During 1993-95, water samples were collected at nine sites on eight streams in the Western Lake Michigan Drainages to attempt to determine pesticide concentrations. The sampling effort was part of the U.S. Geological Survey's National Water- Quality Assessment (NAWQA) Program. Pesticides analyzed for were 58 herbicides and 30 insecticides. Pesticides are used extensively in the study area; application of herbicides to corn and soybeans accounts for most of the use. Herbicides were detected more frequently and generally at higher concentrations than insecticides. The herbicide atrazine is applied to more acreage in Wisconsin than all other pesticides and was detected in 142 of 143 samples. The herbicides simazine, metolachlor, cyanazine, prometon, and alachlor were detected in more than half of the samples. The presence of these compounds in the sampled streams, is related to agricultural use. Two streams in forested basins in the northern part of the study area were sampled and found to contain low concentrations of atrazine. Atmospheric deposition is the likely source; atrazine has been detected in rain fall in northeastern Wisconsin. Herbicide concentrations in agricultural basins were highest in samples collected during storm runoff following application. Concentrations decreased over the growing season as herbicides broke down and increased ground cover reduced runoff. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) drinking-water standard for atrazine was exceeded in eight samples, and the standard for alachlor was exceeded in two samples. All exceedances occurred during brief periods of high streamflow in June and July at two streams that drain primarily agricultural basins. Herbicide data for the Western Lake Drainages and other NAWQA study units indicate that concentrations in streams are as much as two orders of magnitude higher in areas where agricultural land contains a high percentage of row crops especially corn and soybeans than in areas where grazing, hay production, and other less herbicide-intensive crops are raised.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/fs10796","usgsCitation":"Sullivan, D.J., and Richards, K.D., 1996, Pesticides in streams of the western Lake Michigan drainages, Wisconsin and Michigan, 1993-95: U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 107-96, 4 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/fs10796.","productDescription":"4 p.","numberOfPages":"4","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":677,"text":"Wisconsin Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":34190,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/1996/0107/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":922,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://wi.water.usgs.gov/pubs/FS-107-96/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":117940,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/1996/0107/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Michigan, Wisconsin","otherGeospatial":"Lake Michigan","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -86.781005859375,\n 46.354510837365254\n ],\n [\n -87.3193359375,\n 46.40756396630067\n ],\n [\n -87.484130859375,\n 46.55886030311719\n ],\n [\n -87.78076171875,\n 46.73986059969267\n ],\n [\n -88.143310546875,\n 46.807579571992385\n ],\n [\n -88.39599609375,\n 46.702202151643455\n ],\n [\n -88.65966796875,\n 46.33175800051563\n ],\n [\n -88.824462890625,\n 45.68315803253308\n ],\n [\n -89.132080078125,\n 45.259422036351694\n ],\n [\n -89.3408203125,\n 44.54350521320822\n ],\n [\n -89.49462890625,\n 44.33170718680922\n ],\n [\n -89.98901367187499,\n 44.02442151965934\n ],\n [\n -89.285888671875,\n 43.46886761482925\n ],\n [\n -88.48388671874999,\n 43.24520272203356\n ],\n [\n -88.00048828124999,\n 43.23719944365308\n ],\n [\n -87.593994140625,\n 43.929549935614595\n ],\n [\n -86.956787109375,\n 45.24395342262324\n ],\n [\n -86.781005859375,\n 45.60635207711834\n ],\n [\n -86.81396484375,\n 45.66012730272194\n ],\n [\n -86.781005859375,\n 46.354510837365254\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ae0e4b07f02db688292","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Sullivan, Daniel J. 0000-0003-2705-3738 djsulliv@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2705-3738","contributorId":1703,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sullivan","given":"Daniel","email":"djsulliv@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":677,"text":"Wisconsin Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":153513,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Richards, Kevin D. krichard@usgs.gov","contributorId":280,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Richards","given":"Kevin","email":"krichard@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":677,"text":"Wisconsin Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":153512,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":29947,"text":"wri964020 - 1996 - Potential effects of coal mining and road construction on the water quality of Scofield Reservoir and its drainage area, central Utah, October 1982 to October 1984","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-12-11T12:41:38","indexId":"wri964020","displayToPublicDate":"1997-04-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"96-4020","title":"Potential effects of coal mining and road construction on the water quality of Scofield Reservoir and its drainage area, central Utah, October 1982 to October 1984","docAbstract":"Studies were done during 1983-84 to determine the effect of coal mining in Pleasant Valley and construction of State Road 264 in Eccles Canyon on the water quality of local streams and on Scofield Reservoir. Streamflow during 1983-84 set high-flow records in all gaged streams and transported considerable sediment and associated trace metals and nutrients to Scofield Reservoir. Concentrations of most toxic substances were not sufficient to constitute a hazard in the streams or reservoir; however, concentrations of total phosphorus in the streams commonly exceeded waterquality criterion for phosphate as phosphorus of 0.05 milligram per liter, established by the State as an indicator of pollution.
Data from Eccles Canyon creek, which is in an actively mined area, were compared to data from Boardinghouse Canyon creek, which is in a nearby canyon with no active mining or construction activities. Concentrations of iron, manganese, and zinc were substantially larger in Eccles Canyon creek than in Boardinghouse Canyon creek. Loads of suspended sediment during storms and base-flow conditions also were larger in Eccles Canyon creek.
Concentrations of ammonia nitrogen, total phosphorus, mercury, and zinc in water from Scofield Reservoir occasionally exceeded Utah State water-quality standards and criteria for protection of aquatic wildlife that were in effect during 1983-84. In combination with the generally cooler spring temperatures, shortened growing season, and greater flushing rate for the reservoir, the large inflow of water into the reservoir prevented the occurrence of blue-green blooms common in earlier years. Large concentrations of orthophosphorus and manganese were released from sediment cores, and concentrations of manganese in the hypolimnion frequently exceeded the Federal drinking-water standard.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri964020","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the U.S. Bureau of Land Management","usgsCitation":"Stephens, D.W., Thompson, K.R., and Wangsgard, J.B., 1996, Potential effects of coal mining and road construction on the water quality of Scofield Reservoir and its drainage area, central Utah, October 1982 to October 1984: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 96-4020, vii, 77 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri964020.","productDescription":"vii, 77 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":58768,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1996/4020/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":123610,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1996/4020/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Utah","otherGeospatial":"Scofield Reservoir","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -111.28463745117188,\n 39.65011210186371\n ],\n [\n -111.06147766113281,\n 39.65011210186371\n ],\n [\n -111.06147766113281,\n 39.85124807212413\n ],\n [\n -111.28463745117188,\n 39.85124807212413\n ],\n [\n -111.28463745117188,\n 39.65011210186371\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ad5e4b07f02db6838ce","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Stephens, Doyle W.","contributorId":40195,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stephens","given":"Doyle","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":202407,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Thompson, Kendall R.","contributorId":100854,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thompson","given":"Kendall","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":202408,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Wangsgard, James B.","contributorId":211371,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wangsgard","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":202406,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":26564,"text":"wri944090 - 1996 - Hydrogeology of, and simulation of ground-water flow in, a mantled carbonate-rock system, Cumberland Valley, Pennsylvania","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-02-03T20:34:37.822011","indexId":"wri944090","displayToPublicDate":"1997-04-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"94-4090","title":"Hydrogeology of, and simulation of ground-water flow in, a mantled carbonate-rock system, Cumberland Valley, Pennsylvania","docAbstract":"The U.S. Geological Survey conducted a study in a highly productive and complex regolith-mantled carbonate valley in the northeastern part of the Cumberland Valley, Pa., as part of its Appalachian Valleys and Piedmont Regional Aquifer-system Analysis program. The study was designed to quantify the hydrogeologic characteristics and understand the ground-water flow system of a highly productive and complex thickly mantled carbonate valley. The Cumberland Valley is characterized by complexly folded and faulted carbonate bedrock in the valley bottom, by shale and graywacke to the north, and by red-sedimentary and diabase rocks in the east-southeast. Near the southern valley hillslope, the carbonate rock is overlain by wedge-shaped deposit of regolith, up to 450 feet thick, that is composed of residual material, alluvium, and colluvium. Locally, saturated regolith is greater than 200 feet thick. Seepage-run data indicate that stream reaches, near valley walls, are losing water from the stream, through the regolith, to the ground-water system. Results of hydrograph-separation analyses indicate that base flow in stream basins dominated by regolith-mantled carbonate rock, carbonate rock, and carbonate rock and shale are 81.6, 93.0, and 67.7 percent of total streamflow, respectively. The relative high percentage for the regolith-mantled carbonate-rock basin indicates that the regolith stores precipitation and slowly, steadily releases this water to the carbonate-rock aquifer and to streams as base flow. Anomalies in water-table gradients and configuration are a result of topography and differences in the character and distribution of overburden material, permeability, rock type, and geologic structure. Most ground-water flow is local, and ground water discharges to nearby springs and streams. Regional flow is northeastward to the Susquehanna River. Average-annual water budgets were calculated for the period of record from two continuous streamflow-gaging stations. Average-annual precipitation range from 39.0 to 40.5 inches, and averages about 40 inches for the model area. Average-annual recharge, which was assumed equal to the average-annual base flow, ranged from 12 inches for the Conodoguinet Creek, and 15 inches for the Yellow Breeches Creek. The thickly-mantled carbonate system was modeled as a three- dimensional water-table aquifer. Recharge to, ground-water flow through, and discharge from the Cumberland Valley were simulated. The model was calibrated for steady-state conditions using average recharge and discharge data. Aquifer horizontal hydraulic conductivity was calculated from specific-capacity data for each geologic unit in the area. Particle-tracking analyses indicate that interbasin and intrabasin flows of groundwater occur within the Yellow Breeches Creek Basin and between the Yellow Breeches and Conodoguinet Creek Basins.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri944090","usgsCitation":"Chichester, D., 1996, Hydrogeology of, and simulation of ground-water flow in, a mantled carbonate-rock system, Cumberland Valley, Pennsylvania: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 94-4090, v, 39 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri944090.","productDescription":"v, 39 p.","costCenters":[{"id":532,"text":"Pennsylvania Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":395404,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_47983.htm"},{"id":55429,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1994/4090/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":123756,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1994/4090/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Pennsylvania","otherGeospatial":"Cumberland Valley","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -77.6167,\n 39.95\n ],\n [\n -76.8528,\n 39.95\n ],\n [\n -76.8528,\n 40.333\n ],\n [\n -77.6167,\n 40.333\n ],\n [\n -77.6167,\n 39.95\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a2de4b07f02db6148e9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Chichester, D. C.","contributorId":61856,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chichester","given":"D. C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":196626,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":22901,"text":"ofr95135 - 1996 - A technique for preliminary appraisal of potential and observed scour as applied to state-maintained highway bridges in Maryland","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:07:56","indexId":"ofr95135","displayToPublicDate":"1997-04-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"95-135","title":"A technique for preliminary appraisal of potential and observed scour as applied to state-maintained highway bridges in Maryland","docAbstract":"This report describes a technique that can be used to assess potential and observed scour at highway bridges over waterways. Channel-stability assessments were conducted at 876 State highway, U.S. highway, and Interstate highway bridges over waterways in the State of Maryland. Conventional data-collection techniques were used in the field to collect bridge and stream-channel data for each bridge. A potential-scour index and an observed- scour index were developed by assigning numerical-index values to specific diagnostic characteristics of the bridge and stream channel. Potential-scour ratings and observed-scour ratings for assessed bridges were obtained by summing numerical-index values that were assigned to each diagnotic characteristic in the potential-scour index and the observed-scour index.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nBranch of Information Services [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/ofr95135","issn":"0094-9140","usgsCitation":"Doheny, E., Helinsky, B., and McGregor, R., 1996, A technique for preliminary appraisal of potential and observed scour as applied to state-maintained highway bridges in Maryland: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 95-135, viii, 75 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr95135.","productDescription":"viii, 75 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":154232,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1995/0135/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":52308,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1995/0135/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b17e4b07f02db6a5c2c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Doheny, E.J.","contributorId":43805,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Doheny","given":"E.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":189100,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Helinsky, B.M.","contributorId":82344,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Helinsky","given":"B.M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":189102,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"McGregor, R.A.","contributorId":46983,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McGregor","given":"R.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":189101,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":29253,"text":"wri964110 - 1996 - Simulation of storm peaks and storm volumes for selected subbasins in the West Fork Trinity River Basin, Texas, water years 1993-94","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-04-04T19:41:49.08274","indexId":"wri964110","displayToPublicDate":"1997-04-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"96-4110","title":"Simulation of storm peaks and storm volumes for selected subbasins in the West Fork Trinity River Basin, Texas, water years 1993-94","docAbstract":"A model parameter set for use with the Hydrologic Simulation Program FORTRAN watershed model was developed to simulate storm peaks and storm volumes for the 28 subbasins of the West Fork Trinity River Basin upstream from Lake Worth, northwest of Fort Worth, Texas, from the calibration and testing of 5 gaged subbasins. These parameters can be transferred to the 23 ungaged subbasins. The model simulates storm runoff for a channel-routing model that can be used to improve reservoir operation during floods in the basin.
Rainfall and runoff data were collected from October 1, 1992, to September 30, 1994. A total of 55 storms were recorded at the 5 streamgage stations during the 24 months. Twelve different pervious land segments were defined based on types of soil, land cover, and watershed slope. A total of 20 process-related parameters were defined for each land segment, and 6 basin-related parameters were defined for each stream reach.
The mean absolute errors for the 5 subbasins for simulation of storm peaks range from 48.0 to 470 percent and for simulation of storm volumes range from 34.4 to 416 percent. A sensitivity analysis was done to determine what a change in a parameter value has on the largest storm peak and on the total storm volume. The model then was recalibrated and tested on the basis of the analysis of the sensitivity of parameters and on the analysis of the errors from the initial model calibration and testing. The mean absolute errors for the 5 subbasins using the recalibrated parameters for simulation of storm peaks range from 47.1 to 297 percent, and for simulation of storm volumes range from 27.6 to 193 percent.
The model produced better results for simulation of the larger storm peaks and storm volumes than for simulation of the smaller storm peaks and storm volumes, especially after an extended period of no runoff. The same range in errors can be expected when transferring the parameters to the 23 ungaged subbasins. Additional data collection and model refinement could decrease the range of expected model errors. More storm data and improved discharge rating curves could result in model parameters that account for the wide seasonal variations in runoff in the study area.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Austin, TX","doi":"10.3133/wri964110","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Tarrant County Water Control and Improvement","usgsCitation":"Raines, T.H., 1996, Simulation of storm peaks and storm volumes for selected subbasins in the West Fork Trinity River Basin, Texas, water years 1993-94: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 96-4110, iv, 41 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri964110.","productDescription":"iv, 41 p.","costCenters":[{"id":583,"text":"Texas Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":158526,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1996/4110/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":58103,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1996/4110/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":415186,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_48466.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Texas","otherGeospatial":"West Fork Trinity River basin","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -98.05,\n 33.45\n ],\n [\n -98.05,\n 32.9\n ],\n [\n -97.5667,\n 32.9\n ],\n [\n -97.5667,\n 33.45\n ],\n [\n -98.05,\n 33.45\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49f7e4b07f02db5f220b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Raines, T. H.","contributorId":88389,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Raines","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":201226,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":25837,"text":"wri954221 - 1996 - Water-quality assessment of the Potomac River Basin: Basin description and analysis of available nutrient data, 1970-90","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-12-27T21:55:41.286101","indexId":"wri954221","displayToPublicDate":"1997-04-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"95-4221","title":"Water-quality assessment of the Potomac River Basin: Basin description and analysis of available nutrient data, 1970-90","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri954221","usgsCitation":"Blomquist, J., Fisher, G.T., Denis, J.M., Brakebill, J., and Werkheiser, W., 1996, Water-quality assessment of the Potomac River Basin: Basin description and analysis of available nutrient data, 1970-90: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 95-4221, vi, 88 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri954221.","productDescription":"vi, 88 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":393479,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_48307.htm"},{"id":258619,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1995/4221/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":258618,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1995/4221/report.pdf","size":"20741","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Maryland, Pennsylvania, Virginia, West Virginia","otherGeospatial":"Potomac River Basin","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -79.6333,\n 37.8833\n ],\n [\n -76.2667,\n 37.8833\n ],\n [\n -76.2667,\n 40\n ],\n [\n -79.6333,\n 40\n ],\n [\n -79.6333,\n 37.8833\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a0ae4b07f02db5fb559","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Blomquist, J. D. 0000-0002-0140-6534","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0140-6534","contributorId":20784,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Blomquist","given":"J. D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":195280,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Fisher, G. T.","contributorId":49359,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fisher","given":"G.","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":195282,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Denis, J. M.","contributorId":50552,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Denis","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":195283,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Brakebill, J. W.","contributorId":48206,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brakebill","given":"J. W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":195281,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Werkheiser, W. H.","contributorId":106165,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Werkheiser","given":"W. H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":195284,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":23630,"text":"ofr9695 - 1996 - 40Ar/39Ar age-spectrum data for whole rock samples of the Martinsburg Formation, Lehigh Gap area, Pennsylvania","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-01-31T10:38:50","indexId":"ofr9695","displayToPublicDate":"1997-04-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"96-95","title":"40Ar/39Ar age-spectrum data for whole rock samples of the Martinsburg Formation, Lehigh Gap area, Pennsylvania","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Dept. of the Interior, Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/ofr9695","issn":"0094-9140","usgsCitation":"Kunk, M.J., and Wintsch, R., 1996, 40Ar/39Ar age-spectrum data for whole rock samples of the Martinsburg Formation, Lehigh Gap area, Pennsylvania: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 96-95, 45 p. :ill. ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr9695.","productDescription":"45 p. :ill. ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":154875,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1996/0095/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":52907,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1996/0095/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53cd4930e4b0b290850eef5e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kunk, Michael J. 0000-0003-4424-7825 mkunk@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4424-7825","contributorId":200968,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kunk","given":"Michael","email":"mkunk@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":40020,"text":"Florence Bascom Geoscience Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":243,"text":"Eastern Geology and Paleoclimate Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":190450,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wintsch, R. P.","contributorId":104921,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Wintsch","given":"R. P.","affiliations":[{"id":13366,"text":"Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, USA","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":190449,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":28595,"text":"wri964085 - 1996 - Estimating flood hydrographs for urban basins in North Carolina","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-01-27T13:14:24","indexId":"wri964085","displayToPublicDate":"1997-04-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"96-4085","title":"Estimating flood hydrographs for urban basins in North Carolina","docAbstract":"A dimensionless hydrograph for North Carolina was developed from data collected in 29 urban and urbanizing basins in the State. The dimen- sionless hydrograph can be used with an estimate of peak flow and basin lagtime to synthesize a design flood hydrograph for urban basins in North Carolina. Peak flows can be estimated from a number of avail- able techniques; a procedure for estimating basin lagtime from main channel length, stream slope, and percentage of impervious area was developed from data collected at 50 sites and is presented in this report. The North Carolina dimensionless hydrograph provides satis- factory predictions of flood hydrographs in all regions of the State except for basins in or near Asheville where the method overestimated 11 of 12 measured hydrographs. A previously developed dimensionless hydrograph for urban basins in the Piedmont and upper Coastal Plain of South Carolina provides better flood-hydrograph predictions for the Asheville basins and has a standard error of 21 percent as compared to 41 percent for the North Carolina dimensionless hydrograph.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nBranch of Information Services [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/wri964085","usgsCitation":"Mason, R., and Bales, J., 1996, Estimating flood hydrographs for urban basins in North Carolina: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 96-4085, iii, 19 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri964085.","productDescription":"iii, 19 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science 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Jr.","contributorId":71590,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mason","given":"R.R.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":200086,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bales, J. D.","contributorId":21569,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bales","given":"J. D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":200085,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":22274,"text":"ofr96147 - 1996 - Water-quality data for the Ohio River from New Cumberland Dam to Pike Island Dam, West Virginia and Ohio, May-October 1993","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:03","indexId":"ofr96147","displayToPublicDate":"1997-04-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"96-147","title":"Water-quality data for the Ohio River from New Cumberland Dam to Pike Island Dam, West Virginia and Ohio, May-October 1993","docAbstract":"This report contains water-quality data for the Ohio River from river mile 51.1 (3.3 miles upstream from New Cumberland Dam) to river mile 84.0 (0.2 miles upstream from Pike Island Dam) that were collected during the summer and fall of 1993. The data were collected to establish the water quality of the Ohio River and to use in assessing the proposed effects of hydropower development on the water quality of the Ohio River. Water quality was determined by a combination of repeated synoptic field measurements, continuous-record monitoring, and laboratory analyses. Synoptic measurements were made along a longitudinal transect with 18 mid-channel sampling sites; cross-sectional transects of water-quality measurements were made at 5 of these sites. Water-quality measurements also were made at two sites located on the back-channel (Ohio) side of Browns Island. At each longitudinal-transect and back-channel sampling site, measurements were made of specific conductance, pH, water temperature, and dissolved oxygen conentration. Longitudinal-transect and back-channel stations were sampled at four depths (at the surface, about 3.3 feet below the surface, middle of the water column, and near the bottom of the river). Cross-sectional transects consisted of three to four detailed vertical profiles of the same characteristics. Water samples were collected from three depths at the mid-channel vertical profile in each cross-sectional transect and were analyzed for concentrations of phytoplankton photosynthetic pigments chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b. Estimates of the depth of light penetration (Secchi-disk transparency) were made at pigment-sampling locations whenever light and river-surface conditions were appropriate. Synoptic sampling usually was completed in 12 hours or less and was repeated 10 times from May through October 1993. Continuous-record monitoring of water quality consisted of hourly measurements of specific conductance, pH, water temperature, and dissolved oxygen concentration, made at a depth of 6.6 feet upstream and downstream of New Cumberland Dam. Continuous monitors were operated from May through October 1993.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nBranch of Information Services [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/ofr96147","issn":"0094-9140","usgsCitation":"Miller, K.F., Messinger, T., Waldron, M., and Faulkenburg, C., 1996, Water-quality data for the Ohio River from New Cumberland Dam to Pike Island Dam, West Virginia and Ohio, May-October 1993: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 96-147, iv, 72 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr96147.","productDescription":"iv, 72 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":155888,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1996/0147/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":51696,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1996/0147/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e47c3e4b07f02db4a839a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Miller, K. F.","contributorId":87153,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Miller","given":"K.","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":187902,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Messinger, Terence 0000-0003-4084-9298 tmessing@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4084-9298","contributorId":2717,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Messinger","given":"Terence","email":"tmessing@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":642,"text":"West Virginia Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":187899,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Waldron, M.C.","contributorId":33342,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Waldron","given":"M.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":187901,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Faulkenburg, C.W.","contributorId":6073,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Faulkenburg","given":"C.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":187900,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":22688,"text":"ofr95334 - 1996 - Physical, chemical, and biological data for four wetland habitats in Canaan Valley, West Virginia","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:07:51","indexId":"ofr95334","displayToPublicDate":"1997-04-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"95-334","title":"Physical, chemical, and biological data for four wetland habitats in Canaan Valley, West Virginia","docAbstract":"This report contains data collected during 1992 as part of a project designed to identify microenvironmental factors affecting rates of denitrification in wetlands in Canaan Valley, West Virginia. Four wetland habitats were selected for the study--a moss-lichen wetland, a persistent emergent wetland, a scrub-shrub wetland, and a riverine wetland. Physical, chemical, and biological characteristics of each habitat were determined by field measurements and laboratory analyses. Samples were collected in March, June, August, and October. Sediment pH, temperature, and oxidation-reduction potential were measured in the field. Sediment samples were analyzed for concentrations of calcium, sodium, magnesium, potassium, nitrate and nitrite, ammonia, ammonia plus organic nitrogen, phosphorus, inorganic carbon, and total carbon. The most probable number of denitrifying bacteria was determined by a multiple-tube test. The dominant plant species were identified by plant-community analysis. The moss-lichen wetland was characterized by low pH (3.4 to 5.0) and small populations of denitrifying bacteria (70 to 400 per gram of wet soil). The scrub-shrub wetland was also acidic (pH 4.0 to 5.0), but supported larger numbers of denitrifying bacteria (510 to 11,000 per gram of wet soil). The number of denitrifying bacteria in the persistent emergent wetland exceeded 1,000,000 per gram of wet soil in early summer and pH in this habitat was higher (5.1 to 6.6) than in the bogs. Riverine wetland pH ranged from 5.4 to 6.9, and the number of denitrifying bacteria ranged from 200 to 11,000 per gram of wet soil.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nBranch of Information Services [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/ofr95334","issn":"0094-9140","usgsCitation":"Chambers, D., 1996, Physical, chemical, and biological data for four wetland habitats in Canaan Valley, West Virginia: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 95-334, iv, 19 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr95334.","productDescription":"iv, 19 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":154647,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1995/0334/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":52150,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1995/0334/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4adbe4b07f02db685a7e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Chambers, D.B.","contributorId":76762,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chambers","given":"D.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":188694,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":30164,"text":"wri964081 - 1996 - Comparison of Bowen-ratio, eddy-correlation, and weighing-lysimeter evapotranspiration for two sparse-canopy sites in eastern Washington","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:50","indexId":"wri964081","displayToPublicDate":"1997-04-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"96-4081","title":"Comparison of Bowen-ratio, eddy-correlation, and weighing-lysimeter evapotranspiration for two sparse-canopy sites in eastern Washington","docAbstract":"This report compares evapotranspiration estimated with the Bowen-ratio and eddy-correlation methods with evapotranspiration measured by weighing lysimeters for two sparse-canopy sites in eastern Washington. The sites are located in a grassland area (grass lysimeter site) and a sagbrush- covered area (sage lysimeter site) on the Arid Lands Ecology Reserve in Benton County, Washington. Lysimeter data were collected at the sites from August 1990 to November 1994. Bowen-ratio data were collected for varying periods from May 1993 to November 1994. Additional Bowen-ratio data without interchanging air- temperature and vapor-pressure sensors to remove sensor bias (fixed-sensor system) were collected from October 1993 to June 1994. Eddy-correlation data were collected at the grass lysimeter site from March to April 1994, and at the sage lysimeter site from April to May 1994. The comparisons of evapotranspiration determined by the various methods differed considerably, depending on the periods of record being compared and the sites being analyzed. The year 1993 was very wet, with about 50 percent more precipitation than average; 1994 was a very dry year, with only about half the average precipitation. The study showed that on an annual basis, at least in 1994, Bowen-ratio evapotranspiration closely matched lysimeter evapotranspiration. In 1993, Bowen-ratio and lysimeter evapotranspiration comparisons were variable. Evapotranspiration estimated with the Bowen-ratio method averaged 5 percent more than evapotranspiration measured by lysimeters at the grass lysimeter site from October 1993 to November 1994, and 3 percent less than lysimeters at the sage lysimeter site from November 1993 to October 1994. From March 24 to April 5, 1994, at the grass lysimeter site, the Bowen-ratio method estimated 11 percent less, the Bowen-ratio method utilizing the fixed sensor system about 7 percent more, and the eddy-correlation method about 28 percent less evapotranspiration than the lysimeters measured. From May 7 to June 18, 1993, however, the Bowen-ratio method estimated only 54 percent of the evapotranspiration measured by lysimeters at the grass lysimeter site. This large difference possibly may be attributed to Bowen-ratio instrument variability or error, to the density of grasses in the lysimeters being greater than in the surrounding area, or to heating effects on the lysimeters. From September 1 to October 31, 1993, the Bowen-ratio method estimated more than 450 percent more evapotranspiration than was measured by lysimeters at the sage lysimeter site. This difference may have been due to conditions in the lysimeters at the sage lysimeter site that were unrepresentative of natural conditions. The Bowen-ratio instruments measured evapotrans- piration over sagebrush plants outside the lysimeters, which were blooming very heavily, possibly using supplemental ground water or spring water from nearby upslope areas. The sagebrush plants contained by the lysimeters showed very little evapotranspiration, possibly because they were root-bound and had already used all available water. Also, plants in the lysimeters would not have been able to access any supplemental water available to plants outside the confines of the lysimeters. Earlier in 1993, from June 17 to July 12, the Bowen-ratio method estimated only 1 percent less evapotranspiration than determined for the lysimeters at the sage lysimeter site. On the basis of lysimeter measurements from August 1990 to November 1994, cumulative evapotrans- piration ranged from about 97 to 103 percent of the annual precipitation each year. The evapotranspiration measurements made at the grass and sage lysimeter sites, which were based on weight changes in the lysimeters, showed that storage changes became nearly zero each year some time between August and November as average surface soil moisture decreased to about 2 percent and evapotranspiration rates decreased to less than 0.1 millimeter per day.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nU.S. Geological Survey, Branch of Information Services [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/wri964081","usgsCitation":"Tomlinson, S.A., 1996, Comparison of Bowen-ratio, eddy-correlation, and weighing-lysimeter evapotranspiration for two sparse-canopy sites in eastern Washington: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 96-4081, ix, 69 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri964081.","productDescription":"ix, 69 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":121823,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1996/4081/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":58965,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1996/4081/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b24e4b07f02db6ae482","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Tomlinson, S. A.","contributorId":98770,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tomlinson","given":"S.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":202795,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":22082,"text":"ofr96167 - 1996 - Quality-assurance data for routine water analyses by the U.S. Geological Survey Laboratory in Troy, New York, May 1991 through June 1993","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:07:52","indexId":"ofr96167","displayToPublicDate":"1997-04-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"96-167","title":"Quality-assurance data for routine water analyses by the U.S. Geological Survey Laboratory in Troy, New York, May 1991 through June 1993","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nBranch of Information Services [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/ofr96167","issn":"0094-9140","usgsCitation":"Lincoln, T., Horan-Ross, D., Olson, M., and Lawrence, G., 1996, Quality-assurance data for routine water analyses by the U.S. Geological Survey Laboratory in Troy, New York, May 1991 through June 1993: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 96-167, iv, 22 p. :ill. ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr96167.","productDescription":"iv, 22 p. :ill. ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":154606,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1996/0167/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":51524,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1996/0167/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a8ae4b07f02db65156e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lincoln, T.A.","contributorId":61456,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lincoln","given":"T.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":186992,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Horan-Ross, D. A.","contributorId":79502,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Horan-Ross","given":"D. A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":186994,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Olson, M.L.","contributorId":21989,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Olson","given":"M.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":186991,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Lawrence, G.B. 0000-0002-8035-2350","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8035-2350","contributorId":76347,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lawrence","given":"G.B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":186993,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":5298,"text":"fs23296 - 1996 - Sediment and nutrient trapping efficiency of a constructed wetland near Delavan Lake, Wisconsin, 1993-1995","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-09-28T15:57:21","indexId":"fs23296","displayToPublicDate":"1997-04-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":313,"text":"Fact Sheet","code":"FS","onlineIssn":"2327-6932","printIssn":"2327-6916","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"232-96","title":"Sediment and nutrient trapping efficiency of a constructed wetland near Delavan Lake, Wisconsin, 1993-1995","docAbstract":"Jackson Creek Wetland a 95-acre shallow prairie marsh containing three sediment retention ponds was constructed in 1992 to reduce sediment and nutrient in- flow to eutrophic Delavan Lake. The function of the wetland as a retention system for suspended sediments and nutrients (total and dissolved phosphorus, total ammonia plus organic nitrogen, dissolved ammonia, and nitrite plus nitrate nitrogen) was studied from February 1993 through September 1995. Input and output load computations were based on water flow (discharge) measurements and periodic sampling of suspended sediments and nutrients at the three inflowing streams and at the wetland outflow. Results of the study indicated consistent sediment retention throughout the year; at times, as much as 80 percent of the inflow load was retained in the wetland. Nutrient retention was generally of lesser magnitude and much more variable. Although the annual budgets confirm net retention for all nutrient forms except ammonia, data analysis over shorter time scales show that outflow loads actually can exceed inflow loads during the late spring and summer months the period of greatest likelihood of algal blooms in the lake. This result demonstrates that the nutrient-trapping function of the wetland is variable because of the complexity of the system. Awareness of such variability can help to maintain realistic expectations and effective management practices.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/fs23296","usgsCitation":"Elder, J.F., and Goddard, G.L., 1996, Sediment and nutrient trapping efficiency of a constructed wetland near Delavan Lake, Wisconsin, 1993-1995: U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 232-96, 4 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/fs23296.","productDescription":"4 p.","numberOfPages":"4","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":677,"text":"Wisconsin Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":31997,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/1996/0232/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":273,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://wi.water.usgs.gov/pubs/FS-232-96/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":117800,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/1996/0232/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Wisconsin","otherGeospatial":"Delevan Lake, Jackson Creek Wetland","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -88.70052337646484,\n 42.595049077851826\n ],\n [\n -88.604736328125,\n 42.53486817758702\n ],\n [\n -88.5446548461914,\n 42.581399679665054\n ],\n [\n -88.45539093017578,\n 42.63446388282484\n ],\n [\n -88.3747100830078,\n 42.63522161536405\n ],\n [\n -88.40217590332031,\n 42.706659563510385\n ],\n [\n -88.5007095336914,\n 42.71473218539458\n ],\n [\n -88.58207702636719,\n 42.69909052694581\n ],\n [\n -88.70052337646484,\n 42.595049077851826\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a0be4b07f02db5fc0e0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Elder, John F.","contributorId":23919,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Elder","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":150786,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Goddard, Gerald L.","contributorId":35721,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Goddard","given":"Gerald","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":676,"text":"Wisconsin Water Resource Division","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":150787,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":5084,"text":"fs19796 - 1996 - Hydrology and water quality of Park Lake, south-central Wisconsin","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-09-29T09:16:25","indexId":"fs19796","displayToPublicDate":"1997-04-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":313,"text":"Fact Sheet","code":"FS","onlineIssn":"2327-6932","printIssn":"2327-6916","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"197-96","title":"Hydrology and water quality of Park Lake, south-central Wisconsin","docAbstract":"Park Lake extends to the northeast from the village of Pardeeville in Columbia County (fig. 1). Local residents perceive water-quality problems in the lake that include excessive algae and aquatic plant growth. Algae and plant growth in a lake are controlled, in part, by the availability of phosphorus in the water. However, no measurements of phosphorus enter- ing the lake or of other factors that affect lake-water quality had been made, and available data on water quality were limited to 2 years of measurements at one site in the lake in 1986- 87. To obtain the data and in- formation needed to address the water-quality problems at Park Lake and to develop a management plan that would limit the input of phosphorus to the lake, the U.S. Geologi- cal Survey, in cooperation with the Park Lake Management District, studied the hydrology of the lake and collected data needed to determine sources and amount of phosphorus en- tering the lake. This Fact Sheet summarizes the results of that study. Data collected during the study were published in a separate report (Holmstrom and others, 1994, p. 70-85).
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/fs19796","usgsCitation":"Kammerer, P., 1996, Hydrology and water quality of Park Lake, south-central Wisconsin: U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 197-96, 4 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/fs19796.","productDescription":"4 p.","numberOfPages":"4","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":677,"text":"Wisconsin Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":31882,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/1996/0197/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":125322,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/1996/0197/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Wisconsin","county":"Columbia County","otherGeospatial":"Park Lake","geographicExtents":"{\"type\":\"FeatureCollection\",\"features\":[{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"Polygon\",\"coordinates\":[[[-89.2453,43.643],[-89.127,43.6436],[-89.1271,43.6318],[-89.007,43.6332],[-89.0063,43.548],[-89.0044,43.4616],[-89.0038,43.3737],[-89.0088,43.3738],[-89.0094,43.286],[-89.1271,43.2827],[-89.246,43.2834],[-89.3624,43.2832],[-89.3617,43.2954],[-89.4819,43.2942],[-89.6008,43.2932],[-89.7209,43.2935],[-89.7235,43.2935],[-89.7292,43.3026],[-89.7279,43.3108],[-89.7254,43.3153],[-89.7229,43.3181],[-89.7185,43.3195],[-89.7129,43.3226],[-89.7078,43.3277],[-89.7028,43.3345],[-89.6909,43.3495],[-89.684,43.3573],[-89.6783,43.3586],[-89.6708,43.3582],[-89.6613,43.3577],[-89.6456,43.36],[-89.6311,43.3646],[-89.6166,43.371],[-89.6009,43.3806],[-89.6004,43.4688],[-89.5999,43.5544],[-89.6075,43.5603],[-89.6138,43.5626],[-89.6277,43.5617],[-89.6359,43.5603],[-89.6511,43.5621],[-89.658,43.5634],[-89.6643,43.5657],[-89.6707,43.5666],[-89.6783,43.5671],[-89.6877,43.5634],[-89.6934,43.5616],[-89.6991,43.562],[-89.706,43.5648],[-89.7187,43.5652],[-89.7288,43.5661],[-89.7351,43.5693],[-89.7364,43.5743],[-89.7326,43.5793],[-89.7288,43.5829],[-89.7244,43.587],[-89.7188,43.5929],[-89.7207,43.597],[-89.727,43.5979],[-89.7428,43.597],[-89.751,43.5997],[-89.7567,43.6029],[-89.7662,43.6029],[-89.7738,43.6092],[-89.7763,43.6161],[-89.7808,43.6215],[-89.7802,43.6274],[-89.7789,43.6343],[-89.784,43.6388],[-89.7866,43.6411],[-89.779,43.6411],[-89.7195,43.643],[-89.6,43.6427],[-89.4837,43.6423],[-89.3648,43.6427],[-89.2453,43.643]]]},\"properties\":{\"name\":\"Columbia\",\"state\":\"WI\"}}]}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a18e4b07f02db604d75","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kammerer, P.A.","contributorId":21943,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kammerer","given":"P.A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":150390,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":26625,"text":"wri964111 - 1996 - Ground-water pumpage in the Willamette lowland regional aquifer system, Oregon and Washington, 1990","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-02-07T08:40:00","indexId":"wri964111","displayToPublicDate":"1997-04-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"96-4111","title":"Ground-water pumpage in the Willamette lowland regional aquifer system, Oregon and Washington, 1990","docAbstract":"Ground-water pumpage for 1990 was estimated for an area of about 5,700 square miles in northwestern Oregon and southwestern Washington as part of the Puget-Willamette Lowland Regional Aquifer System Analysis study. The estimated total ground-water pumpage in 1990 was about 340,000 acre-feet. Ground water in the study area is pumped mainly from Quaternary sediment; lesser amounts are withdrawn from Tertiary volcanic materials. Large parts of the area are used for agriculture, and about two and one-half times as much ground water was pumped for irrigation as for either public- supply or industrial needs. Estimates of ground- water pumpage for irrigation in the central part of the Willamette Valley were generated by using image-processing techniques and Landsat Thematic Mapper data. Field data and published reports were used to estimate pumpage for irrigation in other parts of the study area. Information on public- supply and industrial pumpage was collected from Federal, State, and private organizations and individuals.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Portland, OR","doi":"10.3133/wri964111","usgsCitation":"Collins, C., and Broad, T.M., 1996, Ground-water pumpage in the Willamette lowland regional aquifer system, Oregon and Washington, 1990: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 96-4111, iii, 27 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri964111.","productDescription":"iii, 27 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":518,"text":"Oregon Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":125024,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1996/4111/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":55498,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1996/4111/report.pdf","text":"Report","size":"549.91 KB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Report"}],"country":"United States","state":"Oregon, Washington","otherGeospatial":"Willamette Regional Aquifer System","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -124.16748046874999,\n 43.78695837311561\n ],\n [\n -124.16748046874999,\n 49.76707407366792\n ],\n [\n -119.00390625,\n 49.76707407366792\n ],\n [\n -119.00390625,\n 43.78695837311561\n ],\n [\n -124.16748046874999,\n 43.78695837311561\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4aa8e4b07f02db6673ed","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Collins, Charles A.","contributorId":79510,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Collins","given":"Charles A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":196733,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Broad, Tyson M.","contributorId":76786,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Broad","given":"Tyson","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":196732,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":29143,"text":"wri964065 - 1996 - Water-quality assessment of the Hudson River basin in New York and adjacent states: Analysis of available nutrient, pesticide volatile organic compound, and suspended-sediment data, 1970-90","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-12-14T20:34:52.175408","indexId":"wri964065","displayToPublicDate":"1997-04-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"96-4065","title":"Water-quality assessment of the Hudson River basin in New York and adjacent states: Analysis of available nutrient, pesticide volatile organic compound, and suspended-sediment data, 1970-90","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri964065","usgsCitation":"Phillips, P.J., and Hanchar, D., 1996, Water-quality assessment of the Hudson River basin in New York and adjacent states: Analysis of available nutrient, pesticide volatile organic compound, and suspended-sediment data, 1970-90: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 96-4065, ix, 76 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri964065.","productDescription":"ix, 76 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":410491,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_48430.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":58013,"rank":1,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1996/4065/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":159391,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1996/4065/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Connecticut, Massachusetts, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Vermont","otherGeospatial":"Hudson River basin","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -75.65,\n 40.75\n ],\n [\n -73,\n 40.75\n ],\n [\n -73,\n 44.1\n ],\n [\n -75.65,\n 44.1\n ],\n [\n -75.65,\n 40.75\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49e5e4b07f02db5e6e97","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Phillips, P. J.","contributorId":31728,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Phillips","given":"P.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":201012,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hanchar, D. W.","contributorId":87986,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hanchar","given":"D. W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":201013,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":6777,"text":"fs21796 - 1996 - Water-quality trends using sediment cores from White Rock Lake, Dallas, Texas","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-08-17T18:08:53","indexId":"fs21796","displayToPublicDate":"1997-04-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":313,"text":"Fact Sheet","code":"FS","onlineIssn":"2327-6932","printIssn":"2327-6916","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"217-96","title":"Water-quality trends using sediment cores from White Rock Lake, Dallas, Texas","docAbstract":"The U.S. Geological Survey National Water-Quality Assessment (NAWQA) Program has three objectives, one of which is \"to define trends (or lack of trends) in water quality\" (Leahy and others, 1990). Water-quality trends are of interest for at least three reasons: First, trends can improve our understanding of the influence of human activities on water-quality conditions; second, trends can indicate the effectiveness of environmental regulations; and third, trends can provide a warning of additional degradation of water quality in the future. A common approach for determining water-quality trends in streams is to apply statistical tests to historical data; however, historical water-quality data have several limitations. These include lack of data, inconsistent sampling and analytical methods, numerous measurements below detection levels, and questionable accuracy. If historical data are lacking or are inappropriate for statistical trend testing, water-quality records can be partly reconstructed using sediment cores from receiving water bodies such as reservoirs.
\nThe purpose of this fact sheet is to summarize the principal findings documented in a report on water-quality trends in White Rock Creek Basin using dated sediment cores from White Rock Lake (Van Metre and Callender, in press). The study used dated sediment cores to reconstruct water-quality conditions. More specifically, the changes in water quality associated with the watershed’s change from agricultural to urban land use and with the implementation of environmental regulations were identified.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/fs21796","usgsCitation":"Van Metre, P., Land, L.F., and Braun, C., 1996, Water-quality trends using sediment cores from White Rock Lake, Dallas, Texas: U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 217-96, 4 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/fs21796.","productDescription":"4 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":583,"text":"Texas Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":34136,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/1996/0217/report.pdf","text":"Report","size":"2.37 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Report"},{"id":796,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://tx.usgs.gov/coring/pubs/wrlakefactsheet.pdf","text":"Report-reprint","size":"477.46 kB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Report"},{"id":117298,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/1996/0217/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Texas","city":"Dallas","otherGeospatial":"White Rock Lake","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -96.7510986328125,\n 32.765336175015776\n ],\n [\n -96.7510986328125,\n 32.87929884557261\n ],\n [\n -96.6961669921875,\n 32.87929884557261\n ],\n [\n -96.6961669921875,\n 32.765336175015776\n ],\n [\n -96.7510986328125,\n 32.765336175015776\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a08e4b07f02db5fa51c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Van Metre, Peter C.","contributorId":34104,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Van Metre","given":"Peter C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":153322,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Land, Larry F.","contributorId":60612,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Land","given":"Larry","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":153323,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Braun, C.L.","contributorId":63385,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Braun","given":"C.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":153324,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":29390,"text":"wri964084 - 1996 - Estimation of flood-frequency characteristics of small urban streams in North Carolina","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-01-27T13:13:01","indexId":"wri964084","displayToPublicDate":"1997-04-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"96-4084","title":"Estimation of flood-frequency characteristics of small urban streams in North Carolina","docAbstract":"A statewide study was conducted to develop methods for estimating the magnitude and frequency of floods of small urban streams in North Carolina. This type of information is critical in the design of bridges, culverts and water-control structures, establishment of flood-insurance rates and flood-plain regulation, and for other uses by urban planners and engineers.\r\n\r\nConcurrent records of rainfall and runoff data collected in small urban basins were used to calibrate rainfall-runoff models. Historic rain- fall records were used with the calibrated models to synthesize a long- term record of annual peak discharges. The synthesized record of annual peak discharges were used in a statistical analysis to determine flood- frequency distributions. These frequency distributions were used with distributions from previous investigations to develop a database for 32 small urban basins in the Blue Ridge-Piedmont, Sand Hills, and Coastal Plain hydrologic areas. The study basins ranged in size from 0.04 to 41.0 square miles. Data describing the size and shape of the basin, level of urban development, and climate and rural flood charac- teristics also were included in the database.\r\n\r\nEstimation equations were developed by relating flood-frequency char- acteristics to basin characteristics in a generalized least-squares regression analysis. The most significant basin characteristics are drainage area, impervious area, and rural flood discharge. The model error and prediction errors for the estimating equations were less than those for the national flood-frequency equations previously reported. Resulting equations, which have prediction errors generally less than 40 percent, can be used to estimate flood-peak discharges for 2-, 5-, 10-, 25-, 50-, and 100-year recurrence intervals for small urban basins across the State assuming negligible, sustainable, in- channel detention or basin storage.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nBranch of Information Services [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/wri964084","usgsCitation":"Robbins, J., and Pope, B., 1996, Estimation of flood-frequency characteristics of small urban streams in North Carolina: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 96-4084, iv, 21 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri964084.","productDescription":"iv, 21 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science 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The data sets cover Nevada, eastern California, southeastern Oregon, southern Idaho, and western Utah. Some of the data sets are incomplete for the total area. On the CD-ROM, the data are provided in three formats, a prototype Federal Data Exchange standard format, the ESRI PC ARCVIEW1 format for viewing the data, and the ESRI ARC/INFO export format. Extensive documentation is provided to describe the data, the sources, and data enhancements. The following data are provided. One group of coverages comes primarily from 1:2,000,000-scale National Atlas data and can be assembled for use as base maps. These various forms of topographic information. In addition, public land system data sets are provided from the 1:2,500,000-scale Geologic Map of the United States and 1:500,000-scale geologic maps of Nevada, Oregon, and Utah. Geochemical data from the National Uranium Resource Evaluation (NURE) program are provided for most of the Great Basin. Geophysical data are provided for most of the Great Basin, typically gridded data with a spacing of 1 km. The geophysical data sets include aeromagnetics, gravity, radiometric data, and several derivative products. The thematic data sets include geochronology, calderas, pluvial lakes, tectonic extension domains, distribution of pre-Cenozoic terranes, limonite anomalies, Landsat linear features, mineral sites, and Bureau of Land Management exploration and mining permits.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/ds41","issn":"1088-1018","isbn":"060786141X","collaboration":"The USGS does not provide technical support for the software associated with this publication.","usgsCitation":"Raines, G.L., Sawatzky, D.L., and Connors, K.A., 1996, Great Basin geoscience data base: U.S. Geological Survey Data Series 41, 1 computer laser optical disc ;4 3/4 in., https://doi.org/10.3133/ds41.","productDescription":"1 computer laser optical disc ;4 3/4 in.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":139765,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":282962,"type":{"id":4,"text":"Application Site"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/ds/041/application.zip"}],"scale":"0","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -122.25,35 ], [ -122.25,44.5 ], [ -110.75,44.5 ], [ -110.75,35 ], [ -122.25,35 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4abae4b07f02db671cd6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Raines, Gary L.","contributorId":48162,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Raines","given":"Gary","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":150057,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Sawatzky, Don L.","contributorId":99110,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sawatzky","given":"Don","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":150059,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Connors, Katherine A.","contributorId":53785,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Connors","given":"Katherine","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":150058,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":27730,"text":"wri954298 - 1996 - Development, verification, and application of a simplified method to estimate total-streambed scour at bridge sites in Illinois","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:38","indexId":"wri954298","displayToPublicDate":"1997-04-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"95-4298","title":"Development, verification, and application of a simplified method to estimate total-streambed scour at bridge sites in Illinois","docAbstract":"A simplified method to estimate total-streambed scour was developed for application to bridges in the State of Illinois. Scour envelope curves, developed as empirical relations between calculated total scour and bridge-site chracteristics for 213 State highway bridges in Illinois, are used in the method to estimate the 500-year flood scour. These 213 bridges, geographically distributed throughout Illinois, had been previously evaluated for streambed scour with the application of conventional hydraulic and scour-analysis methods recommended by the Federal Highway Administration. The bridge characteristics necessary for application of the simplified bridge scour-analysis method can be obtained from an office review of bridge plans, examination of topographic maps, and reconnaissance-level site inspection. The estimates computed with the simplified method generally resulted in a larger value of 500-year flood total-streambed scour than with the more detailed conventional method. The simplified method was successfully verified with a separate data set of 106 State highway bridges, which are geographically distributed throughout Illinois, and 15 county highway bridges.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nInformation Services [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/wri954298","usgsCitation":"Holmes, R.R., and Dunn, C.J., 1996, Development, verification, and application of a simplified method to estimate total-streambed scour at bridge sites in Illinois: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 95-4298, iv, 44 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm. +1 computer disk (3 1/2), https://doi.org/10.3133/wri954298.","productDescription":"iv, 44 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm. +1 computer disk (3 1/2)","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":2117,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://il.water.usgs.gov/pubsearch/reports.cgi/view?series=WRIR&number=95-4298","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":121943,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1995/4298/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":56570,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1995/4298/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a9be4b07f02db65dd80","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Holmes, Robert R. Jr. 0000-0002-5060-3999 bholmes@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5060-3999","contributorId":1624,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Holmes","given":"Robert","suffix":"Jr.","email":"bholmes@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":502,"text":"Office of Surface Water","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":198605,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Dunn, Chad J.","contributorId":97949,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dunn","given":"Chad","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":198606,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":5034,"text":"fs19096 - 1996 - Real-time streamflow conditions","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-09-29T09:29:47","indexId":"fs19096","displayToPublicDate":"1997-04-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":313,"text":"Fact Sheet","code":"FS","onlineIssn":"2327-6932","printIssn":"2327-6916","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"190-96","title":"Real-time streamflow conditions","docAbstract":"Would you like to know streamflow conditions before you go fishing in Wisconsin or in more distant locations? Real-time streamflow data throughout Wisconsin and the United States are available on the Internet from the U.S. Geological Survey. You can see if the stream you are interested in fishing is high due to recent rain or low because of an extended dry spell. Flow conditions at more than 100 stream-gaging stations located throughout Wisconsin can be viewed by accessing the Wisconsin District Home Page at: http://wwwdwimdn.er.usgs.gov
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\"}}]}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a7fe4b07f02db648699","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Graczyk, David J.","contributorId":107265,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Graczyk","given":"David J.","affiliations":[{"id":677,"text":"Wisconsin Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":150325,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Gebert, Warren A. wagebert@usgs.gov","contributorId":1546,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gebert","given":"Warren","email":"wagebert@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":677,"text":"Wisconsin Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":150324,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":21869,"text":"ofr96128 - 1996 - Hydrogeologic, soil, and water-quality data for j-field, Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland, 1989-94","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:07:44","indexId":"ofr96128","displayToPublicDate":"1997-04-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"96-128","title":"Hydrogeologic, soil, and water-quality data for j-field, Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland, 1989-94","docAbstract":"Disposal of chemical-warfare agents, munitions, and industrial chemicals in J-Field, Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland, has resulted in ground-water, surface-water, and soil contamination. This report presents data collected by the U.S. Geological Survey from Novembr 1989 through September 1994 as part of a remedial investigation of J-Field in response to the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act of 1980 (CERCLA). Hydrogeologic data, soil-gas and soil-quality data, and water-qualtiy data are included.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nBranch of Information Services [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/ofr96128","issn":"0566-8174","usgsCitation":"Phelan, D.J., 1996, Hydrogeologic, soil, and water-quality data for j-field, Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland, 1989-94: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 96-128, vi, 192 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr96128.","productDescription":"vi, 192 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":153036,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1996/0128/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":51360,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1996/0128/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a4ee4b07f02db6278cf","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Phelan, D. J.","contributorId":17635,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Phelan","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":186049,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ]}