{"pageNumber":"1284","pageRowStart":"32075","pageSize":"25","recordCount":46734,"records":[{"id":30164,"text":"wri964081 - 1996 - Comparison of Bowen-ratio, eddy-correlation, and weighing-lysimeter evapotranspiration for two sparse-canopy sites in eastern Washington","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:50","indexId":"wri964081","displayToPublicDate":"1997-04-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"96-4081","title":"Comparison of Bowen-ratio, eddy-correlation, and weighing-lysimeter evapotranspiration for two sparse-canopy sites in eastern Washington","docAbstract":"This report compares evapotranspiration estimated with the Bowen-ratio and eddy-correlation methods with evapotranspiration measured by weighing lysimeters for two sparse-canopy sites in eastern Washington. The sites are located in a grassland area (grass lysimeter site) and a sagbrush- covered area (sage lysimeter site) on the Arid Lands Ecology Reserve in Benton County, Washington. Lysimeter data were collected at the sites from August 1990 to November 1994. Bowen-ratio data were collected for varying periods from May 1993 to November 1994. Additional Bowen-ratio data without interchanging air- temperature and vapor-pressure sensors to remove sensor bias (fixed-sensor system) were collected from October 1993 to June 1994. Eddy-correlation data were collected at the grass lysimeter site from March to April 1994, and at the sage lysimeter site from April to May 1994. The comparisons of evapotranspiration determined by the various methods differed considerably, depending on the periods of record being compared and the sites being analyzed. The year 1993 was very wet, with about 50 percent more precipitation than average; 1994 was a very dry year, with only about half the average precipitation. The study showed that on an annual basis, at least in 1994, Bowen-ratio evapotranspiration closely matched lysimeter evapotranspiration. In 1993, Bowen-ratio and lysimeter evapotranspiration comparisons were variable. Evapotranspiration estimated with the Bowen-ratio method averaged 5 percent more than evapotranspiration measured by lysimeters at the grass lysimeter site from October 1993 to November 1994, and 3 percent less than lysimeters at the sage lysimeter site from November 1993 to October 1994. From March 24 to April 5, 1994, at the grass lysimeter site, the Bowen-ratio method estimated 11 percent less, the Bowen-ratio method utilizing the fixed sensor system about 7 percent more, and the eddy-correlation method about 28 percent less evapotranspiration than the lysimeters measured. From May 7 to June 18, 1993, however, the Bowen-ratio method estimated only 54 percent of the evapotranspiration measured by lysimeters at the grass lysimeter site. This large difference possibly may be attributed to Bowen-ratio instrument variability or error, to the density of grasses in the lysimeters being greater than in the surrounding area, or to heating effects on the lysimeters. From September 1 to October 31, 1993, the Bowen-ratio method estimated more than 450 percent more evapotranspiration than was measured by lysimeters at the sage lysimeter site. This difference may have been due to conditions in the lysimeters at the sage lysimeter site that were unrepresentative of natural conditions. The Bowen-ratio instruments measured evapotrans- piration over sagebrush plants outside the lysimeters, which were blooming very heavily, possibly using supplemental ground water or spring water from nearby upslope areas. The sagebrush plants contained by the lysimeters showed very little evapotranspiration, possibly because they were root-bound and had already used all available water. Also, plants in the lysimeters would not have been able to access any supplemental water available to plants outside the confines of the lysimeters. Earlier in 1993, from June 17 to July 12, the Bowen-ratio method estimated only 1 percent less evapotranspiration than determined for the lysimeters at the sage lysimeter site. On the basis of lysimeter measurements from August 1990 to November 1994, cumulative evapotrans- piration ranged from about 97 to 103 percent of the annual precipitation each year. The evapotranspiration measurements made at the grass and sage lysimeter sites, which were based on weight changes in the lysimeters, showed that storage changes became nearly zero each year some time between August and November as average surface soil moisture decreased to about 2 percent and evapotranspiration rates decreased to less than 0.1 millimeter per day.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nU.S. Geological Survey, Branch of Information Services [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/wri964081","usgsCitation":"Tomlinson, S.A., 1996, Comparison of Bowen-ratio, eddy-correlation, and weighing-lysimeter evapotranspiration for two sparse-canopy sites in eastern Washington: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 96-4081, ix, 69 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri964081.","productDescription":"ix, 69 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":121823,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1996/4081/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":58965,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1996/4081/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b24e4b07f02db6ae482","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Tomlinson, S. A.","contributorId":98770,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tomlinson","given":"S.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":202795,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":28595,"text":"wri964085 - 1996 - Estimating flood hydrographs for urban basins in North Carolina","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-01-27T13:14:24","indexId":"wri964085","displayToPublicDate":"1997-04-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"96-4085","title":"Estimating flood hydrographs for urban basins in North Carolina","docAbstract":"A dimensionless hydrograph for North Carolina was developed from data collected in 29 urban and urbanizing basins in the State. The dimen- sionless hydrograph can be used with an estimate of peak flow and basin lagtime to synthesize a design flood hydrograph for urban basins in North Carolina. Peak flows can be estimated from a number of avail- able techniques; a procedure for estimating basin lagtime from main channel length, stream slope, and percentage of impervious area was developed from data collected at 50 sites and is presented in this report. The North Carolina dimensionless hydrograph provides satis- factory predictions of flood hydrographs in all regions of the State except for basins in or near Asheville where the method overestimated 11 of 12 measured hydrographs. A previously developed dimensionless hydrograph for urban basins in the Piedmont and upper Coastal Plain of South Carolina provides better flood-hydrograph predictions for the Asheville basins and has a standard error of 21 percent as compared to 41 percent for the North Carolina dimensionless hydrograph.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nBranch of Information Services [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/wri964085","usgsCitation":"Mason, R., and Bales, J., 1996, Estimating flood hydrographs for urban basins in North Carolina: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 96-4085, iii, 19 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri964085.","productDescription":"iii, 19 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":57424,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1996/4085/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":121653,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1996/4085/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"North 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Jr.","contributorId":71590,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mason","given":"R.R.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":200086,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bales, J. D.","contributorId":21569,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bales","given":"J. D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":200085,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":29253,"text":"wri964110 - 1996 - Simulation of storm peaks and storm volumes for selected subbasins in the West Fork Trinity River Basin, Texas, water years 1993-94","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-04-04T19:41:49.08274","indexId":"wri964110","displayToPublicDate":"1997-04-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"96-4110","title":"Simulation of storm peaks and storm volumes for selected subbasins in the West Fork Trinity River Basin, Texas, water years 1993-94","docAbstract":"<p>A model parameter set for use with the Hydrologic Simulation Program FORTRAN watershed model was developed to simulate storm peaks and storm volumes for the 28 subbasins of the West Fork Trinity River Basin upstream from Lake Worth, northwest of Fort Worth, Texas, from the calibration and testing of 5 gaged subbasins. These parameters can be transferred to the 23 ungaged subbasins. The model simulates storm runoff for a channel-routing model that can be used to improve reservoir operation during floods in the basin. </p><p>Rainfall and runoff data were collected from October 1, 1992, to September 30, 1994. A total of 55 storms were recorded at the 5 streamgage stations during the 24 months. Twelve different pervious land segments were defined based on types of soil, land cover, and watershed slope. A total of 20 process-related parameters were defined for each land segment, and 6 basin-related parameters were defined for each stream reach. </p><p>The mean absolute errors for the 5 subbasins for simulation of storm peaks range from 48.0 to 470 percent and for simulation of storm volumes range from 34.4 to 416 percent. A sensitivity analysis was done to determine what a change in a parameter value has on the largest storm peak and on the total storm volume. The model then was recalibrated and tested on the basis of the analysis of the sensitivity of parameters and on the analysis of the errors from the initial model calibration and testing. The mean absolute errors for the 5 subbasins using the recalibrated parameters for simulation of storm peaks range from 47.1 to 297 percent, and for simulation of storm volumes range from 27.6 to 193 percent. </p><p>The model produced better results for simulation of the larger storm peaks and storm volumes than for simulation of the smaller storm peaks and storm volumes, especially after an extended period of no runoff. The same range in errors can be expected when transferring the parameters to the 23 ungaged subbasins. Additional data collection and model refinement could decrease the range of expected model errors. More storm data and improved discharge rating curves could result in model parameters that account for the wide seasonal variations in runoff in the study area.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Austin, TX","doi":"10.3133/wri964110","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Tarrant County Water Control and Improvement","usgsCitation":"Raines, T.H., 1996, Simulation of storm peaks and storm volumes for selected subbasins in the West Fork Trinity River Basin, Texas, water years 1993-94: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 96-4110, iv, 41 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri964110.","productDescription":"iv, 41 p.","costCenters":[{"id":583,"text":"Texas Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":158526,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1996/4110/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":58103,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1996/4110/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":415186,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_48466.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Texas","otherGeospatial":"West Fork Trinity River basin","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -98.05,\n              33.45\n            ],\n            [\n              -98.05,\n              32.9\n            ],\n            [\n              -97.5667,\n              32.9\n            ],\n            [\n              -97.5667,\n              33.45\n            ],\n            [\n              -98.05,\n              33.45\n            ]\n          ]\n        ],\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49f7e4b07f02db5f220b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Raines, T. H.","contributorId":88389,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Raines","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":201226,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":28003,"text":"wri954187 - 1996 - Hydrogeology and steady-state simulation of ground-water flow in the San Juan Basin, New Mexico, Colorado, Arizona, and Utah","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:40","indexId":"wri954187","displayToPublicDate":"1997-04-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"95-4187","title":"Hydrogeology and steady-state simulation of ground-water flow in the San Juan Basin, New Mexico, Colorado, Arizona, and Utah","docAbstract":"As part of a multidisciplinary regional aquifer-system \r\nanalysis, a three-dimensional steady-state ground-water-flow \r\nmodel was constructed for the San Juan Basin in parts of New \r\nMexico, Colorado, Arizona, and Utah. The model simulated ground-\r\nwater flow in 12 hydrostratigraphic units representing all of the \r\nmajor sources of ground water from aquifers of Jurassic and \r\nyounger age.\r\n\r\n     Ten map reports in the U.S. Geological Survey Hydrologic \r\nInvestigations Atlas 720 series were prepared in conjunction with \r\nthis investigation. The units that were described in the atlases \r\nwere the San Jose, Nacimiento, and Animas Formations; Ojo Alamo \r\nSandstone; Kirtland Shale and Fruitland Formation; Pictured \r\nCliffs Sandstone; Cliff House Sandstone; Menefee Formation; Point \r\nLookout Sandstone; Gallup Sandstone; Dakota Sandstone; and \r\nMorrison Formation. Additional descriptions of the alluvial and \r\nlandslide deposits, Chuska and Crevasse Canyon Sandstones, Lewis \r\nand Mancos Shales, Wanakah Formation, and Entrada Sandstone are \r\nincluded in this report. Much of the information in the HA-720 \r\nseries was generated from digital computer data bases that were \r\ndirectly usable by the computer for compilation of input data for \r\nthe model. In essence, the major components of the ground-water-\r\nflow model were described and documented in the series of \r\nhydrologic atlases.\r\n\r\n     The primary finding resulting from the ground-water-flow \r\nsimulation was that boundary conditions and internal geometry of \r\nthe aquifers are the major controls of steady-state ground-water \r\nflow and hydraulic heads in the San Juan Basin. Another \r\nsignificant finding was that the computed steady-state ground-\r\nwater flux is a very minor component (about 1 percent) of the \r\ntotal water budget of the basin.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey, [Water Resources Division, New Mexico District] ;\r\nCan be purchased from U.S.G.S., Branch of Information Services,","doi":"10.3133/wri954187","usgsCitation":"Kernodle, J.M., 1996, Hydrogeology and steady-state simulation of ground-water flow in the San Juan Basin, New Mexico, Colorado, Arizona, and Utah: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 95-4187, ix, 117 p. :ill. (some col.), maps (some col.) ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri954187.","productDescription":"ix, 117 p. :ill. (some col.), maps (some col.) ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":123839,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1995/4187/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":56830,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1995/4187/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a80e4b07f02db64986b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kernodle, J. M.","contributorId":81139,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kernodle","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":199051,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":28624,"text":"wri964071 - 1996 - SWGW; a computer program for estimating ground-water discharge to a stream using streamflow data","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:47","indexId":"wri964071","displayToPublicDate":"1997-04-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"96-4071","title":"SWGW; a computer program for estimating ground-water discharge to a stream using streamflow data","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nBranch of Information Services [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/wri964071","usgsCitation":"Mayer, G., and Jones, L., 1996, SWGW; a computer program for estimating ground-water discharge to a stream using streamflow data: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 96-4071, v, 20 p. :ill., map ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri964071.","productDescription":"v, 20 p. :ill., map ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":159128,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1996/4071/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":57454,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1996/4071/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a0ee4b07f02db5fe08b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Mayer, G.C.","contributorId":73206,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mayer","given":"G.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":200136,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Jones, L.E.","contributorId":35775,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jones","given":"L.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":200135,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":27730,"text":"wri954298 - 1996 - Development, verification, and application of a simplified method to estimate total-streambed scour at bridge sites in Illinois","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:38","indexId":"wri954298","displayToPublicDate":"1997-04-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"95-4298","title":"Development, verification, and application of a simplified method to estimate total-streambed scour at bridge sites in Illinois","docAbstract":"A simplified method to estimate total-streambed scour was developed for application to bridges in the State of Illinois. Scour envelope curves, developed as empirical relations between calculated total scour and bridge-site chracteristics for 213 State highway bridges in Illinois, are used in the method to estimate the 500-year flood scour. These 213 bridges, geographically distributed throughout Illinois, had been previously evaluated for streambed scour with the application of conventional hydraulic and scour-analysis methods recommended by the Federal Highway Administration. The bridge characteristics necessary for application of the simplified bridge scour-analysis method can be obtained from an office review of bridge plans, examination of topographic maps, and reconnaissance-level site inspection. The estimates computed with the simplified method generally resulted in a larger value of 500-year flood total-streambed scour than with the more detailed conventional method. The simplified method was successfully verified with a separate data set of 106 State highway bridges, which are geographically distributed throughout Illinois, and 15 county highway bridges.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nInformation Services [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/wri954298","usgsCitation":"Holmes, R.R., and Dunn, C.J., 1996, Development, verification, and application of a simplified method to estimate total-streambed scour at bridge sites in Illinois: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 95-4298, iv, 44 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm. +1 computer disk (3 1/2), https://doi.org/10.3133/wri954298.","productDescription":"iv, 44 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm. +1 computer disk (3 1/2)","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":2117,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://il.water.usgs.gov/pubsearch/reports.cgi/view?series=WRIR&number=95-4298","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":121943,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1995/4298/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":56570,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1995/4298/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a9be4b07f02db65dd80","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Holmes, Robert R. Jr. 0000-0002-5060-3999 bholmes@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5060-3999","contributorId":1624,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Holmes","given":"Robert","suffix":"Jr.","email":"bholmes@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":502,"text":"Office of Surface Water","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":198605,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Dunn, Chad J.","contributorId":97949,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dunn","given":"Chad","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":198606,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":29964,"text":"wri964052 - 1996 - Hydrogeology of the interstream area between Ty Ty Creek and Ty Ty Creek tributary near Plains, Georgia","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-01-27T13:10:06","indexId":"wri964052","displayToPublicDate":"1997-04-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"96-4052","title":"Hydrogeology of the interstream area between Ty Ty Creek and Ty Ty Creek tributary near Plains, Georgia","docAbstract":"This report is part of an interdisciplinary effort to identify and describe processes that control movement and fate of selected fertilizers and pesticides in the surface and subsurface environments in the Fall Line Hills district of the Georgia Coastal Plain physiographic province. This report describes the hydrogeology of the interstream area between Ty Ty Creek and it's tributary near Plains, Sumter County, Georgia.  Geologic units of interest to this study are, in ascending order, (1) the Tuscahoma Formation, a bluish gray, silty clay; (2) the Tallahatta Formation, a fine-to-coarse, poorly sorted quartz sand that is divided into an upper and lower unit; and (3) the undifferentiated overburden, which consists of fine to medium poorly sorted sand, silt and clay. Continuous-core samples indicate that the unsaturated zone includes the undifferentiated overburden and the upper unit of the Tallahatta Formation, and attains a maximum thickness of about 52 feet (ft) in the southern part of the study area. The Claiborne aquifer in the study area consists of the lower unit of the Tallahatta Formation and ranges in thickness from 3 ft near Ty Ty Creek tributary to about 20 ft in the upland divide area. It is confined below by the clayey sediments of the Tuscahoma Formation.  The Claiborne aquifer in the study area generally is confined above by an extensive clay layer that is the base if the upper unit of the Tallahatta Formation. Fluctuations in the amount of vertical recharge to the aquifer result in areal and temporal changes in aquifer conditions from confined to unconfined in parts of the study area. Hydraulic conductivity of the aquifer ranges from 3.5 to 7 feet per day. The transmissivity of the aquifer is approximately 50 feet squared per day. Water-level data indicate the potentiometric surface slopes to the south, southeast, and southwest with a gradient of about 87 to 167 feet per mile. The shape of the potentiometric surface and the direction of groundwater flow remains relatively unchanged during high and low water-level periods.  Water levels in the Claiborne aquifer fluctuated by a maximum of 6 ft during the period from January to December 1991. Recharge to the Claiborne aquifer consists of a local and regional flow component. Lateral ground-water flow (regional flow) into the study area is dependent on regional hydraulic controls (pumpage, stream discharge, and rainfall). The rate of lateral movement of ground water is dependent on the hydraulic conductivity of the saturated zone, the hydraulic gradient, and other hydraulic factors, and is considered to be relatively constant. Local recharge enters the ground-water system as rainfall that percolates down to the water table. Annual water-level fluctuations in the Claiborne aquifer indicate that the majority of regional and local recharge occurs in the interstream area with recharge decreasing downslope to the streams. Ground water discharges to Ty Ty Creek and it's tributary throughout the year during low and high water-level periods.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nEarth Science Information Center, Open-File Reports Section [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/wri964052","usgsCitation":"Stewart, L.M., and Hicks, D.W., 1996, Hydrogeology of the interstream area between Ty Ty Creek and Ty Ty Creek tributary near Plains, Georgia: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 96-4052, v, 26 p. :ill., map ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri964052.","productDescription":"v, 26 p. :ill., map ;28 cm.","costCenters":[{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":125163,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/wri_96_4052.jpg"},{"id":2431,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/wri96-4052/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Georgia","city":"Plain","otherGeospatial":"Ty Ty Creek","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -85,31 ], [ -85,33 ], [ -83,33 ], [ -83,31 ], [ -85,31 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a2de4b07f02db614b94","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Stewart, Lisa M.","contributorId":82741,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stewart","given":"Lisa","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":202442,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hicks, David W.","contributorId":33742,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hicks","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":202441,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":29947,"text":"wri964020 - 1996 - Potential effects of coal mining and road construction on the water quality of Scofield Reservoir and its drainage area, central Utah, October 1982 to October 1984","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-12-11T12:41:38","indexId":"wri964020","displayToPublicDate":"1997-04-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"96-4020","title":"Potential effects of coal mining and road construction on the water quality of Scofield Reservoir and its drainage area, central Utah, October 1982 to October 1984","docAbstract":"<p>Studies were done during 1983-84 to determine the effect of coal mining in Pleasant Valley and construction of State Road 264 in Eccles Canyon on the water quality of local streams and on Scofield Reservoir. Streamflow during 1983-84 set high-flow records in all gaged streams and transported considerable sediment and associated trace metals and nutrients to Scofield Reservoir. Concentrations of most toxic substances were not sufficient to constitute a hazard in the streams or reservoir; however, concentrations of total phosphorus in the streams commonly exceeded waterquality criterion for phosphate as phosphorus of 0.05 milligram per liter, established by the State as an indicator of pollution.</p><p>Data from Eccles Canyon creek, which is in an actively mined area, were compared to data from Boardinghouse Canyon creek, which is in a nearby canyon with no active mining or construction activities. Concentrations of iron, manganese, and zinc were substantially larger in Eccles Canyon creek than in Boardinghouse Canyon creek. Loads of suspended sediment during storms and base-flow conditions also were larger in Eccles Canyon creek.</p><p>Concentrations of ammonia nitrogen, total phosphorus, mercury, and zinc in water from Scofield Reservoir occasionally exceeded Utah State water-quality standards and criteria for protection of aquatic wildlife that were in effect during 1983-84. In combination with the generally cooler spring temperatures, shortened growing season, and greater flushing rate for the reservoir, the large inflow of water into the reservoir prevented the occurrence of blue-green blooms common in earlier years. Large concentrations of orthophosphorus and manganese were released from sediment cores, and concentrations of manganese in the hypolimnion frequently exceeded the Federal drinking-water standard.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri964020","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the U.S. Bureau of Land Management","usgsCitation":"Stephens, D.W., Thompson, K.R., and Wangsgard, J.B., 1996, Potential effects of coal mining and road construction on the water quality of Scofield Reservoir and its drainage area, central Utah, October 1982 to October 1984: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 96-4020, vii, 77 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri964020.","productDescription":"vii, 77 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":58768,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1996/4020/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":123610,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1996/4020/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Utah","otherGeospatial":"Scofield Reservoir","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -111.28463745117188,\n              39.65011210186371\n            ],\n            [\n              -111.06147766113281,\n              39.65011210186371\n            ],\n            [\n              -111.06147766113281,\n              39.85124807212413\n            ],\n            [\n              -111.28463745117188,\n              39.85124807212413\n            ],\n            [\n              -111.28463745117188,\n              39.65011210186371\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ad5e4b07f02db6838ce","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Stephens, Doyle W.","contributorId":40195,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stephens","given":"Doyle","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":202407,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Thompson, Kendall R.","contributorId":100854,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thompson","given":"Kendall","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":202408,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Wangsgard, James B.","contributorId":211371,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wangsgard","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":202406,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":27102,"text":"wri944043 - 1996 - Methodology used to produce an encoded 1:100,000-scale digital hydrographic data layer for the Pacific Northwest","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-02-07T08:33:38","indexId":"wri944043","displayToPublicDate":"1997-03-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"94-4043","title":"Methodology used to produce an encoded 1:100,000-scale digital hydrographic data layer for the Pacific Northwest","docAbstract":"The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) has produced a River Reach File data layer for the Pacific Northwest for use in water-resource management applications. The Pacific Northwest (PNW) River Reach Files, a geo-referenced river reach data layer at 1:100,000-scale, are encoded with the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency&quot;s (EPA) reach numbers. The encoding was a primary task of the River Reach project, because EPA&quot;s reach identifiers are also an integral hydrologic component in a regional Northwest Environmental Data Base-an ongoing effort by Federal and State agencies to compile information on reach-specific resources on rivers in Oregon, Idaho, Washington, and western Montana. A unique conflation algorithm was developed by the USGS to transfer the EPA reach codes and other meaningful attributes from the 1:250,000-scale EPA TRACE graphic files to the PNW Reach Files. The PNW Reach Files also were designed so that reach-specific information upstream or downstream from a point in the stream network could be extracted from feature attribute tables or from a Geographic Information System. This report documents the methodology used to create this 1:100,000-scale hydrologic data layer.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nBranch of Information Services [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/wri944043","usgsCitation":"Fisher, B., 1996, Methodology used to produce an encoded 1:100,000-scale digital hydrographic data layer for the Pacific Northwest: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 94-4043, iii, 84 p. :ill. ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri944043.","productDescription":"iii, 84 p. :ill. ;28 cm.","costCenters":[{"id":518,"text":"Oregon Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":122714,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1994/4043/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":55966,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1994/4043/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a51e4b07f02db62a01d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Fisher, B.J.","contributorId":25593,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fisher","given":"B.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":197554,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":30201,"text":"wri964161 - 1996 - Trends in surface-water quality in Connecticut, 1969-88","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-09-21T18:47:52.074587","indexId":"wri964161","displayToPublicDate":"1997-03-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"96-4161","title":"Trends in surface-water quality in Connecticut, 1969-88","docAbstract":"<p>Surface-water-quality data from selected monitoring stations in Connecticut were analyzed for trend, using the Seasonal Kendall test, for water years 1969-88, 1975-88, and 1981-88. The number of constituents and stations evaluated varied with the different time periods. The 39 monitoring stations included 26 freshwater streams with associated discharge data, 7 tidally affected streams, 4 harbor stations, and 2 surface impoundments. Flow-adjustment procedures were used where possible to minimize the effects of stream- flow variability on trend results. </p><p>The drainage area of the monitoring stations includes approximately 5,000 mi<sup>2</sup> covering the State of Connecticut and about 11,000 mi<sup>2</sup> in upstream drainage areas outside of the State. Drainage basin size for the freshwater streams ranges from 4.1 mi<sup>2</sup> to 9,660 mi<sup>2</sup>. Land uses in the drainage basins range from undeveloped forested areas to highly urbanized metropolitan areas. During the period covered by the trend study, the State's population has grown, suburban development has increased, agricultural land use has decreased, and wastewater-treatment practices have improved. </p><p>Increases in specific conductance and in the concentrations of calcium, magnesium, chloride, sulfate, dissolved solids, and total solids were geographically widespread and numerous during water years 1975-88 and indicate a general increase statewide in dissolved constituents in streamflow, both in urbanized and less developed areas. The effects of increasing urbanization, including municipal and industrial wastewater, septic system leachate, nonpoint runoff, and atmospheric deposition of contaminants, are possible causes for these increases. </p><p>Decreases in turbidity and in the concentrations of total phosphorus, total organic carbon, and fecal coliform bacteria were geographically widespread and numerous during 1975-88. This general decrease in suspended material and bacteria may be attributable to basic improvements in the treatment of municipal and industrial wastewater during the period of record. Decreasing concentrations of total phosphorus may also be related to decreases in agricultural land use and to a decline in the use of detergents containing phosphorus. Detected decreases in total organic carbon and turbidity may have been caused, in part, by changes in sampling or analytical methods. </p><p>Increases in total nitrogen, total organic nitrogen, and total nitrite-plus- nitrate were geographically widespread and numerous during 1975-88 and appear to indicate effects from both point sources in urbanized basins and nonpoint sources in less developed basins. The number of stations with increasing concentrations of nitrogen constituents was much smaller during 1981-88 than during 1975-88. Decreases in total ammonia nitrogen were detected at 11 stations during 1981-88. Decreases in total ammonia, sometimes paired with increases in total nitrite-plus-nitrate, may result from improvements in wastewater treatment. </p><p>Increases in the concentration of dissolved oxygen, or dissolved oxygen as a percent of saturation, were geographically widespread and numerous during 1969-88 and 1975-88. Increases were less common during 1981-88. Increases in dissolved oxygen in urbanized basins may be related to major improvements in wastewater treatment during the 1970's and 1980's. The magnitude of the trends detected during 1969-88 may have been affected in part by a change, around 1974, in the model of the instrument used to measure dissolved oxygen in the field. </p><p>Statewide increases in pH were detected during 1969-88, 1975-88, and 1981-88, in both urbanized and less developed basins. The widespread increases in pH were unexpected, given the relatively acidic quality of precipitation in the region during the study period. Only two decreases in pH were detected, both in relatively undeveloped basins. Increases in pH in urbanized areas may be related to decreasing concentrations of ammonia and to requirements for neutralization of municipal and industrial wastewater.&nbsp;</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri964161","usgsCitation":"Trench, E.C., 1996, Trends in surface-water quality in Connecticut, 1969-88: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 96-4161, v, 176 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri964161.","productDescription":"v, 176 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":407154,"rank":2,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_48505.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":160427,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1996/4161/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":58991,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1996/4161/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United 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 \"}}]}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4affe4b07f02db697ba6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Trench, E. C.","contributorId":33346,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Trench","given":"E.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":202852,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":30103,"text":"wri964214 - 1996 - Field screening of water quality, bottom sediment, and biota associated with irrigation drainage in and near Walker River Indian Reservation, Nevada 1994-95","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-11-14T12:04:43","indexId":"wri964214","displayToPublicDate":"1997-03-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"96-4214","title":"Field screening of water quality, bottom sediment, and biota associated with irrigation drainage in and near Walker River Indian Reservation, Nevada 1994-95","docAbstract":"<p>A study was begun in 1994 to determine whether the quality of irrigation drainage from the Walker River Indian Reservation, Nevada, has caused or has potential to cause harmful effects on human health or on fish and wildlife, or may adversely affect the suitability of the Walker River for other beneficial uses. Samples of water, bottom sediment, and biota were collected during June-August 1994 (during a drought year) from sites upstream from and on the Walker River Indian Reservation for analyses of trace elements. Other analyses included physical characteristics, major dissolved constituents, selected species of water-soluble nitrogen and phosphorus, and selected pesticides in bottom sediment. Water samples were collected again from four sites on the Reservation in August 1995 (during a wetterthan- average year) to provide data for comparing extreme climatic conditions. </p><p>Water samples collected from the Walker River Indian Reservation in 1994 equaled or exceeded the Nevada water-quality standard or level of concern for at least one of the following: water temperature, pH, dissolved solids, unionized ammonia, phosphate, arsenic, boron, chromium, lead, and molybdenum; in 1995, only a single sample from one site exceeded a Nevada water-quality standard for molybdenum. Levels of concern for trace elements in bottom sediment collected in 1994 were equaled or exceeded for arsenic, iron, manganese, and zinc. Concentrations of organochiorine pesticide residues in bottom sediment were below analytical reporting limits. Levels of concern for trace-elements in samples of biota were equaled or exceeded for arsenic, boron, copper, and mercury. Results of toxicity testing indicate that only water samples from Walker Lake caused a toxic response in test bacteria. </p><p>Arsenic and boron concentrations in water, bottom sediment, and biological tissue exceeded levels of concern throughout the Walker River Basin, but most commonly in the lower Walker River Basin. Mercury also was elevated in several biological samples collected throughout the Basin, although concentrations in water and bottom sediment were below analytical reporting limits. Sources of arsenic, boron, and mercury in the Basin are uncertain, but ambient levels reported for a variety of sample matrices collected from western Nevada generally exceed ranges cited as natural background levels. Because these potentially toxic constituents exceeded concern levels in areas that do not directly receive irrigation drainage, concentrations measured in samples collected for this study may not necessarily be attributable to agricultural activities. </p><p>Diversion of river water for irrigation may have greater effects on beneficial uses of water and on fish and wildlife than does drainage from agricultural areas on the Reservation. In 1994, agricultural water consumption precluded dilution of ground-water seepage to the river channel. This resulted in concentrations of potentially toxic solutes that exceeded levels of concern. Diversion of irrigation water also may have facilitated leaching of potentially toxic solutes from irrigated soil on the Reservation, but during this study all water applied for irrigation on the Reservation was either consumed by evapotranspiration or infiltrated to recharge shallow ground water. No irrigation drainage was found on the Reservation during this study. However, because 1994 samples of ground-water seepage to the Walker River channel exceeded at least six Nevada waterquality standards, water-quality problems may result should ground-water levels rise enough to cause ground-water discharge to the agricultural drain on the Reservation. Nevertheless, the potential for adverse effects from irrigation drainage on the Reservation is believed to be small because surface-water rights for the Walker River Indian Reservation amount to only 2 percent of total surface- water rights in the entire Walker River Basin.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Carson City, Nevada","doi":"10.3133/wri964214","usgsCitation":"Thodal, C.E., and Tuttle, P., 1996, Field screening of water quality, bottom sediment, and biota associated with irrigation drainage in and near Walker River Indian Reservation, Nevada 1994-95: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 96-4214, iv, 39 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri964214.","productDescription":"iv, 39 p.","numberOfPages":"46","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":159713,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/wri964214.jpg"},{"id":330872,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1996/4214/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"California, Nevada","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -119.54498291015625,\n              37.99832709721297\n            ],\n            [\n              -119.54498291015625,\n              39.18969082109678\n            ],\n            [\n              -118.57543945312501,\n              39.18969082109678\n            ],\n            [\n              -118.57543945312501,\n              37.99832709721297\n            ],\n            [\n              -119.54498291015625,\n              37.99832709721297\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49fce4b07f02db5f5255","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Thodal, Carl E. 0000-0003-0782-3280 cethodal@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0782-3280","contributorId":2292,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thodal","given":"Carl","email":"cethodal@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":465,"text":"Nevada Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":202682,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Tuttle, Peter L.","contributorId":89933,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tuttle","given":"Peter L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":202683,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":27790,"text":"wri964116 - 1996 - Analysis of ground-water data for selected wells near Holloman Air Force Base, New Mexico, 1950-95","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:35","indexId":"wri964116","displayToPublicDate":"1997-03-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"96-4116","title":"Analysis of ground-water data for selected wells near Holloman Air Force Base, New Mexico, 1950-95","docAbstract":"Ground-water-level, ground-water-withdrawal, and ground-\r\nwater-quality data were evaluated for trends. Holloman Air Force \r\nBase is located in the west-central part of Otero County, New \r\nMexico. Ground-water-data analyses include assembly and \r\ninspection of U.S. Geological Survey and Holloman Air Force Base \r\ndata, including ground-water-level data for public-supply and \r\nobservation wells and withdrawal and water-quality data for \r\npublic-supply wells in the area.\r\n\r\n     Well Douglas 4 shows a statistically significant decreasing \r\ntrend in water levels for 1972-86 and a statistically significant \r\nincreasing trend in water levels for 1986-90. Water levels in \r\nwells San Andres 5 and San Andres 6 show statistically significant \r\ndecreasing trends for 1972-93 and 1981-89, respectively. A \r\nmixture of statistically significant increasing trends, \r\nstatistically significant decreasing trends, and lack of \r\nstatistically significant trends over periods ranging from the \r\nearly 1970's to the early 1990's are indicated for the Boles wells \r\nand wells near the Boles wells. Well Boles 5 shows a \r\nstatistically significant increasing trend in water levels for \r\n1981-90. Well Boles 5 and well 17S.09E.25.343 show no \r\nstatistically significant trends in water levels for 1990-93 and \r\n1988-93, respectively. For 1986-93, well Frenchy 1 shows a \r\nstatistically significant decreasing trend in water levels.\r\n\r\n     Ground-water withdrawal from the San Andres and Douglas wells \r\nregularly exceeded estimated ground-water recharge from San \r\nAndres Canyon for 1963-87. For 1951-57 and 1960-86, ground-water \r\nwithdrawal from the Boles wells regularly exceeded total \r\nestimated ground-water recharge from Mule, Arrow, and Lead \r\nCanyons. Ground-water withdrawal from the San Andres and Douglas \r\nwells and from the Boles wells nearly equaled estimated ground-\r\nwater recharge for 1989-93 and 1986-93, respectively. For 1987-\r\n93, ground-water withdrawal from the Escondido well regularly \r\nexceeded estimated ground-water recharge from Escondido Canyon, \r\nand ground-water withdrawal from the Frenchy wells regularly \r\nexceeded total estimated ground-water recharge from Dog and \r\nDeadman Canyons.\r\n\r\n     Water-quality samples were collected from selected Douglas, \r\nSan Andres, and Boles public-supply wells from December 1994 to \r\nFebruary 1995. Concentrations of dissolved nitrate show the most \r\nconsistent increases between current and historical data. Current \r\nconcentrations of dissolved nitrate are greater than historical \r\nconcentrations in 7 of 10 wells.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nBranch of Information Services [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/wri964116","usgsCitation":"Huff, G.F., 1996, Analysis of ground-water data for selected wells near Holloman Air Force Base, New Mexico, 1950-95: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 96-4116, vi, 37 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri964116.","productDescription":"vi, 37 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":123663,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1996/4116/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":56632,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1996/4116/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4881e4b07f02db5164a0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Huff, G. F.","contributorId":11229,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Huff","given":"G.","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":198690,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":25996,"text":"wri964137 - 1996 - Scour at selected bridge sites in Alabama, 1991-94","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:24","indexId":"wri964137","displayToPublicDate":"1997-03-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"96-4137","title":"Scour at selected bridge sites in Alabama, 1991-94","docAbstract":"Scour data were collected at 15 sites on streams in Alabama during high flow conditions. The recurrence intervals of the streamflows ranged from less than 2 to 10 years. Scour depths measured near bridge piers ranged from 0.3 to 5.8 feet. The Colorado State University (CSU) local scour equation recommended in the Federal Highway Administration Hydraulic Engineering Circular No. 18 was used to estimate scour depths at the study sites. Estimated scour depths based on the CSU equation ranged from 2.5 to 12.7 feet with residuals (measured scour depth minus estimated scour depth) ranging from -8.1 to -1.4 feet. A comparison of the residuals with the estimated scour depths indicated that the CSU equation overestimated the measured scour depths throughout the range of measured data by an average of 434 percent.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nBranch of Information Services [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/wri964137","usgsCitation":"Atkins, J.B., and Hedgecock, T.S., 1996, Scour at selected bridge sites in Alabama, 1991-94: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 96-4137, iv, 19 p. :ill., map ;28 cm.; 10 illus.; 9 plates; 8 tables, https://doi.org/10.3133/wri964137.","productDescription":"iv, 19 p. :ill., map ;28 cm.; 10 illus.; 9 plates; 8 tables","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":157531,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1996/4137/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":54744,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1996/4137/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a0ce4b07f02db5fc95b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Atkins, J. Brian","contributorId":49781,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Atkins","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"Brian","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":195608,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hedgecock, T. Scott","contributorId":20783,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hedgecock","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"Scott","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":195607,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":29782,"text":"wri964040 - 1996 - HYSEP: A Computer Program for Streamflow Hydrograph Separation and Analysis","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-02-23T13:18:36","indexId":"wri964040","displayToPublicDate":"1997-03-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"96-4040","title":"HYSEP: A Computer Program for Streamflow Hydrograph Separation and Analysis","docAbstract":"HYSEP is a computer program that can be used to separate a streamflow hydrograph into base-flow and surface-runoff components. The base-flow component has traditionally been associated with ground-water discharge and the surface-runoff component with precipitation that enters the stream as overland runoff. HYSEP includes three methods of hydrograph separation that are referred to in the literature as the fixed interval, sliding-interval, and local-minimum methods. The program also describes the frequency and duration of measured streamflow and computed base flow and surface runoff. Daily mean stream discharge is used as input to the program in either an American Standard Code for Information Interchange (ASCII) or binary format. Output from the program includes table,s graphs, and data files. Graphical output may be plotted on the computer screen or output to a printer, plotter, or metafile.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/wri964040","usgsCitation":"Sloto, R.A., and Crouse, M.Y., 1996, HYSEP: A Computer Program for Streamflow Hydrograph Separation and Analysis: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 96-4040, v, 46 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri964040.","productDescription":"v, 46 p.","onlineOnly":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":532,"text":"Pennsylvania Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":2489,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1996/4040/wri19964040.pdf","text":"Report","size":"259 KB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"WRI 1996-4040"},{"id":125118,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1996/4040/coverthb.jpg"}],"contact":"<p><a href=\"mailto:dc_pa@usgs.gov\" data-mce-href=\"mailto:dc_pa@usgs.gov\">Director</a>, <a href=\"https://pa.water.usgs.gov/\" data-mce-href=\"https://pa.water.usgs.gov/\">Pennsylvania Water Science Center U.S. Geological Survey</a><br> 215 Limekiln Road<br> New Cumberland, PA 17070</p>","tableOfContents":"<ul><li>Abstract</li><li>Introduction</li><li>Hydrograph-separation methods</li><li>Program input requirements</li><li>Program output</li><li>How HYSEP works</li><li>Summary</li><li>References cited</li></ul>","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a81e4b07f02db649e8b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Sloto, Ronald A. rasloto@usgs.gov","contributorId":424,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sloto","given":"Ronald","email":"rasloto@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":532,"text":"Pennsylvania Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":202116,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Crouse, Michele Y.","contributorId":93540,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Crouse","given":"Michele","email":"","middleInitial":"Y.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":202117,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":28135,"text":"wri964174 - 1996 - Water, ice, and meteorological measurements at South Cascade Glacier, Washington, 1995 balance year","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-07-18T18:17:36.696026","indexId":"wri964174","displayToPublicDate":"1997-03-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"96-4174","title":"Water, ice, and meteorological measurements at South Cascade Glacier, Washington, 1995 balance year","docAbstract":"Winter snow accumulation and summer snow, firn, and ice melt were measured at South Cascade Glacier, Washington to determine the winter and net balances for the 1995 balance year. The 1995 winter balance, averaged over the glacier, was 2.86 meters, and the net balance was -0.69 meter. The winter balance was approximately 0.5 meter greater than the 1977-94 average winter balance. The net balance was approximately 0.3 meter less negative than the 1977-94 average net balance. Runoff was measured from the glacier and an adjacent non-glacierized basin. Air temperature, precipitation, barometric pressure, solar radiation, and wind speed were measured adjacent to the glacier. This report makes these data available to the glaciological and climatological community.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri964174","usgsCitation":"Krimmel, R.M., 1996, Water, ice, and meteorological measurements at South Cascade Glacier, Washington, 1995 balance year: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 96-4174, v, 37 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri964174.","productDescription":"v, 37 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":56967,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1996/4174/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":403932,"rank":2,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_48519.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":124178,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1996/4174/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Washington","otherGeospatial":"South Cascade Glacier","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -121.0764,\n              48.3472\n            ],\n            [\n              -121.0361,\n              48.3472\n            ],\n            [\n              -121.0361,\n              48.3889\n            ],\n            [\n              -121.0764,\n              48.3889\n            ],\n            [\n              -121.0764,\n              48.3472\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a0de4b07f02db5fd0ae","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Krimmel, R. M.","contributorId":81093,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Krimmel","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":199275,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":27189,"text":"wri964152 - 1996 - An application of bioassessment metrics and multivariate techniques to evaluate central Nebraska streams","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:27","indexId":"wri964152","displayToPublicDate":"1997-03-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"96-4152","title":"An application of bioassessment metrics and multivariate techniques to evaluate central Nebraska streams","docAbstract":"Ninety-one stream sites in central Nebraska were classified into four clusters on the basis of a cluster analysis (TWINSPAN) of macroinvertebrate data. Rapid bioassessment protocol scores for macroinvertebrate species were significantly different among sites grouped by teh first division into two clusters. This division may have distinguished sites on the basis of water-quality imparement. Individual metrics that differed between clusters of sites were the Hilsenhoff Biotic Index, the number of Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera, and Trichoptera (EPT) taxa, and the ratio of individuals in EPT to Chironomidae taxa. Canonical correspondence analysis of 57 of 91 sites showed that stream width, site altitude, latitude, soil permeability, water temperature, and mean annual precipitation were the most important environmental variables describing variance in the species-environment relation. Stream width and soil permeability reflected streamflow characteristics of a site, whereas site altitude and latitude were factors related to general climatic conditions. Mean annual precipitation related to both streamflow and climatic conditions.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nBranch of Information Services [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/wri964152","usgsCitation":"Frenzel, S., 1996, An application of bioassessment metrics and multivariate techniques to evaluate central Nebraska streams: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 96-4152, iv, 12 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri964152.","productDescription":"iv, 12 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":126673,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1996/4152/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":56064,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1996/4152/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4adae4b07f02db685730","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Frenzel, S.A.","contributorId":9246,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Frenzel","given":"S.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":197711,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":30346,"text":"wri964112 - 1996 - Analysis of the magnitude and frequency of peak discharge and maximum observed peak discharge in New Mexico","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:56","indexId":"wri964112","displayToPublicDate":"1997-03-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"96-4112","title":"Analysis of the magnitude and frequency of peak discharge and maximum observed peak discharge in New Mexico","docAbstract":"Equations for estimating the magnitude of peak discharges for \r\nrecurrence intervals of 2, 5, 10, 25, 50, 100, and 500 years were \r\nupdated for New Mexico. The equations represent flood response \r\nfor eight distinct physiographic regions of New Mexico. \r\nAdditionally, a regional equation was developed for basins less \r\nthan 10 square miles and below 7,500 feet in mean basin elevation. \r\nFlood-frequency relations were updated for 201 gaging stations on \r\nunregulated streams in New Mexico and the bordering areas of \r\nadjacent States. The analysis described in this report used data \r\ncollected through 1993. A low-discharge threshold was applied to \r\nfrequency analysis of 140 gaging stations. Inclusion of these low \r\npeak flows affects the fitting of the lower tail and the upper \r\ntail of the distribution.\r\n\r\n     Peak discharges can be estimated at an ungaged site on a \r\nstream that has a gaging station upstream or downstream. These \r\nestimates are derived using the drainage-area ratio and the \r\ndrainage-area exponent from the regional regression equation of \r\nthe respective region.\r\n\r\n     Flood-frequency estimates for 201 gaged sites were weighted by \r\nestimates from the regional regression equation. The observed, \r\npredicted, and weighted flood-frequency data were computed for \r\neach gaging station. \r\n\r\n     A maximum observed peak discharge as related to drainage \r\narea was determined for eight physiographic regions in New \r\nMexico. Peak-discharge data collected at 201 gaging stations were \r\nused to develop a maximum peak-discharge relation as an \r\nalternative method of estimating the peak discharge of an extreme \r\nevent.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nBranch of Information Services [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/wri964112","usgsCitation":"Waltemeyer, S., 1996, Analysis of the magnitude and frequency of peak discharge and maximum observed peak discharge in New Mexico: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 96-4112, iv, 79 p. :ill., map ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri964112.","productDescription":"iv, 79 p. :ill., map ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":126763,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1996/4112/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":59138,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1996/4112/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4acfe4b07f02db680090","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Waltemeyer, S. D.","contributorId":65857,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Waltemeyer","given":"S. D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":203096,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":24227,"text":"ofr96441 - 1996 - Annual yield and selected hydrologic data for the Arkansas River basin compact Arkansas-Oklahoma, 1995 water year","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:05","indexId":"ofr96441","displayToPublicDate":"1997-03-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"96-441","title":"Annual yield and selected hydrologic data for the Arkansas River basin compact Arkansas-Oklahoma, 1995 water year","docAbstract":"The computed annual yield and deficiency of the subbasins as defined in the Arkansas River Basin Compact, Arkansas-Oklahoma, are given in tables for the 1995 water year. Actual runoff from the subbasins and depletion caused by major reservoirs in the compact area also are given in tabular form. Monthly mean discharges are shown for the 17 streamflow stations used in computing annual yield. Water-quality data are shown for 20 water-quality stations sampled in the Arkansas River Basin.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nBranch of Information Services [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/ofr96441","issn":"0094-9140","usgsCitation":"Porter, J., 1996, Annual yield and selected hydrologic data for the Arkansas River basin compact Arkansas-Oklahoma, 1995 water year: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 96-441, iii, 64 p. :map ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr96441.","productDescription":"iii, 64 p. :map ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":155570,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1996/0441/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":53361,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1996/0441/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ac8e4b07f02db67b790","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Porter, J.E.","contributorId":51779,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Porter","given":"J.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":191529,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":24365,"text":"ofr96150 - 1996 - Precipitation, streamflow and water quality data from selected sites in the City of Charlotte and Mecklenburg County, North Carolina, 1993-95","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-01-04T12:56:53","indexId":"ofr96150","displayToPublicDate":"1997-03-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"96-150","title":"Precipitation, streamflow and water quality data from selected sites in the City of Charlotte and Mecklenburg County, North Carolina, 1993-95","docAbstract":"Charlotte and Mecklenburg County from October 1993 through June 1995 to identify the type, concentration, and amount of nonpoint-source stormwater runoff within the area. The data collected include measurements of precipitation; streamflow; physical characteristics, such as water temperature, pH, specific conductance, biochemical oxygen demand, oil and grease, and suspended sediment concentrations; and concentrations of nutrients, metals and minor constituents, and organic compounds.\r\n\r\nThese data should provide valuable information needed for (1) planned watershed simulation models, (2) early warning of possible flooding, (3) estimates of nonpoint-source constituent loadings to the Catawba River, and (4) characterization of water quality in relation to basin conditions.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nInformation Services [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/ofr96150","issn":"0094-9140","usgsCitation":"Robinson, J.B., Hazell, W., and Garrett, R.G., 1996, Precipitation, streamflow and water quality data from selected sites in the City of Charlotte and Mecklenburg County, North Carolina, 1993-95: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 96-150, iv, 136 p. :ill. (some col.), col maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr96150.","productDescription":"iv, 136 p. :ill. (some col.), col maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":156241,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1996/0150/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":53463,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1996/0150/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"North Carolina","county":"Mecklenburg County","city":"Charlotte","geographicExtents":"{\"type\":\"FeatureCollection\",\"features\":[{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"Polygon\",\"coordinates\":[[[-80.7823,35.5113],[-80.7867,35.5031],[-80.7889,35.4949],[-80.7831,35.4836],[-80.7819,35.475],[-80.7779,35.4668],[-80.7778,35.4614],[-80.7744,35.4578],[-80.7549,35.423],[-80.7525,35.4148],[-80.7553,35.4125],[-80.7638,35.4134],[-80.7693,35.402],[-80.7551,35.3944],[-80.7364,35.3786],[-80.7187,35.3624],[-80.704,35.3552],[-80.6983,35.3507],[-80.6822,35.3131],[-80.6677,35.2705],[-80.6214,35.2499],[-80.5954,35.2369],[-80.5485,35.2108],[-80.6245,35.1487],[-80.7328,35.0627],[-80.7645,35.0375],[-80.7684,35.0348],[-80.7746,35.0329],[-80.7858,35.0315],[-80.7892,35.0314],[-80.8009,35.0286],[-80.8155,35.0204],[-80.8194,35.019],[-80.8216,35.018],[-80.8216,35.0167],[-80.8288,35.0098],[-80.835,35.0061],[-80.8405,35.0016],[-80.8604,35.0246],[-80.8854,35.0535],[-80.9016,35.0716],[-80.9312,35.1049],[-80.9373,35.1018],[-81.0383,35.0452],[-81.0419,35.0432],[-81.0447,35.0468],[-81.0464,35.0482],[-81.0483,35.0507],[-81.0503,35.0527],[-81.0528,35.0557],[-81.0548,35.0582],[-81.0568,35.0611],[-81.0577,35.0636],[-81.0586,35.067],[-81.0582,35.0722],[-81.0577,35.0788],[-81.0566,35.0834],[-81.0554,35.0868],[-81.0541,35.0904],[-81.0533,35.0927],[-81.0523,35.0956],[-81.0503,35.0975],[-81.0487,35.099],[-81.0462,35.1003],[-81.0437,35.1014],[-81.042,35.1022],[-81.0391,35.1027],[-81.0369,35.1036],[-81.0352,35.1054],[-81.0344,35.1072],[-81.0341,35.1095],[-81.0341,35.1136],[-81.0358,35.1186],[-81.0363,35.1213],[-81.038,35.124],[-81.0408,35.1267],[-81.0425,35.1281],[-81.0454,35.1289],[-81.0476,35.1295],[-81.0499,35.1302],[-81.051,35.1313],[-81.0521,35.1335],[-81.0523,35.1365],[-81.0517,35.1392],[-81.0501,35.142],[-81.0476,35.1463],[-81.0448,35.1494],[-81.0238,35.1486],[-81.0176,35.1536],[-81.0109,35.1532],[-81.0076,35.1569],[-81.0088,35.165],[-81.0049,35.1728],[-81.0045,35.1814],[-81.0046,35.1864],[-81.0063,35.1923],[-81.0064,35.1973],[-81.0054,35.2055],[-81.0071,35.2109],[-81.0129,35.2231],[-81.0113,35.2309],[-81.012,35.2349],[-81.0082,35.2509],[-81.0139,35.2585],[-81.0152,35.2685],[-81.0143,35.2876],[-81.0133,35.293],[-81.0105,35.2944],[-81.0033,35.3017],[-81.0022,35.3045],[-80.9961,35.3113],[-80.9938,35.3132],[-80.9894,35.3205],[-80.9844,35.3237],[-80.9805,35.3287],[-80.9823,35.3341],[-80.984,35.3373],[-80.9818,35.3446],[-80.9706,35.3501],[-80.9656,35.3506],[-80.9593,35.3489],[-80.9537,35.3521],[-80.9442,35.3521],[-80.9374,35.3572],[-80.9285,35.3614],[-80.9268,35.3627],[-80.9296,35.3636],[-80.9432,35.3658],[-80.9505,35.3675],[-80.9563,35.3738],[-80.9597,35.3756],[-80.9625,35.3756],[-80.9647,35.3738],[-80.9669,35.3688],[-80.9697,35.3669],[-80.9742,35.3642],[-80.9776,35.3646],[-80.9844,35.3695],[-80.9868,35.38],[-80.9846,35.3822],[-80.9806,35.3823],[-80.9761,35.3828],[-80.9632,35.3901],[-80.9554,35.3925],[-80.9549,35.4006],[-80.959,35.4133],[-80.9569,35.4288],[-80.9587,35.436],[-80.9527,35.446],[-80.9465,35.4524],[-80.9421,35.457],[-80.9432,35.4602],[-80.9506,35.4656],[-80.9518,35.4701],[-80.948,35.481],[-80.947,35.486],[-80.951,35.4942],[-80.9612,35.4986],[-80.9664,35.509],[-80.9637,35.5131],[-80.9586,35.5163],[-80.9569,35.5177],[-80.7823,35.5113]]]},\"properties\":{\"name\":\"Mecklenburg\",\"state\":\"NC\"}}]}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ac8e4b07f02db67baea","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Robinson, J. B.","contributorId":32564,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Robinson","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":191780,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hazell, W. F.","contributorId":40625,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hazell","given":"W. F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":191781,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Garrett, R. G.","contributorId":93929,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Garrett","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":191782,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":25690,"text":"wri964145 - 1996 - Occurrence of the gasoline oxygenate MTBE and BTEX compounds in urban stormwater in the United States, 1991-95","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-02-04T11:07:49","indexId":"wri964145","displayToPublicDate":"1997-03-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"96-4145","title":"Occurrence of the gasoline oxygenate MTBE and BTEX compounds in urban stormwater in the United States, 1991-95","docAbstract":"<p>Methyl <i>tert</i>-butyl ether (MTBE) is a gasoline oxygenate. Oxygenates such as MTBE, when added to gasoline, increase the gasoline's oxygen level and decrease vehicular carbon monoxide emissions and ozone levels in the atmosphere. MTBE disperses rapidly in water, was the second most frequently detected volatile organic compound (VOC) in a study of shallow urban ground water, and is less biodegradable than common gasoline compounds, such as benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and total xylene (BTEX). Urban Stormwater is a possible source of MTBE found in shallow ground water.</p><p>The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) sampled stormwater in 16 cities and metropolitan areas that are required to obtain permits to discharge Stormwater from their municipal storm-sewer system into surface water. Concentrations of 62 VOCs, including MTBE and BTEX compounds, were measured in 592 Stormwater samples collected in these cities and metropolitan areas from 1991 through 1995. Concentration data for MTBE and BTEX compounds in stormwater were compiled and analyzed, and the findings are summarized in this report. This effort was part of an interagency assessment of the scientific basis and effectiveness of the Nation's oxygenated fuel program and was coordinated by the Office of Science and Technology Policy, Executive Office of the President.</p><p>MTBE was the seventh most frequently detected VOC in urban Stormwater, following toluene, total xylene, chloroform, total trimethylbenzene, tetrachloroethene, and naphthalene. MTBE was detected in 6.9 percent (41 of 592) of Stormwater samples collected. When detected, concentrations of MTBE ranged from 0.2 to 8.7 micrograms per liter (µg/L), with a median of 1.5 µg/L. All detections of MTBE were less than the lower limit of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) draft lifetime health advisory (20 µg/L) for drinking water. Eighty-three percent of all detections of MTBE in Stormwater were in samples collected during the October through March season of each year (1991-95), which corresponds with the expected seasonal use of oxygenated gasoline in areas where carbon monoxide exceeds established air-quality standards. The median concentration of MTBE and benzene for all samples was statistically different and higher in samples collected during the October through March season than samples collected during the April through September season. Sixty-six percent of all MTBE detections occurred with BTEX compounds, and a proportionate increase in concentrations was found when these compounds occurred together. The proportionate increase could indicate a common source of MTBE and BTEX for those samples. Toluene and total xylene were the most frequently detected BTEX compounds and the most frequently detected VOCs in these investigations. Detected concentrations of toluene and total xylene ranged from 0.2 to 6.6 µg/L and 0.2 to 15 µg/L with median concentrations of 0.3 and 0.4 iig/L, respectively</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri964145","usgsCitation":"Delzer, G.C., Zogorski, J.S., Lopes, T.J., and Bosshart, R.L., 1996, Occurrence of the gasoline oxygenate MTBE and BTEX compounds in urban stormwater in the United States, 1991-95: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 96-4145, 6 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri964145.","productDescription":"6 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":54455,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1996/4145/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":123664,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1996/4145/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4af4e4b07f02db6921a8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Delzer, Gregory C. 0000-0002-7077-4963 gcdelzer@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7077-4963","contributorId":986,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Delzer","given":"Gregory","email":"gcdelzer@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":562,"text":"South Dakota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":194675,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Zogorski, John S. jszogors@usgs.gov","contributorId":189,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zogorski","given":"John","email":"jszogors@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":194674,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Lopes, Thomas J. tjlopes@usgs.gov","contributorId":2302,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lopes","given":"Thomas","email":"tjlopes@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":194676,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Bosshart, Robin L.","contributorId":212712,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bosshart","given":"Robin","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":194677,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":22617,"text":"ofr96472 - 1996 - Spatial and temporal distribution of specific conductance, boron, and phosphorus in a sewage-contaminated aquifer near Ashumet Pond, Cape Cod, Massachusetts","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-12-05T16:32:21","indexId":"ofr96472","displayToPublicDate":"1997-03-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"96-472","title":"Spatial and temporal distribution of specific conductance, boron, and phosphorus in a sewage-contaminated aquifer near Ashumet Pond, Cape Cod, Massachusetts","docAbstract":"Spatial and temporal distributions of specific conductance, boron, and phosphorus were determined in a sewage-contaminated sand and gravel aquifer near Ashumet Pond, Cape Cod, Massachusetts. The source of contamination is secondarily treated sewage that has been discharged onto rapid- infiltration sand beds at the Massachusetts Military Reservation since 1936. Contaminated ground water containing as much as 2 milligrams per liter of dissolved phosphorus is discharging into Ashumet Pond, and there is concern that the continued discharge of phosphorus into the pond will accelerate eutrophication of the pond. Water-quality data collected from observation wells and multilevel samplers from June through July 1995 were used to delineate the spatial distributions of specific conductance, boron, and phosphorus. Temporal distributions were determined using sample-interval-weighted average concen- trations calculated from data collected in 1993, 1994, and 1995. Specific conductances were greater than 400 microsiemens per centimeter at 25C as far as 1,200 feet downgradient from the infiltration beds. Boron concentrations were greater than 400 micrograms per liter as far as 1,800 feet down- gradient from the beds and phosphorus concen- trations were greater than 3.0 milligrams per liter as far as 1,200 feet from the beds. Variability in distributions of specific conductance and boron concentrations is attributed to the history and distribution of sewage disposal onto the infiltration beds. The distribution of phosphorus concentrations also is related to the history and distribution of sewage disposal onto the beds but additional variability is caused by chemical interactions with the aquifer materials. Temporal changes in specific conductance and boron from 1993 to 1995 were negligible, except in the lower part of the plume (below an altitude of about 5 feet above sea level), where changes in weighted-average specific conductance were greater than 100 microsiemens per centimeter at 25C. Temporal changes in phosphorus generally were small except in the lower part of the plume, where weighted-average phosphorus concentrations decreased more than 1.3 milligrams per liter from 1993 to 1994. This decrease was accompanied by an increase in specific conductance. High concen- trations of phosphorus associated with low and moderate specific conductances possibly are the result of rapid phosphorus desorption in response to an influx of uncontaminated ground water. As a result of the cessation of sewage disposal in December 1995, clean, oxygenated water moving into contaminated parts of the aquifer may cause rapid desorption of sorbed phosphorus and temporarily result in high dissolved phosphorus concentrations in the aquifer.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr96472","issn":"0094-9140","usgsCitation":"Bussey, K., and Walter, D.A., 1996, Spatial and temporal distribution of specific conductance, boron, and phosphorus in a sewage-contaminated aquifer near Ashumet Pond, Cape Cod, Massachusetts: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 96-472, iv, 44 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr96472.","productDescription":"iv, 44 p.","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":52085,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1996/0472/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":155389,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1996/0472/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Massachusetts","otherGeospatial":"Cape Cod","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -70.7794189453125,\n              41.6154423246811\n            ],\n            [\n              -69.89501953125,\n              41.6154423246811\n            ],\n            [\n              -69.89501953125,\n              42.1104489601222\n            ],\n            [\n              -70.7794189453125,\n              42.1104489601222\n            ],\n            [\n              -70.7794189453125,\n              41.6154423246811\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4afee4b07f02db6975ad","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bussey, K.W.","contributorId":48210,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bussey","given":"K.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":188573,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Walter, D. A.","contributorId":75179,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Walter","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":188574,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":24375,"text":"ofr96545 - 1996 - Planktic foraminifer census data from sites V19-257 and RC17-44","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:11","indexId":"ofr96545","displayToPublicDate":"1997-03-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"96-545","title":"Planktic foraminifer census data from sites V19-257 and RC17-44","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/ofr96545","issn":"0094-9140","usgsCitation":"Robinson, M., 1996, Planktic foraminifer census data from sites V19-257 and RC17-44: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 96-545, 6 p. :ill. ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr96545.","productDescription":"6 p. :ill. ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":156279,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1996/0545/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":53471,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1996/0545/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4adae4b07f02db6855a3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Robinson, M.M.","contributorId":56263,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Robinson","given":"M.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":191806,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":24344,"text":"ofr96215 - 1996 - Assessment of petroleum-hydrocarbon contamination in the surficial sediments and ground water at three former underground storage tank locations, Fort Jackson, South Carolina, 1995","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-01-04T13:10:22","indexId":"ofr96215","displayToPublicDate":"1997-03-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"96-215","title":"Assessment of petroleum-hydrocarbon contamination in the surficial sediments and ground water at three former underground storage tank locations, Fort Jackson, South Carolina, 1995","docAbstract":"Ground-water and sediment contamination by petroleum hydrocarbons resulting from leaks and overfills was detected during tank removal activities at three former underground storage tank locations at Fort Jackson, near Columbia, South Carolina. Investigations were initiated to assess the effect of contamination to the surficial aquifer at Sites 1062, 2438, and 2444. These investigations involved the installation of permanent monitoring wells and the collection and analysis of sediment and ground-water samples at the three sites. Water-level data were collected at all sites to determine hydraulic gradients and the direction of ground-water flow. In addition, aquifer tests were made at Site 1062 to determine the hydraulic conductivity of the surficial aquifer at that site. Sediment borings were made at the three sites to collect subsurface-sediment samples for lithologic description and laboratory analyses, and for the installation of ground-water monitoring wells. Laboratory analyses of sediment samples collected from boreholes at Site 1062 indicated elevated concentrations of petroleum hydrocarbons at three locations. Total Petroleum Hydrocarbons - Diesel Range Organics were detected at one borehole at a concentration of 388,000 micrograms per kilogram. Total benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylene concentrations in sediment from the site ranged from less than 350 to over 100,000 micrograms per kilogram. Total lead was detected at concentrations ranging from 2,900 to 5,900 micrograms per kilogram. Petroleum hydrocarbons were detected at Site 2438 in one borehole at a trace concentration of 112 micrograms per kilogram of para- and meta-xylenes. No concentrations exceeding the detection limits were reported for petroleum hydrocarbons in sediment samples collected from Site 2444; however, total lead was detected in sediment samples from two boreholes, each at concentrations of 600 micrograms per kilogram. Ground-water samples were collected from each site for laboratory analysis and field-property determinations. Petroleum hydrocarbons and lead were detected at concentrations exceeding regulatory limits for drinking water in ground water from Site 1062 only. Petroleum hydrocarbons were detected in ground water from three wells at Site 1062, with the highest concentrations occurring in the area of the former underground storage tanks. Benzene was detected at concentrations as much as 28 micrograms per liter; toluene as much as 558 micrograms per liter; para- and meta-xylenes as much as 993 micrograms per liter; and naphthalene as much as 236 micrograms per liter. Ethylbenzene and ortho-xylene were detected in one well at concentrations of 70 and 6 micrograms per liter, respectively. Dissolved lead was detected in ground water from four wells at concentrations from 5 to 152 micrograms per liter. Analysis of ground-water samples collected from Sites 2438 and 2444 showed little evidence of petroleum-hydrocarbon contamination. Petroleum hydrocarbons were not detected in any of the ground-water samples collected from Site 2438. With the exception of a low concentration of naphthalene (11 micrograms per liter) detected in ground water from one well, petroleum hydrocarbons and lead were not detected in ground water collected from Site 2444.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nBranch of Information Services [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/ofr96215","issn":"0094-9140","usgsCitation":"Robertson, J., 1996, Assessment of petroleum-hydrocarbon contamination in the surficial sediments and ground water at three former underground storage tank locations, Fort Jackson, South Carolina, 1995: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 96-215, vi, 73 p. :ill. ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr96215.","productDescription":"vi, 73 p. :ill. ;28 cm.","costCenters":[{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":156730,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1996/0215/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":53444,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1996/0215/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"South Carolina","county":"Richland County","city":"Fort Jackson","otherGeospatial":"Lake Katherine, Wood Lake","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -81.03858947753905,\n              33.96756595798909\n            ],\n            [\n              -81.03858947753905,\n              34.13766755862196\n            ],\n            [\n              -80.79757690429686,\n              34.13766755862196\n            ],\n            [\n              -80.79757690429686,\n              33.96756595798909\n            ],\n            [\n              -81.03858947753905,\n              33.96756595798909\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ab0e4b07f02db66d8b2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Robertson, J. F.","contributorId":11194,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Robertson","given":"J. F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":191726,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":23532,"text":"ofr96540 - 1996 - Alaska resource data file: Iditarod quadrangle","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-03-28T15:15:59.221318","indexId":"ofr96540","displayToPublicDate":"1997-03-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"96-540","title":"Alaska resource data file: Iditarod quadrangle","docAbstract":"<p>No abstract available.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr96540","issn":"0094-9140","usgsCitation":"Keith, W.J., and Miller, M., 1996, Alaska resource data file: Iditarod quadrangle: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 96-540, 35 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr96540.","productDescription":"35 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":52820,"rank":4,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1996/0540/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":388923,"rank":2,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_37187.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":156078,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1996/0540/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":1609,"rank":3,"type":{"id":18,"text":"Project Site"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/P96MMRFD","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Iditarod quadrangle","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -159,\n              63\n            ],\n            [\n              -156,\n              63\n            ],\n            [\n              -156,\n              62\n            ],\n            [\n              -159,\n              62\n            ],\n            [\n              -159,\n              63\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ac9e4b07f02db67c725","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Keith, W. J.","contributorId":41827,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Keith","given":"W.","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":190272,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Miller, Marti L. 0000-0003-0285-4942","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0285-4942","contributorId":89523,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Miller","given":"Marti L.","affiliations":[{"id":119,"text":"Alaska Science Center Geology Minerals","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":190273,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":24316,"text":"ofr96413 - 1996 - National Water-Quality Assessment of the Trinity River Basin, Texas - Well and Water-Quality Data from the Outcrop of the Woodbine Aquifer in Urban Tarrant County, 1993","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-08-22T15:17:38","indexId":"ofr96413","displayToPublicDate":"1997-03-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"96-413","title":"National Water-Quality Assessment of the Trinity River Basin, Texas - Well and Water-Quality Data from the Outcrop of the Woodbine Aquifer in Urban Tarrant County, 1993","docAbstract":"<p>An urban land-use study of the shallow water-bearing zones of the Woodbine aquifer outcrop area began in 1993 as a part of the National Water-Quality Assessment Program for the Trinity River Basin. Thirty-eight wells located within predominantly commercial or residential settings were selected for this study. Water samples were collected from each well and analyzed for 186 waterquality constituents. A brief description of the study area and the Woodbine aquifer, a description of the installation and design of the wells used, and the water-quality data obtained from this study are included in this report. The well description includes the locations of the 38 wells used in the study, the well design of the 28 U.S. Geological Survey-installed wells, and the lithological logs. Laboratory analyses of water samples include major inorganic constituents, nutrients, trace elements, tritium, organic carbon, phenols, methyl blue active substance, pesticides, and volatile organic compounds. Field measurements (specific conductance, pH, water temperature, and dissolved oxygen concentration) were measured at each site.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr96413","issn":"0094-9140","usgsCitation":"Reutter, D., 1996, National Water-Quality Assessment of the Trinity River Basin, Texas - Well and Water-Quality Data from the Outcrop of the Woodbine Aquifer in Urban Tarrant County, 1993: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 96-413, iv, 32 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr96413.","productDescription":"iv, 32 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","temporalStart":"1993-01-01","temporalEnd":"1993-12-31","costCenters":[{"id":583,"text":"Texas Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":53425,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1996/0413/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":156275,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1996/0413/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":11558,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://tx.usgs.gov/projects/trin/pubs/pdf/ofr-96-413.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b2fe4b07f02db6b4076","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Reutter, David C. dreutter@usgs.gov","contributorId":5441,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reutter","given":"David C.","email":"dreutter@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":513,"text":"Ohio Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":191682,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
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