{"pageNumber":"1283","pageRowStart":"32050","pageSize":"25","recordCount":40904,"records":[{"id":70019732,"text":"70019732 - 1997 - Multiphase flow modeling of a crude-oil spill site with a bimodal permeability distribution","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-02-13T05:48:05","indexId":"70019732","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3722,"text":"Water Resources Research","onlineIssn":"1944-7973","printIssn":"0043-1397","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Multiphase flow modeling of a crude-oil spill site with a bimodal permeability distribution","docAbstract":"<p><span>Fluid saturation, particle-size distribution, and porosity measurements were obtained from 269 core samples collected from six boreholes along a 90-m transect at a subregion of a crude-oil spill site, the north pool, near Bemidji, Minnesota. The oil saturation data, collected 11 years after the spill, showed an irregularly shaped oil body that appeared to be affected by sediment spatial variability. The particle-size distribution data were used to estimate the permeability (</span><i>k</i><span>) and retention curves for each sample. An additional 344<span>&nbsp;</span></span><i>k</i><span><span>&nbsp;</span>estimates were obtained from samples previously collected at the north pool. The 613<span>&nbsp;</span></span><i>k</i><span><span>&nbsp;</span>estimates were distributed bimodal lognormally with the two population distributions corresponding to the two predominant lithologies: a coarse glacial outwash deposit and fine-grained interbedded lenses. A two-step geostatistical approach was used to generate a conditioned realization of<span>&nbsp;</span></span><i>k</i><span><span>&nbsp;</span>representing the bimodal heterogeneity. A cross-sectional multiphase flow model was used to simulate the flow of oil and water in the presence of air along the north pool transect for an 11-year period. The inclusion of a representation of the bimodal aquifer heterogeneity was crucial for reproduction of general features of the observed oil body. If the bimodal heterogeneity was characterized, hysteresis did not have to be incorporated into the model because a hysteretic effect was produced by the sediment spatial variability. By revising the relative permeability functional relation, an improved reproduction of the observed oil saturation distribution was achieved. The inclusion of water table fluctuations in the model did not significantly affect the simulated oil saturation distribution.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/97WR00857","usgsCitation":"Dillard, L.A., Essaid, H.I., and Herkelrath, W.N., 1997, Multiphase flow modeling of a crude-oil spill site with a bimodal permeability distribution: Water Resources Research, v. 33, no. 7, p. 1617-1632, https://doi.org/10.1029/97WR00857.","productDescription":"16 p.","startPage":"1617","endPage":"1632","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":480116,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/97wr00857","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":227843,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"33","issue":"7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a6057e4b0c8380cd713b3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Dillard, Leslie A.","contributorId":189405,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Dillard","given":"Leslie","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383736,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Essaid, Hedeff I. 0000-0003-0154-8628 hiessaid@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0154-8628","contributorId":2284,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Essaid","given":"Hedeff","email":"hiessaid@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"I.","affiliations":[{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":383735,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Herkelrath, William N. 0000-0002-6149-5524 wnherkel@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6149-5524","contributorId":2612,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Herkelrath","given":"William","email":"wnherkel@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":383737,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70019736,"text":"70019736 - 1997 - Effects of unsaturated zone on aquifer test analysis in a shallow-aquifer system","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-03-08T01:11:57.663466","indexId":"70019736","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3825,"text":"Groundwater","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Effects of unsaturated zone on aquifer test analysis in a shallow-aquifer system","docAbstract":"<p>A comparison between two hypothetical flow models of an unconfined aquifer, one saturated and the other variably saturated, indicates that the variably saturated model which explicitly models drainage from the unsaturated zone provides a better conceptual framework for analyzing unconfined aquifer test data and better estimates of the lateral and vertical hydraulic conductivity in fine-grained sands. Explicitly accounting for multiple aquifers, well-bore storage, and the effects of delayed drainage from the unsaturated zone increases confidence in aquifer property estimates by removing some assumptions and allowing for the inclusion of early time data and water-table observations in an aquifer test analysis. The inclusion of the unsaturated zone expands the number of parameters to be estimated, but reasonable estimates of lateral and vertical hydraulic conductivity and specific storage of the unconfined aquifer can be obtained. For the cases examined, only the van Genuchten parameter a needed to be determined by the test, because the parameters n and 9r had a minimal effect on the estimates of hydraulic conductivities, and literature values could be used for these parameters. Estimates of lateral and vertical hydraulic conductivity using MODFLOW were not as good as the VS2DT based estimates and differed from the known values by as much as 30 percent.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"National Groundwater Association","doi":"10.1111/j.1745-6584.1997.tb00112.x","issn":"0017467X","usgsCitation":"Halford, K.J., 1997, Effects of unsaturated zone on aquifer test analysis in a shallow-aquifer system: Groundwater, v. 35, no. 3, p. 512-522, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6584.1997.tb00112.x.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"512","endPage":"522","numberOfPages":"11","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":227931,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"35","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2005-08-04","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a081ce4b0c8380cd519a1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Halford, K. J. 0000-0002-7322-1846","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7322-1846","contributorId":61077,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Halford","given":"K.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383746,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":1000829,"text":"1000829 - 1997 - Age and growth of alewives in the changing pelagia of Lake Ontario, 1978-1992","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-02-05T15:23:51","indexId":"1000829","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3624,"text":"Transactions of the American Fisheries Society","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Age and growth of alewives in the changing pelagia of Lake Ontario, 1978-1992","docAbstract":"We documented the age and growth of alewives <i>Alosa pseudoharenqus</i> in Lake Ontario during 1978-1992 and determined if growth was affected by intraspecific competition for epilimnetic zooplankton, lake temperature, or demand of salmonine piscivores for prey. Ages of juvenile alewives were determined from scales during 1978-1983, and ages of juvenile and adult alewives were determined from otoliths during 1984-1992. Indices of abundance for alewives were calculated from spring bottom trawl catches in 1978-1992; zooplankton density and epilimnetic temperature were monitored at two stations during 1981-1991; and salmonine demand each year during 1978-1992 was calculated with a simulation model. Although we encountered 11-year-old alewives, few fish lived longer than 7 years, and most fish in the population were younger than 6 years. Mean sizes at ages 1, 2, and 3 in spring averaged 93 mm (5.1 g), 133 mm (17 g), and 149 mm (22 g), but from age 3 to age 8, mean size increased by only 5-7 mm and 2-3 g per year. Female alewives lived longer than male alewives and were always longer than male alewives at age 4 and older. Epilimnetic temperatures were suitable for rapid growth of juvenile alewives each year. Lake temperature had the potential to affect growth of adults but adult growth was not correlated with temperature suitability indices perhaps because temperature regimes differed among lake regions and alewives were mobile. Growth of alewives was not correlated with salmonine demand for prey. Competition for zooplankton among the two youngest alewife cohorts affected growth of age-1 alewives. Zooplankton density declined sharply in 1986, and should it decline again, growth of age-1 alewives will slow, unless numbers of age-0 alewives fall. Whether growth of age-1 fish declines or numbers of age-0 fish fall, the result of another decline in zooplankton density will be a reduction in the production of alewives needed to support piscivores.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Transactions of the American Fisheries Society","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Taylor & Francis","publisherLocation":"London, UK","doi":"10.1577/1548-8659(1997)126<0112:AAGOAI>2.3.CO;2","issn":"0002-8487","usgsCitation":"O’Gorman, R., Johannsson, O.E., and Schneider, C.P., 1997, Age and growth of alewives in the changing pelagia of Lake Ontario, 1978-1992: Transactions of the American Fisheries Society, v. 126, no. 1, p. 112-126, https://doi.org/10.1577/1548-8659(1997)126<0112:AAGOAI>2.3.CO;2.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"112","endPage":"126","numberOfPages":"15","costCenters":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":133289,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":267053,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1577/1548-8659(1997)126<0112:AAGOAI>2.3.CO;2"}],"volume":"126","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ae4e4b07f02db689ae0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"O’Gorman, Robert rogorman@usgs.gov","contributorId":3451,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"O’Gorman","given":"Robert","email":"rogorman@usgs.gov","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":309543,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Johannsson, Ora E.","contributorId":25527,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johannsson","given":"Ora","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":309544,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Schneider, Clifford P.","contributorId":45251,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schneider","given":"Clifford","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":309545,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70020099,"text":"70020099 - 1997 - Molar heat capacity and entropy of calcium metal","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-04-16T23:02:53.466805","indexId":"70020099","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2208,"text":"Journal of Chemical Thermodynamics","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Molar heat capacity and entropy of calcium metal","docAbstract":"<p><span>The heat capacity of calcium has been measured at 85 mean temperatures between</span><i>T</i><span>≈ 8 K and</span><i>T</i><span>≈ 369 K using an adiabatically-shielded calorimeter in an intermittent heating mode. At</span><i>T</i><span>= 298.15 K, the recommended values for the molar heat capacity, molar entropy, and molar enthalpy increment referred to</span><i>T</i><span>= 0 are (25.77 ± 0.08) J·K</span><sup>−1</sup><span>·mol</span><sup>−1</sup><span>, (42.90 ± 0.11) J·K</span><sup>−1</sup><span>·mol</span><sup>−1</sup><span>, and (5811 ±12)J·mol</span><sup>−1</sup><span>, respectively. The uncertainties are twice the standard deviation of the mean.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1006/jcht.1996.0154","issn":"00219614","usgsCitation":"Hemingway, B.S., Robie, R.A., and Chase, M., 1997, Molar heat capacity and entropy of calcium metal: Journal of Chemical Thermodynamics, v. 29, no. 2, p. 211-220, https://doi.org/10.1006/jcht.1996.0154.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"211","endPage":"220","numberOfPages":"10","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":228037,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"29","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a5cece4b0c8380cd70033","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hemingway, B. S.","contributorId":7268,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hemingway","given":"B.","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":385021,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Robie, R. A.","contributorId":71237,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Robie","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":385023,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Chase, M.W.","contributorId":15629,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chase","given":"M.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":385022,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70020086,"text":"70020086 - 1997 - Dynamics of water-table fluctuations in an upland between two prairie-pothole wetlands in North Dakota","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-03-21T14:31:41","indexId":"70020086","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2342,"text":"Journal of Hydrology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Dynamics of water-table fluctuations in an upland between two prairie-pothole wetlands in North Dakota","docAbstract":"<p><span>Data from a string of instrumented wells located on an upland of 55 m width between two wetlands in central North Dakota, USA, indicated frequent changes in water-table configuration following wet and dry periods during 5 years of investigation. A seasonal wetland is situated about 1.5 m higher than a nearby semipermanent wetland, suggesting an average ground water-table gradient of 0.02. However, water had the potential to flow as ground water from the upper to the lower wetland during only a few instances. A water-table trough adjacent to the lower semipermanent wetland was the most common water-table configuration during the first 4 years of the study, but it is likely that severe drought during those years contributed to the longevity and extent of the water-table trough. Water-table mounds that formed in response to rainfall events caused reversals of direction of flow that frequently modified the more dominant water-table trough during the severe drought. Rapid and large water-table rise to near land surface in response to intense rainfall was aided by the thick capillary fringe. One of the wettest summers on record ended the severe drought during the last year of the study, and caused a larger-scale water-table mound to form between the two wetlands. The mound was short in duration because it was overwhelmed by rising stage of the higher seasonal wetland which spilled into the lower wetland. Evapotranspiration was responsible for generating the water-table trough that formed between the two wetlands. Estimation of evapotranspiration based on diurnal fluctuations in wells yielded rates that averaged 3–5 mm day</span><sup>−1</sup><span>. On many occasions water levels in wells closer to the semipermanent wetland indicated a direction of flow that was different from the direction indicated by water levels in wells farther from the wetland. Misinterpretation of direction and magnitude of gradients between ground water and wetlands could result from poorly placed or too few observation wells, and also from infrequent measurement of water levels in wells.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/S0022-1694(96)03050-8","issn":"00221694","usgsCitation":"Rosenberry, D.O., and Winter, T.C., 1997, Dynamics of water-table fluctuations in an upland between two prairie-pothole wetlands in North Dakota: Journal of Hydrology, v. 191, no. 1-4, p. 266-289, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-1694(96)03050-8.","productDescription":"24 p.","startPage":"266","endPage":"289","numberOfPages":"24","costCenters":[{"id":478,"text":"North Dakota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":34685,"text":"Dakota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":227786,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":205992,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0022-1694(96)03050-8"}],"volume":"191","issue":"1-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a043be4b0c8380cd5087a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Rosenberry, Donald O. 0000-0003-0681-5641 rosenber@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0681-5641","contributorId":1312,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rosenberry","given":"Donald","email":"rosenber@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"O.","affiliations":[{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":384972,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Winter, Thomas C.","contributorId":84736,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Winter","given":"Thomas","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":384971,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":1000721,"text":"1000721 - 1997 - Modeling changes in growth and diet on polychlorinated  biphenyl bioaccumulation in Coregonus hoyi","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-04-07T13:19:10","indexId":"1000721","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1450,"text":"Ecological Applications","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Modeling changes in growth and diet on polychlorinated  biphenyl bioaccumulation in Coregonus hoyi","docAbstract":"<p><span>Restrictions on the release of PCBs into the environment began in the early 1970s, resulting in reduced PCB concentrations in Lake Michigan bloaters (</span><i>Coregonus hoyi</i><span>). However, since 1980, PCB concentrations in bloater have declined only slightly. The bloater population also increased 40-fold during 1970 through 1984, resulting in a diet shift and a density-dependent decline in growth. Our goal was to determine how these changes in diet and growth may have affected PCB accumulation in Lake Michigan bloater. We evaluated the consequences of these two changes on bloater PCB concentrations by developing a bioenergetics-based PCB bioaccumulation model. Bloater PCB concentrations increased little when we increased the amount of&nbsp;</span><i>Diporeia hoyi,</i><span>&nbsp;the most contaminated prey, in the bloater diet. By comparing constant growth (similar to those of the 1970s) to observed decline in growth rates, we found that lower growth rates during the 1980s placed older, more contaminated bloaters in the size range most vulnerable to predators and in the size range sampled by PCB monitoring programs. Bloater PCB concentration trends may be influenced by the sampling methodology of the United States Geological Survey. If fish PCB trends are to be used as an indicator of system-level PCB trends, sampling should include a representative sample of fish of known age from the population.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1890/1051-0761(1997)007[0981:MCIGAD]2.0.CO;2","collaboration":"Out-of-print","usgsCitation":"Eby, L., Stow, C., Hesselberg, R., and Kitchell, J., 1997, Modeling changes in growth and diet on polychlorinated  biphenyl bioaccumulation in Coregonus hoyi: Ecological Applications, v. 7, no. 3, p. 981-990, https://doi.org/10.1890/1051-0761(1997)007[0981:MCIGAD]2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"981","endPage":"990","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":131538,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"7","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b04e4b07f02db69950a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Eby, L.A.","contributorId":57018,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Eby","given":"L.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":309241,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Stow, C.A.","contributorId":99935,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stow","given":"C.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":309243,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hesselberg, R.J.","contributorId":72339,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hesselberg","given":"R.J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":309242,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Kitchell, J.F.","contributorId":33259,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kitchell","given":"J.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":309240,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70020022,"text":"70020022 - 1997 - Patterns and age distribution of ground-water flow to streams","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-03-08T01:06:16.868416","indexId":"70020022","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3825,"text":"Groundwater","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Patterns and age distribution of ground-water flow to streams","docAbstract":"<p>Simulations of ground-water flow in a generic aquifer system were made to characterize the topology of ground-water flow in the stream subsystem and to evaluate its relation to deeper ground-water flow. The flow models are patterned after hydraulic characteristics of aquifers of the Atlantic Coastal Plain and are based on numerical solutions to three-dimensional, steady-state, unconfined flow. The models were used to evaluate the effects of aquifer horizontal-to-vertical hydraulic conductivity ratios, aquifer thickness, and areal recharge rates on flow in the stream subsystem. A particle tracker was used to determine flow paths in a stream subsystem, to establish the relation between ground-water seepage to points along a simulated stream and its source area of flow, and to determine ground-water residence time in stream subsystems. In a geometrically simple aquifer system with accretion, the source area of flow to streams resembles an elongated ellipse that tapers in the down gradient direction. Increased recharge causes an expansion of the stream subsystem. The source area of flow to the stream expands predominantly toward the stream headwaters. Base flow gain is also increased along the reach of the stream. A thin aquifer restricts ground-water flow and causes the source area of flow to expand near stream headwaters and also shifts the start-of-flow to the drainage basin divide. Increased aquifer anisotropy causes a lateral expansion of the source area of flow to streams.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"National Groundwater Association","doi":"10.1111/j.1745-6584.1997.tb00113.x","issn":"0017467X","usgsCitation":"Modica, E., Reilly, T.E., and Pollock, D., 1997, Patterns and age distribution of ground-water flow to streams: Groundwater, v. 35, no. 3, p. 523-537, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6584.1997.tb00113.x.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"523","endPage":"537","numberOfPages":"15","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":228071,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"35","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2005-08-04","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a75b6e4b0c8380cd77ccd","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Modica, E.","contributorId":69735,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Modica","given":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":384735,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Reilly, T. E.","contributorId":79460,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reilly","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":384736,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Pollock, D.W.","contributorId":30967,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pollock","given":"D.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":384734,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70020013,"text":"70020013 - 1997 - An interactive program for computer-aided map design, display, and query: EMAPKGS2","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-01-21T13:17:15","indexId":"70020013","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1315,"text":"Computers & Geosciences","printIssn":"0098-3004","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"An interactive program for computer-aided map design, display, and query: EMAPKGS2","docAbstract":"EMAPKGS2 is a user-friendly, PC-based electronic mapping tool for use in hydrogeologic exploration and appraisal. EMAPKGS2 allows the analyst to construct maps interactively from data stored in a relational database, perform point-oriented spatial queries such as locating all wells within a specified radius, perform geographic overlays, and export the data to other programs for further analysis. EMAPKGS2 runs under Microsoft?? Windows??? 3.1 and compatible operating systems. EMAPKGS2 is a public domain program available from the Kansas Geological Survey. EMAPKGS2 is the centerpiece of WHEAT, the Windows-based Hydrogeologic Exploration and Appraisal Toolkit, a suite of user-friendly Microsoft?? Windows??? programs for natural resource exploration and management. The principal goals in development of WHEAT have been ease of use, hardware independence, low cost, and end-user extensibility. WHEAT'S native data format is a Microsoft?? Access?? database. WHEAT stores a feature's geographic coordinates as attributes so they can be accessed easily by the user. The WHEAT programs are designed to be used in conjunction with other Microsoft?? Windows??? software to allow the natural resource scientist to perform work easily and effectively. WHEAT and EMAPKGS have been used at several of Kansas' Groundwater Management Districts and the Kansas Geological Survey on groundwater management operations, groundwater modeling projects, and geologic exploration projects. ?? 1997 Elsevier Science Ltd.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Computers and Geosciences","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","publisherLocation":"Amsterdam, Netherlands","doi":"10.1016/S0098-3004(96)00070-2","issn":"00983004","usgsCitation":"Pouch, G., 1997, An interactive program for computer-aided map design, display, and query: EMAPKGS2: Computers & Geosciences, v. 23, no. 3, p. 259-266, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0098-3004(96)00070-2.","startPage":"259","endPage":"266","numberOfPages":"8","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":227904,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":266159,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0098-3004(96)00070-2"}],"volume":"23","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059ea84e4b0c8380cd488f9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Pouch, G.W.","contributorId":71710,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pouch","given":"G.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":384703,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70019914,"text":"70019914 - 1997 - Primitive magmas at five Cascade volcanic fields: Melts from hot, heterogeneous sub-arc mantle","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-10-24T11:23:09","indexId":"70019914","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1177,"text":"Canadian Mineralogist","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Primitive magmas at five Cascade volcanic fields: Melts from hot, heterogeneous sub-arc mantle","docAbstract":"<p>Major and trace element concentrations, including REE by isotope dilution, and Sr, Nd, Pb, and O isotope ratios have been determined for 38 mafic lavas from the Mount Adams, Crater Lake, Mount Shasta, Medicine Lake, and Lassen volcanic fields, in the Cascade arc, northwestern part of the United States. Many of the samples have a high Mg# [100Mg/(Mg + FeT) &gt; 60] and Ni content (&gt;140 ppm) such that we consider them to be primitive. We recognize three end-member primitive magma groups in the Cascades, characterized mainly by their trace-element and alkali-metal abundances: (1) High-alumina olivine tholeiite (HAOT) has trace element abundances similar to N-MORB, except for slightly elevated LILE, and has Eu/Eu* &gt; 1. (2) Arc basalt and basaltic andesite have notably higher LILE contents, generally have higher SiO2 contents, are more oxidized, and have higher Cr for a given Ni abundance than HAOT. These lavas show relative depletion in HFSE, have lower HREE and higher LREE than HAOT, and have smaller Eu/Eu* (0.94-1.06). (3) Alkali basalt from the Simcoe volcanic field east of Mount Adams represents the third end-member, which contributes an intraplate geochemical signature to magma compositions. Notable geochemical features among the volcanic fields are: (1) Mount Adams rocks are richest in Fe and most incompatible elements including HFSE; (2) the most incompatible-element depleted lavas occur at Medicine Lake; (3) all centers have relatively primitive lavas with high LILE/HFSE ratios but only the Mount Adams, Lassen, and Medicine Lake volcanic fields also have relatively primitive rocks with an intraplate geochemical signature; (4) there is a tendency for increasing 87Sr/86Sr, 207Pb/204Pb, and ??18O and decreasing 206Pb/204Pb and 143Nd/144Nd from north to south. The three end-member Cascade magma types reflect contributions from three mantle components: depleted sub-arc mantle modestly enriched in LILE during ancient subduction; a modern, hydrous subduction component; and OIB-source-like domains. Lavas with arc and intraplate (OIB) geochemical signatures were erupted close to HAOT, and many lavas are blends of two or more magma types. Pre-eruptive H2O contents of HAOT, coupled with phase-equilibrium studies, suggest that these magmas were relatively dry and last equilibrated in the mantle wedge at temperatures of ~1300 degrees C and depths of ~40 km, virtually at the base of the crust. Arc basalt and basaltic andesite represent greater extents of melting than HAOT, presumably in the same general thermal regime but at somewhat lower mantle separation temperatures, of domains of sub-arc mantle that have been enriched by a hydrous subduction component derived from the young, relatively hot Juan de Fuca plate. The primitive magmas originated by partial melting in response to adiabatic upwelling within the mantle wedge. Tectonic extension in this part of the Cascade arc, one characterized by slow oblique convergence, contributes to mantle upwelling and facilitates eruption of primitive magmas.</p>","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Canadian Mineralogist","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"00084476","usgsCitation":"Bacon, C., Bruggman, P., Christiansen, R., Clynne, M., Donnelly-Nolan, J., and Hildreth, W., 1997, Primitive magmas at five Cascade volcanic fields: Melts from hot, heterogeneous sub-arc mantle: Canadian Mineralogist, v. 35, no. 2, p. 397-423.","productDescription":"27 p.","startPage":"397","endPage":"423","numberOfPages":"27","costCenters":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":228180,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"35","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a8ba2e4b0c8380cd7e2b8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bacon, C. R. 0000-0002-2165-5618","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2165-5618","contributorId":21522,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bacon","given":"C. R.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":384357,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bruggman, P. E.","contributorId":83536,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bruggman","given":"P. E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":384359,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Christiansen, R.L. 0000-0002-8017-3918","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8017-3918","contributorId":25565,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Christiansen","given":"R.L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":384358,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Clynne, M.A.","contributorId":90722,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Clynne","given":"M.A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":384360,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Donnelly-Nolan, J.M.","contributorId":104936,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Donnelly-Nolan","given":"J.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":384362,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Hildreth, W. 0000-0002-7925-4251","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7925-4251","contributorId":100487,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hildreth","given":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":384361,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}}
,{"id":70019427,"text":"70019427 - 1997 - Predicting the probability of elevated nitrate concentrations in the Puget Sound Basin: Implications for aquifer susceptibility and vulnerability","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-05-31T08:58:51","indexId":"70019427","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1861,"text":"Ground Water","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Predicting the probability of elevated nitrate concentrations in the Puget Sound Basin: Implications for aquifer susceptibility and vulnerability","docAbstract":"<p><span>The occurrence and distribution of elevated nitrate concentrations (&ge; 3 mg/l) in ground water in the Puget Sound Basin, Washington, were determined by examining existing data from more than 3000 wells. Models that estimate the probability that a well has an elevated nitrate concentration were constructed by relating the occurrence of elevated nitrate concentrations to both natural and anthropogenic variables using logistic regression. The variables that best explain the occurrence of elevated nitrate concentrations were well depth, surficial geology, and the percentage of urban and agricultural land within a radius of 3.2 kilometers of the well. From these relations, logistic regression models were developed to assess aquifer susceptibility (relative ease with which contaminants will reach aquifer) and ground-water vulnerability (relative ease with which contaminants will reach aquifer for a given set of land-use practices). Both models performed well at predicting the probability of elevated nitrate concentrations in an independent data set. This approach to assessing aquifer susceptibility and ground-water vulnerability has the advantages of having both model variables and coefficient values determined on the basis of existing water quality information and does not depend on the assignment of variables and weighting factors based on qualitative criteria.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1111/j.1745-6584.1997.tb00175.x","issn":"0017467X","usgsCitation":"Tesoriero, A., and Voss, F., 1997, Predicting the probability of elevated nitrate concentrations in the Puget Sound Basin: Implications for aquifer susceptibility and vulnerability: Ground Water, v. 35, no. 6, p. 1029-1039, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6584.1997.tb00175.x.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"1029","endPage":"1039","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":622,"text":"Washington Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":226608,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"35","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2005-08-04","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a81d7e4b0c8380cd7b77e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Tesoriero, A. J.","contributorId":99127,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tesoriero","given":"A. J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":382697,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Voss, F.D.","contributorId":103420,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Voss","given":"F.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":382698,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70019438,"text":"70019438 - 1997 - Non-double-couple earthquake mechanisms at the Hengill-Grensdalur volcanic complex, southwest Iceland","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-02-09T23:18:41.744278","indexId":"70019438","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1807,"text":"Geophysical Research Letters","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Non-double-couple earthquake mechanisms at the Hengill-Grensdalur volcanic complex, southwest Iceland","docAbstract":"<div class=\"\"><div class=\"article-section__content en main\"><p>The Hengill-Grensdalur area in Iceland generates frequent small non-double-couple earthquakes with explosive volumetric components. We collected high quality three-component digital recordings of 4,000 earthquakes on a purpose-designed, 32-station network in 1991, and determined focal mechanisms for 100 of the best-recorded earthquakes by inverting amplitude ratios. Many of the mechanisms are consistent, within the errors, with simultaneous shear and tensile faulting, with tensile faults parallel to the local spreading ridge, and shear faulting similar to that in the South Iceland transform-fault zone. Some events cannot be explained by this model, however, and require other processes, such as crack closing and partial compensation of tensile cracks by fluid flow.</p></div></div>","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/97GL00499","issn":"00948276","usgsCitation":"Julian, B., Miller, A., and Foulger, G., 1997, Non-double-couple earthquake mechanisms at the Hengill-Grensdalur volcanic complex, southwest Iceland: Geophysical Research Letters, v. 24, no. 7, p. 743-746, https://doi.org/10.1029/97GL00499.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"743","endPage":"746","numberOfPages":"4","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":480002,"rank":2,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/97gl00499","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":226656,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"24","issue":"7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a673de4b0c8380cd73236","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Julian, B.R.","contributorId":101272,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Julian","given":"B.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":382739,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Miller, A.D.","contributorId":6202,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Miller","given":"A.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":382737,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Foulger, G.R.","contributorId":14439,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Foulger","given":"G.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":382738,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70019557,"text":"70019557 - 1997 - Debris-flow mobilization from landslides","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-02-24T17:58:41.67217","indexId":"70019557","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":806,"text":"Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Debris-flow mobilization from landslides","docAbstract":"<p><span>Field observations, laboratory experiments, and theoretical analyses indicate that landslides mobilize to form debris flows by three processes: (</span><i>a</i><span>) widespread Coulomb failure within a sloping soil, rock, or sediment mass, (</span><i>b</i><span>) partial or complete liquefaction of the mass by high pore-fluid pressures, and (</span><i>c</i><span>) conversion of landslide translational energy to internal vibrational energy (i.e. granular temperature). These processes can operate independently, but in many circumstances they appear to operate simultaneously and synergistically. Early work on debris-flow mobilization described a similar interplay of processes but relied on mechanical models in which debris behavior was assumed to be fixed and governed by a Bingham or Bagnold rheology. In contrast, this review emphasizes models in which debris behavior evolves in response to changing pore pressures and granular temperatures. One-dimensional infinite-slope models provide insight by quantifying how pore pressures and granular temperatures can influence the transition from Coulomb failure to liquefaction. Analyses of multidimensional experiments reveal complications ignored in one-dimensional models and demonstrate that debris-flow mobilization may occur by at least two distinct modes in the field.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Annual Reviews","doi":"10.1146/annurev.earth.25.1.85","usgsCitation":"Iverson, R.M., Reid, M.E., and Lahusen, R.G., 1997, Debris-flow mobilization from landslides: Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences, v. 25, p. 85-138, https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.earth.25.1.85.","productDescription":"54 p.","startPage":"85","endPage":"138","numberOfPages":"54","costCenters":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":227713,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"25","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059fdfce4b0c8380cd4ea50","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Iverson, Richard M. 0000-0002-7369-3819 riverson@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7369-3819","contributorId":536,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Iverson","given":"Richard","email":"riverson@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":615,"text":"Volcano Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":383163,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Reid, Mark E. 0000-0002-5595-1503 mreid@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5595-1503","contributorId":1167,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reid","given":"Mark","email":"mreid@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":186,"text":"Coastal and Marine Geology Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":383165,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Lahusen, Richard G. rlahusen@usgs.gov","contributorId":535,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lahusen","given":"Richard","email":"rlahusen@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":383164,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70019440,"text":"70019440 - 1997 - Methods for predicting peak discharge of floods caused by failure of natural and constructed earthen dams","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-03-15T10:14:50","indexId":"70019440","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3722,"text":"Water Resources Research","onlineIssn":"1944-7973","printIssn":"0043-1397","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Methods for predicting peak discharge of floods caused by failure of natural and constructed earthen dams","docAbstract":"<p><span>Floods from failures of natural and constructed dams constitute a widespread hazard to people and property. Expeditious means of assessing flood hazards are necessary, particularly in the case of natural dams, which may form suddenly and unexpectedly. We revise statistical relations (derived from data for past constructed and natural dam failures) between peak discharge (</span><i>Q</i><sub><i>p</i></sub><span>) and water volume released (</span><i>V</i><sub>0</sub><span>) or drop in lake level (</span><i>d</i><span>) but assert that such relations, even when cast into a dimensionless form, are of limited utility because they fail to portray the effect of breach-formation rate. We then analyze a simple, physically based model of dam-breach formation to show that the hydrograph at the breach depends primarily on a dimensionless parameter η=</span><i>kV</i><sub>0</sub><span>/</span><i>g</i><sup>l/2</sup><i>d</i><sup>7/2</sup><span>, where<span>&nbsp;</span></span><i>k</i><span><span>&nbsp;</span>is the mean erosion rate of the breach and<span>&nbsp;</span></span><i>g</i><span><span>&nbsp;</span>is acceleration due to gravity. The functional relationship between<span>&nbsp;</span></span><i>Q</i><sub><i>p</i></sub><span><span>&nbsp;</span>and η takes asymptotically distinct forms depending on whether η ≪ 1 (relatively slow breach formation or small lake volume) or η ≫ 1 (relatively fast breach formation or large lake volume). Theoretical predictions agree well with data from dam failures for which<span>&nbsp;</span></span><i>k</i><span>, and thus η, can be estimated. The theory thus provides a rapid means of predicting the plausible range of values of peak discharge at the breach in an earthen dam as long as the impounded water volume and the water depth at the dam face can be estimated.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/97WR01616","usgsCitation":"Walder, J.S., and O'Connor, J., 1997, Methods for predicting peak discharge of floods caused by failure of natural and constructed earthen dams: Water Resources Research, v. 33, no. 10, p. 2337-2348, https://doi.org/10.1029/97WR01616.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"2337","endPage":"2348","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":518,"text":"Oregon Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":487301,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/97wr01616","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":226702,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"33","issue":"10","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a55c8e4b0c8380cd6d2a6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Walder, Joseph S. jswalder@usgs.gov","contributorId":2046,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Walder","given":"Joseph","email":"jswalder@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":382742,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"O'Connor, Jim E. 0000-0002-7928-5883 oconnor@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7928-5883","contributorId":140771,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"O'Connor","given":"Jim E.","email":"oconnor@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":518,"text":"Oregon Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":382743,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70019912,"text":"70019912 - 1997 - Testing alternative conceptual models of seawater intrusion in a coastal aquifer using computer simulation, southern California, USA","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-06-01T14:41:17","indexId":"70019912","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1923,"text":"Hydrogeology Journal","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Testing alternative conceptual models of seawater intrusion in a coastal aquifer using computer simulation, southern California, USA","docAbstract":"Two alternative conceptual models of the physical processes controlling seawater intrusion in a coastal basin in California, USA, were tested to identify a likely principal pathway for seawater intrusion. The conceptual models were tested by using a two-dimensional, finite-element groundwater flow and transport model. This pathway was identified by the conceptual model that best replicated the historical data. The numerical model was applied in cross section to a submarine canyon that is a main avenue for seawater to enter the aquifer system underlying the study area. Both models are characterized by a heterogeneous, layered, water-bearing aquifer. However, the first model is characterized by flat-lying aquifer layers and by a high value of hydraulic conductivity in the basal aquifer layer, which is thought to be a principal conduit for seawater intrusion. The second model is characterized by offshore folding, which was modeled as a very nearshore outcrop, thereby providing a shorter path for seawater to intrude. General conclusions are that: 1) the aquifer system is best modeled as a flat, heterogeneous, layered system; 2) relatively thin basal layers with relatively high values of hydraulic conductivity are the principal pathways for seawater intrusion; and 3) continuous clay layers of low hydraulic conductivity play an important role in controlling the movement of seawater.","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/s100400050116","issn":"14312174","usgsCitation":"Nishikawa, T., 1997, Testing alternative conceptual models of seawater intrusion in a coastal aquifer using computer simulation, southern California, USA: Hydrogeology Journal, v. 5, no. 3, p. 60-74, https://doi.org/10.1007/s100400050116.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"60","endPage":"74","numberOfPages":"15","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":228144,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"5","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-11-20","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505ba5b9e4b08c986b320c21","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Nishikawa, Tracy 0000-0002-7348-3838 tnish@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7348-3838","contributorId":1515,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nishikawa","given":"Tracy","email":"tnish@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":384355,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70019488,"text":"70019488 - 1997 - Postseismic strain following the 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake from GPS and leveling measurements","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-07-31T16:55:09.241719","indexId":"70019488","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2314,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Postseismic strain following the 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake from GPS and leveling measurements","docAbstract":"<p><span>Postseismic deformation in the 5 years following the 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake has been measured with the Global Positioning System and precise leveling. Postearthquake velocities at distances greater than ∼20 km from the coseismic rupture are not significantly different from those observed in the 20 years prior to the earthquake. However, velocities at stations within ∼20 km of the rupture exceed preearthquake rates and exhibit unanticipated contraction normal to the strike of the San Andreas fault system. A combination of forward modeling and nonlinear optimization suggests that the observed postseismic deformations were caused by aseismic oblique reverse slip averaging 2.9 cm/yr on the San Andreas fault and/or the Loma Prieta rupture zone and 2.4 cm/yr reverse slip along a buried fault within the Foothills thrust belt. The best fitting sources of postseismic deformation are all located at depths of less than 15 km. We find no evidence for accelerated flow or shear below the Loma Prieta rupture in the first 5 years following the earthquake. The inferred postseismic slip is likely to have been caused by the coseismic stress change updip of the 1989 rupture.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/96JB03171","issn":"01480227","usgsCitation":"Burgmann, R., Segall, P., Lisowski, M., and Svarc, J., 1997, Postseismic strain following the 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake from GPS and leveling measurements: Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth, v. 102, no. B3, p. 4933-4955, https://doi.org/10.1029/96JB03171.","productDescription":"23 p.","startPage":"4933","endPage":"4955","numberOfPages":"23","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":479967,"rank":2,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/96jb03171","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":226338,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"102","issue":"B3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1997-03-10","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a7e9ae4b0c8380cd7a63f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Burgmann, R.","contributorId":10167,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Burgmann","given":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":382921,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Segall, P.","contributorId":44231,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Segall","given":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":382922,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Lisowski, M.","contributorId":70381,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lisowski","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":382923,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Svarc, J.","contributorId":85731,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Svarc","given":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":382924,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70019831,"text":"70019831 - 1997 - Seasonal Sea-Level Variations in San Francisco Bay in Response to Atmospheric Forcing, 1980","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-07-27T13:05:57","indexId":"70019831","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1587,"text":"Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Seasonal Sea-Level Variations in San Francisco Bay in Response to Atmospheric Forcing, 1980","docAbstract":"<p>The seasonal response of sea level in San Francisco Bay (SFB) to atmospheric forcing during 1980 is investigated. The relations between sea-level data from the Northern Reach, Central Bay and South Bay, and forcing by local wind stresses, sea level pressure (SLP), runoff and the large scale sea level pressure field are examined in detail. The analyses show that the sea-level elevations and slopes respond to the along-shore wind stress T(V) at most times of the year, and to the cross-shore wind stress T(N) during two transition periods in spring and autumn. River runoff raises the sea-level elevation during winter. It is shown that winter precipitation in the SFB area is mainly attributed to the atmospheric circulation associated with the Alcutian Low, which transports the warm, moist air into the Bay area. A multiple linear regression model is employed to estimate the independent contributions of barometric pressure and wind stress to adjusted sea level. These calculations have a simple dynamical interpretation which confirms the importance of along-shore wind to both sea level and north-south slope within the Bay.</p>","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1006/ecss.1996.0162","issn":"02727714","usgsCitation":"Wang, J., Cheng, R.T., and Smith, P., 1997, Seasonal Sea-Level Variations in San Francisco Bay in Response to Atmospheric Forcing, 1980: Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science, v. 45, no. 1, p. 39-52, https://doi.org/10.1006/ecss.1996.0162.","startPage":"39","endPage":"52","numberOfPages":"14","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":552,"text":"San Francisco Bay-Delta","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":5079,"text":"Pacific Regional Director's Office","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":479016,"rank":10000,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1006/ecss.1996.0162","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":228255,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":206087,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1006/ecss.1996.0162"}],"volume":"45","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b885ee4b08c986b316935","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wang, Jingyuan","contributorId":10771,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Wang","given":"Jingyuan","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":384097,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Cheng, R. T.","contributorId":23138,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Cheng","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":384098,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Smith, P.C.","contributorId":27625,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"P.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":384099,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70019570,"text":"70019570 - 1997 - The role of mesocosm studies in ecological risk analysis","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-02-01T11:07:14","indexId":"70019570","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1450,"text":"Ecological Applications","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The role of mesocosm studies in ecological risk analysis","docAbstract":"<p><span>Mesocosms have been primarily used as research tools for the evaluation of the fate and effects of xenobiotic chemicals at the population, community, and ecosystem levels of biological organization. This paper provides suggestions for future applications of mesocosm research. Attention should be given to the configuration of mesocosm parameters to explicitly study regional questions of ecological interest. The initial physical, chemical, and biological conditions within mesocosms should be considered as factors shaping the final results of experiments. Certain fundamental questions such as the ecological inertia and resilience of systems with different initial ecological properties should be addressed. Researchers should develop closer working relationships with mathematical modelers in linking computer models to the outcomes of mesocosm studies. Mesocosm tests, linked with models, could enable managers and regulators to forecast the regional consequences of chemicals released into the environment.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Ecological Society of America","doi":"10.1890/1051-0761(1997)007[1099:TROMSI]2.0.CO;2","issn":"10510761","usgsCitation":"Boyle, T., and Fairchild, J., 1997, The role of mesocosm studies in ecological risk analysis: Ecological Applications, v. 7, no. 4, p. 1099-1102, https://doi.org/10.1890/1051-0761(1997)007[1099:TROMSI]2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"1099","endPage":"1102","numberOfPages":"4","costCenters":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":227919,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"7","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505baf82e4b08c986b324851","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Boyle, Terence P.","contributorId":85214,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Boyle","given":"Terence P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383203,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Fairchild, James F.","contributorId":178203,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Fairchild","given":"James F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383204,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70019854,"text":"70019854 - 1997 - Fate and transport of metam spill in Sacramento River","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-04-22T14:56:45.311782","indexId":"70019854","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2255,"text":"Journal of Environmental Engineering","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Fate and transport of metam spill in Sacramento River","docAbstract":"<p><span>A mass balance model was developed and applied to the Sacramento River in northern California during the July 1991 Sacramento River metam-sodium spill. The transport and reactions of metam-sodium, a soil fumigant, and the volatile and toxic methyl isothiocyanate (MITC) were simulated during the two-and-a-half days of movement along a 68-km stretch of river. Results from modeling were compared with field data for MITC, which is the only product measured downriver after the spill. Agreement between the simulated and measured values of MITC concentrations were found at Doney Creek (65.9 km downstream). Results illuminated the complexities and unique characteristics associated with the multiple kinetic processes of the chemical plume in the river. In particular, the photolysis of metam-sodium followed zero-order kinetics for high concentrations and first-order kinetics for low concentrations, a unique phenomenon consistent with the finding reported in a laboratory study. Concentrations of metam-sodium for transition from zeroto first-order, obtained by calibration and model sensitivity analyses, were in the same range as those in the reported laboratory results.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"ASCE","doi":"10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9372(1997)123:7(704)","issn":"07339372","usgsCitation":"Wang, P., Mill, T., Martin, J., and Wool, T., 1997, Fate and transport of metam spill in Sacramento River: Journal of Environmental Engineering, v. 123, no. 7, p. 704-712, https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9372(1997)123:7(704).","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"704","endPage":"712","numberOfPages":"9","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":227939,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"123","issue":"7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0f0ae4b0c8380cd53728","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wang, P.-F.","contributorId":25311,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wang","given":"P.-F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":384171,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Mill, T.","contributorId":100133,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mill","given":"T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":384174,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Martin, J.L.","contributorId":71328,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Martin","given":"J.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":384172,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Wool, T.A.","contributorId":75289,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wool","given":"T.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":384173,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70019640,"text":"70019640 - 1997 - Applications of the U.S. Geological Survey's global land cover product","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-03-08T10:10:58","indexId":"70019640","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":626,"text":"Acta Astronautica","printIssn":"0094-5765","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Applications of the U.S. Geological Survey's global land cover product","docAbstract":"<p><span>The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), in partnership with several international agencies and universities, has produced a global land cover characteristics database. The land cover data were created using multitemporal analysis of advanced very high resolution radiometer satellite images in conjunction with other existing geographic data. A translation table permits the conversion of the land cover classes into several conventional land cover schemes that are used by ecosystem modelers, climate modelers, land management agencies, and other user groups. The alternative classification schemes include Global Ecosystems, the Biosphere Atmosphere Transfer Scheme, the Simple Biosphere, the USGS Anderson Level 2, and the International Geosphere Biosphere Programme. The distribution system for these data is through the World Wide Web (the web site address is: http://edcwww.cr.usgs.gov/landdaac/glcc/glcc.html) or by magnetic media upon special request The availability of the data over the World Wide Web, in conjunction with the flexible database structure, allows easy data access to a wide range of users. The web site contains a user registration form that allows analysis of the diverse applications of large-area land cover data. Currently, applications are divided among mapping (20 percent), conservation (30 percent), and modeling (35 percent).</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/S0094-5765(98)00051-4","usgsCitation":"Reed, B., 1997, Applications of the U.S. Geological Survey's global land cover product: Acta Astronautica, v. 41, no. 4-10, p. 671-680, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0094-5765(98)00051-4.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"671","endPage":"680","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":227679,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"41","issue":"4-10","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059eccbe4b0c8380cd494c0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Reed, B.","contributorId":62352,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reed","given":"B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383401,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70019641,"text":"70019641 - 1997 - Evaluation of conditions along the grounding line of temperate marine glaciers: An example from Muir Inlet, Glacier Bay, Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:27","indexId":"70019641","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2667,"text":"Marine Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Evaluation of conditions along the grounding line of temperate marine glaciers: An example from Muir Inlet, Glacier Bay, Alaska","docAbstract":"In the marine environment, stability of the glacier terminus and the location of subglacial streams are the dominant controls on the distribution of grounding-line deposits within morainal banks. A morainal bank complex in Muir Inlet, Glacier Bay, SE Alaska, is used to develop a model of terminus stability and location of subglacial streams along the grounding line of temperate marine glaciers. This model can be used to interpret former grounding-line conditions in other glacimarine settings from the facies architecture within morainal bank deposits. The Muir Inlet morainal bank complex was deposited between 1860 A.D. and 1899 A.D., and historical observations provide a record of terminus positions, glacial retreat rates and sedimentary sources. These data are used to reconstruct the depositional environment and to develop a correlation between sedimentary facies and conditions along the grounding line. Four seismic facies identified on the high-resolution seismic-reflection profiles are used to interpret sedimentary facies within the morainal bank complex. Terminus stability is interpreted from the distribution of sedimentary facies within three distinct submarine geomorphic features, a grounding-line fan; stratified ridges, and a field of push ridges. The grounding-line fan was deposited along a stable terminus and is represented on seismic-reflection profiles by two distinct seismic facies, a proximal and a distal fan facies. The proximal fan facies was deposited at the efflux of subglacial streams and indicates the location of former glacifluvial discharges into the sea. Stratified ridges formed as a result of the influence of a quasi-stable terminus on the distribution of sedimentary facies along the grounding line. A field of push ridges formed along the grounding line of an unstable terminus that completely reworked the grounding-line deposits through glacitectonic deformation. Between 1860 A.D. and 1899 A.D. (39 years), 8.96 x 108 m3 of sediment were deposited within the Muir Inlet morainal bank complex at an average annual sediment accumulation rate of 2.3 x 107 m3/a. This rate represents the annual sediment production capacity of the glacier when the Muir Inlet drainage basin is filled with glacial ice.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Marine Geology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/S0025-3227(97)00026-1","issn":"00253227","usgsCitation":"Seramur, K., Powell, R., and Carlson, P., 1997, Evaluation of conditions along the grounding line of temperate marine glaciers: An example from Muir Inlet, Glacier Bay, Alaska: Marine Geology, v. 140, no. 3-4, p. 307-327, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0025-3227(97)00026-1.","startPage":"307","endPage":"327","numberOfPages":"21","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":205972,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0025-3227(97)00026-1"},{"id":227716,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"140","issue":"3-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0c68e4b0c8380cd52b26","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Seramur, K.C.","contributorId":87558,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Seramur","given":"K.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383403,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Powell, R.D.","contributorId":74015,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Powell","given":"R.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383402,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Carlson, P.R.","contributorId":97055,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Carlson","given":"P.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383404,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70019495,"text":"70019495 - 1997 - Source and path effects in the wave fields of tremor and explosions at Stromboli Volcano, Italy","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-07-19T16:00:51.786979","indexId":"70019495","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2314,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Source and path effects in the wave fields of tremor and explosions at Stromboli Volcano, Italy","docAbstract":"<p><span>The wave fields generated by Strombolian activity are investigated using data from small-aperture seismic arrays deployed on the north flank of Stromboli and data from seismic and pressure transducers set up near the summit crater. Measurements of slowness and azimuth as a function of time clearly indicate that the sources of tremor and explosions are located beneath the summit crater at depths shallower than 200 m with occasional bursts of energy originating from sources extending to a depth of 3 km. Slowness, azimuth, and particle motion measurements reveal a complex composition of body and surface waves associated with topography, structure, and source properties. Body waves originating at depths shallower than 200 m dominate the wave field at frequencies of 0.5–2.5 Hz, and surface waves generated by the surficial part of the source and by scattering sources distributed around the island dominate at frequencies above 2.5 Hz. The records of tremor and explosions are both dominated by&nbsp;</span><i>SH</i><span>&nbsp;motion. Far-field records from explosions start with radial motion, and near-field records from those events show dominantly horizontal motion and often start with a low-frequency (1–2 Hz) precursor characterized by elliptical particle motion, followed within a few seconds by a high-frequency radial phase (1–10 Hz) accompanying the eruption of pyroclastics. The dominant component of the near- and far-field particle motions from explosions, and the timing of air and body wave phases observed in the near field, are consistent with a gas-piston mechanism operating on a shallow (&lt;200 m deep), vertical crack-like conduit. Models of a degassing fluid column suggest that noise emissions originating in the collective oscillations of bubbles ascending in the magma conduit may provide an adequate self-excitation mechanism for sustained tremor generation at Stromboli.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/97JB00953","issn":"01480227","usgsCitation":"Chouet, B., Saccorotti, G., Martini, M., Dawson, P., De Luca, G., Milana, G., and Scarpa, R., 1997, Source and path effects in the wave fields of tremor and explosions at Stromboli Volcano, Italy: Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth, v. 102, no. B7, p. 15129-15150, https://doi.org/10.1029/97JB00953.","productDescription":"22 p.","startPage":"15129","endPage":"15150","numberOfPages":"22","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":480003,"rank":2,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/97jb00953","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":226379,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"102","issue":"B7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1997-07-10","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b931ee4b08c986b31a2d4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Chouet, B.","contributorId":68465,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chouet","given":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":382953,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Saccorotti, G.","contributorId":107041,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Saccorotti","given":"G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":382955,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Martini, M.","contributorId":24909,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Martini","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":382950,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Dawson, P. 0000-0003-4065-0588","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4065-0588","contributorId":49529,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dawson","given":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":382951,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"De Luca, G.","contributorId":88095,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"De Luca","given":"G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":382954,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Milana, G.","contributorId":23700,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Milana","given":"G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":382949,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Scarpa, R.","contributorId":64818,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Scarpa","given":"R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":382952,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}}
,{"id":70019504,"text":"70019504 - 1997 - Identification of ionic chloroacetanilide-herbicide metabolites in surface water and groundwater by HPLC/MS using negative ion spray","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-02-12T09:47:17","indexId":"70019504","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":761,"text":"Analytical Chemistry","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Identification of ionic chloroacetanilide-herbicide metabolites in surface water and groundwater by HPLC/MS using negative ion spray","docAbstract":"<p><span>Solid-phase extraction (SPE) was combined with high-performance liquid chromatography/high-flow pneumatically assisted electrospray mass spectrometry (HPLC/ESP/MS) for the trace analysis of oxanilic and sulfonic acids of acetochlor, alachlor, and metolachlor. The isolation procedure separated the chloroacetanilide metabolites from the parent herbicides during the elution from C</span><sub>18</sub><span>&nbsp;cartridges using ethyl acetate for parent compounds, followed by methanol for the anionic metabolites. The metabolites were separated chromatographically using reversed-phase HPLC and analyzed by negative-ion MS using electrospray ionization in selected ion mode. Quantitation limits were 0.01 μg/L for both the oxanilic and sulfonic acids based on a 100-mL water sample. This combination of methods represents an important advance in environmental analysis of chloroacetanilide−herbicide metabolites in surface water and groundwater for two reasons. First, anionic chloroacetanilide metabolites are a major class of degradation products that are readily leached to groundwater in agricultural areas. Second, anionic metabolites, which are not able to be analyzed by conventional methods such as liquid extraction and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry, are effectively analyzed by SPE and high-flow pneumatically assisted electrospray mass spectrometry. This paper reports the first HPLC/MS identification of these metabolites in surface water and groundwater.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"ACS","doi":"10.1021/ac9704671","issn":"00032700","usgsCitation":"Ferrer, I., Thurman, E., and Barcelo, D., 1997, Identification of ionic chloroacetanilide-herbicide metabolites in surface water and groundwater by HPLC/MS using negative ion spray: Analytical Chemistry, v. 69, no. 22, p. 4547-4553, https://doi.org/10.1021/ac9704671.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"4547","endPage":"4553","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":226432,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":205724,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ac9704671"}],"volume":"69","issue":"22","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1997-11-15","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a382de4b0c8380cd6148c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ferrer, Imma","contributorId":68606,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ferrer","given":"Imma","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":382991,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Thurman, E.M.","contributorId":102864,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thurman","given":"E.M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":382992,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Barcelo, Damia","contributorId":189407,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Barcelo","given":"Damia","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":382990,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70019345,"text":"70019345 - 1997 - Stratigraphic and structural implications of conodont and detrital zircon U-Pb ages from metamorphic rocks of the Coldfoot terrane, Brooks Range, Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-07-19T15:41:44.766392","indexId":"70019345","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2314,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Stratigraphic and structural implications of conodont and detrital zircon U-Pb ages from metamorphic rocks of the Coldfoot terrane, Brooks Range, Alaska","docAbstract":"<p><span>New paleontologic and isotopic data from the Emma Creek and Marion Creek schists of the Coldfoot terrane, Arctic Alaska superterrane, central Brooks Range, suggest Devonian and possibly younger ages of deposition for their sedimentary protoliths. Conodonts from marble of the Emma Creek schist, intruded by a roughly 392 Ma orthogneiss, are late Lochkovian (early Early Devonian, between about 408 and 396 Ma) and Silurian to Devonian at two other locations. Spherical to oblong detrital zircons from quartz-mica schist of the overlying Marion Creek schist yield mostly discordant U—Pb data suggestive of provenance ages of 3.0, 2.0–1.8, and 1.5–1.4 Ga; however, several euhedral grains of zircon from Marion Creek quartz-mica schist have concordant U—Pb ages from 370 to 360 Ma. The Marion Creek schist in our study area therefore is at least 26 m.y. younger than the Emma Creek schist. The age data imply that the protolith of the Emma Creek schist is age correlative with Devonian carbonate rocks in the Hammond and North Slope terranes, whereas the Marion Creek schist is age correlative with Upper Devonian and Lower Mississippian clastic sedimentary rocks of the Endicott Group in the Endicott Mountains terrane and shale and carbonate units in the De Long Mountains and Sheenjek River terranes. Consequently, tectonic models restoring the entire Coldfoot terrane beneath partly or wholly coeval rocks of the Hammond, Endicott Mountains, De Long Mountains, and Sheenjek River terranes of the Arctic Alaska superterrane require revision. Alternative reconstructions, including restoration of the Coldfoot terrane inboard of the Endicott Mountains terrane or outboard of the De Long Mountains and Sheenjek River terranes are plausible but require either larger amounts of shortening than previously suggested or indicate problematic facies relations.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/96JB02351","issn":"01480227","usgsCitation":"Moore, T., Aleinikoff, J.N., and Harris, A., 1997, Stratigraphic and structural implications of conodont and detrital zircon U-Pb ages from metamorphic rocks of the Coldfoot terrane, Brooks Range, Alaska: Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth, v. 102, no. B9, p. 20797-20820, https://doi.org/10.1029/96JB02351.","productDescription":"24 p.","startPage":"20797","endPage":"20820","numberOfPages":"24","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":480066,"rank":2,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/96jb02351","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":226786,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"102","issue":"B9","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1997-09-10","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b98d3e4b08c986b31c151","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Moore, Thomas E. 0000-0002-0878-0457","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0878-0457","contributorId":85592,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Moore","given":"Thomas E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":382416,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Aleinikoff, J. N. 0000-0003-3494-6841","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3494-6841","contributorId":75132,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Aleinikoff","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":382415,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Harris, A. G.","contributorId":39791,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Harris","given":"A. G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":382414,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70019341,"text":"70019341 - 1997 - Stratigraphy and structure of the Sevier thrust belt and proximal foreland-basin system in central Utah: A transect from the Sevier Desert to the Wasatch Plateau","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-11-10T01:21:34.322132","indexId":"70019341","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1077,"text":"Brigham Young University Geology Studies","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Stratigraphy and structure of the Sevier thrust belt and proximal foreland-basin system in central Utah: A transect from the Sevier Desert to the Wasatch Plateau","docAbstract":"The Sevier orogenic belt in central Utah comprises four north-northwest trending thrust plates and two structural culminations that record crustal shortening and uplift in late Mesozoic and early Tertiary time. Synorogenic clastic rocks, mostly conglomerate and sandstone, exposed within the thrust belt were deposited in wedge-top and foredeep depozones within the proximal part of the foreland-basin system. The geologic relations preserved between thrust structures and synorogenic deposits demonstrate a foreland-breaking sequence of thrust deformation that was modified by minor out-of-sequence thrust displacement. Structural culminations in the interior part of the thrust belt deformed and uplifted some of the thrust sheets following their emplacement. Strata in the foreland basin indicate that the thrust sheets of central Utah were emplaced between latest Jurassic and Eocene time. The oldest strata of the foredeep depozone (Cedar Mountain Formation) are Neocomian and were derived from the hanging wall of the Canyon Range thrust. The foredeep depozone subsided most rapidly during Albian through Santonian or early Campanian time and accumulated about 2.5 km of conglomeratic strata (Indianola Group). The overlying North Horn Formation accumulated in a wedge-top basin from the Campanian to the Eocene and records propagation of the Gunnison thrust beneath the former foredeep. The Canyon Range Conglomerate of the Canyon Mountains, equivalent to the Indianola Group and the North Horn Formation, was deposited exclusively in a wedge-top setting on the Canyon Range and Pavant thrust sheets. This field trip, a three day, west-to-east traverse of the Sevier orogenic belt in central Utah, visits localities where timing of thrust structures is demonstrated by geometry of cross-cutting relations, growth strata associated with faults and folds, or deformation of foredeep deposits. Stops in the Canyon Mountains emphasize geometry of late structural culminations and relationships of the Canyon Range thrust to growth strata deposited in the wedge-top depozone. Stops in the San Pitch Mountains illustrate deposits of the foredeep depozone and younger, superjacent wedge-top depozone. Stops in the Sanpete Valley and western part of the Wasatch Plateau examine the evolution of the foreland-basin system from foredeep to wedge-top during growth of a triangle zone near the front of the Gunnison thrust.","language":"English","publisher":"Brigham Young University","issn":"00681016","usgsCitation":"Lawton, T., Sprinkel, D.A., Decelles, P., Mitra, G., Sussman, A., and Weiss, M.P., 1997, Stratigraphy and structure of the Sevier thrust belt and proximal foreland-basin system in central Utah: A transect from the Sevier Desert to the Wasatch Plateau: Brigham Young University Geology Studies, v. 42, no. 2, p. 33-67.","productDescription":"35 p.","startPage":"33","endPage":"67","numberOfPages":"35","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":226740,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"42","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b99cfe4b08c986b31c5fc","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lawton, T.F.","contributorId":28841,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lawton","given":"T.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":382403,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Sprinkel, D. A.","contributorId":16101,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sprinkel","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":382401,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Decelles, P.G.","contributorId":28124,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Decelles","given":"P.G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":382402,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Mitra, G.","contributorId":15070,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mitra","given":"G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":382400,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Sussman, A.J.","contributorId":51107,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sussman","given":"A.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":382404,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Weiss, M. P.","contributorId":72404,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Weiss","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":382405,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}}
,{"id":1008168,"text":"1008168 - 1997 - The intermediate disturbance hypothesis does not explain fire and diversity pattern in fynbos","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-06-24T15:12:45.421748","indexId":"1008168","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3086,"text":"Plant Ecology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The intermediate disturbance hypothesis does not explain fire and diversity pattern in fynbos","docAbstract":"<p><span>The intermediate disturbance hypothesis is a widely accepted generalization regarding patterns of species diversity, but may not hold true where fire is the disturbance. In the Mediterranean-climate shrublands of South Africa, called fynbos, fire is the most importance disturbance and a controlling factor in community dynamics. The intermediate disturbance hypothesis states that diversity will be highest at sites that have had an intermediate frequency of disturbance and will be lower at sites that have experienced very high or very low disturbance frequencies. Measures of diversity are sensitive to scale; therefore, we compared species richness for three fire regimes in South African mountain fynbos to test the intermediate disturbance hypothesis over different spatial scales from 1 m</span><sup>2</sup><span>&nbsp;to 0.1 hectares. Species diversity response to fire frequency was highly scale-dependent, but the relationship between species diversity and disturbance frequency was opposite that predicted by the intermediate disturbance hypothesis. At the largest spatial scales, species diversity was highest at the least frequently burned sites (40 years between fires) and lowest at the sites of moderate (15 to 26 years between fires) and high fire frequency (alternating four and six year fire cycle). Community heterogeneity, measured both as the slope of the species-area curve for a site and as the mean dissimilarity in species composition among subplots within a site, correlated with species diversity at the largest spatial scales. Community heterogeneity was highest at the least frequently burned sites and lowest at the sites that experienced an intermediate fire frequency.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Springer Nature","doi":"10.1023/A:1009755320731","usgsCitation":"Schwilk, D., Keeley, J., and Bond, W., 1997, The intermediate disturbance hypothesis does not explain fire and diversity pattern in fynbos: Plant Ecology, v. 132, p. 77-84, https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1009755320731.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"77","endPage":"84","costCenters":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":132519,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"South Africa","otherGeospatial":"Hottentot’s Holland Nature Reserve, Western Cape Province","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              18.92739199418034,\n              -33.918510813462774\n            ],\n            [\n              18.92739199418034,\n              -34.11584203606766\n            ],\n            [\n              19.11026364419081,\n              -34.11584203606766\n            ],\n            [\n              19.11026364419081,\n              -33.918510813462774\n            ],\n            [\n              18.92739199418034,\n              -33.918510813462774\n            ]\n          ]\n        ],\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"132","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a85e4b07f02db64d4dc","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Schwilk, D.W.","contributorId":29770,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schwilk","given":"D.W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":316912,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Keeley, Jon E. 0000-0002-4564-6521","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4564-6521","contributorId":69082,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Keeley","given":"Jon E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":316913,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Bond, W.","contributorId":99097,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bond","given":"W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":316914,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
]}