 232-96, 4 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/fs23296.","productDescription":"4 p.","numberOfPages":"4","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":677,"text":"Wisconsin Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":31997,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/1996/0232/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":273,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://wi.water.usgs.gov/pubs/FS-232-96/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":117800,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/1996/0232/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Wisconsin","otherGeospatial":"Delevan Lake, Jackson Creek Wetland","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -88.70052337646484,\n              42.595049077851826\n            ],\n            [\n              -88.604736328125,\n              42.53486817758702\n            ],\n            [\n              -88.5446548461914,\n              42.581399679665054\n            ],\n            [\n              -88.45539093017578,\n              42.63446388282484\n            ],\n            [\n              -88.3747100830078,\n              42.63522161536405\n            ],\n            [\n              -88.40217590332031,\n              42.706659563510385\n            ],\n            [\n              -88.5007095336914,\n              42.71473218539458\n            ],\n            [\n              -88.58207702636719,\n              42.69909052694581\n            ],\n            [\n              -88.70052337646484,\n              42.595049077851826\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a0be4b07f02db5fc0e0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Elder, John F.","contributorId":23919,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Elder","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":150786,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Goddard, Gerald L.","contributorId":35721,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Goddard","given":"Gerald","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":676,"text":"Wisconsin Water Resource Division","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":150787,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":5084,"text":"fs19796 - 1996 - Hydrology and water quality of Park Lake, south-central Wisconsin","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-09-29T09:16:25","indexId":"fs19796","displayToPublicDate":"1997-04-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":313,"text":"Fact Sheet","code":"FS","onlineIssn":"2327-6932","printIssn":"2327-6916","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"197-96","title":"Hydrology and water quality of Park Lake, south-central Wisconsin","docAbstract":"<p>Park Lake extends to the northeast from the village of Pardeeville in Columbia County (fig. 1). Local residents perceive water-quality problems in the lake that include excessive algae and aquatic plant growth. Algae and plant growth in a lake are controlled, in part, by the availability of phosphorus in the water. However, no measurements of phosphorus enter- ing the lake or of other factors that affect lake-water quality had been made, and available data on water quality were limited to 2 years of measurements at one site in the lake in 1986- 87. To obtain the data and in- formation needed to address the water-quality problems at Park Lake and to develop a management plan that would limit the input of phosphorus to the lake, the U.S. Geologi- cal Survey, in cooperation with the Park Lake Management District, studied the hydrology of the lake and collected data needed to determine sources and amount of phosphorus en- tering the lake. This Fact Sheet summarizes the results of that study. Data collected during the study were published in a separate report (Holmstrom and others, 1994, p. 70-85).</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/fs19796","usgsCitation":"Kammerer, P., 1996, Hydrology and water quality of Park Lake, south-central Wisconsin: U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 197-96, 4 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/fs19796.","productDescription":"4 p.","numberOfPages":"4","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":677,"text":"Wisconsin Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":31882,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/1996/0197/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":125322,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/1996/0197/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Wisconsin","county":"Columbia County","otherGeospatial":"Park Lake","geographicExtents":"{\"type\":\"FeatureCollection\",\"features\":[{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"Polygon\",\"coordinates\":[[[-89.2453,43.643],[-89.127,43.6436],[-89.1271,43.6318],[-89.007,43.6332],[-89.0063,43.548],[-89.0044,43.4616],[-89.0038,43.3737],[-89.0088,43.3738],[-89.0094,43.286],[-89.1271,43.2827],[-89.246,43.2834],[-89.3624,43.2832],[-89.3617,43.2954],[-89.4819,43.2942],[-89.6008,43.2932],[-89.7209,43.2935],[-89.7235,43.2935],[-89.7292,43.3026],[-89.7279,43.3108],[-89.7254,43.3153],[-89.7229,43.3181],[-89.7185,43.3195],[-89.7129,43.3226],[-89.7078,43.3277],[-89.7028,43.3345],[-89.6909,43.3495],[-89.684,43.3573],[-89.6783,43.3586],[-89.6708,43.3582],[-89.6613,43.3577],[-89.6456,43.36],[-89.6311,43.3646],[-89.6166,43.371],[-89.6009,43.3806],[-89.6004,43.4688],[-89.5999,43.5544],[-89.6075,43.5603],[-89.6138,43.5626],[-89.6277,43.5617],[-89.6359,43.5603],[-89.6511,43.5621],[-89.658,43.5634],[-89.6643,43.5657],[-89.6707,43.5666],[-89.6783,43.5671],[-89.6877,43.5634],[-89.6934,43.5616],[-89.6991,43.562],[-89.706,43.5648],[-89.7187,43.5652],[-89.7288,43.5661],[-89.7351,43.5693],[-89.7364,43.5743],[-89.7326,43.5793],[-89.7288,43.5829],[-89.7244,43.587],[-89.7188,43.5929],[-89.7207,43.597],[-89.727,43.5979],[-89.7428,43.597],[-89.751,43.5997],[-89.7567,43.6029],[-89.7662,43.6029],[-89.7738,43.6092],[-89.7763,43.6161],[-89.7808,43.6215],[-89.7802,43.6274],[-89.7789,43.6343],[-89.784,43.6388],[-89.7866,43.6411],[-89.779,43.6411],[-89.7195,43.643],[-89.6,43.6427],[-89.4837,43.6423],[-89.3648,43.6427],[-89.2453,43.643]]]},\"properties\":{\"name\":\"Columbia\",\"state\":\"WI\"}}]}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a18e4b07f02db604d75","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kammerer, P.A.","contributorId":21943,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kammerer","given":"P.A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":150390,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
]}